RU189759U1 - Phytosystem module for biological treatment of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants - Google Patents

Abstract

The module of the phytosystem for the biological treatment of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants relates to the field of environmental protection, including in the Arctic, in particular, to the technology of phyto-purification of natural anthropogenic water bodies or quarry waste waters in settling ponds from various mineral pollutants. The inventive module of the phytosystem, as well as the known ones, contains a skeleton of a net material with a biological load. It differs from the known ones in that the biological load consists of fresh or litter wood sawdust, thermovermiculite, taken in a 4: 1 ratio, and a mixture of dry seeds of aboriginal perennial herbaceous plants, including bluegrass, redchus, red fescue, meadow timothy, sandstone groves , the mountaineer Weirich, the viviparous coil. Biological loading can additionally contain live plants moisture-loving species: Typha latifolia, different types of sedges, cotton grass mnogokoloskovuyu or angustifolia, cotton grass Scheuchzeria, watch a three-sheeted, cinquefoil marsh calla marsh marigold European, horsetail marsh, horsetail marsh, willow filikolistnuyu, willow goat or Bredin , sphagnum, duckweed, Tamarind, creeping buttercup. The frame may be a mesh bag made of polymeric materials. The utility model provides an increase in the efficiency of biological treatment of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants, a reduction in the terms of the formation of plant communities, and a reduction in the negative impact on the environment. 2 hp f-ly.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of environmental protection, including in the conditions of the Arctic, in particular, to the technology of phyto-purification of natural-anthropogenic water bodies or quarry waste water in settling ponds from various mineral pollutants.

A device for biological purification of water reservoirs according to the author's certificate for the invention of SU No. 1675226 of 05/25/1989, containing skeletons with biological load. They are made in the form of interconnected recycled tires, in the openings of which are installed conical tanks with a truncated top down with a biological load. In this case, the bottom of each cone tank is made of a nylon mesh in two layers. On forming a larger base of the cone installed plate guides of reinforced film, forming a window. The rhizomes of higher aquatic plants are located on the bottom, and the stems are passed through the windows. A disadvantage of this device is the use in its design of tires, the decomposition of emitting hazardous toxic compounds, which is the cause of additional pollution of water bodies.

A device for biological purification of waste pit water according to the patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 2560631 of 05/30/2014 is known. It is a bioplato containing interconnected skeletons with a biological load. Each frame consists of a base made of plastic pipes with floats, and a plastic lattice mounted on it with cells, on top of which a biological load is laid. As a biological load, carpet grass turf, grown in advance by a hydroponic method based on vermiculite substrate using perennial herbaceous plants, and aquatic aboriginal plant species are used. When using this device, as a rule, the areas located in the center of the reservoirs are cleaned, and the coastal zone, auxiliary facilities (filter dams), backwaters and shallow water remain uncovered. Therefore, the use of floating bioplato alone is not enough for a full and high-quality cleaning of ponds-settlers.

The closest to the claimed solution is a device for the biological purification of water of reservoirs and streams according to the author's certificate for the invention of SU No. 1346588 of 04/09/1985. It contains interconnected carcasses with biological load. The frames are made of mesh material in the form of upper and lower panels with ties, and the biological load is made of pieces of material of positive buoyancy and rhizomes of plants evenly distributed between them. The frames are connected in garlands arranged in parallel rows and attached at one end to a rigid floating element anchored in a water object. The disadvantage of this device is also the possibility of using only in the center of reservoirs, without capturing at the same time coastal zones, backwaters and shallow water, which makes cleaning incomplete.

The inventive module of the phytosystem for the biological purification of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants, as well as the known ones, contains a skeleton of mesh material with a biological load.

The technical problem solved by the utility model is the creation of a phyto-purifying nature-like bog system, which allows forming the phytocenoses of various purposes in the harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic for quick and high-quality water purification from polluting mineral compounds.

The technical result is to increase the efficiency of biological treatment of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants, reducing the time of formation of phytocenoses, reducing the negative impact on the environment.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the biological load consists of fresh or litter wood sawdust, thermovermiculite, taken in a 4: 1 ratio, and a mixture of dry seeds of aboriginal perennial herbaceous plants, including bluegrass, creeping couch grass, red fescue, meadow timothy, sandy wolfberry , the mountaineer Weirich, the viviparous coil. Biological loading can additionally contain live plants moisture-loving species: Typha latifolia, different types of sedges, cotton grass mnogokoloskovuyu or angustifolia, cotton grass Scheuchzeria, watch a three-sheeted, cinquefoil marsh calla marsh marigold European, horsetail marsh, horsetail marsh, willow filikolistnuyu, willow goat or Bredyna , sphagnum, duckweed, Tamarind, creeping buttercup. The frame may be a mesh bag made of polymeric materials.

