RU2600680C1 - Method for feed pipeline arrangement of grain-haylage production - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, and can be applied to field fodder production. Method involves cultivation of single-species crops of fowl-grass set, which includes triticale, barley, oats, and leguminous crops, and their harvesting in beginning phase of grain wax ripeness of crops. Set of fowl-grass further includes spring wheat, and leguminous crops as spring vetch and peas are used. Leguminous crops therein are cultivated in single-species plantations. To create raw feed pipeline, winter triticale is used, by sowing thereof on 20 to 25 of August of previous year. At that, all other crops are sown on 10 to 15 of May of next year. Harvesting for grain haylage is performed in beginning phase of grain wax ripeness, not less than 20% of winter triticale plants in single process cycle in order as follows: 1. winter triticale; 2. barley; 3. spring wheat; 4. oats; 5. seed peas; 6. spring vetch.

EFFECT: method allows to produce highly nutritious grain-haylage fodder due to pipeline harvest of grain-haylage mass within its highest protein and energy value, as well as effectively use agricultural lands.

1 cl, 1 dwg, 3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in field feed production in the preparation of cheap and high-quality grain crops.

Grain crops is a concentrated multicomponent feed, which consists of a heterogeneous mass. For its preparation, whole plants of grain crops are used in clean and mixed crops with legumes and some other crops, mowed at the beginning of the wax ripeness of grain. In this phase, the accumulation of nutrients basically ends, and the plants have not yet become coarser and are well absorbed by animals. The mass harvested at this time has an optimal ratio of nutrients, it contains relatively little fiber and a significant amount of sugar and starch (Zolotarev N.I., Gotsulyak V.F., Chudanov I.A., Karandaev I.G., Zubkov V .V. Recommendation on the technology of growing and harvesting full-grain grain. - Kuibyshev, 1987. - 12 pp.).

In grain silage preservation is caused by physiological dryness of plants, in which most bacteria cannot extract the water contained in the sludge mass. As a result of this, less organic matter is formed in the silage than in silage, and sugar is almost completely preserved. Root crops may not be included in the hay diet of cows (Boyarsky L.G. Preparation of haylage. Feed - the basis for intensification of livestock production. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1988. - 55 p.).

It is known that when harvesting grain, as well as when harvesting other feeds, the quality of the feedstock is of paramount importance. The role of technology is reduced only to its preservation with the least losses. The timing of plant harvesting is especially significant, since the morphological and chemical composition changes as the aging process: the mass of leaves decreases, and the mass of stems increases accordingly. For this reason, the content of fiber, which is not of great nutritional value, increases; and vice versa, the content of protein, nitrogen-free extractives, carotene is reduced. That is why, in order to ensure high quality of harvested feeds and efficient use of fodder harvesting equipment, all work on the preparation of feeds must be carried out continuously, in the conveyor mode, within the framework of a single technological cycle (Organization of production and quality control of bulk feeds (practical recommendations). - Kazan: Foliant, 2013 . - 53 p.).

The transition of agriculture to an innovative development path, based on raising the technological level, requires science and production to develop ways to produce high-quality feed from monovid sowing. It is known that, in productivity, mono-specific crops are in most cases inferior to poly-specific crops, which, due to the tiered arrangement of plants, more efficiently use the resource potential of the area and individual agricultural practices. However, this effect is mitigated by reducing the level of agricultural technologies, expressed in the absence of the ability to design complex fertilizer systems, protect plants from harmful objects, the difficulty in choosing the optimal harvesting time and effective preservatives, many of which are confined to a certain type of plant. That is why when harvesting grain-growing it is more preferable to work with single-species crops (I. Malinin. Typical errors when harvesting grain-growing / I. Malinin // Agrorynok. - 2013. - No. 6. - P. 28-29).

A known method of cultivation of crops, including sowing a variety of crops in a pure unmixed form in adjacent parallel strips (AS USSR No. 843808, class A01C 7/00, 1979).

There is also known a method of cultivating crops (AS USSR No. 1058538, class A01D 91/04, 1981), according to which oats, peas, barley, spring wheat, Sudanese grass are sown in pure unmixed form in adjacent parallel strips.

But the known methods of cultivation of crops are aimed at obtaining nutritionally balanced feed mixtures.

A known method of cultivating grain from high-protein crops in small areas (RF Patent No. 2526398, class A01G 1/00, A01B 79/02, A23K 1/14, 2012), including strip sowing of seeds of high-protein crops (lupine, sorghum, corn or sunflower ) with the same seeding rate, but with different phases of development and species ratios within this rate. Obtain early ripening, mid-ripening and late ripening grains.

A disadvantage of the known technical solution is the lack of mixtures most adapted to the conditions of the Non-chernozem zone of crops.

It is known from the prior art that in the farms of the Vladimir and Yaroslavl Regions, fodder bluegrass crops such as triticale, barley, oats, and their mixtures with legumes, which are harvested in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of grain of bluegrass crops, are cultivated for grain sowing in monovid crops. At the same time, 34-45% more feed units are obtained per hectare than when harvesting in the phase of full ripeness of grain (RF Patent No. 2146477, class A23K 3/00, 1999, p. 3, prototype).

