RU2201058C2 - Method for cultivation of forage cultures in irrigated farming, predominantly for green forage conveyor at fattening in-milk herd in cattle - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: the suggested innovation deals with technologies to cultivate forage cultures under conditions of irrigated farming for developing continuous green forage conveyor to fatten cattle. The method in question deals with gradual mechanized performance of the following technological operations, such as: harvesting of precursor, skim plowing, introduction of potassium and phosphorus fertilizers, multi-depth plowing at turn-round of furrow slice, charge watering, early spring covering harrowing, introduction of nitrogenous fertilizers during preplanting cultivation, planting, postplanting rolling and harvesting of green mass. Except well-known technological operations regulated by zonal recommendations it is suggested to comprise fodder mixtures for the purpose to provide green valuable forage by combining Sudan grass and vetch and/or sunflower and vetch. Seed planting of the above- mentioned varieties should be carried out in similar agrotechnical terms. In the above-mentioned first mixture the ratio of Sudan grass to vetch is kept in equal proportions being 45-75%. The second mixture consisted of sunflower and vetch should be comprised by mixing components in the following proportions, correspondingly, 25-45% and 75-95%. In the period of plant growing and accumulation of green (dry) mass vegetation waterings should be conducted at 450-750 cu.m/he norms at maintaining 70-80% NM. Harvesting of the first mixture to feed animals should be performed in the first decade of July at the stage of panicles' putting out in Sudan grass and blossoming till development of first beans in vetch. In the second decade of July (under conditions of Lower Povolzhye) one should harvest the second mixture of vetch and sunflower by mowing it down at blossoming of the latter. The method enables to increase performance and quality of cultivation in combined plantations, decrease expenses of irrigation water, exclude processes of water erosion at irrigated parts. EFFECT: higher efficiency of cultivation. 2 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of cultivation of forage crops in relation to irrigated agriculture.

 There is a method of cultivating green crops on the slopes of agricultural plants, including deep autumn tillage with strips across the slope, alternating strips of conventional cultivation and sowing of winter cereals, in which, in order to increase yield due to improved moisture supply, winter cereals are sown only on conventional cultivation strips whose width annually is 35-50 cm, and in the strips of deep processing in the spring, high-silage forage crops are sown once, the width of the strips of deep processing the webs are annually changed so that the distance between the centers of the lanes of conventional processing is equal to the width of the aisles of a tall crop; Winter cereals are mowed in the spring and, with insufficient soil moisture, prevent their regrowth by chemical or mechanical treatment of stubble (SU, copyright certificate 1218951, MKI 4 A 01 B 79/02. Method of cultivating green plants on the slopes of agricultural plants / N. I. Kartamyshev , A.G. Balykin, G.N. Agafonov. Declared December 15, 1982, published March 23, 1986).

 The disadvantages of this method, adopted as the closest analogue, are the unsatisfactory quality of the feed both in terms of the content of digestible protein and in the number of feed units.

 The closest analogue to the claimed method relates to a method of cultivating crops, comprising sowing seeds of various components with the simultaneous onset of the ripening phase and harvesting, in which, in order to increase yield and obtain balanced feed nutrients with a stable ratio of components, the latter are sown in a pure unmixed form adjacent , in parallel alternating stripes, and removed in the direction transverse to the crop; sowing a mixture of legumes and cereals is carried out in a ratio of 1: 1.3 - 2.7 (SU, copyright certificate 843808, MKI 3 A 01 C 7/00. The method of cultivation of crops / M.M. Melnikov. Claimed 15.06.79, publ. 07/07/1981).

 The disadvantages of this method include the unsatisfactory quality of the feed, the presence of unacceptable chemicals, feed imbalance, and low animal eatability.

 The invention consists in the following.

 The task to which the invention is directed is the creation of a continuous green conveyor for fattening dairy herds of cattle.

 The technical result is an increase in the eatability of green fodder, an increase in productivity and quality of cultivation of crops in joint sowing, a decrease in irrigation water consumption, and the elimination of water erosion processes in irrigated areas.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating fodder crops in irrigated agriculture, it is preferable for the green conveyor to feed the milking herd of cattle, including sowing a mixture of various components with the simultaneous onset of their ripening phase and harvesting in the direction transverse to the sowing, according to the invention mixtures for the continuous provision of green complete fodder are made up of Sudanese grass and vetch and / or sunflower and vetch, sowing is carried out in odi agrotechnical periods, while in the first mixture the ratio of Sudanese grass and vetch can withstand equal proportions of 45-75%, and the mixture of sunflower and vetch is 25-45% and 75-95%, respectively, vegetative irrigation is carried out with norms of 450-750 m ³ / ha at 70-80% HB, the first mixture is harvested in the first decade of July in the stage of sweeping panicles of Sudan grass and flowering until the first vetch beans are formed, and the second mixture in the second decade of July when sunflower is blooming.

