NO754343L - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- NO754343L NO754343L NO75754343A NO754343A NO754343L NO 754343 L NO754343 L NO 754343L NO 75754343 A NO75754343 A NO 75754343A NO 754343 A NO754343 A NO 754343A NO 754343 L NO754343 L NO 754343L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- dyes
- compound
- compounds
- group
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 70
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 nitrogen-containing organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000004715 keto acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HXVNBWAKAOHACI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone Chemical compound CC(C)C(=O)C(C)C HXVNBWAKAOHACI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CC=C1 HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960000541 cetyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl benzoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- HLUCICHZHWJHLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N hematein Chemical compound C12=CC=C(O)C(O)=C2OCC2(O)C1=C1C=C(O)C(=O)C=C1C2 HLUCICHZHWJHLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- TWBYWOBDOCUKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isonicotinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=NC=C1 TWBYWOBDOCUKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioglycolic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-oxazine Chemical compound N1OC=CC=C1 BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001000 anthraquinone dye Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- TVZISJTYELEYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypodiphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)P(O)(O)=O TVZISJTYELEYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000137 polyphosphoric acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M (4z)-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-[[1-(3-methylbutyl)quinolin-1-ium-4-yl]methylidene]quinoline;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C12=CC=CC=C2N(CCC(C)C)C=CC1=CC1=CC=[N+](CCC(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTLULCVBFCRQKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-amino-4-[3-[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]-4-sulfoanilino]-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C(=O)C=2C(N)=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1NC(C=1)=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=1NC1=NC(Cl)=NC(Cl)=N1 RTLULCVBFCRQKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QAMCXJOYXRSXDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dimethoxy-n-[2-(1,3,3-trimethylindol-1-ium-2-yl)ethenyl]aniline;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].COC1=CC(OC)=CC=C1NC=CC1=[N+](C)C2=CC=CC=C2C1(C)C QAMCXJOYXRSXDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BSRNWKJHMFFDOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitro-3-phenyldiazenylaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(N=NC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1[N+]([O-])=O BSRNWKJHMFFDOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-thiazine Chemical compound N1SC=CC=C1 AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- MCTQNEBFZMBRSQ-GEEYTBSJSA-N Chrysoidine Chemical compound Cl.NC1=CC(N)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=CC=C1 MCTQNEBFZMBRSQ-GEEYTBSJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisopropyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)OC(C)C ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000000177 Indigofera tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZGUNAGUHMKGQNY-ZETCQYMHSA-N L-alpha-phenylglycine zwitterion Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZGUNAGUHMKGQNY-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930192627 Naphthoquinone Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- XFFSCOOTVXBLCK-QAVVBOBSSA-N OC(=O)c1cc(ccc1O)\N=N\c1ccc(cc1)-c1ccc(cc1)\N=N\c1ccc(O)c(c1)C(O)=O Chemical compound OC(=O)c1cc(ccc1O)\N=N\c1ccc(cc1)-c1ccc(cc1)\N=N\c1ccc(O)c(c1)C(O)=O XFFSCOOTVXBLCK-QAVVBOBSSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phytic acid Natural products OP(O)(=O)OC1C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001214 Polysorbate 60 Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WLKAMFOFXYCYDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [5-amino-4-[[3-[(2-amino-4-azaniumyl-5-methylphenyl)diazenyl]-4-methylphenyl]diazenyl]-2-methylphenyl]azanium;dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].CC1=CC=C(N=NC=2C(=CC([NH3+])=C(C)C=2)N)C=C1N=NC1=CC(C)=C([NH3+])C=C1N WLKAMFOFXYCYDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000999 acridine dye Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940072049 amyl acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- PGMYKACGEOXYJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous amyl acetate Natural products CCCCCOC(C)=O PGMYKACGEOXYJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JPIYZTWMUGTEHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N auramine O free base Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(=N)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 JPIYZTWMUGTEHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DMLAVOWQYNRWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azobenzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N=NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMLAVOWQYNRWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UIJGNTRUPZPVNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenecarbothioic s-acid Chemical compound SC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 UIJGNTRUPZPVNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium acetate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VSGNNIFQASZAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001639 calcium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011092 calcium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960005147 calcium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GNVMUORYQLCPJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamothioic s-acid Chemical compound NC(S)=O GNVMUORYQLCPJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- WOWHHFRSBJGXCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M cetyltrimethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C WOWHHFRSBJGXCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- GTRGJJDVSJFNTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl2009633 Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2C=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=CC2=C1N=NC1=CC=CC=C1 GTRGJJDVSJFNTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HUGACAUYNJDGTB-ISLYRVAYSA-N (2e)-5-chloro-2-(5-chloro-7-methyl-3-oxo-1-benzothiophen-2-ylidene)-7-methyl-1-benzothiophen-3-one Chemical compound S1C=2C(C)=CC(Cl)=CC=2C(=O)\C1=C(C1=O)/SC2=C1C=C(Cl)C=C2C HUGACAUYNJDGTB-ISLYRVAYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGXVIGDEPROXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-dichloroethene Chemical class ClC(Cl)=C LGXVIGDEPROXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGJCFVYMIJLQJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecylperoxydodecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOOCCCCCCCCCCCC LGJCFVYMIJLQJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNETULKMXZVUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 LNETULKMXZVUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGYZAKRTYUHXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,10-dinitro-12h-[1,4]benzothiazino[3,2-b]phenothiazin-3-one Chemical compound S1C2=CC(=O)C([N+]([O-])=O)=CC2=NC2=C1C=C1SC3=CC=C([N+](=O)[O-])C=C3NC1=C2 PGYZAKRTYUHXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZJQCUDHKUWEFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dimethylpentanenitrile Chemical compound CCCC(C)(C)C#N TZJQCUDHKUWEFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAJIPIAHCFBEPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,10-dioxoanthracene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)O JAJIPIAHCFBEPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alizarin Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(O)C(O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQILFGKZUJYXGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indigo dye Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(C3=C(C4=CC=CC=C4N3)O)=NC2=C1 QQILFGKZUJYXGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- YIVJZNGAASQVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lauroyl peroxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC YIVJZNGAASQVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Metaphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SJEYSFABYSGQBG-UHFFFAOYSA-M Patent blue Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C1C(C=1C(=CC(=CC=1)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)=C1C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C1 SJEYSFABYSGQBG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RFFFKMOABOFIDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCC#N RFFFKMOABOFIDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical class C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HFVAFDPGUJEFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M alizarin red S Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(O)=C2O HFVAFDPGUJEFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RJGDLRCDCYRQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthrone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3CC2=C1 RJGDLRCDCYRQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IGBSAAYMSMEDQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N carboxy hydrogen carbonate;2-propan-2-ylperoxypropane Chemical compound OC(=O)OC(O)=O.CC(C)OOC(C)C IGBSAAYMSMEDQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YKCWQPZFAFZLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cibacron blue Chemical compound C1=2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C(=O)C=2C(N)=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1NC(C=C1S(O)(=O)=O)=CC=C1NC(N=1)=NC(Cl)=NC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O YKCWQPZFAFZLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZHGASCUQXLPSDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1CCCCC1 ZHGASCUQXLPSDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- CMMUKUYEPRGBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichromic acid Chemical compound O[Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr](O)(=O)=O CMMUKUYEPRGBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003759 ester based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011087 fumaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002238 fumaric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012685 gas phase polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005802 health problem Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011874 heated mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012738 indigotine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002689 maleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M metanil yellow Chemical group [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC(N=NC=2C=CC(NC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)=C1 NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IOPLHGOSNCJOOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 3,4-diaminobenzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C(N)=C1 IOPLHGOSNCJOOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XULSCZPZVQIMFM-IPZQJPLYSA-N odevixibat Chemical compound C12=CC(SC)=C(OCC(=O)N[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC)C(O)=O)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C=C2S(=O)(=O)NC(CCCC)(CCCC)CN1C1=CC=CC=C1 XULSCZPZVQIMFM-IPZQJPLYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004893 oxazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical class N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940005657 pyrophosphoric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium oxalate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940039790 sodium oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HFQQZARZPUDIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-dodecylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O HFQQZARZPUDIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DAJSVUQLFFJUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;dodecane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O DAJSVUQLFFJUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002436 steel type Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZERULLAPCVRMCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfure de di n-propyle Natural products CCCSCCC ZERULLAPCVRMCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- JREYOWJEWZVAOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazanium;[3-methylbut-3-enoxy(oxido)phosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].CC(=C)CCOP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O JREYOWJEWZVAOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229940075420 xanthine Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/002—Scale prevention in a polymerisation reactor or its auxiliary parts
- C08F2/004—Scale prevention in a polymerisation reactor or its auxiliary parts by a prior coating on the reactor walls
Description
Nærværende oppfinnelse vedrører en fremgangsmåte for beskyttelse av overflatene til innerveggen og andre deler inne i et polymerisasjonskar, og som befinner seg i kontakt med en monomer eller monornerer, mot avsetning av polymerskall ved polymerisasjon av vinylklorid eller en blanding av vinylklorid med en kopolyrneri ser-bar monorner eller monornerer. The present invention relates to a method for protecting the surfaces of the inner wall and other parts inside a polymerization vessel, which are in contact with a monomer or monomers, against the deposition of a polymer shell during the polymerization of vinyl chloride or a mixture of vinyl chloride with a copolymer. monorners or monorners.
