NO762472L - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- NO762472L NO762472L NO762472A NO762472A NO762472L NO 762472 L NO762472 L NO 762472L NO 762472 A NO762472 A NO 762472A NO 762472 A NO762472 A NO 762472A NO 762472 L NO762472 L NO 762472L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- iodine
- compounds
- iodide
- polymerization
- bromide
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 iodine, iodine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phytic acid Natural products OP(O)(=O)OC1C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940068041 phytic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000002949 phytic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000467 phytic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UNMYWSMUMWPJLR-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium iodide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[I-].[I-] UNMYWSMUMWPJLR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- SOIFLUNRINLCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium thiocyanate Chemical compound [NH4+].[S-]C#N SOIFLUNRINLCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001640 calcium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940046413 calcium iodide Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003567 thiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc bromide Chemical compound Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- UAYWVJHJZHQCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc iodide Chemical compound I[Zn]I UAYWVJHJZHQCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002496 iodine Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005526 organic bromine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005527 organic iodine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- MPPPKRYCTPRNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromobutane Chemical compound CCCCBr MPPPKRYCTPRNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ALWXETURCOIGIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitropropylbenzene Chemical compound CCC([N+]([O-])=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ALWXETURCOIGIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 100676-05-9 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(O)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XZXYQEHISUMZAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methyl]-4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C(CC=2C(=CC=C(C)C=2)O)=C1 XZXYQEHISUMZAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alizarin Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(O)C(O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009328 Amaranthus caudatus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000001592 Amaranthus caudatus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Maltose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021585 Nickel(II) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GDWVNFWUTFZLND-UHFFFAOYSA-N S=C=N[Ni]N=C=S Chemical compound S=C=N[Ni]N=C=S GDWVNFWUTFZLND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UAPGCNSDHIVWKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ca++].[N-]=C=S.[N-]=C=S Chemical compound [Ca++].[N-]=C=S.[N-]=C=S UAPGCNSDHIVWKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CXLNQFBZMWHDKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe](N=C=S)N=C=S Chemical compound [Fe](N=C=S)N=C=S CXLNQFBZMWHDKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QCHWUDGCWFBKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N-]=C=S.[Cr+3].[N-]=C=S.[N-]=C=S Chemical compound [N-]=C=S.[Cr+3].[N-]=C=S.[N-]=C=S QCHWUDGCWFBKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HFVAFDPGUJEFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M alizarin red S Chemical group [Na+].O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(O)=C2O HFVAFDPGUJEFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012735 amaranth Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004178 amaranth Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940107816 ammonium iodide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N beta-maltose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QUYVBRFLSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethane Chemical compound CCBr RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KMGBZBJJOKUPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl iodide Chemical compound CCCCI KMGBZBJJOKUPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001622 calcium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- YRTKBCIAQCXVCM-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+);trithiocyanate Chemical compound [Cr+3].[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N YRTKBCIAQCXVCM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBXOELOQKLBDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanogen iodide Chemical compound IC#N WPBXOELOQKLBDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JDNTWHVOXJZDSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodoacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CI JDNTWHVOXJZDSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodoethane Chemical compound CCI HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DXTCFKRAUYBHRC-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);dithiocyanate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N DXTCFKRAUYBHRC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) bromide Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Br-].[Br-] GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- BQZGVMWPHXIKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) iodide Chemical compound [Fe+2].[I-].[I-] BQZGVMWPHXIKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium bromide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Br-].[Br-] OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001623 magnesium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BLQJIBCZHWBKSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium iodide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[I-].[I-] BLQJIBCZHWBKSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001641 magnesium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M methylene blue Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960000907 methylthioninium chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- IPLJNQFXJUCRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);dibromide Chemical compound [Ni+2].[Br-].[Br-] IPLJNQFXJUCRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- ALYMILAYQDOMFU-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);dithiocyanate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N ALYMILAYQDOMFU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- BFSQJYRFLQUZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) iodide Chemical compound I[Ni]I BFSQJYRFLQUZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960004839 potassium iodide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical compound [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940116357 potassium thiocyanate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- RFAKLMBNSZNUNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;isothiocyanate Chemical compound [K+].[N-]=C=S RFAKLMBNSZNUNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940083599 sodium iodide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical compound [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- RROSXLCQOOGZBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;isothiocyanate Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=C=S RROSXLCQOOGZBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PQLLEAYSRJFMFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid;hydroiodide Chemical compound I.OS(O)(=O)=O PQLLEAYSRJFMFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940102001 zinc bromide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002497 iodine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Lyxoflavin Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229930003471 Vitamin B2 Natural products 0.000 claims 1