The disadvantage of this method of cultivation of grain is the following.

With the aim of increasing the yield and increasing the content of crude protein for grain production in the known technical solution, bluegrass crops are cultivated in monovid crops, as well as mixed crops of these bluegrass crops with legumes. However, this results in difficulties with determining the optimal terms for their procurement.

Different types of cereals (bluegrass crops) are approaching the best moment for mowing at the same time, and in any case, farmers do not get energy for any of the components. Mixtures including legumes and grains are also difficult to optimize by time. In addition, due to the heterogeneity of the crops according to the development phases in the mixtures during direct harvesting, excessive moisture in the feed is often observed. Therefore, when harvesting grain, it is preferable to work with the optimal set of monovid crops of crops that would be subject to conveyor harvesting in terms of their highest protein and energy nutrition.

The problem solved by this invention is to create a highly efficient raw material conveyor for the production of grain, based on the selection of the optimal set of mono-species crops of crops and the sequence of harvesting.

The technical result from the solution of the task is to strengthen the forage base of Russia by significantly increasing the production of highly nutritious and cheap grain feed due to the conveyor harvesting of grain crop at the time of its highest protein and energy nutrition.

The problem is solved in that in the method of organizing a feed conveyor for the production of grain silage, including the cultivation of mono-species crops of a set of bluegrass crops, which includes triticale, barley, oats, and legumes and their harvesting in the phase of the beginning of wax ripeness of grain of bluegrass crops, in a set of bluegrass crops, spring wheat is additionally included, and spring vetch and sowing peas are used as leguminous crops, while leguminous crops are also cultivated in mono-species crops. In addition, winter triticale is used to create a raw material conveyor, the sowing of which is carried out from August 20 to 25 of the previous year, all other crops are sown from May 10 to May 15 of the following year. Harvesting for grain harvesting is carried out in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of winter triticale grains, when at least 20% of the plants have entered this phase, in a single technological cycle with the following crop sequence: 1. winter triticale; 2. barley; 3. spring wheat; 4. oats; 5. sowing peas; 6. vetch spring.

The organization of the raw material conveyor for the production of grain crops provides for the competent selection of fodder crops, the sequence of harvesting of which is aimed at ensuring their conveyor harvesting in terms of the highest protein and energy nutrition of each crop.

Throughout the world, grain crops are at the heart of cattle diets. For its production abroad, mainly corn is used, which is harvested with ears of wax ripeness. But in the Non-Black Earth Region, where the sum of effective temperatures does not allow growing corn, it is successfully replaced by bean-bluegrass agrocenoses (Romanov G. Double the productivity of a hectare // Animal Production of Russia. - 2004. - No. 5. - P. 6-7).

The selection of crops for the claimed raw material conveyor for the production of grain is carried out taking into account the climatic zone of their cultivation, as well as their morphological characteristics, taking into account the dates of the onset of the growth and development phases of each crop. The feasibility of using the claimed set of crops for the conveyor production of grain crops is justified by the data of phenological observations and experimental data obtained as a result of agricultural experiments in TSAA (table. 2).

The planting dates for annual fodder crops are from May 10 to May 15, and winter triticale from August 20 to 25 of the previous year are typical for the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sowing crops - ordinary. With this arrangement of crops, the most optimized agrocenoses in terms of nutrition area, density and photosynthetic indicators are formed.

The most difficult element in the technology of cultivating fodder crops when growing for grain harvesting is the choice of harvesting time, since if too early, you can get a shortage of feed units and reduce the nutritional value of the feed, and if too late, the coarse plant fibers are not absorbed in the digestive tract of animals. It is important that the favorable period for harvesting forage crops for grain crops is limited in time and usually fits within no more than 4 - maximum 6 days for each crop.

The sequence of harvesting fodder crops during cultivation for grain crops has been established on the basis of numerous and many years of research by agronomist scientists and our own observations and experimental data obtained as a result of agricultural experiments at the TSAA. Harvesting begins in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of winter triticale, when at least 20% of the plants have entered this phase, after which barley, spring wheat, oats, seed peas, spring vetch are removed in a single technological cycle. This sequence of harvesting is due to the highest protein and energy nutritional value of the crops for the claimed raw grain conveyor (table. 1). It is precisely at this time and in this order of harvesting crops that it is possible to obtain the maximum harvest of high-quality grain maize (Table 1 and Table 3).

In order to ensure high quality of harvested feed and the efficient use of forage harvesting equipment, all work on the preparation of feed is carried out continuously, in the conveyor mode, as part of a single technological cycle. The number of feed crops in the feed conveyor is optimal and allows you to successfully harvest monovid crops of feed crops in a short time, with the highest protein and energy nutrition of each crop.

