RU2120715C1 - Method for mechanized planting of seedling crops on irrigated field intersected by canal and road adjacent to canal - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves performing two main operations, i.e. planting of seedlings and providing first adaptation irrigation; planting seedlings in open ground at each side of canal and road by, for example, six-row planting unit with standard spacing of 0.7 m, total width of 4.2 m; and first adaptation irrigation by means of double-armed watering unit with watering width of 110-120 m, provided with surface sprinkling water discharge hoses hung to pressure pipelines of each arm at 0.7 m intervals along working width of watering unit with spray beam of 0.2-0.5 m from soil surface. Second main operation, i.e. first adaptation irrigation of planted seedlings is performed by means of reciprocating watering unit. During operation of unit, water discharge hoses are actuated on each arm upon one, two, three passes of planters, with number of actuated hoses depending on width of surface spray beam, which is multiple the width of field strips with planted crops. Water discharge hoses positioned above field strips subjected to first adaptation irrigation with predetermined irrigation norm of 250-350 cu. m/ha are switched off. EFFECT: increased efficiency by eliminating losses of planted seedlings, increased yield of vegetables on irrigated field. 1 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to planting seedlings of vegetable crops on irrigated fields, separated canals and a canal road using mechanization tools on its two main, sequentially performed technological operations - planting seedlings and its first - grafting - irrigation.

 A known method of mechanized planting of cabbage, tomatoes, eggplant, pepper and other crops on an irrigated field, divided by a channel filled with irrigation water and a canal road, including two main technological operations sequentially performed on each side of the channel and road - planting seedlings in open ground, for example , by means of two six-bit seedling-planting units, each with a grip of 4.2 m, and its first - graft - watering with a given irrigation rate - a two-console sprinkler unit of the DDA type -100M, capture 110 - 120 m (Handbook of the machine-grower. N.I. Zhivchikov. M .: Kolos, 1969, p. 160, 161. Analogue).

A significant drawback of this analogue method is that its second main technological operation - the first - graft - watering - cannot be started earlier than on the entire field with a width of 110 - 120 m, divided approximately in half by a channel and a canal road, along which the tractor of the DDA-100M aggregate is moved, with a field length of 500 - 1000 m, its first main technological operation will be completed - planting seedlings. Due to the fact that the first operation lasts up to 14 hours or more (all daylight hours), part of the seedlings planted in the first hours, not waiting for the second operation - the first - engraftment - watering, not only withers, but also dies due to excessively a large time gap between operations. This time gap between the main operations is not difficult to calculate, taking into account all secondary operations. Take, for example, a field length of 500 m. The landing gear (tractor with a 6-row machine) drives into the first - near - headland of one edge of the field; the tractor driver installs the machine in parallel with the channel and the channel road, points it at a straight line previously set up (by push-buttons); seedlings (6 people for each unit) go to the place of delivery and storage of seedlings, take it, carry it to the landing machine, where they are stored in separate boxes; sit on seats (workplaces); one of them lowers one marker if the landing starts from the channel with the road or the side edges of the field; the senior planter sends a signal to the tractor operator that the team is ready to land; the tractor driver drives the machine along a straight line at a speed of 0.7 km / h; planting plants take one plant from the box, lay them either in the seedlings of the machine, or directly in the furrows made by the openers, depending on the design of the machine; at the end of the rut, in front of the second - far - headland, the tractor driver stops the implement; seedlings get off the seats of a transplanter; one of them raises the marker that made the furrow, the tractor driver rotates the machine in a circle 180 ^o in the second headland - the second edge of the field - on the reverse stroke, for which he drives onto the marker furrow with one tractor wheel (right or left); seedlings carry seedlings from the place of storage, load the machines in boxes, drop the second marker, sit on the workplace and the process repeats. If we consider that the transplanters on each side of the channel and the canal road move non-stop and synchronously, then even in this case and when they move in a straight line at a speed of 0.7 km / h, they will make 14 turns, 14 turns with a diameter of about 10 m, seven kilometers. In addition, they will make 14 refueling seedlings, 28 lowering, raising markers, 28 seating - getting up from the workplaces of planting plants. All this requires more than 14 hours of time - all daylight hours. And the seedlings that were planted in the ground in the initial hours, from the effects of the sun, air temperature, wind, will not survive until the first graft irrigation begins due to an excessively large time gap before the second main operation. In addition, the DDA-100M unit also moves at a low speed of 0.5 km / h and irrigation rate per pass (excluding rain losses due to wind blowing from the irrigated field and evaporation) of only 50 m ³ / ha, with an impregnation of the earth’s layer by 50 mm. And only after 5 - 7 passes along the canal, from which the DDA-100M takes water with a pump, the seedling culture planting cycle will end.