Ved de kjente polymerisasjonsmetoder så som suspensjonspolymerisasj on, ernuls j ons polymer i sas j on, løsnings-polymerisasjon, gassfasepolymerisasjon og rnassepolymerisasjon har avsetning av polymerskall på innerveggen til polymerisasjonskar In the known polymerization methods such as suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerisation, solution polymerization, gas phase polymerization and liquid polymerization, the polymer shell is deposited on the inner wall of the polymerization vessel
og andre overflater, som befinner seg i kontakt med en monorner eller monornerer, vært et alvorlig problem av følgende grunner. For det første forårsaker polymerskall-avsetningen reduksjon av polymer-produktutbyttet samt polymerisasjonskarets .... kjøleef f ekt. For eiet - andre vil eventuelle skall, som stammer fra overflatene, bli blandet med polyrnerproduktet, ■ sorn derved blir av dårligere kvalitet. For det tredje krever fjerning av skallavsetningen på de forskjellige deler både tid og arbeide, og dette reduserer produktiviteten. Til sist og ikke minst innebærer fjerningen av skallavsetning, som vanligvis foretas etter hver polymerisasjonkjøring, et helseproblem for arbeiderne på grunn av at ureagert monorner eller monornerer er adsorbert på skallet. and other surfaces, which are in contact with a mononer or mononers, have been a serious problem for the following reasons. Firstly, the polymer shell deposition causes a reduction of the polymer product yield as well as the polymerization vessel's ... cooling effect. For others, any shells originating from the surfaces will be mixed with the polymer product, ■ sorn will therefore be of poorer quality. Thirdly, removing the shell deposits on the various parts requires both time and labour, and this reduces productivity. Last but not least, the removal of shell deposits, which is usually carried out after each polymerization run, involves a health problem for the workers due to unreacted monomers or monomers being adsorbed on the shell.
For å forhindre polymerskall-avsetning på de forskjellige overflater har visse metoder blitt foreslått som innebærer belegging av de aktuelle overflater med polare organiske forbindelser, så som aminforbindelser, kinonforbindelser, aldehyd-forbindelser, fargestoffer samt pigmenter. Det kan her henvises til de japanske patentene nr. 505^3/1970 og nr. 3O835/197O. Den tidligere kjente teknikk har imidlertid ikke blitt funnet å være effektiv i forbindelse med en polymerisasjon hvor vinylklorid polymeriseres i nærvær av emulgeringsmidler eller i kombinasjon med en kornonomer eller komonomerer, eller når polymerisasjonsblandingen inneholder acylperoksyder så som benzoylperoksyd, lauroylperoksyd e.l., eller høyere karboksylsyrer så som laurinsyre og stearinsyre eller salter derav. Videre vil med den hittil kjente teknikk en forhindring av skallavsetning vanskelig kunne gjennomføres ved gjentatte polymeriseringer. In order to prevent polymer shell deposition on the various surfaces, certain methods have been proposed which involve coating the relevant surfaces with polar organic compounds, such as amine compounds, quinone compounds, aldehyde compounds, dyes and pigments. Reference can be made here to the Japanese patents No. 5053/1970 and No. 30835/1970. However, the previously known technique has not been found to be effective in connection with a polymerization where vinyl chloride is polymerized in the presence of emulsifiers or in combination with a cornonomer or comonomer, or when the polymerization mixture contains acyl peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, etc., or higher carboxylic acids such as lauric acid and stearic acid or salts thereof. Furthermore, with the hitherto known technique, prevention of shell deposition will be difficult to implement in the case of repeated polymerisations.
Det er således et primært formål med nærværende oppfinnelse å fremskaffe en fremgangsmåte for polymerisasjon av vinylklorid eller av en monorner blanding bestående hovedsaklig av vinylklorid, hvorved avsetning av polymerskall på innerveggene til et polymerisasjonskar samt andre overflater, som kommer i kontakt med monomeren eller monomerene, i alt vesentlig kan forhindres uansett polymerisasjonsmetode. It is thus a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for the polymerization of vinyl chloride or of a monomeric mixture consisting mainly of vinyl chloride, whereby a polymer shell is deposited on the inner walls of a polymerization vessel as well as other surfaces that come into contact with the monomer or monomers, in everything essential can be prevented regardless of the polymerization method.
Et annet formål med nærværende oppfinnelse er å fremskaffe en fremgangsmåte for polymerisasjon av vinylklorid eller en monorner blanding bestående hovedsaklig av vinylklorid, hvorved produktiviteten av vinylpolymer kan vesentlig forbedres. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for the polymerization of vinyl chloride or a monomeric mixture consisting mainly of vinyl chloride, whereby the productivity of vinyl polymer can be substantially improved.
Et ytterligere formål med nærværende oppfinnelse er A further object of the present invention is
å fremskaffe en fremgangsmåte for polymerisasjon av vinylklorid eller en monorner blanding bestående hovedsaklig av vinylklorid, hvorved det lett kan produseres vinylpolymer av høy kvalitet. to provide a method for the polymerization of vinyl chloride or a monomeric mixture consisting mainly of vinyl chloride, whereby vinyl polymer of high quality can be easily produced.
Ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen,og som omfatter polymerisasjon av vinylkloridmonomer eller en monomer-blanding bestående av hovedsaklig vinylklorid i en polymerisasjonsreaktor i nærvær av en polymerisasjonsinitiator, blir overflatene til innerveggen samt andre deler av reaktoren som kommer i kontakt med monomeren eller monomerblandingen før polymerisasjonsreaksjonen begynner gjenstand for behandling med : (a) i det minste en organisk forbindelse utvalgt fra gruppen bestående av polare organiske forbindelser samt organiske fargestoffer, og (b) i det minste en forbindelse utvalgt fra gruppen bestående av hydroksyder, oksyder, halogenider og karboksylater av vilkårlige metalliske elementer og oksosyrer av elementene i den andre til sjette- perioden for gruppene IIB samt III til VII i det periodiske system samt saltene til oksosyrene. In the method according to the invention, which comprises polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer or a monomer mixture consisting mainly of vinyl chloride in a polymerization reactor in the presence of a polymerization initiator, the surfaces of the inner wall as well as other parts of the reactor that come into contact with the monomer or monomer mixture before the polymerization reaction begins become objects for treatment with : (a) at least one organic compound selected from the group consisting of polar organic compounds and organic dyes, and (b) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, oxides, halides and carboxylates of any metallic elements and oxoacids of the elements in the second to sixth period for groups IIB and III to VII in the periodic table as well as the salts of the oxoacids.
De ovenfor som forbindelser (a) nevnte polare organiske forbindelser skal i det følgende eksmplifiseres. The polar organic compounds mentioned above as compounds (a) shall be exemplified in the following.
(1) . Nitrogenholdige organiske forbindelser utvalgt (1) . Selected nitrogen-containing organic compounds
fra forbindelsene inneholdende en amino-, imino-, azo-, ni tro-, nitroso-...eller azometin-gruppe, eller en azinring samt amin-, imin-og kvarternære ammonium-forbindelser, f.eks. azometan, azobenzen, nitrobenzen, monoaminomononitroazobenzen, pyrazin, pyridin, tiazin, anilin, oksaziner (morfolin etc), benzalanilin, EDTA,i* - og ( ?> -naftylaminer, etanolamin, dietanolamin, toluidin, metylenblått, "Nigrosine Black", "Oil Black", "Spirit Black", diaminionaftalener, difenylamin, hydrazin, N,N-dimetylanilin, urea, laurylarnin, cetyltrimetylammoniumklorid, polyamider og polyetyleniminer. from the compounds containing an amino, imino, azo, ni tro, nitroso... or azomethine group, or an azine ring as well as amine, imine and quaternary ammonium compounds, e.g. azomethane, azobenzene, nitrobenzene, monoaminomononitroazobenzene, pyrazine, pyridine, thiazine, aniline, oxazines (morpholine etc), benzalaniline, EDTA, i* - and ( ?> -naphthylamines, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, toluidine, methylene blue, "Nigrosine Black", " Oil Black", "Spirit Black", diaminonaphthalenes, diphenylamine, hydrazine, N,N-dimethylaniline, urea, laurylarnine, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, polyamides and polyethyleneimines.