- HWHSUAOUBXLTGM-UHFFFAOYSA-M [I+].[O-][Cl](=O)(=O)=O Chemical compound [I+].[O-][Cl](=O)(=O)=O HWHSUAOUBXLTGM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- NRVCVLFVSDRPOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [I+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O Chemical compound [I+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O NRVCVLFVSDRPOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N all-trans beta-carotene Natural products CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013734 beta-carotene Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011648 beta-carotene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N beta-carotene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=CCCCC2(C)C TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229960002747 betacarotene Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229940106705 chlorophyll Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- LOMPYPGVYNRXCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodo thiocyanate Chemical compound ISC#N LOMPYPGVYNRXCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229960002477 riboflavin Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- XWGJFPHUCFXLBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M rongalite Chemical compound [Na+].OCS([O-])=O XWGJFPHUCFXLBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011716 vitamin B2 Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019164 vitamin B2 Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N β-Carotene Chemical compound CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 21
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000981 basic dye Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000982 direct dye Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000000980 acid dye Substances 0.000 description 5
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012662 bulk polymerization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000985 reactive dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol Natural products OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 235000005152 nicotinamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011570 nicotinamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001005 nitro dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004893 oxazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-ethylbenzaldehyde Natural products CCC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical class N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001007 phthalocyanine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- BWJUFXUULUEGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl propan-2-yloxycarbonyloxy carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)OOC(=O)OC(C)C BWJUFXUULUEGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043267 rhodamine b Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OARRHUQTFTUEOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N safranin Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=C(N)C(C)=CC2=NC2=CC(C)=C(N)C=C2[N+]=1C1=CC=CC=C1 OARRHUQTFTUEOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYZQCTRTDQFROA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium 4-hydroxy-7-[[5-hydroxy-7-sulfo-6-[(6-sulfonaphthalen-2-yl)diazenyl]naphthalen-2-yl]carbamoylamino]-3-phenyldiazenylnaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C(C=C1)N=NC2=C(C=C3C=C(C=CC3=C2O)NC(=O)NC4=CC5=CC(=C(C(=C5C=C4)O)N=NC6=CC7=C(C=C6)C=C(C=C7)S(=O)(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)O.[Na+] LYZQCTRTDQFROA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQNXJSVLKPHNRI-OXEZCZPGSA-N sodium 5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-2-[(E)-2-[4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-2-sulfophenyl]ethenyl]benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(=CC=C1N=NC2=CC(=C(C=C2)/C=C/C3=C(C=C(C=C3)N=NC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)S(=O)(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)O)O.[Na+] CQNXJSVLKPHNRI-OXEZCZPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001016 thiazine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004897 thiazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001017 thiazole dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBKBGHZMNFTKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium 2-[(2-oxido-3-sulfo-6-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]benzoate Chemical compound C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)[O-])N=NC2=C3C=CC(=CC3=CC(=C2[O-])S(=O)(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+] RBKBGHZMNFTKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- SWGJCIMEBVHMTA-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;6-oxido-4-sulfo-5-[(4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].C1=CC=C2C(N=NC3=C4C(=CC(=CC4=CC=C3O)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C2=C1 SWGJCIMEBVHMTA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F14/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F14/02—Monomers containing chlorine
- C08F14/04—Monomers containing two carbon atoms
- C08F14/06—Vinyl chloride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/002—Scale prevention in a polymerisation reactor or its auxiliary parts
- C08F2/005—Scale prevention in a polymerisation reactor or its auxiliary parts by addition of a scale inhibitor to the polymerisation medium
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
Description
Nærværende oppfinnelse vedrører en fremgangsmåte for polymerisasjon av vinylklorid eller en.monomer blanding av vinylklorid som hovedkomponent med en eller flere kopolymeriserbare.monomerer, for The present invention relates to a method for the polymerization of vinyl chloride or a monomeric mixture of vinyl chloride as the main component with one or more copolymerizable monomers, for
derved å hindre avsetning av polymerskall på veggene og overflatene til en polymerisasjonsreaktor, og da de.vegger og.overflater som kommer i kontakt med monomeren eller monomerene. thereby preventing the deposition of polymer shell on the walls and surfaces of a polymerization reactor, and then the walls and surfaces that come into contact with the monomer or monomers.
