RU216919U1 - DEVICE FOR OBTAINING CHARCOAL - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to the field of wood pyrolysis, namely, to the production of coal, and can be used in the forestry and woodworking industries for processing technological wood and its waste. The device for producing charcoal contains a body with two pyrolysis compartments made in it with retorts located in them to accommodate the feedstock, a combustion chamber, chimneys, the body consists of a frame frame in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, lined with steel sheets, with a lid fixed to the frame by means of a bolted connection, the combustion chamber is located in the central part of the body, on both sides of which pyrolysis compartments are located, each pyrolysis compartment contains a glass made in the form of a hollow horizontally oriented cylinder, the front part is welded to the front part of the frame, and the lower part lies on supports, providing an elevated location of the glass, while the glass is installed at an angle to the horizon line with a slope to the rear wall of the furnace, a kindling pipe runs inside the furnace along one of the pyrolysis compartments, pipes connecting the irolysis chambers with a firebox, in the upper part of the furnace a pipe with a lid leaves the furnace compartment, chimneys are located on both ends of the body. The technical result is to increase the productivity of the furnace.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of wood pyrolysis, namely, to the production of coal, and can be used in the forestry and woodworking industries for processing technological wood and its waste.

Known charcoal kiln (patent RU 133832, publ. 27.10.2013 Bull. No. 30), containing a horizontally located body, equipped with loading and unloading hatches, in the lower part of the body there is a firebox connected with a chimney. A partition is installed in the body, which is adjacent to two chambers formed by it, one of which is designed for burning raw materials, and the second is designed for drying raw materials, the inside of each chamber is equipped with a gas duct, while the lower part of the gas duct of the raw material combustion chamber is brought into the front of the furnace, and the lower part of the gas flue of the raw material drying chamber is led into the rear part of the furnace, the latter is equipped with a second chimney. The disadvantage of this furnace is the low productivity due to the use of one chamber for drying raw materials.

The prior art pyrolyzer for the production of fuel coals (patent RU 2125076, publ. 20.01.1999). The pyrolyzer includes two furnace chambers for carrying out the processes of drying and pyrolysis of the initial mass, placed to form a block and having combustion devices, above which there are two retorts with holes for the release of steam gases in their lower parts. The chambers have devices for the circulation of smoke and vapor gases, placed inside the chambers along their verticals, and the inlet of the combustion device of each chamber is connected by a channel to the outlet of the combustion device of another chamber. The outlets of the furnace devices of the furnace chambers are connected by a channel adjacent to the channel and equipped in the middle part with a collection channel with an outlet to the chimney, and in the common wall of the channels in the area of the outlets of the furnace devices there are windows, each of which and the channel are equipped with common changeover gates, in the channel gate valves are made in the sections between the collection channel and the windows in the common wall of the channels, as well as at the ends of the channel. Changeover gates can be supplied with openings for air supply. The disadvantage of this technical solution is the presence of two combustion chambers, which complicates the design of the device.

The closest in technical essence is a charcoal kiln (patent RU 180679, publ. 06/21/2018 Bull. No. 18), containing a horizontal body located in the lower part of the body of the furnace, a gas conduit for the passage of pyrolysis gas into the furnace and a chimney located in the upper part corps. The furnace is equipped with a cylindrical pyrolysis tank located in the upper part of the body and an injection burner installed at the gas duct inlet to the furnace, and the pyrolysis tank has a loading and unloading hatch on the end side, and an intermediate grid is installed inside it. The pyrolysis tank is horizontally placed above the furnace in such a way that the flame and flue gases, passing between the walls of the tank and the housing to the chimney, heat it as much as possible, while the inner cavity of the pyrolysis tank is connected to the furnace using a gas conduit located on the outside of the back of the furnace, the upper end of which is connected to the tank, and the lower end - to the injection burner installed at the inlet to the furnace.

The disadvantages of the above analogs are the low efficiency of the installation, the complexity of the design, as well as the low reliability of the design.

The task to be solved by the claimed utility model is the development of a furnace that eliminates the shortcomings of known analogues.