(2) . Svovelholdige organiske forbindelser utvalgt (2) . Selected sulfur-containing organic compounds
fra forbindelsene som inneholder en tiokarbonyl-, tioeter- eller tioalkohol-gruppe, f.eks. tioglykolsyre, tiourea,tiokarbanilsyre, tiokarbaminsyre, tiobenzosyre, tioetere med den generelle formel R-S-R'(hvor R og R', som kan være like eller forskjellige, hver from the compounds containing a thiocarbonyl, thioether or thioalcohol group, e.g. thioglycolic acid, thiourea, thiocarbanilic acid, thiocarbamic acid, thiobenzoic acid, thioethers of the general formula R-S-R' (where R and R', which may be the same or different, each
betyr en alkylgruppe), så som dimetylsulfid og etylmetylsulfid, means an alkyl group), such as dimethylsulfide and ethylmethylsulfide,
og merkaptaner så som propylmerkaptan og butylmerkaptan, polysulfider, polysulfoner og sulfonsyrer så som p-toluensulfonsyre, cykloheksyl-sulfonsyre,o< -naftalensulfonsyre, antrakinonsulfonsyre og salter derav med alkalimetaller så som natrium og kalium. and mercaptans such as propyl mercaptan and butyl mercaptan, polysulfides, polysulfones and sulfonic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexyl-sulfonic acid, o<-naphthalenesulfonic acid, anthraquinonesulfonic acid and salts thereof with alkali metals such as sodium and potassium.
(3) - Oksygenholdige organiske forbindelser utvalgt (3) - Oxygenated organic compounds selected
fra kinoner, ketoner, aldehyder, etere, alkoholer og alkalisalter derav, ektere, karboksylsyrer og salter derav, sulfoksyder og oksimer, f.eks. p-benzokinon, antrakinon, benzofenon, acetofenon, diisopropylketon, formaldehyd, acetaldehyd, benzaldehyd, oktylalkohol, cetylalkohol, benzylalkohol, fenol, kresol, hematein, propargylalkohol, hydrokinon, fluorescein, etylenglykol, penta-erytritol, glukose, sukrose, polyvinylalkohol, diisopropyleter, difenyleter, celluloseetere, amylacetat, etylbenzoat, stearinsyre, from quinones, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, alcohols and alkali salts thereof, ethers, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, sulphoxides and oximes, e.g. p-benzoquinone, anthraquinone, benzophenone, acetophenone, diisopropyl ketone, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, octyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, cresol, hematein, propargyl alcohol, hydroquinone, fluorescein, ethylene glycol, penta-erythritol, glucose, sucrose, polyvinyl alcohol, diisopropyl ether, diphenyl ether, cellulose ethers, amyl acetate, ethyl benzoate, stearic acid,
benzosyre, salicylsyre, maleinsyre, oksalsyre, tarbarsyre, Rochell-salt, succinsyre, eplesyre, isonikotinsyre, fenylglycin, naftosyre, gallussyre,polyacetaler og polyakrylsyre. benzoic acid, salicylic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, tarbaric acid, Rochell's salt, succinic acid, malic acid, isonicotinic acid, phenylglycine, naphthoic acid, gallic acid, polyacetals and polyacrylic acid.
(4) . Fosforholdige organiske forbindelser utvalgt (4) . Selected organic phosphorus-containing compounds
fra fosfor- og polyfosfor-syreestere sarnt alkalimetall- eller ammonium-salter derav, f.eks. monolaurylfosfat, sorbitanheksametafosfat, polyoksyetylensorbitantrifosfat og fytinsyre. from phosphoric and polyphosphoric acid esters as well as alkali metal or ammonium salts thereof, e.g. monolauryl phosphate, sorbitan hexametaphosphate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan triphosphate and phytic acid.
(5) « Tjærestoffer, bek, harpikser og voks med en (5) « Tarry substances, pitch, resins and waxes with a
helt bestemt struktur. completely specific structure.
Videre er de organiske fargestoffene som forbindelser (a) eksmplifisert som følger: azofargestoffer så som monoazo-fargestoffer, polyazofargestoffer, metallholdige azofargestoffer, naftol-fargestoffer (azoiske fargestoffer og inaktive fargestoffer) og dispergerte azofargestoffer; antrakinonfargestoffer så som antrakinonsyre-fargestoffer, antrakinongarve-fargestoffer, antron-garve-fargestoffer, alizarinfargestoffer og dispergerte antrakinonfargestoffer; indigofargestoffer så som "Brilliant Indigo B", "Threne Red Violet RH" og "Threne Printing Black B"jsulfidfarge-stoffer så som "Sulfur Blue FBB" og "Sulfur Black B" og "Sudan B"; ftalocyaninfargestoffer så som kopper- eller metallfrie ftalo-cyaninforbindelser, difenylmetan- eller trifenylmetan-fargestoffer, nitrofargestoffer, nitrosofargestoffer, tiazolfargestoffer, xantinfargestoffer, akridinfargestoffer, azinfargestoffer, oksazinfargestoffer, tiazinfargestoffer, benzokinon- og nafto-kinon-fargestoffer og cyaninfargestoffer; og vannløslige organiske fargestoffer så som "Direct Brilliant Yellow G" (direkte fargestoff), "Acid Light Yellow 2G"(surt fargestoff), "Levafix Yellow W (reaktivt fargestoff), "Procion Brilliant Orange G" (reaktivt fargestoff), "Direct Fast Scarlet GS" (direkte fargestoff), Further, the organic dyes as compounds (a) are exemplified as follows: azo dyes such as monoazo dyes, polyazo dyes, metal-containing azo dyes, naphthol dyes (azo dyes and inactive dyes) and dispersed azo dyes; anthraquinone dyes such as anthraquinone acid dyes, anthraquinone tanner dyes, anthrone tanner dyes, alizarin dyes and dispersed anthraquinone dyes; indigo dyes such as "Brilliant Indigo B", "Threne Red Violet RH" and "Threne Printing Black B" and sulphide dyes such as "Sulfur Blue FBB" and "Sulfur Black B" and "Sudan B"; phthalocyanine dyes such as copper- or metal-free phthalocyanine compounds, diphenylmethane or triphenylmethane dyes, nitro dyes, nitroso dyes, thiazole dyes, xanthine dyes, acridine dyes, azine dyes, oxazine dyes, thiazine dyes, benzoquinone and naphthoquinone dyes and cyanine dyes; and water-soluble organic dyes such as "Direct Brilliant Yellow G" (direct dye), "Acid Light Yellow 2G" (acid dye), "Levafix Yellow W (reactive dye), "Procion Brilliant Orange G" (reactive dye), "Direct Fast Scarlet GS" (direct dye),
"Direct Bordeaux NS" (direkte fargestoff), "Brilliant Scarlet 3R" "Direct Bordeaux NS" (direct dye), "Brilliant Scarlet 3R"
(surt fargestoff), "Acid Alizarine Red B" (surt beisefargestoff), "Direct Turkish Blue GL" (direkte fargestoff), "Cibacron Blue 30" reaktivt fargestoff), "Blankophor B" (surt fargestoff), "Nigrosine" (acid dye), "Acid Alizarine Red B" (acid mordant dye), "Direct Turkish Blue GL" (direct dye), "Cibacron Blue 30" reactive dye), "Blankophor B" (acid dye), "Nigrosine"
(surt fargestoff), "Sirius G" (direkte fargestoff), "Chrysamine G" (acid dye), "Sirius G" (direct dye), "Chrysamine G"
(direkte fargestoff), "Direct Fast Yellow GG" (direkte fargestoff), (direct dye), "Direct Fast Yellow GG" (direct dye),
"Chrome Yellow G" (surt beisef argestof f), "Chrorne «Yellow MÉ" (surt beisefargestoff), "Eosine G" (surt fargestoff), "Basic Flavin 8<g>" "Chrome Yellow G" (acid mordant f), "Chrorne «Yellow MÉ" (acid mordant dye), "Eosine G" (acid dye), "Basic Flavin 8<g>"
(basisk fargestoff), "Astrazon Yellow 3G" (basisk fargestoff), "Rhodamine B" (basisk fargestoff), "Daitophor AN" (basisk fargestoff), "Auramine Conc" (basisk fargestoff), "Chrysoidine" (basisk fargestoff) og "Bismarck Brown BG" (basisk fargestoff). (basic dye), "Astrazon Yellow 3G" (basic dye), "Rhodamine B" (basic dye), "Daitophor AN" (basic dye), "Auramine Conc" (basic dye), "Chrysoidine" (basic dye) and "Bismarck Brown BG" (basic dye).
