RU2167508C1 - Method for retaining moisture in soil and tillage tool - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves mowing precursor or weed plant; creating alternating plowed and unplowed soil strips, with plowed strips being formed by plowing narrow bands and forming inclined walls in them; making slit in one wall; filling slit with plant remains and organic substance; closing plant remains and organic substance with plowed soil layer and covering with roller. Width of plowed narrow band does not exceed 0.35-0.45 m. Plowed and unplowed strip width ratio is 1:(3-5). Tillage tool has frame, hanger brackets, carrier wheel with screw mechanism and tines. Each tine has vertical, inclined and horizontal parts. Inclined part is provided with slitter extending along its entire length. Pair of spherical disks are positioned on frame, left-hand of tine, and are adapted for feeding plant remains into slit. Covering roller section is arranged behind tines on brackets. Tillage tool of such construction is preferably used for tilling soil of abandoned lands or lands which were not for a long time subjected to traditional basic cultivation. Method and tillage tool allows soil fertility to be retained, water erosion to be eliminated, water reserves in root layers accessible for farm plants to be increased. EFFECT: increased efficiency and simplified construction of tillage tool. 3 cl, 11 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and agricultural machinery, in particular when preparing soil in erosion-hazardous areas using energy-saving technologies for cultivating crops.

A known method of reducing erosion processes on sloping lands, including the introduction of organomineral mixtures and their incorporation into the subsurface layer, in which at the depth of the pebbles create water-absorbing screens consisting of zeolite-containing clay-irlite in the amount of 25-35 t / ha, manure and straw, which close up in two directions on the diagonal, followed by sowing of perennial grasses (application RU N 97113872/13 A, IPC ⁶ A 01 B 79/02; 13/16. A way to reduce erosion processes on sloping lands // Bzikov MA, Bekuzarova S.A., Sabeev A.T., Tsogoev V.B., A .. Hog ID Stated 11.08.1997, Bul opub in "Inventions" -. 1999. - N 20. - S. CH.1.- 3).

 The disadvantages of this method include labor-intensive and energy-intensive processes for delivery to the field of water-absorbing material (clay - irlite), organic fertilizers and filler in the form of straw, plant, root and crop residues. Embedding organomineral mixtures to a depth of plowing (25-27 cm) makes them practically inaccessible to the roots of a wide range of plants. For this reason, the effectiveness of the proposed method is very low.

There is also known a method of preserving soil moisture reserves, including the creation of alternating plowed and non-plowed soil strips, in which the creation of plowed soil strips is carried out in the fall, while the width of the plowed strips is 3-6 m, and the width of the unplowed strips is 10-20 m (patent RU N 2134934 C1, IPC ⁶ A 01 B 13/06, Application N 98115672/13, Method for preserving soil moisture reserves // Kostrov P. I., Demin V. A. Declared 07.08.1998, published in the bulletin "Inventions". - 1999. - N 24. - Part 2.- S. 133).

 The described method has a limited scope and is focused on flat terrain with slopes of not more than 0.03. On complex terrain, excess moisture flows along unplanned strips into depressions, and then into nearby beams and ravines. With the width of unplowed strips of 10-20 m, 80-90% of precipitation is not retained in the arable layer. Precipitation flows like an avalanche in local local depressions, washing off the upper fertile soil layer. This leads to water erosion.

A tillage implement is known that contains a frame, hinge brackets, a support wheel with a screw mechanism, circular knives, housing racks, each of which has a vertical part, an inclined part with a chisel at the lower end, interchangeable blades on an inclined section, a field board and a shield located on lower section (GB patent application N 2100105 A, M.cl. ³ A 01 B 15/00. Date of filing 05/26/1981, publ. 12/22/1982).

 The described tillage implement is intended for loosening the soil and perennial deposits without turning the formation while maintaining stubble. The tool in question is not suitable for performing narrow, loose strips and for making inclined slots filled with plant debris.

 The invention consists in the following.

 The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to maintain soil moisture reserves accumulated in the soil during the autumn-winter period and to eliminate surface runoff during heavy rainfall in the summer.

 The effect and technical result that can be obtained by carrying out the invention are expressed in preserving soil fertility, eliminating water erosion, increasing the moisture reserves in the root layer, accessible to crop plants.

 The specified effect and technical result in the claimed invention is achieved by the fact that in the known method of accumulating soil moisture reserves, including the creation of alternating plowed and uncultivated soil strips, according to the invention, plowed strips are created by loosening a narrow zone and forming inclined walls in it, one of the inclined walls is used to formation of a gap that is filled with filler in the form of plant residues and organics, the filler is covered with a layer of loosened soil and rolled, while the width is loosened narrow narrow zone does not exceed 0.35-0.45 m, and it correlates with the width of the unplowed strip as 1: (3-5).