For fremstilling av polyvinylklorldharpikser er det kjent flere metoder, og av disse kan nevnes suspensjonspolymerisasjon, emulsjonspolymerisasjon, iøsningspolymerisasJon, gassfåsepolymerisasjon og massepolymerisasjon. Ingen av disse tidligere kjente fremgangsmåter har imidlertid vært fri for problemene i samband 'med avsetning av polymerskall på overflatene i en polymerisasjonsreaktor under polymeriseringsprosessen. Ved de hittil kjente fremgangsmåter vil de nevnte overflater som kommer i kontakt med monomer., d.v,.s.-. innerveggene til reaktoren og overflatene til agitatoren i reaktoren, således bli overtrukket med polymerskall i løpet av polymériserlngs-prosessen, dg dette resulterer i redusert polymerutbytte og .. redusert kjølékåpasitet hos reaktoren. Videre, får man den tendens at stykker av det således utfe.lte polymer skallet kan løsne fra overflatene og komme inn i det' ferdige polymerproduktet, som derved blir. av dårligere kvalitet* Hva som imidlertid kan være vérre er at rengjøringen av polymerisasjonsreaktorén for fjerning av polymerskall etter hver polymerisasJonskjøring ikke bare krever både meget arbeid og tid,, men også resulterer i alvorlige helsé-problemer for arbeiderne på grunn av giftigheten til dén ureagerte monomeren som er absorbert i polymerskallet. ;Ifølge en annen tidligere kjent fremgangsmåte hår man for å hindre avsetning av polymerskall på innerveggene bg andre overflater i en polymerisasjonsreaktor foreslått å overtrekke overflatene før hver polymeriseringsoperasjon påbegynnes med en forbindelse utvalgt blant polare organiske forbindelser så som aminforbindelser, kinon-forbindelser og aldehydforbindelser, organiske fargestoffer og pigmenter (jfr. U.S. patent nr. 3.669.9^6). Denne fremgangsmåte er imidlertid uhensiktsmessig på grunn av den besværlige -tørke-prosessen som må foretas etter den nevnte overtrekking samt på grunn av den reduserte produktivitet til polymerisasjonsreaktorén, ;og som skyldes den relativt lange tid som går med ved overtrekkingen mellom hver polymerisasjonskjøring. Fremgangsmåten er likeledes uhensiktsmessig på grunn av at den forårsaker miljøforurensning og helseproblemer, som i sin tur forårsakes av store mengder anvendte organiske løsningsmidler samt de ved overtrekkingen anvendte forbindelser. ;Formålet med nærværende oppfinnelse er å fremskaffe en ny og forbedret fremgangsmåte, som ikke er ledsaget av de ovenfor nevnte problemer, og hvorved man oppnår en effektiv hindring av polymerskallavsetning ved enhver type vlnylkloridpolymerisasjon på veggene og andre overflater i polymerisasjonsreaktorén samt en meget høy produktivitet. ;Fremgangsmåten for polymerisering av vinylklorid eller en monomer blanding av vinylklorid som hovedkomponent med en eller flere kopolymeriserbare monomerer omfatter ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse tilsetning til en polymerisasJonsblanding av minst et additiv utvalgt fra gruppen bestående av Jod, Jodforbindelser, brom, bromforbindelser, tiocyanater, isotiocyanater, fytinsyre, salter av fytinsyre og reduserende organiske forbindelser. ;Hindringen av polymerskallavsetning ifølge ovenfor beskrevne fremgangsmåte kan ytterligere forbedres ved å overtrekke de forskjellige overflatene, som kommer i kontakt med monomeren eller monomerene, med en polar organisk forbindelse eller et organisk fargestoff. Additivene som tilsettes polymerisasjonsblandingen utvelges ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse fra gruppen bestående av jod; uorganiske jodsalter så som natriumjodid, kaliumjodid, ammoniumjodid, kalsiumjodid, magnesiumjodid, sinkjodid, jernjodid og .nikkeljodid; hydrogenjodid; organiske jodforbindelser så som etyljodid og butyljodid; forbindelser med jod med positiv valens så som jodtiocyanat I(SCN), jodperklorat l(CLO^), jodcyanid l(CN), jodacetat I(CH^COO)^, jodnitrat l(NO^)-j og et jodsulfat I?(SO^)^eller i(SO^); brom; uorganiske bromsalter såsom natriumbromid, kaliumbromid, ammoniumbromid, kalsiumbromid, magnesiumbromid, sinkbromid, jernbromid og nikkelbromid; organiske bromforbindelser såsom etylbromid og butyl-bromid; tiocyanater såsom natriumtiocyanat, kaliumtiocyanat, ammoniumtiocyanat, kalsiumtiocyanat, jerntiocyanat, kromtiocyanat og nikkeltiocyanat; isotiocyanater såsom natriUmisotlocyanat, kaliumisotiocyanat, ammoniumisotiocyanat, kalsiumisotiocyanat, jernisotiocyanat, kromisotiocyanat og nikkelisotiocyanat»fytinsyre; natrium-, kalium- og ammoniumsalter av fytinsyrej og reduserende organiske forbindelser såsom glyserolaldehyd, askorbinsyre og reduserende karbohydrater (f.eks. glykose, fruktose, mannose, ;mal tose og laktose). Karbohydrater såsom sakkarose, og som ikke oppviser noen reduserende egenskap som sådan, men som er i stand til å gi reduserende egenskap til sine under polymerisasjonen dannede hydrolysater, er