In the northern latitudes, the main problem of creating purifying phytosystems is their functioning in extreme conditions, where the creation of artificial phytocenoses of any type, including on water surfaces, is complicated by low autumn-spring and short-term high summer temperatures, abnormally short growing season, strong winds, deficit and soil poverty. A separate problem is the lack of peat development in the region as a source of bulk soil for creating cenoses, labor-intensiveness and high cost of measures to improve the fertility of local soils with initially low nutritional status.

Phytosystems with stagnant or running water and various plant communities cultivated on the surface of deep-water areas of the reservoir, coastal strip, shallow water and in creeks resemble natural swamps. Sewage, passing through similar phytosystems, are in constant contact with the roots and the rhizosphere of plants. The efficiency of the phytosystem largely depends on the correct choice of the species composition of plants, which excludes their interspecific conflicts and intraspecific competition.

L. Hochst.), горца Вейриха (Polygonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt), змеевика живородящего (Bistorta vivipara L. Delarbre), способствует значительному ускорению формирования фитоценозов, повышению их жизненности и полноценному функционированию создаваемой биотехнологической очистной фитосистемы. Применение данной смеси позволяет готовить ее заблаговременно, гарантированно планировать сроки и значительно сокращать время создания будущих фитоценозов.Use as aboriginal perennial herbaceous grassgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), Creeping couch grass (Elytrigia repens L. Desv. ExNevski), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.), sandy sand (

L. Hochst.), Weirich's mountaineer (Polygonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt), viviparous coil (Bistorta vivipara L. Delarbre), contributes to a significant acceleration of the formation of phytocenoses, increase their vitality and full functioning of the created biotechnological purification phytosystem. The use of this mixture allows you to prepare it in advance, guaranteed to schedule and significantly reduce the time to create future phytocenoses.

L.), разных видов осок (Carex sp.), пушицы многоколосковой или узколистной (Eriophorum angustifolium Honck = Е. polystachion L.), пушицы Шейхцера (

scheuchzeri Норре), вахты трехлистной (Menyanthes

L.), сабельника болотного (

L.), белокрыльника болотного (Calla palustris L.), калужницы европейской (Caltha palustris L.), хвоща топяного (Equisetum fluviatile L.), хвоща болотного (

palustre L.), ивы филиколистной {Salix phylicifolia L.), ивы козьей или

(

L.), сфагнума (Sphagnum sp.), ряски малой (Lemna minor L.), хвостника обыкновенного (Hippuris vulgaris L.), лютика ползучего (Ranunculus repens L.), значительно повышает эффективность биологической очистки промышленных сточных вод от минеральных загрязнителей.Adding to the basic biological load of living plants are moisture-loving species that develop well both in water and on wet soils, capable even in conditions of northern latitudes to accumulate large biomass and form a number of ecological groupings in a reservoir, namely, thistle of broadleaf (

L.), different species of sedges (Carex sp.), Multifilament or narrow-leaved cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium Honck = E. polystachion L.), Sheichzer cotton grass (

scheuchzeri Norre), three-leaf watch (Menyanthes

L.), marsh Sabelnik (

L.), marsh calla (Calla palustris L.), European marigold (Caltha palustris L.), marsh horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile L.), marsh horsetail (

Palustre L.), Filicifolia willow {Salix phylicifolia L.), Goat willow or

(

L.), sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.), Duckweed (Lemna minor L.), common boletus (Hippuris vulgaris L.), creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.), significantly increases the efficiency of biological treatment of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants.

In the functioning of the phyto-purification system of the proposed modules, it is important that not only the plant, but also the organomineral component, that is, substrates, soil replacers. They should provide optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants at different stages of ontogenesis and should not be a source of secondary pollution.

Thermo-vermiculite and sawdust have a high air and moisture capacity, thanks to which they are widely used throughout the world for hydroponic growing of plants, providing optimal conditions (humidity, aeration and temperature) for guaranteed, rapid (within 1 week) and harmonious germination of orthodox (dry ) seeds that are part of the modules of the phytosystem, and the intensive growth and development of plants at subsequent stages of ontogenesis.

Sewage flowing through the phytosystem is in direct contact not only with the plants, but also with the substrates in which the plants are fixed. As a result, under the influence of the processes of sedimentation, filtration, adsorption, as well as oxidation and reduction, their purification is enhanced, largely due to vermiculite, known for its high sorption properties.