 The claimed method is implemented by a tillage implement containing a frame, mounting brackets, a support wheel with a screw mechanism, a stand with a chisel in the lower section, the distinctive properties of which are that each column is equipped with vertical, inclined and horizontal sections, the inclined section is equipped with a device for crafts of the gap, while on the frame to the left of the rack there is a pair of spherical disks for feeding filler into the slot, and a roller section is mounted behind the racks on the brackets.

 Due to the fact that the racks are placed on the frame of the tillage implement with mutual removal, each of which is equipped with a device for making an inclined slit, and a pair of spherical disks provides free (unhindered) filler supply into the slot, in combination with the roller section, ensure the achievement of technical result.

 The analysis of the level of technologies (methods) and technology carried out by the applicant, including a search by patent and scientific and technical sources of information and identification of sources containing information about analogues of the claimed invention, made it possible to establish that the applicant did not find an analogue (both in part of the method and in part devices for implementing the method), characterized by features identical to all the essential features of the claimed invention. The proposed closest analogues for the method and for the device made it possible to identify a set of essential distinguishing features in relation to the applicant’s perceived technical result in the claimed method and device for implementing the method set forth in the claims.

 Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "novelty" under applicable law.

 To verify the conformity of the claimed invention to the requirements of the inventive step, the applicant conducted an additional search for known methods and technical solutions in order to identify signs that match the distinctive features of the claimed invention from the closest analogue. The results of the verification show that the claimed invention does not follow for the specialist explicitly from the known level of technology and technology, since the prior art, in particular, the claimed invention does not provide for known transformations. Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "inventive step" under applicable law.

 The invention is illustrated by drawings.

 In FIG. 1 schematically shows the technological process of tillage with cultivated and untreated areas, plan view.

 In FIG. 2 is a section AA in FIG. 1, the cross section of the arable layer (deposits) after mowing the predecessor or weed vegetation in rolls.

 In FIG. 3 is a section BB in FIG. 2, cross-sections of treated and untreated strips with craft gaps to accommodate the filler from the straw mass of the precursor or weed vegetation.

 In FIG. 4 - a working body for tillage with a device for making an inclined slit for placing a filler of fibrous material, right view.

 In FIG. 5 - the same, rear view.

 In FIG. 6 - same, plan view.

 In FIG. 7 is a section BB in FIG. 5, a cross section of the inclined part of the rack, the shield for making the slit and the mechanism for adjusting the angle of inclination of the shield to the surface of the inclined part of the rack.

 In FIG. 8 - the process of interaction of the rack with the reservoir layer, a vertical section.

 In FIG. 9 - the process of making an inclined slit and filling it with a filler, a vertical section.

 In FIG. 10 - processes of compaction of the loosened layer and the filler under it.

 In FIG. 11 - technological process of distribution of precipitation of natural or artificial origin and their interception during runoff on the surface of untreated strips.

 Information confirming the possibility of the claimed method of preserving soil moisture reserves in waste massifs are as follows.

 Due to the economic situation in the Russian Federation at the end of September 1999, in particular in the Volgograd Region, more than 2.5 million hectares of old arable land were left without primary tillage. These fields are subjected to wind, water and solar erosion. The claimed method of preserving soil moisture reserves involves the implementation of two less energy-intensive and costly operations. After harvesting the ears of the predecessor (and if there was none, then weed vegetation), crop residues are cut and formed into rolls 1 (see Fig. 1). Rolls 1 on the surface 2 of the waste field are formed either in parallel with the step T relative to each other, or along the equidistant lines of the contour of the treated area. The proposed method of preserving soil moisture reserves involves the creation of alternating plowed bands 3 and unplowed bands 4 of the soil. Plowed stripes 3 are created by loosening a narrow zone 5 (Fig. 3) and deforming the inclined walls 6 and 7. On one of the inclined walls 6, a slit 8 is made. The slit 8 is filled with filler in the form of plant residues and organics. The filler in the gap 8 is covered with a layer of loosened soil and rolled (see Fig. 1-3, 8-11). The width of the loosened narrow strip 3 does not exceed 0.35-0.45 m. The width of the loosened strip 3 is correlated with the width of the unplowed strip 4 as 1: (3-5).

 The claimed method of accumulating soil moisture reserves is carried out by the tillage implement depicted in FIG. 1.