The invention is illustrated in tables 1, 2, 3 and is illustrated by the drawing, which shows the layout of the crops in the raw material conveyor. Table 1 shows data on yield and quality of grain mass by the phases of plant development for each culture of the raw material conveyor; in table 2 - data of phenological observations substantiating the feasibility of using the claimed set of crops for conveyor production of grain-growing, in table 3 - productivity of grain-growing mass of crops of the raw material conveyor.

Example

Landing experiments were carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Botany and Meadow Ecosystems of the Tver State Agricultural Agricultural Academy in 2014 on crops of winter triticale Nemchinovskaya 56, spring wheat Irgina, barley Gonar, oats Krechet, vetch spring Lyudmila, and pea Samarets. The accounting area of the plot is 30 m ² . The experimental design included 6 cultures; the experiment was repeated four times. In the experiment, the possibility of using the studied field crops to form a highly efficient raw material conveyor was studied. Agrotechnologies of cultivation of field crops - generally accepted and typical for the region. The predecessor for conveyor crops was a vetch-oat mix harvested on green fodder. The sowing rate of crops is generally accepted for sowing in pure form at 100% economic suitability and is for winter triticale, spring wheat, barley and oats 6, spring vetch 2.5, sown peas 1.2 million germinating seeds 1 ha.

Accounting for the crop was carried out by the method of continuous harvesting of the logging plot in a single technological cycle with subsequent weighing. Harvesting of winter triticale began in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of grain of at least 20% of plants. At the end of harvesting the winter triticale, they started harvesting barley, by the time of harvesting which at least 30% of the plants entered the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of grain. Next, spring wheat was harvested at 30% of the plants in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of the grain, oats in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of the grain of at least 20% of the plants and legumes - peas and spring vetch at the beginning of ripening of the legumes, when at least 50% of the plants entered in the phase of the onset of fruit ripening.

The calculation of the nutritional value of the grain sowing mass was carried out on the basis of digestibility coefficients Tomme M. (1964) (Tomme, MF Feed of the USSR. Composition and nutritional value of the feed / MF Tomme. - M .: Kolos, 1964. - 448 pp.), And the exchange energy output in accordance with the Methodological guidelines for quality assessment and nutritional value of feeds, 2002 (Guidelines for assessing the quality and nutritional value of feeds / G.S. Sychev, V.V. Lepeshkin. - M.: TsINAO, 2002. - 76 p.).

The data on the yield of grain-growing mass of field crops, as well as data on phenological observations of the onset of phases of growth and development of field crops during the organization of the raw material conveyor, are given in Table. 1, according to which the scheme of the claimed raw material conveyor for the production of grain is confirmed. The high yield of grain-sowing mass is explained by the harvesting of raw material conveyor crops in the most optimal time and in the declared harvesting sequence.

An advantage of this invention is the fact that the production of grain silage is carried out in a single technological cycle, ensuring a tight deadline for forage and high organization of labor.

Using the developed method for organizing a raw material conveyor will make it possible to obtain high-quality raw materials for preparing grain-growing and thereby contribute to solving the problem of providing ruminants with the most physiologically suitable type of feed. The proposed layout of fodder crops will help to form in farms specializing in livestock production the most optimized structure of sown areas based on the use of highly adapted crops widespread in the region and taking into account the need for their alternation in terms of harvesting.

Thus, the claimed method of organizing a raw material conveyor for the production of grain silage provides:

1) the rational use of arable land due to the optimized distribution of crops in the structure of sown areas;

2) obtaining highly nutritious and cheap grain feed by harvesting grain mass in terms of its greatest protein and energy nutrition;

3) the competitiveness and predominance of the conveyor approach when applying it in a production environment due to the saving of working time, the implementation of work on the procurement of raw materials in a single technological cycle and the reduction of production costs due to this;

4) use for obtaining grain silage from widely distributed and economically accessible crops in the region;

5) the solution to the problem of providing livestock with high-quality and cheap grain crops.

The above confirms the appropriateness of using the claimed raw material conveyor for the production of grain silage to ensure a high-quality forage base and create prerequisites for the development of animal husbandry. The efficiency of this raw material conveyor is increased due to its availability for agricultural producers, as it does not require special machines and units for cultivating fodder crops. Thanks to the conveyor placement and the combination of modern varieties of accessible crops widespread in the region, which have a high productivity potential, it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency of arable land use and production profitability, thereby reducing the cost of 1 ton of grain in average 2.5-3 times.

Claims (1)

A method of organizing a feed conveyor for the production of grain silage, including cultivating monovid crops of a set of bluegrass crops, which includes triticale, barley, oats, and legumes and harvesting them in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of grain of bluegrass crops, characterized in that the set of bluegrass crops additionally includes spring wheat, and as legumes use vetch spring and peas, and legumes are cultivated in monovid crops, and tritical is used to create a raw material conveyor winter crops, sown from August 20 to 25 of the previous year, while all other crops are sown from May 10 to 15 of the next year, and at least 20% of winter triticale plants in a single technological cycle are harvested for grain ripening in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness with the following order of crops: 1. winter triticale; 2. barley; 3. spring wheat; 4. oats; 5. sowing peas; 6. vetch spring.

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