Unlike vermiculite, sawdust, under wet conditions, begin to rot, for which they need nitrogen, because bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, decomposing plant materials, require a significant amount of nitrogen to form protein and other cell constituents. Since wood and bark contain an average of only 0.1-0.2% of nitrogen, microorganisms should receive most of this substance from other sources, either from the soil or from mineral fertilizers added to the soil (Allison FE Decomposition of wood and bark sawdusts in soil, US Dept. of Agriculture, 1965.-Vol. 1328.). Therefore, in the phytosystem created using the inventive modules, this substrate, being, along with plants, a consumer of mineral nitrogen compounds, contributes to the purification of water.

To exclude the possibility of secondary water contamination by nitrogen compounds contained in litter sawdust, special studies were conducted, which showed that 265 g of nitrate ions and 80 g of ammonium pass from the litter sawdust into the solution. Given the large amounts of nitrogen compounds entering the treatment plant with wastewater, the values obtained can be neglected. An example is the Kirovogorsky open-cast mine (Olenegorsk, Murmansk region, Russian Federation), where (according to averaged data), due to the use of explosives, nitrates get 5000-6000 kg every month, 30-50 kg nitrites , ammonia nitrogen - 60-80 kg. Therefore, the use of bedding sawdust to create phytomodules is as acceptable and very promising as fresh ones. In addition, bedding sawdust carries a seed bank, which, when it enters a humid environment, quickly germinates. This provides a basis for further reducing the rate of seed mixture, which is used to create phytomodules.

Sawdust is a part of waste-free technology, has a very low cost and is widely available. The use of sawdust contributes to a significant reduction in the cost of production of modules of the phytosystem, since in the proposed development they are given a leading role in quantitative terms.

That is, the use of fresh or bedding sawdust and thermo-vermiculite along with plants as a biological load of the phytomodule helps to accelerate the formation of artificially created plant communities, enhance the phytosystem cleaning capacity, reduce the cost of the cleaning technology as a whole.

The use of a phytomodule of a polymer mesh bag as a skeleton, which is not subject to rotting processes and is not a source of secondary pollution, helps to reduce the negative impact on the environment, and also reduces the cost of sewage treatment.

Thus, the claimed combination of the above characteristics of the formula of the utility model provides the specified technical result, namely, improving the efficiency of biological treatment of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants, reducing the time of formation of phytocenoses, reducing the negative impact on the environment.

Each module of the phytosystem for the biological purification of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants contains a framework of mesh material with a biological load. For example, a polymer mesh bag (widely available packaging net for vegetables) can be used as a frame. Biological loading is a mixture of sawdust (fresh or litter), thermo-vermiculite, and dry seeds of native perennial herbaceous plants. The volume ratio of sawdust and thermovermiculite is 4: 1.

The claimed phytomodules allow the formation of various types of plant communities or plant blocks, which contributes to the effectiveness of the functioning of the cleansing phytosystem:

1) on the ground of the coastal strip, slopes of filter dams, etc .;

2) in areas of water bodies with a depth of less than 0.5 m - in shallow water (backwaters, shallows);

3) in areas of water bodies with a depth of more than 0.5 m.

Their difference mainly lies in the range of plant species used.

L. Hochst.), горец Вейриха {Polygonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt), змеевик живородящий (Bistorta vivipara L. Delarbre) и другие. Эти виды вводят в состав фитомодулей сухими семенами.As shown by long-term studies, to create plant blocks of the 1st type, the composition of the grass mixture should include species intensively growing on sandy-stony, nutrient-poor soils. Preference should be given to native and, especially, weed perennial herbaceous plants. Dominant species for the 1st type of plant communities are, for example, bluegrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), Creeping couch (Elytrigia repens L. Desv. ExNevski), red fescue (Timothy rubra L.), Timothy grass ( Phleum pratense L.), sandy hair (

L. Hochst.), Weyrich mountaineer {Polygonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt), viviparous serpentine (Bistorta vivipara L. Delarbre) and others. These species are introduced into the phytomodule with dry seeds.

For the formation of the 2nd and 3rd types of plant blocks, an additional introduction of species is necessary, which are planted in the phytomodules already prepared for operation, mainly by living plants (seedlings, cuttings, living plants). For the replanting of the previously prepared biomaterial, in the upper plane of each module (in the grid) corresponding slots are made.