 Due to the fact that fodder mixtures in irrigated agriculture are created by joint sowing of Sudanese grass and vetch, as well as sunflower and vetch with given ratios of components, the above technical result is achieved.

 Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed method are as follows.

 In irrigated agriculture, to create a solid fodder base, cereal crops that contribute to the suppression of weeds or perennial legume-bluegrass mixtures should be recommended as a precursor. After harvesting the predecessor, stubble cultivation is carried out to a depth of 8-12 cm with LDG-10 disk cultivators in aggregate with tractors DT-75, VT-100, T-150. After peeling, potash and phosphorus fertilizers are added.

The precursor of annual fodder crops can also be successfully used by annual fodder crops cultivated for haylage or green fodder. The cleaning of the predecessor by the dates is carried out no later than the third decade of August. After harvesting the previous crops, the field (irrigated area) is treated with well-known disk (rarely plow) cultivators. The application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is carried out by spreaders of mineral fertilizers, for example, grade 1 MRG-4. Mineral fertilizers and crop residues are plowed at a depth of 25-27 cm with plow plows PLN-5-35 (PLN-6-35) with two subsoilers on the plow frame. Subsoiling is performed to a depth of 10-12 cm below the arable horizon. This achieves heterogeneous soil cultivation and an increase in the arable layer, and irrigation runoff of water along the plow sole along the re-compacted bottom at the bottom of the furrow is also eliminated. In the late autumn period, water-charging irrigation is carried out with a norm of 150-180 m ³ / ha.

 Early spring harrowing is carried out by ZBZS-1.0 harrows in two tracks in the S-11U (SP-16) coupling and in aggregate with a tractor of draft class 3 (DT-75, T-150).

Presowing cultivation is performed to a depth of 6-8 cm by KPS-4 (KSO-4) cultivators. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied under pre-sowing cultivation. When calculating the doses of nitrogen fertilizers for mixed crops, the nitrogen-fixing properties of legumes, for example, wikis in a mixture with Sudan grass, are taken into account. The dose of fertilizers to obtain the planned productivity of mixed crops for nitrogen is reduced by 10-15%. For single-species sunflower crops, fertilizers N ₁₁₀ P ₄₀ K ₃₈ kg / ha are applied, for vetch sunflower mixtures N ₆₀ P ₄₀ K ₃₈ , respectively, for single-species crops of Sudan grass N ₇₀ P ₄₀ K ₃₀ , and N ₅₀ P in Vicano-Sudan grass mixtures ₄₀ to ₃₀ .

 The effectiveness of the proposed method was determined on light chestnut soils of the Volga-Don interfluve in the experimental production farm “Irrigated” of the Gorodishchensky district of the Volgograd region in a special three-field fodder crop rotation.

 Morphological examination showed that the soils of the experimental plot have profiles characteristic of the soil formation process in the zone of dry steppes.

Horizon A (0-0.28 m) - arable, light brown, lumpy, silty, compacted, heavy loamy, densely penetrated by the roots of weeds. The humus content varies between 1.52-1.70%, mobile phosphorus - 2.1-2.6 mg, exchange potassium - 22.6-29.0 mg per 100 g of soil. The transition to horizon B _{1 is} noticeable.

Horizon B ₁ - (0.28-0.40 m) light brown with humus-forming streaks, clay, coarse, compacted. Rooted with medium roots, the transition to horizon B _{2 is} gradual.

Horizon B ₂ - (0.40-0.70 m) brownish-brown, uniformly colored, loamy, with white-eye spots. There are few roots, in the lower part it boils violently from hydrochloric acid, the transition to horizon C is gradual.

 Horizon C - (0.70-2.0 m) light brown, medium loamy, dense, single roots, pronounced white-eye at a depth of 0.70-0.90 m.

The description of the soil sections makes it possible to attribute the soils of the experimental plots to light chestnut and heavily loamy soil differences. A characteristic feature of the morphology of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region is a sharply increasing horizon density В ₂ and С, and poor differentiation of the soil profile.

 The mechanical composition of light chestnut soils over the horizons is extremely heterogeneous, due to the accumulation of colloidal particles in the solonetzic illuvial horizon. Particles of 0.05-0.01 mm in size prevail. The sum of particles less than 0.01 mm ranges from 34 to 49%, which characterizes them as medium and heavy loam.