This problem is solved by the fact that the device for producing charcoal contains a body with two pyrolysis compartments made in it with retorts located in them to accommodate the feedstock, a combustion chamber, chimneys, the body consists of a frame frame in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, lined with steel sheets, with a lid fixed to the frame by means of a bolted connection, the combustion chamber is located in the central part of the body, on both sides of which pyrolysis compartments are located, each pyrolysis compartment contains a glass made in the form of a hollow horizontally oriented cylinder, the front part welded to the front of the frame, and the lower part lies on supports that provide an elevated location of the glass, while the glass is installed at an angle to the horizon line with a slope to the rear wall of the furnace, and in the rear part the glass has a drain pipe, inside the furnace along one of the pyrolysis compartments there is a kindling pipe that goes outside n on the rear wall and enters the combustion chamber, from the combustion chamber from the side of the rear wall of the furnace, pipes connecting the pyrolysis chambers with the furnace depart from the combustion chamber into both pyrolysis compartments, from which vertical pipes with valves at the end extend, in the upper part of the furnace a pipe with with a lid that opens and closes with a linear drive, chimneys are located on both ends of the body to remove flue gases from the common space of the furnace, for access to the pyrolysis compartments on the front (front) part of the furnace body there are two round covers, between which there are two doors one under the other, one of which is the door of the combustion chamber for kindling, and the second for access to the inside of the combustion chamber during technical inspection and repair. A heat exchanger can be installed on the chimney, which is a metal box, inside which pipes are horizontally located for the passage of the coolant.

The technical result is to increase the productivity of the furnace.

The claimed furnace is safe, reliable, with a maintainable design. The inventive furnace is made transportable, that is, with the possibility of moving the furnace to the raw material base.

The essence of the utility model is illustrated by drawings, which show:

- figure 1 - front view of the furnace,

- figure 2 - side view of the furnace,

- figure 3 - rear view of the furnace,

- in Fig. 4 - section of the furnace in the pyrolysis compartment,

- in Fig. 5 – general view of the heat exchanger.

The device for producing charcoal is a charcoal burning furnace, which contains a body with two pyrolysis compartments (pyrolysis chambers) made in it with retorts located in them to accommodate the feedstock, and a combustion chamber, chimneys. The device is equipped with control and measuring devices, including three thermocouples that measure the temperature in two retorts and in the furnace, and a controller that monitors the operating temperature and controls the temperature reset linear drive, while transmitting sound and light signals to the operator. The device may also be equipped with means for transmitting data via wireless data transmission.

The housing consists of a frame frame 1 with a cover 2. The frame is a spatial structure in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, welded from rectangular steel pipes 3, reinforced in places of greater load by longitudinal 4 and transverse 5 pipes. Steel sheets 6 are welded onto the frame. Steel 09G2S with a thickness of 3-5 mm is mainly used. The size of the frame is mainly 6×3.3×2.8 m, the thickness of the pipes is 3-5 mm. The body from the inside is sheathed with refractory material.

Cover 2 is a rectangular structure, made in the size of the upper side of the frame. The cover is made of a welded frame with welded steel sheets. The cover is attached to the frame by means of a bolted (or pinned) connection 7. The removable cover provides access to the furnace body from above for repair work and maintenance of the device.

On the front (front) part of the furnace body there are two round covers 8 for installing retorts (cassettes) 14. The covers are also made of a welded frame with steel sheets welded to it. Round covers 8 are fixed on a reinforced frame 9 fixed on the frame of the device. Lids 8 have seals, thanks to which they close tightly (hermetically) during operation.

On the front side of the furnace there are also a square door 10 and a small door 11, located one above the other. The square door 10 is mounted on a reinforced frame 12 fixed to the frame and is necessary for access to the inside of the combustion chamber for maintenance and repair. Small door 11 is the door of the combustion chamber.

The combustion chamber is located in the central part of the furnace. On both sides of the combustion chamber there are pyrolysis compartments with glasses 13 with retorts 14 placed in them. The combustion chamber is lined on the inside with refractory bricks, thus separating the combustion chamber from the pyrolysis compartments. The refractory brick is laid out with a thickness of one brick and laid with periodic passages for uniform movement of heat flows into the glass area, washing it from all sides, but at the same time being a flame arrester, preventing the flame from directly affecting the metal of the glass. This masonry is also an energy accumulator. The brick is laid out at ¾ of the height of the frame.