L.), разные виды осок (Саrех sp.), пушица многоколосковая или узколистная (Eriophorum angustifolium Honck = Е. polystachion L.), пушица Шейхцера (

scheuchzeri Норре), вахта трехлистная (Menyanthes

L.), сабельник болотный (

L.), белокрыльник болотный (Calla palustris L.), калужница европейская (Caltha palustris L.), хвощ топяной (Equisetum fluviatile L.), хвощ болотный (

palustre L.), ива филиколистная (Salix phylicifolia L.), ива козья или

(

L.), сфагнум (Sphagnum sp.), ряска малая (Lemna minor L.), хвостник обыкновенный (Hippuris vulgaris L), лютик ползучий (Ranunculus repens L.). Все эти растения способны произрастать не только в режиме долговременного затопления, но и при более низком уровне стояния воды, а также на суше.As a biomaterial for these two types of plant communities, submerged macrophyte plants and other moisture-loving species can be used, for example, cattail broadleaf (

L.), different types of sedges (Carax sp.), Multifricted cotton grass or narrow-leaved cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium Honck = E. polystachion L.), Scheichzer cotton grass (

scheuchzeri Norre), three-leaf watch (Menyanthes

L.), marsh Sabelnik (

L.), marsh calla (Calla palustris L.), European marigold (Caltha palustris L.), marsh horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile L.), marsh horsetail (

palustre L.), Filiciflow willow (Salix phylicifolia L.), goat willow or

(

L.), sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.), Small duckweed (Lemna minor L.), common horsetail (Hippuris vulgaris L), creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.). All these plants are able to grow not only in the mode of long-term flooding, but also at a lower level of standing water, as well as on land.

If a mesh bag with a size of, for example, 0.5 × 0.8 m, is placed 12.5 l of organic-mineral-vegetable mixture (sawdust and thermo-vermiculite, taken by volume in a 4: 1 ratio, as well as 50 g of seeds), quickly and a layer of nutrient soil will be easily formed, with a seed bank 10 cm high, with a useful area of about 0.28 m ² already placed in it.

The claimed modules of phytosystems allow to obtain optimal conditions for the rapid germination of seeds that fall naturally or artificially placed into it, to protect the seeds from fluctuations in air temperature, sun exposure, washing, blowing and pecking birds. If the rules of creating and laying phytomodules are observed, then for the full saturation of the territory with different plant species, as a rule, one growing season is sufficient.

There are two possible ways of producing modules: directly at the place of work from materials / components delivered there earlier, or in advance, with subsequent delivery of ready-made modules to the place of work. Components used in the technology (substrates and a dry mixture of seeds) make it possible to produce phytosystem modules at any convenient time, and also to store finished products in a dry state for a long time and transport them to any distances.

To create 1st type plant blocks by sowing sandy-gravel sections of the coastal strip, slopes of filtering dams and other territories where there are no natural fertile soils, ready-made fitomodules are arranged on their surface with chevrons or in a checkerboard pattern. Thus, for example, applied on the slopes of filter dams, they contribute to the transformation of vegetation-free dams into phytosafety barriers. After the modules are laid, the process of accelerated seed germination starts. For this, the modules are moistened with water at the rate of 5 liters of water / 1 unit. With the observance of technology, the initial germination of seeds in open ground occurs on the 5-7 day, and mass - on the 10-13 day from the beginning of the work. Within two weeks, the bedded modules firmly adhere to the surface of the site, and the growth and development of their constituent plants is enhanced. Constant watering modules do not require. When phytocenoses are formed in the hot months (in the Murmansk region - July), such a need may arise, then the phytomodules are moistened with small portions of water (5 liters per 1 sq. M) from the reservoir on the bank of which they are located.

During this period, if necessary, the species composition of sprouted modules can be increased by introducing woody vegetation, planting seedlings or rooted cuttings of woody or shrub plants (pine, larch, willow, etc.). The roots of woody plants are able to penetrate deep into the soil and consume mineral pollutants from water passing through barrier barriers. At the same time, the root system of herbaceous species developing in the module, clasping the planted cuttings and seedlings, fixes and holds them in the phytomodule, optimizes the environment for their high-quality and fast rooting in new conditions.

The phytomodule protects the soil from the drying out wind during the driest months. Throughout the entire period of functioning of the modules of the phytosystem, the original organic-mineral-plant base continues to serve as a filter and nutrient layer. The root system of new plants penetrates not only into the nutrient layer created during the first year, but also into the infertile part of the slopes, coastal strip, dams, structuring and strengthening even deeper layers. The annually dying roots and the aboveground part of the plants create a nutrient layer for new plants. This is how a self-restoring system works, not only strengthening the soil, but also providing a constant deepening of the roots of plants, which also contributes to the purification of water sources.

