RU2175074C2 - Method of and device for electric flame cleaning of exhaust gases in internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering; exhaust systems of internal combustion engines. SUBSTANCE: according to proposed electric flame method of afterburning of toxic gases in external clean burning flame with application of strong longitudinal electric field, additional operations of electric flame afterburning of gases direct in combustion chambers of internal combustion engine, similar to electric flame afterburning in engine exhaust manifold and exhaust pipe converted into forced electric flame gas afterburning chamber are carried out. Method includes also electric filtering, scrubbing and chemical filtering by way of adsorption in granulated charcoal. Proposed multiple-operation method of gas cleaning guarantees high degree of cleaning at relatively low cost as compared with known cellular platinum and rhodium-based converters. Description of device for implementing this method is also provided. EFFECT: improved cleaning of exhaust gases. 4 cl, 2 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to engine building, and more particularly to methods and devices for cleaning the exhaust gases of vehicles, reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine (ICE).

 The invention can be implemented in any internal combustion engine (piston / with any number of pistons and chambers, rotary and gas turbine) and will help in creating environmentally friendly and economical vehicles with internal combustion engines.

 Known chemical methods and devices for cleaning the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines by flameless catalytic afterburning of toxic components of exhaust gases on the surface of a chemical catalyst (platinum, palladium, etc.) - (Russian patent N 2023178, Japanese application 62-167721, Russian patent N 2023176).

 The disadvantage of these methods is the complexity and high cost of implementation, the relatively low life due to contamination of the catalyst surface, they do not clean soot in the exhaust.

 Known methods and devices for the mechanical separation of solid and liquid impurities of the exhaust gases characteristic of diesel vehicles by mechanically separating them by rotating the exhaust stream, followed by the accumulation of soot and oil particles in special bins with systematic removal (see, for example, Russian patent N 2023175) .

 Their disadvantage lies in the difficulty of implementation, significant energy consumption and high material consumption, since the volume of separated soot is large due to its low density. Thermal decomposition of soot is energy-intensive and uneconomical and leads to an increase in the volume of toxic carbon monoxide.

 Known plasma methods and devices for burning off exhaust gases by passing exhaust gases through a low-temperature plasma torch (AS USSR N 1460368).

 Their disadvantage consists in significant energy consumption, in the consumption of additional fuel, adverse temperature conditions of the exhaust pipe when it is overheated by plasma. In addition, the volume of the oxidizing agent, and hence the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine, is increasing.

 Known methods and devices for electrofiltration of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (AS N 117574; N 1404664) by exposing an electric field to electrically charged particles (solid and liquid) of exhaust gases with their electrostatic deposition on special electrodes with subsequent systematic removal of sediment.

 Their disadvantage is low reliability due to difficulties in providing reliable electrical insulation of oppositely charged electrostatic precipitator plates under the conditions of soot, soot deposition on the inner surface of the plates and high temperatures.

 Known combined electrochemical methods and devices for cleaning exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, for example, A. with. N 1188343, they are inherent in all the shortcomings of the catalytic survival of exhaust gases and electrostatic precipitators for their cleaning.

 Known methods for cleaning exhaust gases from soot by its electrothermal decomposition (a.a. N 181534). However, this method is very energy consuming and unacceptable for vehicles with a low power generator.

 A known method of intensification of combustion of a flame in an electric field (RF patent N 2071219).

 The positive effect of the invention consists in catalytic afterburning through a strong electric field of toxic components (carbon monoxide, nitrogen, soot, etc.) directly in the flame and in the exhaust gases, which dramatically improves the combustion ecology of the air-fuel mixture.

 The task of the invention is to provide a high degree of environmental cleaning of the exhaust gases of any internal combustion engine, regardless of their degree of wear and modes of operation.