One of the main agrophysical indicators in assessing soil composition is density. Its numerical indicators naturally increase with depth along the profile, reaching 1.52-1.64 t / m ³ in the C horizon (0.7-1.0 m). The specific gravity or density of the solid phase of the soil varies between 2.55-2.70 t / m ³ . The total porosity of the arable layer is 49.5-52.7%, and down the profile decreases to 43.0-45.0%.

 Light chestnut soils have a relatively low moisture capacity (HB), which depends on the mechanical and chemical composition, structure and porosity of the soil, and humus content. In the experimental plot, the smallest moisture capacity in the profile decreases from 25.3-24.6% in the soil layer 0-0.2 m and is 16.0-13.5% in the layer 0.7-1.0 m. In the active layer 0.6 m, the lowest moisture capacity is 22.2% in the layer of 1.0 m - 19.6%. Groundwater in the experimental plot lies at a depth of 8-11 m and does not have a feeding effect on the root layer of the soil.

 The reaction of the soil solution varies from neutral in the arable layer to slightly alkaline in deeper horizons. The content of humus and total nitrogen is very low and decreases sharply in the depth of the soil profile. Gross reserves of phosphorus and potassium are distributed more evenly along the profile with a gradual decrease from arable to deeper soil horizons. The availability of soil in the experimental plot with mineral nitrogen and mobile phosphorus is low, with increased potassium exchange.

 In the arid conditions of the steppe and semi-desert zones of the Lower Volga region, the realization of the possible yield of annual grasses is closely related to meteorological factors, among which, along with the arrival of solar radiation and the thermal regime, the moisture supply of crops is important.

Sunflower and Sudanese grass are thermophilic crops. Sunflower seeds germinate at a temperature of + 2 ^o - + 5 ^o C, but the growth of roots at this temperature is slow, at a temperature of +8 - + 10 ^o C is sharply enhanced. The minimum temperature of seed germination of Sudanese grass is +8 - +10 ^o C. When return frosts reach -3 - -4 ^o С, all seedlings die. Wiki seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 1-2 ^o C, but germination in this case is slow and seedlings are obtained weak little vital. Significantly better and faster seed germination occurs at higher temperatures +14 - +15 ^o C. Therefore, the first half of May is the optimal time for sowing these annual crops and mixed crops. The sowing dates in our experiments fell on May 7-12, depending on weather conditions in the spring during the years when the temperature of the air and soil rises to +8 - +10 ^o C.

The seeding rate for single-component crops was: sunflower - 0.4 • 10 ⁶ pcs / ha, Sudan grass - 3.2 • 10 ⁶ pcs / ha, vetch -2.75 • 10 ⁶ pcs / ha of germinating seeds. To balance the feed with the most important nutrients and taking into account the oppression of plants by each other in mixed crops, it is necessary to apply the optimal seeding rates for the individual components and the mixture as a whole: sunflower 0.12 • 10 ⁶ + vetch 2.2 • 10 ⁶ pcs / ha, Sudan grass 1.92 • 10 ⁶ + vetch 1.65 • 10 ⁶ pcs / ha of germinating seeds.

 Sowing is carried out either with SZT-3.6 grain-grass seeders or with SUPN-8 mounted pneumatic seeders. The sowing depth is 6 cm. The row spacing is 0.7 m. After sowing, post-sowing rolling is carried out. The seeds of sown crops for the formation of mixtures are characterized as follows: the mass of 1000 seeds of sunflower is 60 g, while 1000 seeds of Sudanese grass weigh 10 g, and 1000 seeds of vetch are 50 g. Field germination of seeds of the mentioned crops is not less than 97%. Sowing was carried out with an experimental seeder SP-16 PM.

To maintain a pre-irrigation moisture threshold in the active soil layer of 70% HB, it was necessary to carry out from 1 to 3 vegetative irrigation depending on weather conditions in the studied years. Irrigation was carried out by the sprinkler aggregate DDA-100MA with an estimated norm of 650 m ³ / ha. The irrigation norm in this case varied from 650 to 1950 m / ha. Depending on weather conditions, vegetative irrigation is carried out with norms of 450-750 m ³ / ha to provide 70-80% of HB.

 Complete feed mixtures for the continuous provision of green complete fodder make up for the milking herd of cows from Sudanese grass and wikis. This mixture can be supplemented with sunflower. The quality of the feed is not inferior to a mixture of sunflower and wiki. Sowing these mixtures is carried out in the same agronomic terms. In the first mixture, the ratio of Sudanese grass and wiki is maintained in equal proportions of 45-75%. In a mixture of sunflower and wiki, this ratio is set in the following proportions 0.25-0.45 and 0.75-0.95 (25-45% and 75-95%).

