SU906440A1

SU906440A1 - Method of mechanized harvesting of potato

Info

Publication number: SU906440A1
Application number: SU802989118A
Authority: SU
Inventors: Сергей Александрович Герасимов; Юрий Сергеевич Измайлов; Виктор Игнатьевич Бессарабов; Олег Александрович Сизов
Priority date: 1980-10-02
Filing date: 1980-10-02
Publication date: 1982-02-23

Description

Изобретение относится к сельскохозяйственному производству, в частности к способам уборки картофеля преимущественно на тяжелых почвах.The invention relates to agricultural production, in particular to methods for harvesting potatoes mainly on heavy soils.

Известен двухфазный способ уборки картофеля, который включает .предвари- ^sтеьную уборку ботвы,выкапывание картофеля и его частиную сепарацию^ от примесей, формирование валка клубней из четырех, шести и более рядков в. предварительно расширенном междурядье путем сдвига грядок в противоположные стороны с одновременным их подрезанием и рыхлением [Ί].Known biphasic potato harvesting method which comprises .predvari- ^s tenuyu cleaning leaves, potato scooping and Chastain ^ separation of impurities, formation of tubers roll four, six or more rows in. previously expanded row spacing by shifting the beds in opposite directions with their simultaneous cutting and loosening [Ί].

Недостатками данного способа являются: отсутствие переворота клубне- ¹⁵носного пласта и разрушения его на винтовых отвалах, что затрудняет выделение клубней из почвы и отделения их от ботвы; послойное перемеши- & вание в процесс укладки клубней, ботвы и почвы, что приводит в условиях трудносепарируемых почв к забору и подаче на сепарирующие рабо2 чие органы большого количества почвы, растительных остатков и снижению производительности при уборке валка, а также к нарушениям технологическогс процесса на уборочных машинах из-за забивания рабочих органов.The disadvantages of this method are: the absence of a tuber- ¹⁵ nasal layer overturn and its destruction on screw dumps, which makes it difficult to isolate tubers from the soil and separate them from the tops; layer-by-layer mixing into the process of laying tubers, tops and soils, which in difficult-to-separate soils leads to the intake and supply of a large amount of soil, plant residues and reduced productivity during harvesting to the separating working organs, as well as to disturbances in the technological process at harvesting cars due to clogging of the working bodies.

Цель изобретения - повышение производительности и снижение затрат труда на уборке картофеля.The purpose of the invention is to increase productivity and reduce labor costs for harvesting potatoes.

Для достижения поставленной цели после смещения двух смежных грядок осуществляют переворачивание этих грядок, а затем соседних с ними грядок клубненосным слоем вверх, а сепарацию клубней осуществляют путем их вычесывания.To achieve this goal, after shifting two adjacent beds, these beds are turned over, and then the beds adjacent to them are tuberized upward, and tubers are separated by combing them.

На фиг.1 изображен процесс расширния междурядья смежных грядок картофеля, вид сзади; на фиг.2 - процесс поворачивания раздвинутых грядок и их профиль после укладки в расширенное междурядье, вид сзади; на фиг.Зпроцесс noBopa4HifaHHH соседних грядок и общий профиль всех повернутых грядок, вид сзади; на фиг.4 - процесс рыхления почвы, вычесывание клубней картофеля из клубненосного слоя почвы повернутых грядок и сгребание клубней в узкую ленту-валок, вид сверху.Figure 1 shows the process of expanding the row spacing of adjacent potato beds, rear view; figure 2 - the process of turning the apart beds and their profile after stacking in the extended row spacing, rear view; Fig. Process noBopa4HifaHHH of adjacent beds and the general profile of all turned beds, rear view; figure 4 - the process of loosening the soil, combing potato tubers from the tuberous soil layer of the turned beds and raking the tubers in a narrow tape-roll, top view.

Способ механизированной уборки О картофеля осуществляется следующим образом.The method of mechanized harvesting About potatoes is as follows.

В рабочем захвате многорядного, например четырехрядного, агрегата расширяют центральное междурядье путем подрезания и сдвига в противоположные стороны рабочим органам 1 двух центральных смежных грядок (фиг.1). После этого рабочими органами 2, выполненными в виде правого и левого плужных корпусов, подкапывают и поворачивают клубненосным слоем вверх раздвинутые грядки и укладывают их в расширенное междурядье. Затем рабочими органами 3 такого же типа подкапывают, поворачивают соседние грядки, как и две первые, приваливая их к первоначально уложенным центральным грядкам (фиг.З).In the working gripper of a multi-row, for example, four-row, aggregate, the central row-spacing is expanded by cutting and shifting in opposite directions to the working bodies 1 of two central adjacent beds (Fig. 1). After this, the working bodies 2, made in the form of the right and left plow bodies, dig up and turn the tuberous layer upward apart beds and stack them in an extended aisle. Then, working bodies 3 of the same type dig, turn adjacent beds, like the first two, rolling them to the originally laid central beds (Fig. 3).

В сформированном, таким образом,’ валке гнезда клубней будут располагаться в верхнем слое почвы, а ботва и сорная растительность, прижатая массой почвы ко дну борозды - в нижнем .In the thus formed ’roll, tuber nests will be located in the upper soil layer, and the tops and weeds, pressed by the mass of soil to the bottom of the furrow, will be in the lower.