like effektive som de reduserende karbohydratene. ;De polare organiske forbindelsene som anvendes for overtrekklng;eller belegging av de forskjellige overflatene, som kommer i kontakt.med monomer eller monomerer i polymerisasjonsreaktorén i forbindelse med tilsetningen av de ovenfor nevnte additiver til polymerisasjonsblandingen, er organiske forbindelser som'har ett eller flere atomer eller grupper med uparede elektroner,, såsom oksygen-, nitrogen- og svovelatomer,, i sine molekyler. Illustrerende polare organiske forbindelser er nitrogenholdige organiske forbindelser utvalgt fra de med azo-, nitro-, ni troso- eller azometlngrupper eller azinrfnger og aminforbindelser såsom azo-metan, azobenzen, nitrobenzen, monoaminomononitroazobenzen, ;pyrazin, pyridin, tiaziner, oksaziner (f.eks. morfolln), anilin, benzalanilin, etylendiamintetraeddiksyre, c< -naftylamin, etanol-amin, dietanolamin, trietanolamin, vitamin Bg (d.v.s. nikotinsyre-amid) . og. klorofyll; svovelholdige organiske forbindelser utvalgt fra slike med tiokarbonyl- eller merkaptogrupper eller tioeter-binding såsom tioglykolsyre, tiourea, tiokarbanllsyre, tiokarbaminsyre, tiobenzosyre, tioetere og merkaptaner; oksygen-holdige forbindelser utvalgt fra kinoner såsom p-benzokinon, ketoner såsom acetofenon og benzofenon, aldehyder såsom acetaldehyd og benzaldehyd, alkoholer med fler enn 5 karbonatomer såsom cetylalkohol, oktylalkohol og benzylalkohol og karboksylsyrer med fler enn 5 karbonatomer såsom stearinsyre og naftosyrer; og alifatiske eller alisykliske polyen-forbindelser med konjugerte dobbelt-bindinger såsom vitamin A^, vitamin A2og & få- og ^- karotiner. ;De organiske fargestoffene som også egner seg for helegging eller overtrekking av overflatene kan eksemplifiseres med metylenblått; nigrosinsvart; nigroslnbase ("nigrosine base"); oljesvart ("oil black"); spritsvart ("spirit black"); anilinsvart; fluorescein; monoazo- og polyazofargestoffer såsom "Amaranth";<:>metallholdige. azofargestoffer; naftolfargestoffer tilhørende azoholdige ("azoic") eller inaktive azofargestoffer; dispergerte azofargestofferj antrakinonfargestoffer såsom antrakinonsyre-fargestoffer, antrakinon-garvefargestoffer, antron-garvefargestoffer, alizarin-fargestoffer såsom alzarin og dispergerte antrakinonfargestofferj indigo-fargestoffer såsom "Brilliant Indigo B", "Threne Red Violet RH" og "Threne Printing Black B"; sulfid-fargestoffer såsom "Sulfur Blue FBB" og "Sulfur Black B"; ftalocyanin-fargestoffer såsom kobberftalocyanin samt ikke-metallholdige ftalocyanin-forbindelser; difenylmetan- og trifenylmetanfargestoffer; nitro-fargestoffer; hitrosofargestoffer; tiazolfargestofferjxanten-fargestoffer; akridinfargestoffer; azinfargestofferj oksazin-fargestoffer; tiazinfargestoffer; benzokinon- og naftokinon-fargestoffer; cyaninfargestoffer; og beslektede forbindelser av organiske fargestoffer såsom komplekse forbindelser eller blandinger av tjære og bek såvel som visse vannløslige organiske fargestoffer. ;De sistnevnte vannløslige organiske fargestoffene omfatter (1) alkalimetallsalter av sulfonsyrer såsom "Direct Brilliant Yellow G" ;(direkte fargestoff), "Acid light Yellow 20". (surt fargestoff), "Levafix Yellow 4g" (reaktivt fargestoff), "Procion Brilliant Orange G" (reaktivt fargestoff), "Direct Fast Scarlet GS" (direkte fargestoff),- "Direct Bordeaux NS" (direkte fargestoff), "Brilliant. Scarlet 3R" (surt fargestoff), "Acid Alizarin Red B" (surt beise-, fargestoff), "Direct Turkish Blue GL" (direkte fargestoff), "Cibacron Blue JG" (reaktivt fargestoff), "Blankophor B" (surt fargestoff), "Nigrosine" (surt fargestoff) og "Sirius Gray G" ;(direkte fargestoff); alkalimetallsalter av karboksylsyrer.såsom "Chrysamine G". (direkte fargestoff), "Direct Fast Yellow GG" ;(direkte fargestoff), "Chrome Yellow G" (surt beise-fargestoff), "Chrome Yellow ME" (surt beisefargestoff) og "Eosine G" (surt fargestoff);, kvaternære ammoniumsalter såsom "Basic Flavin 8G" ;(basisk fargestoff), "Astrazon Yellow 3G" (basisk fargestoff), "Rhodamine 6GCP" (basisk fargestoff), "Safranine T" (basisk fargestoff), "Rhodamine B" (basisk fargestoff) og "Daitophor AN" ;(basisk fargestoff); og hydroklorider såsom "Auramine Conc" (basisk fargestoff), "Chrysoidine" (basisk fargestoff) og "Bismarck Brown BG" (basisk fargestoff). ;Blant de ovenfor nevnte organiske fargestoffene og beslektede forbindelser er de mest foretrukkede nigrosinsvart, nigrosinbase ("nigrosine base"), spritsvart'("spirit black") og oljesvart' ;("oil black").;Ved utførelse av fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse tilsettes additivet eller additivene som sådanne til polymerisasjonsblandingen, eller , hvis nødvendig, som en oppløsning eller dispersjon i et løsningsmiddel eller i en blanding av løsningsmidler. For formålet egnede løsningsmidler råder ingen