When creating plant blocks in areas of water bodies with a depth of less than 0.5 m - in shallow water (in creeks, in the shallows) - ready-made phytomodules are laid out individually or in groups, directly immersing them in water partially or completely. In such areas of water bodies, the development of vegetation is possible only on finely dispersed substrates; large-block and rocky areas will not be overgrown. Therefore, the function of the bottom with a nutrient-organic substrate suitable for plant growth, in this case, perform the phytomodules. The main thing is to take measures to ensure that the modules do not demolish the waves to a depth. To hold them, you can flatten them with stones, pegs, etc.

With favorable air temperatures, the appearance of the first green shoots of plants in the modules immersed in water is possible on the 6th day, mass - on the 7th day from the beginning of work. After the emergence of mass green shoots, you can start planting in modules of various species, submerged macrophyte and hygrophyte plants in the form of pre-harvested seedlings, seedlings, cuttings or living plants (willows, cotton-grass, three-leaf watches, sedges, horsetails, marigolds, sabrelnik, cane, cattails, etc.), removed from natural bog ecosystems. In terms of the phytomodule, with the help of already germinated grassy species, they are fixed in the substrate, take root within 3-5 days and quickly grow into the soil base of the reservoir even in artificially created ponds, where the silt or sandy-gravel bottom is absent or cluttered with large stones. Thus, the roots of plants of additional composition quickly master the organomineral basis of the phytomodule and then penetrate into the bottom soil.

When creating plant blocks in areas of water bodies with a depth of more than 0.5 m, the phytomodules are placed on the surface of the reservoir with the help of various floating structures (vessels, tanks, platforms, platforms) that serve as the basis for their placement and retention with full or partial immersion. In this position, constructions with phytomodules floating on the surface of the water, along with filtering barrier dams, serve as artificially created obstacles along the water flow in the settling pond, which allows to significantly increase the water retention time in the substrate-water-plant system for the complete passage of all transformation stages mineral pollutants.

An example of such a design, which was successfully tested in 2017 at the Kirovogorsk settling pond, can be upgraded in terms of increasing mechanical strength and resistance to changes in the water level in a pond, floating bioplato (according to the applicant's patent for invention No. 2560631 of 05/30/2014 d) It is assembled from clusters that unite 19 homogeneous elements (floating mesh rafts). Ready fitomoduli laid out on a raft. Planting in them of previously prepared seedlings, seedlings, cuttings or live plants can be made before the phytomodules are placed on rafts, or after.

Phytomodules with sprouted seedlings of aboriginal plants and aquatic plants implanted contribute to the rapid formation of combined phytocenoses. Thus, the modules placed on the plastic frames floating in the center of the pond make it possible to plant / saturate the deep-water part of the reservoir with plants as much as possible. At the same time, the dam slopes devoid of the fertile soil layer, the open sand-gravel or rocky parts of the coastal strip of settling ponds, they contribute to their rapid zaluzheniyu. And phytomodules located in shallow water and in creeks of a reservoir contribute to its swamping.

Such a complex application of phytomodules will allow forming coenoses maximally saturated with plants in a short time and to achieve high efficiency of biological water purification, as well as minimize maintenance costs of such treatment plants due to the predominance of natural ecosystem processes in the formed phytocenoses.

The scope of this development is not limited to the rehabilitation of aquatic ecosystems, it can be successfully used in works on land phytoreactivation, landscape design, agriculture, ecological farming, and nurseries.

Claims (3)

1. Phytosystem module for biological purification of industrial wastewater from mineral pollutants, containing a skeleton of mesh material with a biological load, characterized in that the biological load consists of fresh or litter wood sawdust, thermo-vermiculite, taken in a 4: 1 ratio, and a mixture of dry seeds aboriginal perennial herbaceous plants, including the seeds of bluegrass, creeping couch grass, red fescue, timothy grassland, sandy moth, Weyrich mountaineer, viviparous serpentine. 2. The module according to claim 1, characterized in that the biological load additionally contains living plants of moisture-loving species: broad-leaved cattail, different types of sedges, multi-pinch cotton grass or narrow-leaved cotton grass, Scheuchzer cotton grass, three-leaf watch, marsh cowberry, marsh calara, European marsh salmon, marsh barley , marsh horsetail, filiculiferous willow, goat willow or Bredina, sphagnum, Lesser duckweed, common tail, creeping buttercup. 3. Module according to any one of claims 1, 2, characterized in that the frame is a mesh bag of polymeric materials.