De ovenfor nevnte polare organiske forbindelsene og organiske fargestoffene kan anvendes alene eller i kombinasjon med hverandre. The above-mentioned polar organic compounds and organic dyes can be used alone or in combination with each other.
Ved fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse kan man på den ene side som anvendbare forbindelser (b) utvelge forbindelser som f.eks. halogenider, oksyder, hydroksyder og lavere karboksylater av de metalliske elementer,hvorav man som eksempel kan nevne alkalirnetaller så som natrium" og kalium; jordalkalimetaller så som magnesium, kalcium og barium; metaller fra sink-gruppen så som sink; metaller fra aluminiumgruppen så som aluminium; metaller fra tinngruppen så som titan og tinn; metaller fra jern-gruppen så som jern og nikkel; metaller fra kromgruppen så som krom og molybden; metaller fra mangangruppen så som manganjmetaller fra koppergruppen så som kopper og sølv; og metaller fra platinagruppen så som platina. Illustrative forbindelser er her natriumfluorid, natriumacetat, ferroklorid, kalciumklorid, kaliumklorid, natriumtartrat, natriumklorid, kalciumacetat, titandioksyd, natriumoksalat, aluminiumklorid, kopper-II-klorid, mangandioksyd, jernoktoat og tinn-IV-klorid. In the method according to the present invention, on the one hand, as usable compounds (b), compounds such as e.g. halides, oxides, hydroxides and lower carboxylates of the metallic elements, examples of which include alkali metals such as sodium and potassium; alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium and barium; metals from the zinc group such as zinc; metals from the aluminum group such as aluminum; metals from the tin group such as titanium and tin; metals from the iron group such as iron and nickel; metals from the chromium group such as chromium and molybdenum; metals from the manganese group such as manganese; metals from the copper group such as copper and silver; and metals from the platinum group such as such as platinum. Illustrative compounds here are sodium fluoride, sodium acetate, ferric chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium tartrate, sodium chloride, calcium acetate, titanium dioxide, sodium oxalate, aluminum chloride, copper II chloride, manganese dioxide, ferric octoate and tin IV chloride.
Forbindelsene (b) utvelges fra oksosyrene av elementene i den andre til sjette perioden i gruppene IIB og III The compounds (b) are selected from the oxoacids of the elements of the second to sixth periods of groups IIB and III
til VII i det periodiske system samt saltene av oksosyrene. to VII in the periodic table as well as the salts of the oxo acids.
Eksempler på elementer er sink, bor, aluminium, karbon, silisium, tinn, titan, nitrogen, fosfor, svovel, krom, molybden, wolfram, klor og mangan. Examples of elements are zinc, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, tin, titanium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, chlorine and manganese.
Illustrative eksempler på oksosyrer og salter derav . er som følger: sinksyre, borsyre, aluminiumsyre, kiselsyre, tinnsyre, karbonsyre, titansyre, fosforsyrer (inklusiv dehydratiserte og kondenserte fosforsyrer så som metafosforsyre, pyrofosforsyre Illustrative examples of oxoacids and their salts. are as follows: zinc acid, boric acid, aluminum acid, silicic acid, stannous acid, carbonic acid, titanic acid, phosphoric acids (including dehydrated and condensed phosphoric acids such as metaphosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid
og tripolyfosforsyre), salpetersyre, svovelsyre, kromsyre, and tripolyphosphoric acid), nitric acid, sulfuric acid, chromic acid,
molybdensyre, wolframsyre, mangansyre, saltsyre så vel som permangansyre og dikromsyre i høyere oksydasjonstrinn, salpeter-, hypo-, salpeter-, fosfor-, hypofosfor-syrlinger i lavere oksydasjonstrinn, molybdic acid, tungstic acid, manganic acid, hydrochloric acid as well as permanganic acid and dichromic acid in higher oxidation stages, nitric, hypo-, nitric, phosphoric, hypophosphoric acids in lower oxidation stages,
samt salter av de ovennevnte oksosyrer rned ammonium, alkalimetaller eller jordalkalimetaller. as well as salts of the above-mentioned oxoacids with ammonium, alkali metals or alkaline earth metals.
Ved utførelse av fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse er det fordelaktig at forbindelsene (a) og (b) er oppløst eller dispergert separat eller i kombinasjon i et løsnings-middel før appliseringen. Vanlige anvendte løsningsmidler er vann, alkoholiske løsningsmidler, esterløsningsmidler, ketonløsnings-midler, hydrokarbonløsningsmidler og klorerte hydrokarboner. When carrying out the method according to the present invention, it is advantageous that the compounds (a) and (b) are dissolved or dispersed separately or in combination in a solvent before application. Commonly used solvents are water, alcoholic solvents, ester solvents, ketone solvents, hydrocarbon solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
I det følgende skal tre foretrukkede utførelsesformer av fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse nevnes. For det første blir forbindelse (a) oppløst eller dispergert i ett av de ovenfor nevnte løsningsmidler, og den erholdte løsning eller dispersjon påføres overflatene til innerveggen og andre deler av polymerisasjonsreaktoren, som kommer i kontakt med monorner eller monornerer. Deretter blir de belagte overflater kontaktet samt behandlet med forbindelse (b) ved å bringe løsningen eller dispersjonen derav inn i reaktoren, varme opp løsningen eller dispersjonen fortrinnsvis til 50 til 100°C i 10 minutter eller mer, og deretter fjerne løsningen eller dispersjonen fra reaktoren, hvoretter det med den samme reaktor foretas en konvensjonell polymerisasjonsprosess. Hvis imidlertid polymerisasjonsblandingen er vandig, som f.eks. ved suspensjons- eller emulsjons-polymerisasjon, og hvis løsningsmidlet, som anvendes for dannelse av løsningen eller dispersjonen av" forbindelse (b), er vann, så er det ikke alltid nødvendig å fjerne den oppvarmede vandige løsningen eller dispersjonen. In the following, three preferred embodiments of the method according to the present invention shall be mentioned. First, compound (a) is dissolved or dispersed in one of the above-mentioned solvents, and the resulting solution or dispersion is applied to the surfaces of the inner wall and other parts of the polymerization reactor, which come into contact with monomers or monomers. Then the coated surfaces are contacted and treated with compound (b) by bringing the solution or dispersion thereof into the reactor, heating the solution or dispersion preferably to 50 to 100°C for 10 minutes or more, and then removing the solution or dispersion from the reactor , after which a conventional polymerization process is carried out with the same reactor. If, however, the polymerization mixture is aqueous, such as e.g. in suspension or emulsion polymerization, and if the solvent used to form the solution or dispersion of compound (b) is water, it is not always necessary to remove the heated aqueous solution or dispersion.
For det andre blir forbindelse (a) oppløst eller dispergert i et egnet løsningsmiddel, mens forbindelse (b) blir oppløst eller dispergert i det samme løsningsmidlet eller i noe annet løsningsmiddel. Oppløsningen eller dispersjonen av forbindelse (a) tilsettes dråpevis til oppløsningen eller dispersjonen av forbindelse (b), hvoretter det hele oppvarmes til fortrinnsvis Second, compound (a) is dissolved or dispersed in a suitable solvent, while compound (b) is dissolved or dispersed in the same solvent or in some other solvent. The solution or dispersion of compound (a) is added dropwise to the solution or dispersion of compound (b), after which the whole is preferably heated to
50 til 100°C. Den erholdte blanding påføres overflatene til innerveggen og andre deler av polymerisasjonsreaktoren, som kommer i kontakt med monomeren eller monomerene. De på denne måten belagte flatene vaskes med vann, hvis nødvendig. Deretter kan polymerisasjon påbegynnes på sedvanlig måte. For det tredje tilberedes oppløsninger eller dispersjoner av forbindelsene (a) og (b) i samme eller forskjellige løsningsmidler. Oppløsningene eller dispersjonene av (a) og (b) blir vekselvis én eller flere ganger påført flatene som kommer i kontakt med monorner eller monornerer.. De således belagte overflater blir gjenstand for varmebehandling ved å la varmt vann strømme gjennom en kjølekappe eller ved å blåse varm luft inn i reaktoren. Det foretrekkes å foreta appliseringen av belegg-oppløsningen eller -dispersjonen mens innerveggen holdes ved en temperatur på 50 til 100°C ved å la varmt vann strømme gjennom kjølekappen. Den mest foretrukkede metode er imidlertid å fullføre appliseringen av oppløsningene eller dispersjonene ved å la varmt vann strømme gjennom kjølekappen og samtidig blåse varm luft inn i reaktoren under hele denne arbeidsoperasjon. 50 to 100°C. The resulting mixture is applied to the surfaces of the inner wall and other parts of the polymerization reactor, which come into contact with the monomer or monomers. The surfaces coated in this way are washed with water, if necessary. Polymerization can then be started in the usual way. Third, solutions or dispersions of compounds (a) and (b) are prepared in the same or different solvents. The solutions or dispersions of (a) and (b) are alternately applied one or more times to the surfaces which come into contact with mononers or mononers. The surfaces thus coated are subjected to heat treatment by passing hot water through a cooling jacket or by blowing hot air into the reactor. It is preferred to carry out the application of the coating solution or dispersion while the inner wall is maintained at a temperature of 50 to 100°C by allowing hot water to flow through the cooling jacket. However, the most preferred method is to complete the application of the solutions or dispersions by allowing hot water to flow through the cooling jacket and at the same time blowing hot air into the reactor during this entire operation.