После указанных операций прочесывают клубненосный слой образованного валка в зависимости от состояния почвы различными специально приспособленными рабочими органами, например рыхлящими лапамиг 4 культиватора или зубьями 5 бороны (фиг.4). В процессе прочесывания отделяют от защемленной ботвы кдубни и извлекают их на поверхность. Затем вращающимися пальчатами шнеками 6, установленными подAfter these operations, the tuberous layer of the formed roll is combed, depending on the soil condition, with various specially adapted working bodies, for example, loosening the cultivator legs 4 or harrow teeth 5 (Fig. 4). In the process of combing, the cubes are separated from the pinched tops and extracted to the surface. Then the rotating fingers 6 screws installed under

906440' 4 зависимости от условий подборщикомпогрузчиком или вручную.906440 '4 depending on the conditions of the pick-up with a loader or manually.

Рабочие органы, с помощью которых осуществляют предлагаемый способ убор· ₅ ки картофеля, устанавливаются на одном агрегате, например впереди и сза· ди трактора. При этом ходовые колеса агрегата располагаются в стыковых междурядьях, например, четырехрядных посадок картофеля.The working bodies with which to carry out the proposed method of harvesting ₅ potatoes are installed on one unit, for example, in front and behind a tractor. In this case, the running wheels of the unit are located in the butt spacing, for example, four-row planting of potatoes.

Данный способ позволяет производить уборку картофеля на тяжелых и средних почвах высокой влажности, когда существующие картофелеуборочные комбайны и копатели оказываются практически неработоспособными из-за отсутствия сепарации, налипания почвы на рабочие органы и забивания их ботвой и сорной растительностью.This method allows harvesting potatoes on heavy and medium soils with high humidity, when existing potato harvesters and diggers are practically inoperative due to the lack of separation, sticking of soil to the working bodies and clogging them with tops and weeds.

Применение способа позволяет повысить производительность и снизить затраты на уборке картофеля в тяжелых почвенных условиях, в частности, на тяжелых переувлажненных почвах.The application of the method allows to increase productivity and reduce the cost of harvesting potatoes in difficult soil conditions, in particular, on heavy waterlogged soils.

Claims

The invention relates to agricultural production, in particular, to methods for harvesting potatoes mainly on heavy soils. A two-phase method of harvesting potatoes is known, which includes: pre-harvesting the tops of the tops, digging up the potatoes and part-separation from impurities, forming a roll of tubers of four, six, or more c. the pre-extended inter-row spacing by shifting the pile in opposite directions with their simultaneous cropping and loosening. The disadvantages of this method are: the absence of the overturning of the tuber bearing layer and its destruction on screw dumps, which makes it difficult to separate the tubers from the soil and separate them from the tops; layer-by-layer mixing in the process of laying tubers, tops and soil, which in conditions of difficult-to-separate soils leads to the collection and feeding to separating working bodies of a large amount of soil, plant residues and reduced productivity during harvesting, as well as disruptions in the harvesting process machines due to clogging of the working bodies. The purpose of the invention is to increase productivity and reduce labor costs for harvesting potatoes. To achieve this goal, after displacing the two adjacent pods, they turn over the pods, and then the neighboring pods with the tuberiferous layer up, and the tubers are separated by combing them. Figure 1 shows the process of expanding the aisles between adjacent grooved potatoes, rear view; Fig. 2 illustrates the process of turning the spread apart arms and their profile after laying in the extended aisle, rear view; in FIG. The rotation of the neighboring grooves and the general profile of all the rotated grooves, rear view; Fig. 4 shows the process of loosening the soil, combing the tubers of potatoes from the tuberiferous soil layer of the rotated clump and shedding the tubers into a narrow swath, top view. The method of mechanized harvesting of potatoes is carried out as follows. In the working grip of a multiracial, for example, quadruple, aggregate, the central aisle is expanded by cutting and shifting in opposite directions to the working bodies 1 of two central adjacent rows (figure 1). After that, the working bodies 2, made in the form of the right and left plow bodies, dig up and turn the tuber-bearing layer upwards by folding the cages and put them in the extended aisle. Then, working bodies 3 of the same type dig in, rotate the adjacent rows, as well as the first two, and rest them to the original central beds (Fig. In the thus formed nest roll of tubers will be located in the upper soil layer vegetation, pressed by soil mass to the bottom of the furrow - at the bottom. After these operations, the tuber-bearing layer of the formed roll is combed, depending on the state of the soil, by various specially adapted working bodies, for example, loosening paws - 4 cu tivator or toothed harrows {5 4). In the process of scouring, tubers are separated from the pinched foliage tops and retrieve their surface. Then the rotating lips of the bugs 6, set at an angle to the direction of movement of the aggregate, additionally combing the tuberous layer, scoop the tubers into a narrow strip swath for subsequent selection. The selection of tubers is carried out depending on the conditions by pick-up by truck or manually. The working bodies with which the proposed method of harvesting potatoes is carried out are mounted on one unit, for example, in front of and behind the tractor. At the same time, the running wheels of the aggregate are located in the butt aisles, for example, four-four potato plantings. This method makes it possible to harvest potatoes on heavy and medium soils of high humidity, when existing potato harvesters and diggers turn out to be practically inoperable due to the lack of separation, soil sticking to the working bodies and clogging them with tops and weeds. The application of the method allows to increase productivity and reduce the cost of harvesting potatoes in heavy soil conditions, in particular, on heavy, overmoistened soils. The invention of the Method of mechanized harvesting of potatoes, including cutting and displacement of two adjacent grapes in opposite directions, separation, laying in a roll of tubers and subsequent simultaneous harvesting, which is intended to increase productivity and reduce labor costs for harvesting potatoes after displacing two adjacent pods, they are turned over, and then the adjacent pods are tuber-bearing layer upwards, and the tubers are separated by combing them out. Sources of information taken into account during the examination 1. USSR Author's Certificate No. 338193, cl. A 01 D 91/02, 1971.