Retorts (cassettes) 14 are made in the form of a hollow half-cylinder and installed in glasses 13. The glass is made of a cylindrical shape. The glass can be wrapped with refractory material around the entire outer circumference. The glass is welded to the front of the furnace frame. The retort is inserted into the beaker using a forklift and rests on the bottom of the beaker. The glass 13 with the retort 14 is installed at an inclination to the horizon line with an inclination towards the back wall of the furnace (the preferred inclination angle is 2° for natural draining of the liquid fraction). This is necessary for the removal (draining) of liquids released from the wood at the time of its heating and charcoal preparation. The liquid is drained from the cassette into the glass through the hole 15, and from the glass through the drain pipe 16 outside the furnace. When the pyrolysis chamber (retort chamber) reaches a temperature above 30°C, these drain channels are blocked to prevent oxygen from entering the coal preparation zone. Timely removal of the liquid from the retort area allows to reduce the consumption of thermal energy for the evaporation of this liquid. When using dry wood, the hole can be kept closed. The glass 13 is mounted on inverted W-shaped supports 17 for fastening the glass in an elevated state, which provides better circulation of the coolant around the glass. The supports are welded to the bottom of the frame.

Inside the oven, a kindling pipe 18 runs along one of the pyrolysis compartments, which goes out on the rear wall and enters the combustion chamber. The kindling pipe 18 is a pipeline for supplying air to the furnace under low pressure, which is preheated, passing inside the furnace along the pyrolysis compartment. Air is taken in by a low-pressure fan (blower fan) located at the front or side wall of the furnace, and is fed through the pipeline (lighting pipe) 18 into the furnace. In this case, the pipeline 18 is always in a heated state of ~300°C, and the air passing through it is heated to approximately 60°C. The pressure (or flow rate) is controlled by a dimmer (speed controller).

Pipes 19 depart from the combustion chamber from the side of the rear wall of the furnace to both pyrolysis compartments. Pipes 19 are gas ducts connecting the pyrolysis chambers with the furnace. Vertical pipes 20 depart from pipes 19. These pipes have gates for redirecting steam at the time of drying the wood into the atmosphere through pipes 20, which are blocked (controlled) by valves (plugs) 21 and gate valves (not shown in Fig.).

In the upper part of the furnace, a pipe 22 departs from the combustion chamber, closed by a lid 23, opened and closed using a linear actuator 24. When the temperature rises above the operating temperature, the lid 23 automatically opens, providing a temperature drop (cooling the combustion chamber).

Chimneys 25, 26 with pipes 27 are located on both ends of the body, through which flue gases are removed from the common space of the furnace. Pipes 25 and 26 are controlled by gates and, if necessary, flue gases can go directly to the atmosphere or through a heat exchanger. Each chimney is connected to a direct pyrolysis compartment, which makes it possible to regulate the combustion process, including during the kindling of the furnace.

A heat exchanger 28 (FIG. 5) can be additionally installed on the chimney to heat the room next to the furnace. The heat exchanger is a metal box 29 installed in the chimney, inside which pipes 30 are horizontally located for the passage of the coolant.

The device works as follows.

The operation of the furnace is based on the principle of dry distillation of wood without air access. The process takes place in a closed metal retort with external heating up to a final temperature of 450-500°C. As a result of heating, vaporous and gaseous decomposition products (vapor-gas mixture) come out of the wood and charcoal remains.

Wood is placed in the retort, the doors are closed and heating is carried out by regulating the distribution of hot gases inside the furnace using flue dampers and a low pressure fan, which is a kindling fan. Primary heating occurs due to the combustion of wood fuel in the furnace. When the furnace is heated, it is possible to distribute the retort loads in turn into the first and second ones, forming a temporary gap for the autonomous mode, using the dampers on the chimneys for this. For example, if you use the left retort to start the process, then the right gate is closed, and the main heat flow of flue gases goes through the left cup. In this case, the right glass is in the stage of heating and drying. When the temperature in the left chamber reaches 470°C and stable gas flows, the chimney damper to the right retort opens and the left chimney damper is blocked by 90%, thereby transferring priority to the right retort. At this time, the left retort enters the operating mode and works autonomously, emitting pyrolysis gas, which is sufficient for autonomous operation of the furnace, firewood is stopped to keep the fire going. When the right retort is also connected to the process, i.e. when pyrolysis gas begins to flow from the right retort, all smoke gates open. Further, the furnace operates autonomously and is controlled by an automatic temperature control system to prevent overheating of the furnace.