Ved hver av de ovenfor nevnte utførelsesformer er det fordelaktig at forbindelsene (a) og (b) bringes til kontakt med hverandre ved en temperatur som overstiger 50°C. Hvis temperaturen er lavere erholdes ikke tilfredsstillende resultat, og en behandlings-tid på over 10 timer blir nødvendig. In each of the above-mentioned embodiments, it is advantageous that the compounds (a) and (b) are brought into contact with each other at a temperature exceeding 50°C. If the temperature is lower, a satisfactory result will not be obtained, and a treatment time of over 10 hours will be necessary.
Mengdeforholdet mellom forbindelse (b) og (a) vil The quantity ratio between compound (b) and (a) will
ved fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse avhenge av hvilken type forbindelser som anvendes samt den aktuelle polymerisasjonsmetode. Spesielt vil ved den ovenfor nevnte første utførelsesform, hvor forbindelse (b) har en lav konsentrasjon i en vandig fase, og ved den tredje utførelsesform, hvor forbindelsene (a) og (b) ikke er godt blandet med hverandre, mengdeforholdet mellom forbindelse (b) og (a) fortrinnsvis være relativt stort, og da vanligvis fra 0,1 : 1 til 500 : 1 regnet i vekt. Ved den andre utførelsesformen, hvor den oppvarmede blandingen av forbindelsene (a) og (b) appliseres, kan forholdet mellom forbindelse (b) og (a) være in the method according to the present invention depend on the type of compounds used as well as the polymerization method in question. In particular, in the above-mentioned first embodiment, where compound (b) has a low concentration in an aqueous phase, and in the third embodiment, where the compounds (a) and (b) are not well mixed with each other, the quantity ratio between compound (b ) and (a) preferably be relatively large, and then usually from 0.1:1 to 500:1 by weight. In the second embodiment, where the heated mixture of compounds (a) and (b) is applied, the ratio between compound (b) and (a) may be
relativt lite, d.v.s. fra 0,01 : 1 til 50 : 1 regnet i vekt. relatively little, i.e. from 0.01:1 to 50:1 by weight.
I henhold til nærværende oppfinnelse kan mengden According to the present invention, the quantity can
av forbindelse (a) eller (b) eller blandingen derav, og som skal anvendes for å belegge overflatene til innerveggen og andre deler av reaktoren, være raeri eller mindre den samme som i det fall når of compound (a) or (b) or the mixture thereof, and which is to be used to coat the surfaces of the inner wall and other parts of the reactor, be raeri or less the same as in the case when
konvensjonelle beleggmaterialer anvendes, og da i henhold til tidligere kjent teknikk. For eksempel kan tilfredsstillende forhindring av skallavsetning oppnås med en mengde på minst conventional coating materials are used, and then according to prior art. For example, satisfactory prevention of shell deposition can be achieved with an amount of at least
0,001 g/m<2.>0.001 g/m<2.>
I forbindelse med de ovenfor beskrevne tre utførelses-former kan det tilføyes at man naturligvis valgfritt kan anvende ikke bare én av dem men også kombinere dem. For eksempel kan overflatene først belegges med en blandet oppløsning av forbindelsene (a) og (b),hvoretter oppvarming foretas i henhold til den andre utførelsesformen. De således belagte overflatene blir overtrukket In connection with the three embodiments described above, it can be added that one can of course optionally use not only one of them but also combine them. For example, the surfaces can first be coated with a mixed solution of the compounds (a) and (b), after which heating is carried out according to the second embodiment. The thus coated surfaces are coated
med en oppløsning av forbindelse (a) og en oppløsning av forbindelse (b) i nevnte rekkefølge, hvoretter oppvarming foretas i henhold til den tredje utførelsesformen. with a solution of compound (a) and a solution of compound (b) in said order, after which heating is carried out according to the third embodiment.
Når videre to typer av forbindelse (a) anvendes i kombinasjon, er det mulig i visse tilfeller å oppnå bedre resultater ved å utvelge en av de to forbindelsene fra de som er vannløslige, og den andre fra de som er løslige i organiske løsningsmidler. When further two types of compound (a) are used in combination, it is possible in certain cases to achieve better results by selecting one of the two compounds from those that are water-soluble, and the other from those that are soluble in organic solvents.
Videre er det hensiktsmessig for å oppnå bedre forhindring av skalldannelse å tilsette polymerisasjonsbalndingen en oppløsning eller dispersjon av forbindelse (a) eller (b) eller en blandet'og oppvarmet oppløsning eller dispersjon av forbindelsene (a) og (b). I et slikt tilfelle bør mengden av en slik tilsetning begrenses til noen få p.p.m. til 100 p.p.m. beregnet på monorner eiLler monornerer, da større mengder sannsynligvis forårsaker forringelse av det erholdte polymerproduktets kvalitet. Furthermore, in order to achieve better prevention of shell formation, it is appropriate to add to the polymerization mixture a solution or dispersion of compound (a) or (b) or a mixed and heated solution or dispersion of the compounds (a) and (b). In such a case, the amount of such addition should be limited to a few p.p.m. to 100 p.p.m. calculated for monomers rather than monomers, as larger quantities probably cause a deterioration in the quality of the polymer product obtained.
For ytterligere å stimulere forhindringen av skallavsetning i henhold til nærværende oppfinnelse foreslås det å tilsette polymerisasjonsblandingen en alkalisk forbindelse, som imidlertid ikke samsvarer med definisjonen av forbindelse (b), In order to further stimulate the prevention of shell deposition according to the present invention, it is proposed to add to the polymerization mixture an alkaline compound, which, however, does not correspond to the definition of compound (b),
så som oksyder, hydroksyder, karbonater, fosfater, bikarbonater, such as oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates, bicarbonates,
silikater og acetater av alkalimetaller, jordalkalimetaller samt ammonium. Det er imidlertid viktig at den "alkaliske forbindelsen tilsettes i en mengde som ikke virker skadelig på den erholdte silicates and acetates of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and ammonium. It is important, however, that the 'alkaline compound be added in an amount which does not act injuriously on the one obtained
polymer. En egnet mengde er f.eks. opp til 1 vekts-$ beregnet på monomerblandingen eller den monomériske blanding. polymer. A suitable amount is e.g. up to 1 weight-$ calculated on the monomer mixture or the monomeric mixture.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse kan anvendes ved alle typer av polymerisasjon, f.eks. suspensjonspolymerisasjon, emulsjonspolymerisasjon, løsningspolymerisasjon og massepolymerisasjon av vinylkloridmonomer eller en monomerblanding bestående hovedsaklig av vinylklorid. Videre setter fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse ingen grenser for bruk av forskjellige The method according to the present invention can be used in all types of polymerisation, e.g. suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization and mass polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer or a monomer mixture consisting mainly of vinyl chloride. Furthermore, the method according to the present invention sets no limits for the use of different
■additiver så som suspensjonsmidler, emulgatorer, stabilisatorer, fyllstoffer og kjedeoverførere, polymerisasjonsinitiatorer, polymerisasjonstemperatur og agiteringshastighet. ■ additives such as suspending agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, fillers and chain transfer agents, polymerization initiators, polymerization temperature and agitation speed.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse kan The method according to the present invention can
med fordel anvendes ikke bare for homopolymerisasjon av vinylklorid, men også for kopolymerisasjon av vinylklorid med en kopolymeriserbar monorner eller monornerer. Som kopolymeriserbare monornerer kan nevnes f.eks. vinylestere, vinyletere, akryl- og metaakryl-syrer, estere derav, malein- og fumar-syrer, estere derav, maleinsyre-anhydrid, aromatiske vinylmonomerer, vinylhalogenider unntatt vinylklorid, vinylidenklorider, olefiner, akrylonitril og metakrylonitril. advantageously used not only for the homopolymerization of vinyl chloride, but also for the copolymerization of vinyl chloride with a copolymerizable monomer or monomers. Examples of copolymerizable monomers include, for example: vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, acrylic and methacrylic acids, esters thereof, maleic and fumaric acids, esters thereof, maleic anhydride, aromatic vinyl monomers, vinyl halides except vinyl chloride, vinylidene chlorides, olefins, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
Nærværende oppfinnelse skal i det følgende nærmere illustreres ved hjelp av eksempler. In the following, the present invention will be further illustrated by means of examples.