spesiell begrensning, og egnede løsningsmidler kan være vann, alkoholer, estere, ketoner, hydrokarboner eller klorerte hydrokarboner. ;Mengden av tilsatt additiv eller additiver til polymerisasjonsblandingen bør minst være J> vekts-p.p.m. basert på vekten av monomer eller monomerer. Enhver mengde som overstiger 5000 vekts-p.p.m. resulterer i forskjellige uønskede effekter i forbindelse med polymerisasjonsprosessen, men også når det gjelder kvaliteten av polymerprbduktet. Følgelig foretrekkes at mengden av additiv eller additiver ligger i området fra 3 til 5000 vekts-p.p.m., eller fortrinnsvis fra 10 til 1000 vekt,s-p.p.m., basert på vekten av monomer eller monomerer. Additivene tilsettes polymerisasJonsblandingen fortrinnsvis før polymerisasJonen påbegynnes. Det ;er imidlertid valgfritt å foreta tilsetningen under.polymerisasjonen. ;Dernest, ved anvendelse av de polare organiske forbindelsene, eller de organiske fargestoffene for overtrekking av veggene og øvrige overflater som kommer i kontakt med monomer eller monomerer inne polymerisasjonsreaktorén, blir beleggforbindelsene på forhånd oppløst eller dispergert i et løsningsmiddel eller en blanding åv løsningsmidler. De overtrukkede eller belagte overflater tørkes ;ved hjelp av luft eller varmluft ved ca. 60 - 70°C. Når to eller flere overtrekk påføres med like eller forskjellige belegg-forbindelser på overflatene, utføres.varmluft-tørkingen fortrinnsvis etter at hvert enkelt overtrekk er pålagt. ;Eksempler på egnede løsningsmidler for oppløsning eller dlspergering av de organiske forbindelsene eller fargestoffene for overtrekking av overflatene er etere såsom tetrahydrbfuran og diisoprbpyleter> alkoholer såsom metanol, etanol og propanoi; estere såsom metyl-acetat og etylacetat; ketoner såsom aceton og metyletylketonj hydrokarboner såsom benzen, toluen, xylen og heksan; klorerte hydrokarboner såsom metylenklorid, karbontetraklorid dg trikloretylen; aprotiske løsningsmidler såsom dimetylformamid, dimetyl-acetamid og dimetylsulfoksyd. ;Mengden av beleggforblndelsen, som påføres overflatene, er på;minst 0,0001 g, eller, fortrinnsvis .på mellom 0,005 og 1,0 g pr. m overtrukket flate, slik at full effekt ved ytterligere forbedring av forebyggingen eller hindringen av pblymerskallaysetning kan oppnås. ;Tilsetningen av additivene til polymerisasjonsblandingen uten ytterligere arbeide med å overtrekke overflatene er tilstrekkelig effektivt for å hindre polymerskallavsetning i de fleste tilfeller. Dette representerer også størst fordeler da ingen forurensning erholdes. Man unngår nemlig å anvende organiske løsningsmidler. Dessuten forbedres effektiviteten ved produksjonen meget på grunn av at arbeidet med den tidskrevende beleggingen bortfaller. ;Den ovenfor nevnte effekt i forbindelse med å hindre polymerskallavsetning kan ytterligere økes ved at man i tillegg belegger de forskjellige overflater. I dette tilfelle kan den tilsatte mengden av additiv eller additiver til polymerisasjonsblandingen reduseres, og når først innerveggene og de øvrige overflatene til polymerisasjonsreaktorén har blitt overtrukket med beleggforbindelsene kan man utføre et stort antall polymerisasjons-kjøringer uavbrutt uten at polymerskallavsetninger erholdes. Dette forhold skyldes den synergistiske virkningen av additiver og overtrekk. ;Fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse er effektiv ved. polymerisasjon av vinylklorid uansett polymerisasjonstyper, d.v.s. uansett suspensjonspolymerisasjon, emulsjonspolymerisasjon, løsningspolymerisasjon eller massepolymerisasjon. Fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse er ikke begrenset av hjelpe-additiver som tilsettes polymerisasJonsblandingen. Slike hjelpe-additiver kan være polymerisasjonsinitiatorer, suspensjonsmidler, emulgerings-midler og eventuelt kjedeoverførere. Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen er heller ikke begrenset av polymerisasjonstemperatur og omrøringsgrad. Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen oppviser . utmerket effekt med hensyn til å hindre polymerskallavsetning ikke bare ved homopolymerisasjon av vinylklorid, men også ved kopolymerisasjon av vinylklorid med en eller flere etylenlignende umettede monomerer, som er kopolymeriserbare med vinylklorid, ;som f.eks. vinylestere*vinyletere, akrylonitril, akryl- og metakrylsyre og deres estere; maléin- og fumarsyre og deres estere eller anhydrid av maleinsyre, aromatiske vinylmonomerer, Several methods are known for the production of polyvinyl chloride resins, of which suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, gas phase polymerization and mass polymerization can be mentioned. However, none of these previously known methods have been free of the problems in connection with the deposition of polymer shell on the surfaces in a polymerization reactor during the polymerization process. In the hitherto known methods, the mentioned surfaces that come into contact with monomer., i.v,.s.