According to external signs and indications of instrumentation, the process can be divided into the following stages:

1. Drying - only moisture is released from the wood, the temperature is from 0-150°C.

2. Dry distillation (pyrolysis) 150-350°C. At this stage, a number of organic products appear in the distillate and gas is released. This stage is characterized by an exothermic process observed at 430-480°C, when the process proceeds vigorously with a clear release of reaction heat.

3. Stage of calcination. It is characterized by the separation from the coal formed at the previous stage of a small amount of resins (1.5-2%) and a significant amount of non-condensable gases. The beginning of this stage is 450-500°C (and usually does not exceed 480-550°C), while the end is set according to production conditions.

When 550°C is reached, an emergency situation occurs, in which the fuel supply to the furnace stops, the oxygen supply gas duct to the furnace is blocked, and an emergency valve opens, through which pyrolysis gas escapes into the atmosphere. The gas is ignited and its combustion occurs outside the furnace, while the pyrolysis chambers and furnace cool down, the furnace enters normal operation (about 520 ° C). After that, the fuel begins to be fed into the furnace again, shutting off the emergency valve and opening the gas duct for supplying oxygen to the furnace. Then the whole process is completed, i.e. the calcination stage ends, at which the flow of pyrolysis gases ends. At this stage, fuel is added to the furnace for the final calcination of coal in the retort, and after 15-20 minutes, the retorts with finished coal are removed from the furnace.

Made a sample of the claimed device, characterized by the following parameters:

Length 6000 mm

Width 3300 mm

Height 2800 mm

Installation weight 12000 kg

The maximum operating temperature in the pyrolysis chamber is 525°C (pre-emergency temperature 550°C).

The total unloading from one retort depends on the wood species and stacking density and is up to 700 kg for birch, up to 1100 kg for oak, up to 500 kg for linden, while the cycle length for different types of wood varies, since the denser the wood and the stacking density the longer the cycle.

The advantages of this development are:

- environmental friendliness, due to the complete combustion of flue (pyrolysis) gases, obtaining CO at the outlet. Complete combustion occurs due to a correctly calculated combustion chamber, namely, a chamber volume of 10 m ³ , a high temperature of 700 ° C and an oxygen supply;

- safety, due to the minimum presence of a person near the production equipment, since the operator interacts with high temperatures twice a day, being on the ground, and not on the hot surface of the furnace, as in the operation of furnaces known from the prior art;

- the speed of production of coal, provided due to the design of the furnace;

- simplicity in management with the minimum involvement of the person;

- lack of foundations and crane installations;

- transportability of the device due to the possibility of dismantling,

- ensuring the continuity of the charcoal preparation cycle due to the presence of several replaceable retorts, when the first batch is ready, the second batch of firewood is loaded immediately after the retort with the finished charcoal is taken out, preventing the furnace from cooling down, which does not require re-ignition of the furnace.

Claims (2)

1. A device for producing charcoal, containing a body with two pyrolysis compartments made in it with retorts located in them to accommodate the feedstock, a combustion chamber, chimneys, characterized in that the body consists of a frame frame in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, lined with steel sheets , with a lid fixed to the frame by means of a bolted connection, the combustion chamber is located in the central part of the body, on both sides of which pyrolysis compartments are located, each pyrolysis compartment contains a glass made in the form of a hollow horizontally oriented cylinder, the front part welded to the front of the frame, and the lower part lies on supports that provide an elevated location of the glass, while the glass is installed at an angle to the horizon line with a slope to the rear wall of the furnace, and in the rear part the glass has a drain pipe, inside the furnace along one of the pyrolysis compartments there is a kindling pipe that exits out on the outside days from the wall and enters the combustion chamber, pipes connecting the pyrolysis chambers with the furnace depart from the combustion chamber from the rear wall of the furnace into both pyrolysis compartments, from which vertical pipes with valves at the end depart, in the upper part of the furnace a pipe with a cover leaves the furnace compartment , opening and closing with the help of a linear drive, chimneys are located on both ends of the body to remove flue gases from the common space of the furnace, for access to the pyrolysis compartments on the front (front) part of the furnace body there are two round covers, between which there are two doors one under the other , one of which is the door of the combustion chamber for kindling, and the second for access to the inside of the combustion chamber during technical inspection and repair. 2. A device for producing charcoal according to claim 1, characterized in that a heat exchanger is installed on the chimney, which is a metal box, inside which pipes for the passage of the coolant are horizontally located.

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