PL4243123T3 - Elektroda ujemna do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania, sposób wytwarzania elektrody ujemnej do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania oraz litowa bateria wielokrotnego ładowania zawierająca elektrodę ujemną - Google Patents

Elektroda ujemna do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania, sposób wytwarzania elektrody ujemnej do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania oraz litowa bateria wielokrotnego ładowania zawierająca elektrodę ujemną

Info

Publication number
PL4243123T3
PL4243123T3 PL22838035.8T PL22838035T PL4243123T3 PL 4243123 T3 PL4243123 T3 PL 4243123T3 PL 22838035 T PL22838035 T PL 22838035T PL 4243123 T3 PL4243123 T3 PL 4243123T3
Authority
PL
Poland
Prior art keywords
negative electrode
secondary battery
lithium secondary
preparing
lithium
Prior art date
Application number
PL22838035.8T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Chan Soo Jun
YoHan KWON
Young Jae Kim
Taegon Kim
Su Jin Park
Jaewook Lee
Seoyoung JEON
Original Assignee
Lg Energy Solution, Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lg Energy Solution, Ltd. filed Critical Lg Energy Solution, Ltd.
Publication of PL4243123T3 publication Critical patent/PL4243123T3/pl

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0402Methods of deposition of the material
    • H01M4/0404Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1393Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1395Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/364Composites as mixtures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/366Composites as layered products
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/483Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621Binders
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625Carbon or graphite
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027Negative electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
PL22838035.8T 2021-07-09 2022-07-08 Elektroda ujemna do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania, sposób wytwarzania elektrody ujemnej do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania oraz litowa bateria wielokrotnego ładowania zawierająca elektrodę ujemną PL4243123T3 (pl)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR20210090580 2021-07-09
KR20210189600 2021-12-28
KR20220066756 2022-05-31
PCT/KR2022/009908 WO2023282683A1 (ko) 2021-07-09 2022-07-08 리튬 이차 전지용 음극, 리튬 이차 전지용 음극의 제조 방법 및 음극을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
PL4243123T3 true PL4243123T3 (pl) 2025-07-28

Family

ID=84801978

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PL22838035.8T PL4243123T3 (pl) 2021-07-09 2022-07-08 Elektroda ujemna do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania, sposób wytwarzania elektrody ujemnej do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania oraz litowa bateria wielokrotnego ładowania zawierająca elektrodę ujemną

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20230021692A1 (pl)
EP (1) EP4243123B1 (pl)
JP (1) JP7625331B2 (pl)
KR (1) KR102698878B1 (pl)
ES (1) ES3033558T3 (pl)
HU (1) HUE071767T2 (pl)
PL (1) PL4243123T3 (pl)
WO (1) WO2023282683A1 (pl)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN118104001A (zh) * 2022-02-09 2024-05-28 株式会社Lg新能源 锂二次电池用负极、锂二次电池用负极的制备方法以及包含负极的锂二次电池
WO2025049785A1 (en) * 2023-08-29 2025-03-06 Cuberg, Inc. Negative electrodes comprising polymer base layers for lithium-metal and lithium-ion electrochemical cells

Family Cites Families (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3664252B2 (ja) * 2002-11-19 2005-06-22 ソニー株式会社 負極およびそれを用いた電池
BR0315457B1 (pt) * 2002-11-29 2012-06-26 eletrodo negativo para bateria secundária não-aquosa, processo de produção de eletrodo negativo, e bateria secundária não-aquosa.
JP4953610B2 (ja) * 2005-09-29 2012-06-13 三洋電機株式会社 リチウム二次電池
JP5252386B2 (ja) 2007-09-25 2013-07-31 学校法人東京理科大学 リチウムイオン電池用負極
JP2011029075A (ja) * 2009-07-28 2011-02-10 Nissan Motor Co Ltd リチウムイオン二次電池用負極およびこれを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池
CN104347842B (zh) * 2013-07-23 2017-08-25 华为技术有限公司 一种锂离子二次电池复合负极片及其制备方法和锂离子二次电池
JP2016081881A (ja) * 2014-10-22 2016-05-16 トヨタ自動車株式会社 非水電解液二次電池
KR101820445B1 (ko) * 2015-01-13 2018-01-22 주식회사 엘지화학 규소계 물질을 포함하는 다층 구조의 음극 및 이를 포함하는 이차전지
DE102016208250A1 (de) * 2015-05-19 2016-11-24 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Elektrode, Energiespeichervorrichtung und elektronische Vorrichtung
CN108352498B (zh) * 2015-11-10 2021-04-23 株式会社村田制作所 负极活性物质、用于二次电池的负极以及锂离子二次电池
KR102014579B1 (ko) * 2016-01-13 2019-08-26 연세대학교 산학협력단 리튬이차전지용 음극활물질, 그의 제조방법 및 그를 포함하는 리튬이차전지
KR101986626B1 (ko) * 2016-08-26 2019-09-30 주식회사 엘지화학 리튬 이차전지용 음극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지
JPWO2018042842A1 (ja) * 2016-08-31 2019-03-14 株式会社村田製作所 電池、電池パック、電子機器、電動車両、蓄電装置および電力システム
JP6962032B2 (ja) * 2017-02-28 2021-11-05 株式会社豊田自動織機 リチウム負極複合体の製造方法
KR102268077B1 (ko) * 2017-07-12 2021-06-23 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 리튬 이차전지 및 이의 제조 방법
KR102490867B1 (ko) * 2017-12-04 2023-01-20 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 리튬금속전지용 음극 및 이를 포함한 리튬금속전지
EP3721491A1 (en) * 2017-12-07 2020-10-14 Enevate Corporation A prelithiated and methods for prelithiating an energy storage device
JP6973189B2 (ja) * 2018-03-07 2021-11-24 トヨタ自動車株式会社 全固体電池
WO2019187537A1 (ja) * 2018-03-30 2019-10-03 パナソニック株式会社 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池
KR102386321B1 (ko) * 2018-04-03 2022-04-14 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 리튬 이차전지용 음극, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지
JP2020140896A (ja) * 2019-02-28 2020-09-03 積水化学工業株式会社 リチウムイオン二次電池用電極及びリチウムイオン二次電池
CN111982137B (zh) 2020-06-30 2022-08-12 阿波罗智能技术(北京)有限公司 生成路线规划模型的方法、装置、设备和存储介质
KR20220066756A (ko) 2020-11-16 2022-05-24 주식회사 위풋테크놀로지 양말 속지 삽입 보조 장치