 The problem is solved by the fact that in the method of electric heat treatment of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine by burning them in a flame with a longitudinal electric field applied to this flame, the burning fuel mixture and exhaust gases are treated with an electric field with a voltage of at least 1 kV / cm directly in the combustion chambers ICE, then process the flame of unburned exhaust gases directly in the exhaust manifolds of each of the combustion chambers with a second electric field with a voltage of at least 1 kV / m, after which the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine are passed through an auxiliary flame in the afterburner with a simultaneous imposition of a longitudinal electric field on the flame, additionally filter the unburned solid and liquid fractions of the exhaust gases on a metal separator and lower the temperature of the exhaust gases to 80-90 degrees while cleaning them from toxic oxides by aerosol treatment with a neutralizing liquid, after which the exhaust gases are finally cleaned by passing them through a granular mesh capsule activated carbon. In this case, the metal separator can be made in the form of a capsule with a filler of metal chips, balls.

 The problem is also solved by the fact that the device for electric fire purification of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, containing a afterburner, electrodes connected to the outputs of the high voltage voltage converter, a fuel burner and an air duct in the area of the electrodes and an electric spark ignition device for the fuel mixture, is supplemented with a fuel mixture afterburner and exhaust gases directly in the combustion chambers of the engine and exhaust manifolds of the engine containing additional electrical electrodes separated from the engine casing, placed opposite each other above the gasket in the cylinder head and in the exhaust manifolds, and an adjustable high-voltage on-board voltage converter connected via the power supply circuit to the on-board power supply network, and with its outputs to these electrodes, the gas afterburner is located in the expansion chamber part of the exhaust pipe in which the air duct, fuel nozzle, device for spark ignition of the mixture, made in the form of an electric spark plug containing electric an insulator, a central electrode and a side electrode, a heat-resistant ring electrode with needles along the inner perimeter, placed in an electrically insulating ring inside the body of the gas afterburner at a distance exceeding the flame length by 1-3 cm, and a cylindrical capsule with metal shavings is placed further along the length of the exhaust pipe and balls, a removable tray for collecting waste, in particular their liquid fractions, a liquid mixer with nozzles for supplying water and alkali to this capsule is installed in the place of installation of this capsule, but directly behind it is a cylindrical capsule with activated granular carbon. At the outlet and inlet of the exhaust pipe are placed sensors of toxicity of exhaust gases and their temperature. In this case, all high-voltage voltage converters can be identical and performed in the form of self-oscillators with output high-voltage rectifiers.

 Thanks to the multi-stage environmental cleaning of exhaust gases, their high degree of purification is achieved in all modes of engine operation.

 The invention is illustrated in three figures, where in FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an internal combustion engine exhaust gas purification apparatus implementing the proposed cleaning method, and FIG. 2 is a spatial diagram of the temperature and toxicity of gases in the process of multi-stage purification of exhaust gases with reference sectors A-E of FIG. 2 to certain successive sections of the exhaust pipe (FIG. 1), starting from its beginning (sector A) to its end (end of sector E), and sectors A-E correspond to sections of the exhaust pipe along its length with reference to FIG. 1, and positions 1-4 (Fig. 2) correspond to gas cleaning operations and are decoded to the left of the coordinate axes.

 The notation of FIG. 1.

 1. ICE combustion chamber (1-1 - gasket in the block; 1-2 - exhaust manifold).

 2. The exhaust silencer.

 3. Air duct.

 4. The fuel line.

 5. Electrical insulator sleeve.

 6. Fuel filter.

 7. Electrical insulator spark plugs.

 8. The central electrode of the spark plug.

 9. The side electrode of the spark plug.

 10. Ring heat-resistant electrode.

 11. Electrical insulating ring sleeve.

 12. A cylindrical capsule with metal shavings and balls.

 13. Removable drip tray.

 14. Mixer (made of aggressively resistant plastic).

 15. Injectors.

 16. Cylindrical capsule with activated carbon.

 17. Granules of activated carbon.

 18. Locking rings with heat-resistant nets.

 19. Exhaust toxicity sensors (19-1-temperature sensor).

 20. The control system of the high voltage voltage converter.

 21. The control system of the electric ignition unit.

 22. High voltage voltage converter (25-35 kV).

 23. Voltage converter for electric ignition.

 24. The current sensor in the primary circuit of block 21.

 25. The position sensor of the fuel accelerator (gas pedal).

 26. Air, fuel, neutralizing fluid flow sensors.

 27. Regulators of air, fuel and liquid.

 28. Dosing pumps for air, fuel and auxiliary liquids.

 29. High voltage voltage converter.

 30. Single-electrode electric candles (electrically insulated electrodes).

 31. On-board power source (AB battery).

 A device for implementing the method comprises an internal combustion engine 1 (ICE) with an exhaust manifold 1-1, an exhaust pipe muffler 2, in which an air duct 3 is sequentially placed, a fuel pipe 4 with a fuel nozzle and an electric insulator 5, a fuel filter 6, an auxiliary electric spark plug, comprising an electric insulator 7 with a central electrode 8 and a side electrode 9, an annular electrode 10 placed in an insulating ring 11 inside the muffler 2 at a distance exceeding the length of the flame inside the exhaust pipe on nly cm (1-3 cm).