Eksempel 1. Example 1.
Det ble anvendt 2-liters autoklaver av rustfritt stål, som hver var utstyrt med en turbinomrører. Innerveggene til hver av autoklavene samt omrørerbladene ble belagt med en 0,1 #-ig oppløsning i toluen av hvert av de forskjellige organiske fargestoffene, som er anført under benevnelsen "Forbindelse A" i tabell I, hvorved den påførte mengde var 0,05 g/m o (som tørrstoff). De belagte overflatene ble tørket ved 70°C i 60 minutter, hvoretter en 1 %- lg vandig oppløsning av hver; av de forskjellige oksosyrene eller 2-liter stainless steel autoclaves were used, each equipped with a turbine stirrer. The inner walls of each of the autoclaves as well as the stirrer blades were coated with a 0.1# solution in toluene of each of the various organic dyes listed under the designation "Compound A" in Table I, whereby the amount applied was 0.05 g /m o (as dry matter). The coated surfaces were dried at 70°C for 60 minutes, after which a 1% aqueous solution of each; of the various oxo acids or
saltene derav, og som er anført under benevnelsen "Forbindelse B" the salts thereof, and which are listed under the designation "Compound B"
i samme tabell,ble påført over de belagte og tørkede overflatene in the same table, was applied over the coated and dried surfaces
i en mengde på ca. 0,05 g/rn (tørrstoff), og .deretter ble tørking ved 70°C i 60 minutter foretatt. Deretter ble det til hver på denne måte belagte autoklav tilsatt 900 g vann, 0,4 g metylcellulose og 0,8 g polyvinylalkohol. Etter at autoklaven var evakuert for luft og fylt med nitrogen ble den chargert med 600 g vinylkloridmonomer og 0,21 g ^^'-azobisdimetylvaleronitril, og blandingen ble gjenstand for suspensjonspolymerisasjon ved en agiteringshastighet på in an amount of approx. 0.05 g/rn (dry matter), and then drying at 70°C for 60 minutes was carried out. Next, 900 g of water, 0.4 g of methylcellulose and 0.8 g of polyvinyl alcohol were added to each autoclave coated in this way. After the autoclave was evacuated of air and filled with nitrogen, it was charged with 600 g of vinyl chloride monomer and 0.21 g of ^^'-azobisdimethylvaleronitrile and the mixture was subjected to suspension polymerization at an agitation rate of
1000 o.p.m. og ved en temperatur på 57°C i ca. 6 timer. Polymerisas jonskjøringene ble gjentatt med hver autoklav inntil skallavsetningen oppgikk til 1 g/m , og antallet av slike gjentatte 1000 rpm and at a temperature of 57°C for approx. 6 hours. The polymerization runs were repeated with each autoclave until the shell deposition amounted to 1 g/m , and the number of such repeated
polymerisasjonskjøringer anføres i tabell I under benevnelsen "Antall kjøringer". Antall kjøringer betyr med andre ord at skallavsetning ble effektivt forhindret under de gjentatte polymerisasjonskjøringene. Videre detaljer og resultater fremgår av tabell I. polymerization runs are listed in table I under the heading "Number of runs". In other words, the number of runs means that shell deposition was effectively prevented during the repeated polymerization runs. Further details and results appear in Table I.
I sammenligningsøyemed ble det utført forsøk med anvendelse av forbindelse A og B alene, altså ikke i kombinasjon, på lignende måte og under samme betingelser. De herved erholdte resultater fremgår av samme tabell. For comparison purposes, experiments were carried out using compounds A and B alone, i.e. not in combination, in a similar way and under the same conditions. The results obtained in this way appear in the same table.
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
De samme autoklaver som ble anvendt i eksempel 1 The same autoclaves as used in example 1
ble belagt med forbindelsene A og B i kombinasjon, slik som angitt i tabell II, og for sammenlignings skyld med forbindelsen A eller B alene, slStsom angitt i samme tabell,på samme måte og under samme betingelser som angitt i eksempel 1. Hver av de belagte autoklavene ble chargert med 9°° g vann, 6 g natriumlaurylsulfonat, 1 g kalium-persulfat og 600 g vinylklorid, og emulsjonspolymerisasjon ble was coated with compounds A and B in combination, as indicated in Table II, and for comparison with compound A or B alone, as indicated in the same table, in the same manner and under the same conditions as indicated in Example 1. Each of the The coated autoclaves were charged with 9 g water, 6 g sodium lauryl sulfonate, 1 g potassium persulfate, and 600 g vinyl chloride, and emulsion polymerization was
foretatt ved 48°C i 10 timer. Øvrige detaljer samt resultater fremgår av tabell II. carried out at 48°C for 10 hours. Other details and results appear in table II.
Eksempel 3-■ Example 3-■
De samme autoklaver som ble anvendt i eksempel 1 ble belagt med forbindelsene A og B i kombinasjon, som angitt i tabell III, og for sammenlignings skyld med forbindelse A eller B alene, som angitt i samme tabell, og da på samme måte og under samme betingelser som angitt i eksempel 1. Hver autoklav ble chargert med 900 g vann, 0,4 g metylcellulose, 0,8 g polyvinylalkohol, 600 g vinylklorid, 60 g komonomer, d.v.s. vinylacetat eller vinyliden-klorid, og 0,21 g isopropylperoksydikarbonat, og denne suspensjonspolymerisasjon ble utført ved 52°C på 6 timer. Øvrige detaljer samt resultater fremgår av tabell III. The same autoclaves used in Example 1 were coated with compounds A and B in combination, as indicated in Table III, and for comparison with compound A or B alone, as indicated in the same table, and then in the same manner and under the same conditions as indicated in Example 1. Each autoclave was charged with 900 g of water, 0.4 g of methylcellulose, 0.8 g of polyvinyl alcohol, 600 g of vinyl chloride, 60 g of comonomer, i.e. vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride, and 0.21 g of isopropyl peroxydicarbonate, and this suspension polymerization was carried out at 52°C for 6 hours. Other details and results appear in table III.
Eksempel 4. Example 4.
De samme autoklaver som ble anvendt i eksempel 1 ble belagt med en 0,5 #-ig løsning eller dispersjon av en blanding bestående av forbindelsene A og B i like mengder men i forskjellige kombinasjoner, slik som angitt i tabell IV, og i en mengde på The same autoclaves used in Example 1 were coated with a 0.5# solution or dispersion of a mixture consisting of compounds A and B in equal amounts but in different combinations, as indicated in Table IV, and in an amount on
0,1 g/m<2>(tørrstoff). De belagte overflatene ble tøeket ved 70°C 0.1 g/m<2> (dry matter). The coated surfaces were thawed at 70°C
i 60 minutter. Deretter ble suspensjonspolymerisasjon av vinylklorid utført på sammen måte og under samme betingelser som angitt i eksempel 1, for derved å undersøke skallavsetningen. Ytterligere detaljer og resultater fremgår av tabell IV. for 60 minutes. Subsequently, suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out in the same manner and under the same conditions as stated in example 1, in order thereby to examine the shell deposition. Further details and results appear in Table IV.
Eksempel - 5« Example - 5"
De samme autoklaver som ble anvendt i eksempel 1 ble belagt med forbindelsene A og B i kombinasjon, slik som angitt i eksempel V, og da på samme måte og under samme betingelser som angitt i eksempel 4. Med hver av de belagte autoklavene ble det utført emulsjonspolymerisasjon i likhet med den som er angitt i eksempel 2. Ytterligere detaljer og resultater fremgår av The same autoclaves used in Example 1 were coated with compounds A and B in combination, as indicated in Example V, and then in the same manner and under the same conditions as indicated in Example 4. With each of the coated autoclaves, emulsion polymerization similar to that indicated in Example 2. Further details and results appear from
.tabell V. .table V.
Eksempel 6. Example 6.
De samme autoklaver som ble anvendt i eksempel 1 ble belagt med forbindelsene A og B i kobinasjon, slik som angitt i The same autoclaves used in Example 1 were coated with compounds A and B in combination, as indicated in
.tabell VI, og da på samme måte og under samme betingelser som angitt i eksempe'l 4. Med hver av de belagte autoklavene ble det utført suspensjonspolymerisasjon eller kopolymerisasjon i alt vesentlig i likhet med den som er angitt i eksempel 3- Ytterligere detaljer og resultater fremgår av tabell VI. .table VI, and then in the same way and under the same conditions as stated in Example 4. With each of the coated autoclaves, suspension polymerization or copolymerization was carried out essentially in the same way as that stated in Example 3 - Further details and results appear in table VI.