 This method of mechanized planting of seedlings (analogue) cannot give a good survival rate of planted seedlings and good productivity of vegetables. According to the well-known studies of Professor I. Gunar (see the newspaper Selskaya Zhizn, June 19, 76), the withering of even normally growing plants, and not plantings taken from the greenhouse, depresses photosynthesis because of the untimely supply of the necessary amount of moisture to their roots. The delay in the second operation, which leads to severe wilting of the plants, leads to the fact that the normal intensity of photosynthesis - the absorption of solar energy by the leaves, carbon dioxide for the formation of carbohydrates and other organic substances - is restored to the initial state that the plants had in the greenhouse, not earlier than after 5 - 7 days, and growth will begin no earlier than in two weeks. In view of the foregoing, for the Volga region, the design yield of vegetables is therefore accepted as modest - 200 c / ha. They even got cabbage at 48 centners per hectare (see the newspaper Pravda, July 9, 1976 with the editorial Vegetable Season).

 There is also known a method of mechanized planting of seedlings on an irrigated field, separated by a canal and a canal road, including the same two main, sequentially performed technological operations, and the same means, but characterized in that the field length is shortened: halved 500 m and four parts 1000 m. In this method, the number of headlands increases (Potato and Vegetables magazine N 8, 1976, M .: Kolos, article "At the Engelsky state farm, p. 21. Authors: MV Aminov, A.F. Sukhanov, AN Kuznetsov. Prototype).

 This prototype method halved, quadrupled the time gap between the two main technological operations - planting seedlings and their first - grafting - watering. However, it gave rise to other serious shortcomings: additional headlands created inside the length of the field, it became necessary to re-process, loosen, barrow, manually make a landing and belatedly re-fill. This method reduced the productivity of planting, increased labor costs and did not eliminate a large number of deaths of seedlings (more than 15 - 18%), which, of course, did not allow obtaining full-fledged yield of vegetable products.

 The aim of the invention is the almost complete elimination of the disadvantages inherent in both the analogue and the prototype: an almost complete elimination of the death of planting seedlings, manual labor in the process of planting and replanting plants to replace the dead, and most importantly, to achieve an additional increase in the yield of vegetable products on the irrigated field.

This goal is achieved by the fact that the second main technological operation of the method of mechanized planting of seedlings and an irrigated field, divided in half by a channel and a canal, is carried out by reciprocating movement of a two-console irrigation unit created on the basis of DDA-100M by means of hose outlets of near-surface irrigation hanging from pressure pipelines of each console at standard row spacing of 0.7 m across the working width, with rain 0.2 - 0.5 m from the ground, which is not entrained t wind, by including in the operation of such a quantity of water outlets on each console, width rain which is a multiple of any width field strips planted seedlings, the above strips of field where the first - prizhivochny - watering complete predetermined irrigation rate, for example 250 - 350 ^m3 / ha, the water outlets of near-surface irrigation are switched off from work. Thus, the second main technological operation of the method of planting a seedling culture - its first - grafting - watering - is carried out either almost without interruption, after the first pass of the seedling-planting units on one and the other sides of the channel with a canal road (which may be required in severe drought, heat and wind), or after the second, or even the third pass, i.e. with a time gap, but relatively small, as the weather conditions allow for the landing day.

 The proposed method reduces the time gap between the main operations - planting seedlings and their first - planting - watering - up to 7-fold in comparison with the prototype and up to 14-fold in comparison with the analogue, moreover, without increasing the proportion of manual labor, additional the costs of work in the intermediate headlands, for the purchase or cultivation of an additional tens of thousands of seedlings (by the way very expensive!) for planting in return for the dead.

 The implementation scheme of the proposed method of mechanized planting of seedlings on an irrigated field, separated by a canal and a canal road, when performing two basic technological operations - planting seedlings in open ground (on the field) and its first - graft - watering with a two-console irrigation unit (near-surface irrigation), for example , after the second passage of the transplanters, shown in FIG. one.