 The tillage implement comprises a frame 9, a hitch 10, a support wheel 11 with a screw mechanism, struts 12 and 13 with chisels 14 at the lower ends. Each rack 12 (13) (see Fig. 4-7) has a vertical section 15, an inclined section 16 and a horizontal section 17. The inclined section 16 and the horizontal section 17 are offset laterally (to the left) relative to the vertical section 15. The inclined section 16 throughout the length of the rack 12 (13) is equipped with a device 18 for making the slit 8. The device 18 for making the slit 8 is made in the form of a shield connected pivotally by the axis 19 to the inclined section 16 of the rack 12 (13). The device 18 is equipped with a screw mechanism 20 for adjusting the angle of inclination of the shield to the plane of the inclined section 16 of the rack 12 (13). The bit 14 is placed on the horizontal section 17. On the frame 9 to the left of each rack 12 (13) there is a pair of spherical disks 21 and 22 (Figs. 1-3) for feeding filler - plant debris - into the inclined slot 8. Disks 21 and 22 and racks 12 and 13 on the frame 9 are mounted in groups. The second pair of disks 21 and 22 and the rack 13 are offset sideways and backward relative to the first pair of disks 21 and 22 and the rack 12. Behind the racks 12 and 13, the roller section 25 is mounted on the brackets 23. The rack 12 (13) is made of structural steel sheet. The vertical portion 15 is provided with a pair of mounting holes 26. The front portion of the inclined portion 16 is provided with an interchangeable blade 27. The high carbon steel blade 27 is secured to the inclined portion 16 by means of countersunk bolts 28. The spherical disks 21 and 22 with the frame 9 are connected via racks 29.

 The described tillage implement implements the proposed method of accumulating soil moisture reserves as follows.

 The brackets 10 of the frame 9 are connected by rods of the hinged system to the aggregated tractor 30 of draft class 3. The pitch T between the rollers 1 is set taking into account the base B of the tractor 30 (see Fig. 1) and the width of its tracks 31. Tractor 30 saddles the roll 1. The tractor drives the tractor the right edge of the track 31 on the marker line II.

 When the tillage unit is moving at a given working speed, the narrow section 5 of the old tillage layer of the soil or deposit (including perennial grasses, natural pastures, hayfields, slopes and sanitary areas around railroad tracks, motorways, field roads and other). The blade 27 of each rack 12 (13) cuts obliquely the soil layer to the surface 2 of the field. This forms a smooth surface of the inclined wall 6. The inclined wall 7 is formed due to cleavage of the formation at an angle θ to the horizon (Fig.9).

 The trimmed layer is partially deformed first by a removable blade 27 on the inclined portion 16 of the rack 12 (13) and is directed to the device 18 for making the slit 8. The trimmed layer by the shield of the device 18 rises above the wall 6. Between the shield of the device 18 and the inclined wall 6 a free space of height 15 to 22 cm, the width along the inclined line in the direction of the bit 14 is not less than 0.6 m and the length (along the direction of travel) is not less than 0.6-0.7 m. The plate intensively crumbles into agronomically valuable soil fractions with a shield. The shield of the device 18 supports the loosened soil layer above the formed wall 6. Simultaneously with the stand 12, a pair of spherical disks 21 and 22 are displaced backward and sideways. The lower edges of the spherical disks 21 and 22, rolling along the surface 1 of the field, pick up a roll of plant and root residues, stubble, organics and are shifted into the cavity of the inclined slit 8. The angle of the spherical discs 21 and 22 is chosen so that the filler of the slit 8 moves freely into the open cavity of the slit 8. Next, the filler is covered with The soil in zone 5 is filled with a filler in a gap 8, together with the soil above it, and is compacted by a roller section 25.

 Thus, in one pass of the unit is made crafts of two inclined slots 8, filled with filler. The described process is shown schematically in FIG. 8-10. When precipitation occurs in the autumn-winter period (the largest amount for the south of the Russian Federation), 4 streams and water flows rush into the cavity of inclined slots 8 from the surface of uncultivated strips 4 (Fig. 11). The ratio between the width of the treated zone 5 in the range of 0.35-0.45 m and the untreated strip 4 in the range of 1.05-1.75 m excludes water erosion of the soil, excess moisture fills the cavity of the cracks 8 and accumulates in the treated zone 3.

 Thus, the above information indicates the fulfillment of the following conditions when using the claimed invention: the claimed method and tillage tool are intended for use in agriculture during soil cultivation; the proposed method of tillage not only preserves the soil moisture reserves, but also increases them. The presence of moisture in the soil ensures the vital activity of microorganisms and increases soil fertility. The proposed method eliminates the processes of wind, water and solar erosion and cleans the field of weed and unwanted vegetation.

 Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "industrial applicability" under applicable law.

Claims (2)

 1. A method of accumulating soil moisture reserves, including the creation of alternating plowed and uncowed soil strips, characterized in that the plowed strips are created by loosening a narrow zone and forming inclined walls in it, one of the inclined walls is used to form a gap, which is filled with filler in the form of plant residues and organics, the filler is covered with a layer of loosened soil and rolled, while the width of the loosened narrow zone does not exceed 0.35 - 0.45 m, and it correlates with the width of the unplowed strip as 1: (3 - 5).  2. A tillage implement containing a frame, hinge brackets, a support wheel with a screw mechanism, a stand with a chisel in the lower section, characterized in that each column is equipped with vertical, inclined and horizontal sections, the inclined section is equipped with a device for making the slit for the entire length, this, on the frame to the left of the rack there is a pair of spherical disks for feeding filler into the slot, and a roller section is mounted behind the racks on the brackets.

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