 Further along the length of the exhaust pipe there is a cylindrical capsule 12 with metal, such as aluminum chips and balls, a tray 13 for collecting waste, in particular liquid fractions, at the installation site of this capsule a mixer 14 is installed with inlet pipes for supplying water and alkali through the outlet nozzles 15 inserted into the capsule 12 and immediately behind it, then placed a cylindrical capsule 16 with activated granular carbon 17 and with locking rings 18 with heat-resistant nets pressed along its edges, at the outlet and entrance exhaust pipes 19 are equipped with exhaust toxicity sensors, a temperature sensor 19-1 is placed, for example, in the flame zone in front of the ring electrode 10 and between two capsules 12 and 16, and the output of the toxicity sensor 19 along with the outputs of the gas temperature sensors 19-1 through the control system 20 and 21 are connected to the corresponding high-voltage voltage converters with transformer isolation 22 and 23, and the primary current sensor 24 is connected to the input of the control system 20, in addition to the inputs of the control systems 20.21 connected relays th output accelerator position sensor 25, fuel, such as fuel carburetor or the throttle pedal.

 The engine exhaust gas purification device also contains flow sensors 26 of air, fuel and auxiliary liquids, the outputs of which are connected to the air and liquid metering device 28 through the regulators 27.

 The device also contains an electric fired afterburner of the fuel mixture and gases directly inside the combustion chamber, containing an adjustable high-voltage voltage converter 29 with an output voltage of the order of 20-30 kV, and two for each combustion chamber of the original single-electrode ignition spark plugs 30, screwed opposite each other inside the combustion chamber in the head the cylinder block above the gasket 1-1, and the central electrodes of the candles 30 are connected to the outputs of the Converter 29, the outputs of the voltage Converter 23 is connected to the electrodes 8.9 of the auxiliary ignition electric candle, and the outputs of the voltage converter 22 to the electrically insulated ring electrode 10 and the exhaust pipe body 2, the exhaust pipe 2 being securely connected to the ICE body and the vehicle body, and all the on-board voltage converters 22 on the primary power supply circuit , 23, 29 are connected to the onboard power supply 31, for example, to the onboard battery (AB). Note that all voltage converters 22, 23, 29 are generally identical and can be made in the form of increasing inductive semiconductor self-excited oscillators, for example, in the form of adjustable blocking generators, and block 22 contains an additional high-voltage rectifier for implementing the electro-filtering of solid and liquid exhaust components gases on the capsule filler 12.

To simplify the drawing (Fig. 1), it does not show a control system for the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage of the transducer 29 with sensors 19.25, identical to the control system 20, as well as the stage of electric-fire cleaning of the flame of unburned fuel on the sections of the exhaust manifolds of the internal combustion engine, since the essence and device they are identical to a similar stage in the exhaust pipe itself (ring electrode and single-electrode spark plug). A device that implements the proposed method works as follows:
Initially, the fuel mixture and the unburned components of the exhaust gases at the ICE exhaust cycle are burned with a strong electric field directly in the combustion chamber 1 of the internal combustion engine by supplying high voltage from the converter 29 through the single-electrode electroinsulated candles 30 from the body. Next, the flame of unburned fuel in the exhaust manifolds 1 -2 process and additionally burned with an electric field, for example, through additional electrodes similar to 30 introduced into them from the conversion unit 29 (not shown in detail in Fig. 1), then the exhaust exhaust gases are fed through the exhaust manifold 1-1 into the expansion chamber 2 of the external environmental cleaning device, where they are subsequently electrically burned (sector B of Fig. 2) in an external clean a burning flame, for example, from burning gas of an additional fuel mixture formed due to the supply of fuel through an injector 4, air through an air duct 3 and ignition by an electric spark between electrodes 8.9 of an additional electric spark ignition, from a block 23.