Eksempel 7» Example 7»
De samme autoklavene som ble anvendt i eksempel 1 ble belagt med en oppløsning av "Nigrosine Black" i etanol eller toluen, og da med de - forskjellige mengder som er angitt i tabell VII. The same autoclaves used in Example 1 were coated with a solution of "Nigrosine Black" in ethanol or toluene, and then with the - different amounts indicated in Table VII.
Det ble så foretatt tørking ved 70°C i 60 minutter, hvoretter en Drying was then carried out at 70°C for 60 minutes, after which a
1 $-ig vandig løsning av natriumsilikat ble applisert over de belagte og tørkede overflatene i en mengde på 0,05-g/m (tørr-stoff). Deretter ble det foretatt tørking ved 70°C i 60 minutter. Med hver av de belagte autoklavene ble det utført suspensjons-polymerisas jon av vinylklorid, og da på samme måte og under samme betingelser som angitt i eksempel 1, for derved å undersøke skallavsetningen. A 1 µg aqueous solution of sodium silicate was applied over the coated and dried surfaces in an amount of 0.05 g/m (dry matter). Drying was then carried out at 70°C for 60 minutes. Suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out with each of the coated autoclaves, and then in the same way and under the same conditions as stated in example 1, in order to investigate the shell deposition.
Eksempel 8. Example 8.
Den samme metode ved belegging og polymerisasjon som ble anvendte i forsøksnr. 88 i eksempel 7 ble gjentatt med unntagelse for at det ble tilsatt 5 vekts-$, 0,1 vekts-% eller 0,0001 vekts-$ natriumsilikat, beregnet på vinylklorid, til polymerisasjonsblandingen før polymerisasjonsreaksjonen påbegynnes. Antallet polymerisasjonskjøringer hvorved skallavsetning ble forhindret var henholdsvis 9, 7 og 5- The same method of coating and polymerization as was used in experiment no. 88 of Example 7 was repeated with the exception that 5% by weight, 0.1% by weight or 0.0001% by weight of sodium silicate, calculated on vinyl chloride, was added to the polymerization mixture before the polymerization reaction was started. The number of polymerization runs by which shell deposition was prevented was 9, 7 and 5, respectively
Eksempel 9» Example 9»
Den samme metode som ble anvendt i forsøk nr 61 i eksempel 4 ble gjentatt, med unntagelse for at de belagte overflater dessuten ble belagt med "Nigrosine Black" og natriumsilikat på samme måte og under samme betingelser som angitt i forsøk nr. 1 i eksempel 1. Antallet polymerisasjonskjøringer hvorved skallavsetning forhindres var 25. The same method used in trial No. 61 in Example 4 was repeated, with the exception that the coated surfaces were additionally coated with "Nigrosine Black" and sodium silicate in the same manner and under the same conditions as stated in trial No. 1 in Example 1 .The number of polymerization runs whereby shell deposition is prevented was 25.
Eksempel 10. Example 10.
Ved dette forsøk ble det anvendt '■ 1000-liters rustfrie polymerisasjonskar, som hver var utstyrt med en agitator av skovltype med blader med én diameter på 600 mm. Overflatene til innerveggen til karene samt agitatorbladene og aksel ble belagt In this experiment, 1000-liter stainless polymerization vessels were used, each equipped with a paddle-type agitator with blades of one diameter of 600 mm. The surfaces of the inner wall of the vessels as well as the agitator blades and shaft were coated
med en 0,5 $-ig oppløsning i metanol av "Sudan B" og "Nigrosine" with a 0.5$ solution in methanol of "Sudan B" and "Nigrosine"
i forskjellige vektsforhold, som angitt i tabell VII, og i en mengde på 0,05 g/m (tørrstoff). Den totale belagte flate oppgikk til 4 m . Til hver av de således belagte polymerisasjonskar ble det chargert 500 kg vann, hvori et av de i tabell VIII angitte salter ble oppløst. Deretter foretok man en behandling ved en i samme tabell angitt temperatur under en agiteringshastighet på in various weight ratios, as indicated in Table VII, and in an amount of 0.05 g/m (dry matter). The total covered surface amounted to 4 m. 500 kg of water was charged to each of the polymerization vessels thus coated, in which one of the salts indicated in Table VIII was dissolved. A treatment was then carried out at a temperature indicated in the same table under an agitation speed of
110 o.p.m. i 30 minutter og under kjøling. Deretter ble 2,2 kg natriumlaurylsulfat, 3 kg cetylalkohol, 200 kg dirnetylvaleronitril og 200 kg vinylklorid chargert for derved å utføre suspensjonspolymerisasjon ved 50°C i 7 timer i henhold til en konvensjonell metode. Etter fullført reaksjon ble de belagte overflater vasket med vann og tørket,hvoretter mengden av skallavsetning ble bestemt som vist i tabell VIII. 110 rpm for 30 minutes and during cooling. Then, 2.2 kg of sodium lauryl sulfate, 3 kg of cetyl alcohol, 200 kg of dirnetylvaleronitrile and 200 kg of vinyl chloride were charged to thereby carry out suspension polymerization at 50°C for 7 hours according to a conventional method. After completion of the reaction, the coated surfaces were washed with water and dried, after which the amount of shell deposition was determined as shown in Table VIII.
Sammenligningsforsøk ble utført med "Sudan B" eller "Nigrosine" alene og ikke i kombinasjon eller uten noe metallsalt. Resultatene vises i tabell VII. Comparative experiments were carried out with "Sudan B" or "Nigrosine" alone and not in combination or without any metal salt. The results are shown in Table VII.
Eksempel 11. ; " De samme polymerisasjonskar som ble anvendte i eksempel 10 ble belagt på samme måte med en 1 #-ig løsning eller dispersjon i et av de løsningsmidler som er angitt i tabell IX, og hvorved det oppløste stoffet var en organisk polar forbindelse eller et organisk fargestoff separat ellér i kombinasjon samt med et. metallsaltvsom ..angitt- i -samme . tabell, - og som var blitt oppvarmet ved 90°C i 30 minutter. Etter at de belagte overflater hadde.blitt vasket med vann ble 100 kg vinylklorid, 200 kg . vann, 0,05 kg diisopropylperoksydikarbonat, 1 kg natriumdodecyl-benzensulfonat og 1,5 kg cetylalkohol chargert i hvert polymerisasjonskar, hvoretter man foretok emulsjonspolymerisasjon ved en forhøyet temperatur, f.eks. 45°C, under en agiterings-- hastighet på 110 o.p.m. i 8 timer. Etter fullført reaksjon ble mengden av skallavsetning undersøkt og bestemt. Resultatene vises i tabell IX. Example 11. ; " The same polymerization vessels used in Example 10 were similarly coated with a 1 # solution or dispersion in one of the solvents listed in Table IX, wherein the solute was an organic polar compound or an organic dye separately or in combination as well as with a metal salt specified in the same table, and which had been heated at 90°C for 30 minutes. After the coated surfaces had been washed with water, 100 kg of vinyl chloride, 200 kg of water, 0.05 kg of diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, 1 kg of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate and 1.5 kg of cetyl alcohol were charged into each polymerization vessel, after which emulsion polymerization was carried out at an elevated temperature, eg 45°C, under an agitation rate of 110 rpm for 8 hours After completion of the reaction, the amount of shell deposition examined and determined. The results are shown in Table IX.
Eksempel 12. Example 12.
De samme polymersiasjonskar som ble anvendt i eksempel 10 ble belagt på samme måte med det samme materiale som ble anvendt The same polymerization vessels used in Example 10 were coated in the same manner with the same material used
i forsøk nr. 126 i eksempel 11, hvorved den anvendte mengde var 0,1 g/m o (tørrstoff).,Til hvert av de belagte kar ble det chargert 100 kg vinylklorid, 200 kg vann sammen med de forskjellige in trial no. 126 in example 11, whereby the amount used was 0.1 g/m o (dry matter).,To each of the coated vessels 100 kg of vinyl chloride, 200 kg of water together with the various
initiatorer, suspensjonsmidler og/eller additiver eller komonomerer som angitt i tabell X, hvoretter det ble foretatt suspensjonspolymerisasjon ved en forhøyet temperatur, f.eks. 57°C, under agitering ved en hastighet på 100 o.p.m. i 10 timer. Etter full-ført reaksjon ble mengden av skallavsetning undersøkt og bestemt. initiators, suspending agents and/or additives or comonomers as indicated in Table X, after which suspension polymerization was carried out at an elevated temperature, e.g. 57°C, with agitation at a speed of 100 r.p.m. for 10 hours. After the reaction was complete, the amount of shell deposition was examined and determined.
Resultatene fremgår av tabell X. The results appear in table X.