-. the inner walls of the reactor and the surfaces of the agitator in the reactor, thus become coated with a polymer shell during the polymerization process, dg this results in reduced polymer yield and .. reduced cooling capacity of the reactor. Furthermore, one gets the tendency that pieces of the thus deposited polymer shell can detach from the surfaces and enter the finished polymer product, which thereby becomes. of inferior quality* What can be worse, however, is that the cleaning of the polymerization reactor to remove polymer shell after each polymerization run not only requires a lot of work and time, but also results in serious health problems for the workers due to the toxicity of the unreacted monomer which is absorbed in the polymer shell. According to another previously known method, in order to prevent the deposition of polymer shells on the inner walls and other surfaces in a polymerization reactor, it is proposed to coat the surfaces before each polymerization operation begins with a compound selected from polar organic compounds such as amine compounds, quinone compounds and aldehyde compounds, organic dyes and pigments (cf. U.S. patent no. 3,669,9^6). However, this method is inappropriate because of the troublesome drying process that must be carried out after the said coating and because of the reduced productivity of the polymerization reactor, and which is due to the relatively long time involved in the coating between each polymerization run. The procedure is also inappropriate because it causes environmental pollution and health problems, which in turn are caused by large amounts of organic solvents used and the compounds used during the coating. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method, which is not accompanied by the above-mentioned problems, and which achieves an effective prevention of polymer shell deposition in any type of woolen chloride polymerization on the walls and other surfaces of the polymerization reactor, as well as a very high productivity. The method for polymerizing vinyl chloride or a monomer mixture of vinyl chloride as the main component with one or more copolymerizable monomers comprises, according to the present invention, the addition to a polymerization mixture of at least one additive selected from the group consisting of iodine, iodine compounds, bromine, bromine compounds, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, phytic acid , salts of phytic acid and reducing organic compounds. The prevention of polymer shell deposition according to the method described above can be further improved by coating the various surfaces, which come into contact with the monomer or monomers, with a polar organic compound or an organic dye. The additives which are added to the polymerization mixture are selected according to the present invention from the group consisting of iodine; inorganic iodine salts such as sodium iodide, potassium iodide, ammonium iodide, calcium iodide, magnesium iodide, zinc iodide, iron iodide and nickel iodide; hydrogen iodide; organic iodine compounds such as ethyl iodide and butyl iodide; compounds with positively valenced iodine such as iodocyanate I(SCN), iodoperchlorate I(CLO^), iodocyanide I(CN), iodoacetate I(CH^COO)^, iodonitrate I(NO^)-j and an iodide sulfate I?( SO^)^or i(SO^); bromine; inorganic bromine salts such as sodium bromide, potassium bromide, ammonium bromide, calcium bromide, magnesium bromide, zinc bromide, iron bromide and nickel bromide; organic bromine compounds such as ethyl bromide and butyl bromide; thiocyanates such as sodium thiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate, ammonium thiocyanate, calcium thiocyanate, iron thiocyanate, chromium thiocyanate and nickel thiocyanate; isothiocyanates such as sodium isothiocyanate, potassium isothiocyanate, ammonium isothiocyanate, calcium isothiocyanate, iron isothiocyanate, chromium isothiocyanate and nickel isothiocyanate»phytic acid; sodium, potassium and ammonium salts of phytic acid and reducing organic compounds such as glycerol aldehyde, ascorbic acid and reducing carbohydrates (eg glucose, fructose, mannose, maltose and lactose). Carbohydrates such as sucrose, which do not exhibit any reducing properties as such, but are capable of imparting reducing properties to their hydrolysates formed during polymerization, are as effective as the reducing carbohydrates. The polar organic compounds used for coating or coating the various surfaces that come into contact with the monomer or monomers in the polymerization reactor in connection with the addition of the above-mentioned additives to the polymerization mixture are organic compounds that