 Electric firing of the exhaust gases is carried out in an electric field formed from the transducer 22 between the ring electrode 10 and the mass electrode 8.

 Next, the exhaust gases are additionally cleaned of soot and oil droplets by passing them through a metal filler (shavings, balls) inside the capsule 12, which are periodically cleaned with an alkaline aerosol sprayed through the nozzle 15 and collect the condensate in the sump 13, after which the exhaust gases are again additionally cooled and cleaned with an alkaline aerosol supplied through the nozzle 15 at the exit of the capsule 12.

 Note that the capsule filler 12 and the chamber body 2 are both a prefabricated electrostatic precipitator, since they are under a strong negative electric potential, which increases the efficiency of wet cleaning of exhaust gases from solid particles (soot, smoke).

 The final fine purification of exhaust gases from carbon monoxide (CO) and other toxic gas components is carried out by passing the exhaust gases through activated granulated carbon 17 located in the cassette 16, after which the purified exhaust gases are released into the atmosphere. The dimensions of the electric fire afterburning chamber 2 and the degree of filling of the cartridges 12, 16 are selected based on the specific intensity of the ICE gas flow and the equality of the aerodynamic performance of the currently used ICE exhaust pipes and the proposed device.

 Note that the separate application of the above gas cleaning operations does not allow creating a universal method and device for environmental exhaust gas cleaning, namely, thanks to the proposed combination of sequential multi-stage environmental exhaust gas cleaning operations, their high degree of purification is achieved in any engine operation modes.

 The invention has been tested experimentally.

Claims (4)

1. The method of electric firing of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine by burning them in a flame with a longitudinal electric field applied to this flame, characterized in that the burning fuel mixture and exhaust gases are treated with an electric field with a voltage of at least 1 kV / cm directly in the combustion chambers of the internal combustion engine , then process the flame of unburned exhaust gases directly in the exhaust manifolds of each of the combustion chambers with a second electric field with a voltage of at least 1 kV / cm, and then pass ICE exhaust gases through an auxiliary flame in the afterburner while simultaneously applying a longitudinal electric field to the flame, additionally filter the unburned solid and liquid fractions of the exhaust gases on a metal separator and lower the temperature of the exhaust gases to 80-90 ^o C with simultaneous cleaning of toxic oxides by aerosol treatment with a neutralizing liquid, after which the exhaust gases are finally cleaned by passing them through a mesh capsule with granular activated carbon.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal separator is in the form of a capsule with a filler of metal chips, balls.  3. A device for electric firing of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, comprising a afterburner, electrodes connected to the outputs of the high voltage voltage converter, a fuel burner and an air duct in the area of the electrodes, and an electric spark ignition device for the fuel mixture, characterized in that it is supplemented with a fuel mixture afterburner and exhaust gases directly in the combustion chambers of the engine and exhaust manifolds of the engine, containing additional electrical insulated from the body of the engine electrodes placed opposite each other above the gasket in the cylinder head and in the exhaust manifolds, and an adjustable high-voltage on-board voltage converter connected via the power supply circuit to the on-board power supply, and with its outputs to these electrodes, the gas afterburner is located in the expansion part of the exhaust pipe, in which the air duct, fuel nozzle, device for spark ignition of the mixture, made in the form of an electric candle ignition containing an electrical insulator, a central e an electrode and a side electrode, a heat-resistant ring electrode with needles along the inner perimeter, placed in an electrosolating ring inside the body of the gas afterburner at a distance exceeding the flame length by 1-3 cm, and a cylindrical capsule with metal chips and balls is placed along the length of the exhaust pipe, removable drip tray for collecting waste, in particular their liquid fractions; a liquid mixer with nozzles for supplying water and alkali to this capsule is installed in the place of installation of this capsule, and immediately after A cylindrical capsule with activated granular carbon is used, at the outlet and inlet of the exhaust pipe there are sensors of toxicity of exhaust gases and their temperature.  4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that all the high-voltage voltage converters are identical and are made in the form of oscillators with output high-voltage rectifiers.

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