 Harvesting feed mixtures is carried out by self-propelled forage harvesters (E-301, "Polesie") or trailed mowers - KIR-1,5B grinders. The green mass to the places of animal feeding is transported by tractor trolleys PSE-12.5 or feed dispensers KTU-10. Harvesting of the first mixture is carried out in the first decade of July at the stage of sweeping panicles of Sudanese grass and flowering until the first wiki beans are formed. The second mixture is fed to animals in the second decade of July during the flowering of sunflower. Thus, in July and August, milking herd is provided with high-protein feed.

 In mixed crops, the content of feed units of exchange energy and digestible protein in 1 kg of absolutely dry matter is significantly higher than in single-species crops. These indicators increase in mixed crops and due to the maximum dry matter mass - for example, in the green crop of a single-water crop of sunflower, the content of feed units amounted to 6.58 t / ha, 63.39 GJ / ha of exchange energy and 0.387 t / ha of digestible protein, in while in the vetch sunflower mixture these indicators are equal respectively - 7.92, 75.98, 0.675. In single-species crops of Sudanese grass, 6.97 t / ha of feed units, 65.14 GJ / ha of metabolic energy, 0.346 t / ha of digestible protein, and in the Wiko-Sudan mixture, respectively - 7.73; 72.20; 0.59. The content of feed units, metabolic energy, digestible protein in the green mass of the wiki is insignificant due to the insignificant mass of dry matter (see tables 1 and 2).

 Provision of a feed unit with digestible protein at an average productivity of dairy cows for zootechnically based feed is 100-110 g. With an increase in productivity, the content of digestible protein in a feed unit should increase. The optimal ratio of energy and protein in the diet of lactation cows should be 10-12 g of digestible protein per 1 MJ of energy.

 In our studies, the ratio of protein to feed unit and protein to metabolic energy, close to the optimal value, was obtained in mixed crops, in the vetch sunflower mixture, respectively, 97 g / k. and 10.1 g / MJ and in the Wiko-Sudanki mixture - 83 g / k.ed. and 9.0 g / MJ.

 Thus, the mixtures studied and recommended for production provide a high content of feed units, digestible protein, metabolic energy in the feed and serve as a valuable energy feed for highly milked herd of cattle.

 According to the effect of various variants of the proposed mixtures, preference for the conditions of the Volgograd region should be given to the Vicano-Sudan grass mixture, the most acceptable and differentiated for use on irrigated lands.

 A biologically sound mixture using high-oil sunflower with vetch is a sanitizing crop and reduces the contamination of crop rotation areas in irrigated agriculture by 30-40%.

 Different depth tillage in fodder crop rotation during cultivation in mixtures of vetch and Sudanese during rotation allows to reduce irrigation rates by 20-25% and the solid runoff of the upper fertile layer annually to 800 kg / ha.

 The productivity of feed mixtures in the form of green mass per hectare of crop rotation area in the first crop rotation, in which sunflower and vetch sunflower mixture were grown in a monoculture for green feed, depending on the system of fertilizers used and tillage varies from 7.39 to 8.14 tons ked

 Fairly high productivity of the Wiko-Sudanca mixture - within 6.45. ..7.54 tfc, which is explained by the positive influence of the predecessor (bluegrass-bean mixture during 3 years of life). A negative effect on the productivity of feed mixtures is provided by the plane-surface soil treatment system. The yield of digestible protein was only 0.68-0.69 t / ha, while when tilled with soil, it exceeded 0.73-0.87 t / ha.

 In crop rotations with fully saturated fields and polycultures (vetch-oat + sunflower-rapeseed mixture harvested), the total productivity of a hectare of crop rotation is 7.43-8.35 t / ha of green mass in favorable years. Subject to all agricultural terms, nutrition and irrigation regimes, the yield of green mass of these mixtures can range from 0.97 on the organic background of fertilizers and 1.55 t / ha on the organic-mineral background of fertilizers.

 Thus, the claimed method of cultivating and harvesting feed mixtures ensures the achievement of the claimed technical result.

Claims (1)

The method of cultivating fodder crops in irrigated agriculture is preferable for the green conveyor for fattening the milking herd of cattle, including sowing a mixture of various components with the onset of their ripening phase and harvesting, characterized in that the fodder mixtures for the continuous supply of green full fodder are made up of Sudan grass and wikis and / or sunflowers and wikis, sowing is carried out in the same agronomic terms, while in the first mixture Sudan grass and vetch are kept in equal terms wearable 45-75%, and mixtures of sunflower and vetch respectively 25-45% and 75-95%, vegetative irrigation is carried out with norms of 450-750 m ³ / ha at 70-80% HB, the first mixture is harvested in the first decade of July in the stage sweeping panicles of Sudanese grass and flowering until the first vetch beans are formed, and the second mixture in the second decade of July during the flowering of sunflower.

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