RU2062015C1 - Potato harvesting method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves mowing potato haulm and forming ridge 5 from compressed slopes 2 in spacings of adjacent rows 3 and 4; covering soil lumps and plant stem remains; digging out central root-bearing part of rows, with ridge 5 being between rows. EFFECT: increased efficiency and improved quality of harvested roots. 2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of harvesting root crops.

 A known method of mechanized harvesting of potatoes, including cutting and shifting two adjacent beds, turning these beds, and then adjacent beds with tuberous layer upwards, separation, laying tubers in the roll and their subsequent simultaneous harvesting (A.S. N 906440, A 01 D 91/02, BI 7, 1982).

 The disadvantage of this method is the large number of movements of potato tubers, partial separation and roll formation before entering the harvester, which significantly increases the damage to the tubers.

 There is also known a method of harvesting potatoes, including pressure testing, preliminary formation of tuberous ridges by limiting the volume to be pressed from above, digging up the tuberous ridges (A.S. N 919633, A 01 D 91/02, BI 14, 1982).

 The disadvantage of this method is the increased damage to the tubers during the preliminary formation of tuberous ridges, and the pressure of the undermining volume leads to the destruction of the bearing capacity of the ridge and soil unloading on the ploughshare.

 The closest technical solution, selected as a prototype, is a method of harvesting potatoes, including squeezing the beds with simultaneous digging and crushing of the tuberous ridges with cutting tops, loosening the tuberous layer, peeling the tubers when fed to the separating organs during the clamping of the tops during compression (a.c. N 1175392, A 01 D 91/02, BI 32, 1985).

 The disadvantage of this method is the destruction of the existing structure undermined ridges, which adversely affects the operation of the harvester, especially on light in mechanical composition and favorable for cultivation of potatoes on agrotechnical requirements of the soil.

 With preliminary loosening of the ridge by compression and digging, the soil is unloaded on the ploughshare when the formation is fed to the separating working bodies. This is associated with an unstable mode of operation and a decrease in the productivity of the cleaning unit. This circumstance is aggravated by the fact that the tuberous part of the ridge is in a loose state, and the remains of tops in the passage zone of the working bodies of the potato harvester. For the ridge-and-tape technology of cultivating potatoes with a row spacing of 1.4 m, providing a loose state of the soil of the ridge right up to the harvest, with the ridge volume 1.5 times larger than two digging ridges, this is especially important.

 And although when working on ridges with a combine, 1,5 2 times more soil is dug up compared to ridges, the soil content in the tuber heap is less, due to the loose state of the ridge. The soil is more compacted in the zone of passage of the running wheels of the aggregates and at the side walls of the ridge, compacted by the earthing working bodies. A formed ridge with such parameters is favorable for plant development, protection against erosion of ridges, their shedding, but is not suitable for machine cleaning, since it is slopes that give the bulk of soil blocks and lumps.

 On the other hand, digging up only the tuberous part of the ridge at such physical and mechanical parameters of the soil leads to screening of the soil already in the first third of the separating elevator and injuring tubers transported by the elevator without a soil substrate.

 The purpose of the invention is to increase the productivity of the harvesting unit and reduce the damage to tubers by improving the separation conditions.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that from the compacted part of the shallow slopes of two adjacent ridges in the rows between them, a soil ridge is formed and compacted, covering soil lumps, crushed remains and cut whole plant stems in it, and then the tuberous layer of two ridges is buried, leaving a formed ridge between them.

 The difference of the proposed method from the prototype is that the tuberous part of two adjacent ridges without a ridge between them is formed from compacted slopes of these ridges with soil lumps and remains of tops embedded in it.

 The invention is illustrated in the drawing, where in FIG. 1 shows an initial cross section of potato plantings on ridges; in FIG. 2 the same after the formation of the ridge in the aisles of the ridges; in FIG. 3 superimposed cross section of the compacted ridge on the technological scheme of the operation of the harvesting unit MT3-80 + KPK-3 on the ridges.

 The method of harvesting potatoes is as follows. After mowing, chopping and scattering the tops 1 from the compacted part of the non-slope slopes 2 of two adjacent ridges 3 and 4, the soil ridge 5 is formed and compacted between the rows between them, sealing the soil lumps, crushed remains and cut stems of potato plants in it. To do this, use the KRN-4,2A cultivator with four sections of working bodies, on which two mounted spherical disks work on a dump in the middle of the row spacing from the left 3 and right 4 ridges.

 When preparing ridges with planting according to the (110 + 30) cm pattern, a ridge is formed up to 50-70 cm wide, and single-line planting on ridges with 1.4 m row-spacings is up to 70-90 cm.

 At the same time, the tuberous trimmed part of the ridges has a size of 70–90 cm and 50–70 cm, respectively.

 The choice of the size of the formed ridge is determined by the size of the tuberous nest 7 with a single-line landing and two with a two-line.

 The comb thus formed is then, in order to reduce its volume, compacted with a copying roller mounted on sections of the KRN-4,2A cultivator or on a combine.

 To harvest potatoes from prepared ridge plantings, you can use the converted KPK-3 potato harvester, with which a tuberous layer of two adjacent ridges 3 and 4 is dug, and comb 5 is left untouched or compacted with a copying roller 8.

 The re-equipment of the KPK-Z combine consists in replacing a pair of central circular knives and a digging plow with a copying roller 8. The extreme disk knives 9 and digging plowshares 10 are not structurally changed.

 The KPK-Z combine works in aggregate with the MT3-80 / 82 tractor, which drives its furrows into the furrows between the ridges 5 formed during the preparation of the field for harvesting and the tuberous part of the ridge 6. The first wheel of the combine goes along the track of the tractor’s right wheels, and the left one has been pulled out over the cropped ridge 6. The soil pressed by the copying roller passes under the combine, without touching the bars of the separating elevator. The ploughshare 10 digs up the bed, and the circular knives 9 limit the scattering of the tuberous mass on the sides, pick up the soil and push it along the ploughshare to the elevator.

 Two cropped ridges dug in this way and fed to the combine elevator contain as much soil as the mass of a single ridge without preparing it for harvesting. At the same time, the percentage of tubers in the mass of undermined soil doubles.

 The use of the KPK-3 combine for harvesting potato tubers from two prepared ridges compared with the KPK-2-04 combine for harvesting potatoes from one ridge allows to increase the productivity of the harvesting unit by 1.5-2.0 times.

 Lumps and lumps of soil enclosed in compacted slopes of the ridge are cut off from it and concentrated in the undermined ridge. Eliminating the contact of tubers transported by the elevator with boulders and lumps of soil leads to a reduction in the injury to tubers.

 The absence of crushed plant residues and whole stems in the undermined soil ensures the screening of the soil at the separating elevator, and thereby the content of soil impurities in the heap of tubers is reduced. YYY2

Claims (2)

 1. A method of harvesting potatoes, including removing the tops, digging up the tuberous layer and feeding it to the separating organs, characterized in that from the compacted part of the not-deep-slope slopes of adjacent ridges, they form and compact the soil ridge and close the soil lumps, crushed remains and cut off therein whole stems of plants, and then they dig up the tuberous part of the ridges without a crest formed in the aisles.  2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the ridge formed in the row-spacings is sealed with a copy roller.

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