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HUE071767T2 (hu) 2025-09-28
US20230021692A1 (en) 2023-01-26
KR102698878B1 (ko) 2024-08-27
JP7625331B2 (ja) 2025-02-03
EP4243123A4 (en) 2024-10-30
WO2023282683A1 (ko) 2023-01-12
EP4243123A1 (en) 2023-09-13
JP2024500141A (ja) 2024-01-04
KR20230010171A (ko) 2023-01-18
ES3033558T3 (en) 2025-08-05
EP4243123B1 (en) 2025-05-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP4266411A4 (en) NEGATIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY COMPRISING THE SAME
EP4220772A4 (en) POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY COMPRISING THE SAME
EP4170749A4 (en) COMPOSITE LITHIUM METAL NEGATIVE ELECTRODE, METHOD OF PRODUCTION THEREOF, AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY AND APPARATUS
KR102527051B9 (ko) 리튬 이차 전지용 음극, 그 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지
EP4084144A4 (en) POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THEREOF AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY WITH POSITIVE ELECTRODE THEREFOR
PT3944371T (pt) Material ativo de elétrodo negativo, método de preparação associado, e bateria secundária, módulo de baterias, bloco de baterias e dispositivo correspondente
HUE066642T2 (hu) Negatív elektród szekunder akkumulátorhoz, és az ezt tartalmazó szekunder akkumulátor
EP4382487A4 (en) POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, POSITIVE ELECTRODE THEREOF, AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY
EP4053938A4 (en) NEGATIVE ELECTRODE FOR LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY THEREFROM
EP4318667A4 (en) POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY WITH POSITIVE ELECTRODE THEREOF
EP4027410A4 (en) POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM-ION SECONDARY BATTERIES, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME AND LITHIUM-ION SECONDARY BATTERY
HUE069671T2 (hu) Negatív elektróda aktív anyaga, annak elõállítási eljárása, és az azt tartalmazó negatív elektródával ellátott másodlagos lítiumakkumulátor
EP4250397A4 (en) Negative electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, method for producing the same, and lithium secondary battery with a negative electrode produced therewith
HUE072363T2 (hu) Elektrolit lítium másodlagos akkumulátorhoz, és azt tartalmazó lítium másodlagos akkumulátor
PL3796428T3 (pl) Elektroda ujemna dla akumulatora litowego, zawierający ją akumulator litowy i sposób jej wytwarzania
PL3863082T3 (pl) Sposób wytwarzania materiału aktywnego elektrody ujemnej dla baterii wielokrotnego ładowania, elektroda ujemna dla baterii wielokrotnego ładowania i litowa bateria wielokrotnego ładowania zawierająca taką elektrodę
ES3043108T3 (en) Cathode active material for lithium secondary battery, and method for preparing cathode active material
EP4080608A4 (en) Positive electrode active material, method for preparing same, and lithium secondary battery comprising same
EP4224561A4 (en) NEGATIVE ELECTRODE FOR SECONDARY BATTERIES AND SECONDARY BATTERY
HUE066279T2 (hu) Negatív elektróda szuszpenzió lítium szekunder akkumulátorhoz, és eljárás annak elõállítására
PL4224559T3 (pl) Katoda do litowej baterii wielokrotnego ładowania, i zawierająca ją litowa bateria wielokrotnego ładowania
EP3993102A4 (en) POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM-ION SECONDARY BATTERIES, METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF AND LITHIUM-ION SECONDARY BATTERY
HUE071866T2 (hu) Negatív elektróda aktív anyag szekunder akkumulátorokhoz, eljárás annak elõállítására, negatív szekunder akkumulátorokhoz, és az azt tartalmazó lítium szekunder akkumulátor
HUE068319T2 (hu) Pozitív elektróda egy szekunder akkumulátorhoz, eljárás annak elõállítására, és az azt tartalmazó lítium szekunder akkumulátor
EP4113651A4 (en) NEGATIVE ELECTRODE OF SECONDARY BATTERY, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME, AND SECONDARY BATTERY