have one or more atoms or groups with unpaired electrons, such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur atoms, in their molecules. Illustrative polar organic compounds are nitrogen-containing organic compounds selected from those with azo-, nitro-, nitrozo- or azomethylene groups or azine groups and amine compounds such as azo-methane, azobenzene, nitrobenzene, monoaminomononitroazobenzene, pyrazine, pyridine, thiazines, oxazines (e.g. . morpholln), aniline, benzalaniline, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, c<-naphthylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, vitamin Bg (i.e., nicotinic acid amide) . and. chlorophyll; sulfur-containing organic compounds selected from those with thiocarbonyl or mercapto groups or thioether linkage such as thioglycolic acid, thiourea, thiocarbamic acid, thiocarbamic acid, thiobenzoic acid, thioethers and mercaptans; oxygen-containing compounds selected from quinones such as p-benzoquinone, ketones such as acetophenone and benzophenone, aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde, alcohols with more than 5 carbon atoms such as cetyl alcohol, octyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol and carboxylic acids with more than 5 carbon atoms such as stearic acid and naphtho acids; and aliphatic or alicyclic polyene compounds with conjugated double bonds such as vitamin A 2 , vitamin A 2 , and ω- and ω-carotenes. ;The organic dyes which are also suitable for curing or coating the surfaces can be exemplified by methylene blue; nigrosin black; nigroslnbase ("nigrosine base"); oil black ("oil black"); spirit black ("spirit black"); aniline black; fluorescein; monoazo and polyazo dyes such as "Amaranth";<:>metal-containing. azo dyes; naphthol dyes belonging to azo-containing ("azoic") or inactive azo dyes; dispersed azo dyesj anthraquinone dyes such as anthraquinone acid dyes, anthraquinone tanning dyes, anthrone tanning dyes, alizarin dyes such as alzarin and dispersed anthraquinone dyesj indigo dyes such as "Brilliant Indigo B", "Threne Red Violet RH" and "Threne Printing Black B"; sulfide dyes such as "Sulfur Blue FBB" and "Sulfur Black B"; phthalocyanine dyes such as copper phthalocyanine as well as non-metallic phthalocyanine compounds; diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane dyes; nitro dyes; hot pink dyes; thiazole dyes; xanthene dyes; acridine dyes; azine dyesj oxazine dyes; thiazine dyes; benzoquinone and naphthoquinone dyes; cyanine dyes; and related compounds of organic dyes such as complex compounds or mixtures of tar and pitch as well as certain water-soluble organic dyes. The latter water-soluble organic dyes include (1) alkali metal salts of sulfonic acids such as "Direct Brilliant Yellow G" (direct dye), "Acid light Yellow 20". (acid dye), "Levafix Yellow 4g" (reactive dye), "Procion Brilliant Orange G" (reactive dye), "Direct Fast Scarlet GS" (direct dye),- "Direct Bordeaux NS" (direct dye), "Brilliant . Scarlet 3R" (acid dye), "Acid Alizarin Red B" (acid mordant, dye), "Direct Turkish Blue GL" (direct dye), "Cibacron Blue JG" (reactive dye), "Blankophor B" (acid dye), "Nigrosine" (acid dye) and "Sirius Gray G" ;(direct dye); alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids.such as "Chrysamine G". (direct dye), "Direct Fast Yellow GG" ;(direct dye), "Chrome Yellow G" (acid mordant dye), "Chrome Yellow ME" (acid mordant dye) and "Eosine G" (acid mordant);, quaternary ammonium salts such as "Basic Flavin 8G" (basic dye), "Astrazon Yellow 3G" (basic dye), "Rhodamine 6GCP" (basic dye), "Safranine T" (basic dye), "Rhodamine B" (basic dye) and "Daitophor AN" ;(basic dye); and hydrochlorides such as "Auramine Conc" (basic dye), "Chrysoidine" (basic dye) and "Bismarck Brown BG" (basic dye). Among the above-mentioned organic dyes and related compounds, the most preferred are nigrosine black, nigrosine base ("nigrosine base"), spirit black' ("spirit black") and oil black'; invention, the additive or additives are added as such to the polymerization mixture, or, if necessary, as a solution or dispersion in a solvent or in a mixture of solvents. Solvents suitable for the purpose are not particularly limited, and suitable solvents may be water, alcohols, esters, ketones, hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons. ;The amount of additive or additives added to the polymerization mixture should be at least J> weight p.p.m. based on the weight of monomer or monomers. Any quantity exceeding 5,000 w.p.m. results in various undesirable effects in connection with the polymerization process, but also in terms of the quality of the polymer product. Accordingly, it is preferred that the amount of additive or additives is in the range of from 3 to 5000 wt.p.p.m., or preferably from 10 to 1000 wt.s.p.p.m., based on the weight of monomer or monomers. The additives are preferably added to the polymerization mixture before the polymerization begins. However, it is optional to make the addition during the polymerization. Next, when using the polar organic compounds, or the organic dyes for coating the walls and other surfaces that come into contact with the monomer or monomers inside the polymerization reactor, the coating compounds are previously dissolved or dispersed in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. The coated or coated surfaces are dried using air or hot air at approx. 