Som kontrollforsøk ble det utført lignende polyrner-isasjon med anvendelse av samme additiver eller komonomerer som angitt ovenfor samt med polymerisasjonskar som var blitt belagt ett enkelt fargestoff, f.eks. "Nigrosine ,Base",.eller med ikke-belagte polymerisasjonskar. Den erholdte skallavsetning fremgår av tabell X. As a control experiment, a similar polymerization was carried out using the same additives or comonomers as indicated above and with polymerization vessels that had been coated with a single dye, e.g. "Nigrosine ,Base",.or with non-coated polymerization vessels. The shell deposit obtained appears in table X.
I tabell X står PVA for polyvinylacetat, HPMC for hydroksypropylmetylcellulose, IPP for diisopropylperoksydikarbonat, LP0 for laurylperoksyd og BP0 for benzoylperoksyd. In Table X, PVA stands for polyvinyl acetate, HPMC for hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, IPP for diisopropyl peroxide dicarbonate, LP0 for lauryl peroxide and BP0 for benzoyl peroxide.
Eksempel 13- Example 13-
De samme beleggmaterialer som ble anvendt i forsøk nr. 129 i eksempel 11 ble påført overflatene til' innerveggen og andre deler av kombinasjons-kar for massepolymerisasjon, hvorved det første karet var av en 2-liters rustfri vertikal ståltype og det andre karet av en 4-liters rustfri horisontal ståltype. Deretter ble alle belagte overflater vasket med vann og tørket. Til det første karet ble det chargert 800 g vinylklorid og 0,4 g dimetyl- The same coating materials used in Experiment No. 129 in Example 11 were applied to the surfaces of the inner wall and other parts of the pulp polymerization combination vessel, the first vessel being a 2 liter vertical stainless steel type and the second vessel a 4 -liter stainless horizontal steel type. Then all coated surfaces were washed with water and dried. 800 g of vinyl chloride and 0.4 g of dimethyl-
valeronitril, hvoretter det ble foretatt massepolymerisasjon valeronitrile, after which mass polymerization was carried out
ved 60°C under agitering ved en hastighet på 900 o.p.rn. i 2 timer. Reaksjonsblandingen ble overført til det andre karet, som var chargert med 800 g vinylklorid og 0,4 g dimetylvaleronitril. Polymerisasjonen ble utført ved 57°C under agitering ved en hastighet på 100 o.p.rn. i 10 timer. Etter fullført polymerisasjon ble polymerskall-avsetningen undersøkt med hensyn til hvert polymerisasjonskar. at 60°C with agitation at a speed of 900 r.p.m. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was transferred to the second vessel, which was charged with 800 g of vinyl chloride and 0.4 g of dimethylvaleronitrile. The polymerization was carried out at 57°C with agitation at a speed of 100 rpm. for 10 hours. After completion of polymerization, the polymer shell deposit was examined with respect to each polymerization vessel.
For sammenlignings skyld ble et lignende forsøk utført uten noen beleggbehandling eller med behandling med bare "Nigrosine Base". For comparison, a similar experiment was carried out without any coating treatment or with treatment with only "Nigrosine Base".
Resultatene fremgår av tabell XI. The results appear in table XI.
Eksempel 14. Example 14.
Med det samme polymerisasjonskar som ble belagt With the same polymerization vessel that was coated
og anvendt i forsøk nr. 126 i eksempel 11 ble det utført suspensjonspolymerisasjon på samme måte og med de samme additiver som ble anvendt i forsøk nr. 137 i eksempel 12 over 10 timer, and used in experiment no. 126 in example 11, suspension polymerization was carried out in the same way and with the same additives as used in experiment no. 137 in example 12 over 10 hours,
og da med unntagelse for noen forsøk hvor beleggmaterialet fra forsøk nr. 126 ble separat tilsatt polymerisasjonsblandingen i forskjellige mengder, slik som angitt i tabell XII,' og hvorved det i andre forsøk ble tilsatt et alkalisk stoff, som f.eks. natriumhydroksyd, kalciumhydroksyd eller natriumacetat, og som angitt i tabellen. Denne polymerisasjonskjøring ble gjentatt and then with the exception of some experiments where the coating material from experiment no. 126 was separately added to the polymerization mixture in different amounts, as indicated in table XII,' and whereby in other experiments an alkaline substance was added, such as e.g. sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or sodium acetate, and as indicated in the table. This polymerization run was repeated
for å observere skallavsetningen med bare øynene eller på samme to observe the shell deposition with the bare eyes or on the same
. måte som angitt i eksempel I. Resultatene vises i tabell XII. . manner as indicated in Example I. The results are shown in Table XII.
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JPS548690A (en) * | 1977-06-20 | 1979-01-23 | Goodrich Co B F | Method of preventing polymer from adhering on inner surface of polymerization reactor |
US4359560A (en) * | 1978-06-13 | 1982-11-16 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Method for reducing wall fouling in vinyl chloride polymerization |
CA1147098A (en) * | 1979-04-30 | 1983-05-24 | Louis Cohen | Coating polymerization reactors with the reaction products of thiodiphenols and a bleach |
US4272622A (en) * | 1979-05-22 | 1981-06-09 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Method for preventing polymer scale deposition in the polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer in an aqueous medium |
JPS58210902A (en) * | 1982-05-31 | 1983-12-08 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | Polymerization of vinyl monomer |
JPS59170102A (en) * | 1983-03-17 | 1984-09-26 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | Polymerization of vinyl monomer |
JPS60233103A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1985-11-19 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | Polymerization of vinyl monomers |
US4659791A (en) * | 1984-09-11 | 1987-04-21 | The B.F. Goodrich Company | Internally coated reaction vessel for use in olefinic polymerization |
JPS6220509A (en) * | 1985-07-18 | 1987-01-29 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | Polymerization of vinyl monomer |
JPS63180849U (en) * | 1987-05-13 | 1988-11-22 | ||
CA1289297C (en) * | 1987-12-08 | 1991-09-17 | Toshihide Shimizu | Method of preventing polymer-scale formation |
PT805168E (en) | 1996-04-30 | 2001-02-28 | Shinetsu Chemical Co | VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER |
CN115197351A (en) * | 2022-07-06 | 2022-10-18 | 新疆中泰化学托克逊能化有限公司 | Vinyl chloride resin material and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE2044259C2 (en) * | 1970-09-07 | 1985-08-22 | Shinetsu Chemical Co., Tokio/Tokyo | Process for the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride |
US3962202A (en) * | 1973-08-27 | 1976-06-08 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Process for polymerizing olefinic monomers which substantially eliminates polymer buildup |
US3849179A (en) * | 1973-08-27 | 1974-11-19 | Goodrich Co B F | Internally coated reaction vessel and process for coating the same |
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1974
- 1974-12-27 JP JP75157A patent/JPS5224953B2/ja not_active Expired
-
1975
- 1975-12-19 NL NLAANVRAGE7514844,A patent/NL174357C/en active Search and Examination
- 1975-12-19 CA CA000242161A patent/CA1118943A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-22 SE SE7514509A patent/SE7514509L/en unknown
- 1975-12-22 DE DE19752557788 patent/DE2557788A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-12-22 NO NO75754343A patent/NO754343L/no unknown
- 1975-12-22 FI FI753618A patent/FI58782C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-22 DK DK585075A patent/DK150524C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-23 IE IE2819/75A patent/IE42459B1/en unknown
- 1975-12-23 NZ NZ179652A patent/NZ179652A/en unknown
- 1975-12-23 ZA ZA757968A patent/ZA757968B/en unknown
- 1975-12-23 PH PH17914A patent/PH11096A/en unknown
- 1975-12-23 AT AT978675A patent/AT345555B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-23 IT IT7530709A patent/IT1051915B/en active
- 1975-12-23 HU HU75SI1504A patent/HU174511B/en unknown
- 1975-12-23 GB GB52622/75A patent/GB1536160A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-24 IL IL7548717A patent/IL48717A/en unknown
- 1975-12-24 YU YU03289/75A patent/YU39120B/en unknown
- 1975-12-24 FR FR7539658A patent/FR2295971A1/en active Granted
- 1975-12-24 CH CH1680075A patent/CH631187A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-24 BE BE163092A patent/BE837056A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-25 TR TR19219A patent/TR19219A/en unknown
- 1975-12-26 BR BR7508670*A patent/BR7508670A/en unknown
- 1975-12-26 ES ES75443892A patent/ES443892A1/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-27 RO RO197584335A patent/RO71577A/en unknown
- 1975-12-27 CS CS758885A patent/CS195302B2/en unknown
- 1975-12-29 DD DD190610A patent/DD125352A5/xx unknown
- 1975-12-29 AR AR261781A patent/AR216895A1/en active
- 1975-12-30 AU AU87939/75A patent/AU502319B2/en not_active Expired
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1976
- 1976-01-05 IN IN36/CAL/76A patent/IN143739B/en unknown
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