On field 1, divided in half by the channel and the channel 2, on one headland 3, on each side of the channel and the road, one transplanter 4 is installed so that their tractor drivers can, for example, walk through the towers, straight and parallel to the channel and expensive 2. At the same time, outside the second headland of field 5, a two-console irrigation unit (near-surface irrigation) is installed and set up for work 6. After the seedlings are filled with a box of seedlings by seedlings 4 and, let down by marker, for example, on the left (in Fig. 1) side of the road, on the right side of the canal, and after the pliers sit on the work seats, they will take seedlings in their hands, the older one signals the tractor operator about readiness for planting, transplanters start moving towards the headland of field 5 and carry out the first main technological planting operation - planting seedlings in open ground (openers). As soon as the machines of transplanter units 4 reach the second headland 5, the tractor drivers stop their movement, the seedlings get out of workplaces, one of them raises the marker and everyone goes for the next portion of the seedlings to the place of storage. Tractor drivers make a turn of the landing units 180 ^o - on the reverse stroke, put the wheel on the track of the marker furrow parallel to the channel and the canal 2. The seedlings load the boxes of planting machines with seedlings, one of them lowers the next marker in the direction of the field with seedlings still unplanted and after after all the seedlings sit on the workplaces, prepare for planting seedlings, the older ones give a signal to the tractor drivers, the units begin working movement from headland 5 to headland 3. At the same time, in the same direction the irrigation unit 6, in which on each console only 12 hose outlets of near-surface irrigation are put into operation, takes into account its first working stroke, while only strips 7 and 8 are watered with a gripper of 8, 4 m and the first part of the estimated established irrigation norm is introduced into the soil .

When the landing units 4 complete the planting along the entire length of the field and reach headland 3, the plantters leave workplaces, one raises the marker, then goes for seedlings. The units go to headland 3, stop the units so that the irrigation unit 6 irrigates the entire length of the field to this strip and goes back for strip 5. And again, the tractor drivers put the units 4 with the tractor wheel on the marker line, seedlings put seedlings in the machine boxes , lower the next marker, sit down on workplaces, give a signal to tractor drivers, begin to plant seedlings in the stripes of field 9. And when the units 4 are deployed on headland 5, they will start planting seedlings in the stripes 10, and in the unit 6 another 12 hose is put into operation new outlets. At the same time, the first part of the established irrigation norm will be given on lanes 9 and 10, and the second part on lanes 7 and 8. And so, seedlings are planted to the external borders of the field, to its full width equal to 110 - 120 m, as well as the first - graft - watering, but with the disconnection of those hose outlets that issued a fully established (estimated) irrigation rate, for example 250 - 350 m ³ / ha, at which the soil will be moistened to a depth of about 25 - 35 cm.

 In a similar manner, this method of mechanized planting of seedlings on an irrigated field, separated by a canal and a canal road, is carried out by the same means, but according to the scheme when the second main technological operation - the first - planting - watering - does not start after the second, but after the third pass of the seedling units , but with the only difference that on each console of the irrigation unit already include 18 hose outlets of near-surface irrigation, so that the rain capture width is a multiple of the width of the field strips seeded seedlings, and under the stripes of the field where the first planting watering seedlings are completed with the specified irrigation rate, 18 outlets are also turned off from the work.

 The patented method of mechanized planting of seedlings on an irrigated field, divided in half by a channel with irrigation water and a canal road, in particular when planting tomatoes, cabbage, eggplant, pepper, etc., was tested under production conditions and was recognized not only very useful (in comparison with the prototype, the stroke length of planting and irrigation units was increased 2–4 times, labor productivity and planting equipment increased by 30%, seedlings plant survival rate was 15–18%, productivity was 1.5–2 times), but in connection with lshoy benefit and promising for many years.

 According to the author, this method of the decade will remain relevant and of special agricultural and state importance in the production of vegetables, especially in those arid regions where the wind speed during planting of seedlings and irrigation exceeds 5 m / s.

Claims (1)

The method of mechanized planting of seedlings on an irrigated field, divided by a channel and a channel in half in width, including two main technological operations, sequentially performed on each side of the channel and road, planting seedlings in open ground, for example, a six-row seedling planting, with standard row spacing 0 , 7 m, with a total working width of 4.2 m, and its first - graft - watering - with a two-console irrigation unit, a grip of 110 - 120 m, equipped with hose outlets near the surface sprinkling irrigation, hanging from the pressure pipelines of each console also with an interval of standard row spacing of 0.7 m in working width, with rain 0.2 - 0.5 m from the ground, characterized in that the second main technological operation is the first grafting watering of the planted seedlings - carried out by the reciprocating movement of the irrigation unit and include on each console after one, two, three passes of seedling units such a number of hose outlets on each of its console, the width of the rain is the multiple of the width of the stripes of the field with planted seedlings, and above the stripes of the field, where the first one is planting seedlings, the watering is completed with the specified irrigation norm, for example 250-350 m ³ / ha, the hose outlets are turned off.