60 - 70°C. When two or more overcoats are applied with the same or different coating compounds on the surfaces, the hot air drying is preferably carried out after each individual overcoat has been applied. Examples of suitable solvents for dissolving or dispersing the organic compounds or dyes for coating the surfaces are ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and diisopropylether; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propane; esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and hexane; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene; aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and dimethylsulfoxide. The amount of the coating compound applied to the surfaces is at least 0.0001 g, or, preferably, between 0.005 and 1.0 g per m coated surface, so that the full effect of further improvement of the prevention or hindrance of pblymer scale deposition can be achieved. ;The addition of the additives to the polymerization mixture without further work to coat the surfaces is sufficiently effective to prevent polymer shell deposition in most cases. This also represents the greatest advantages as no pollution is obtained. One avoids using organic solvents. In addition, the efficiency of production is greatly improved due to the fact that the time-consuming coating work is eliminated. The above-mentioned effect in connection with preventing polymer shell deposition can be further increased by additionally coating the various surfaces. In this case, the added quantity of additive or additives to the polymerization mixture can be reduced, and once the inner walls and the other surfaces of the polymerization reactor have been coated with the coating compounds, a large number of polymerization runs can be carried out continuously without polymer shell deposits being obtained. This relationship is due to the synergistic effect of additives and coatings. ;The method according to the present invention is effective at. polymerization of vinyl chloride regardless of polymerization types, i.e. regardless of suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization or mass polymerization. The method according to the present invention is not limited by auxiliary additives which are added to the polymerization mixture. Such auxiliary additives can be polymerization initiators, suspension agents, emulsifiers and possibly chain transfer agents. The method according to the invention is also not limited by polymerization temperature and degree of agitation. The method according to the invention exhibits . excellent effect with regard to preventing polymer shell deposition not only by homopolymerization of vinyl chloride, but also by copolymerization of vinyl chloride with one or more ethylene-like unsaturated monomers, which are copolymerizable with vinyl chloride, such as e.g. vinyl esters* vinyl ethers, acrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic acid and their esters; maleic and fumaric acids and their esters or anhydride of maleic acid, aromatic vinyl monomers,
vinylhalogenider bortsett fra vinylklorid, vinylidenhalogenidervinyl halides except vinyl chloride, vinylidene halides
og olefiner.and olefins.
I det følgende skal eksmpler illustrere fremgangsmåten ifølge nærværende oppfinnelse. I eksemplene er angivelsen i p.p.m. basert på vekten av monomer eller monomerer. Varmestabiliteten til produktet og antallet "fiskeøyne" som det henvises til i beskrivelsen og enkelte eksempler ble bestemt som angitt nedenfor. In the following, examples shall illustrate the method according to the present invention. In the examples, the indication is in p.p.m. based on the weight of monomer or monomers. The thermal stability of the product and the number of "fish eyes" referred to in the description and some examples were determined as indicated below.
Bestemmelse av produktets varmestabilitet.Determination of the product's thermal stability.
En blanding bestående av 100 vekts-deler polyvinylklorid-harpiks,A mixture consisting of 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride resin,
1 vekts-del dibutyltinnmaleat og 1 vektsdel stearinsyre ble blandet på en valseblander ved 170°C i 10 minutter for dannelse, av et ark med 0,7 mm tykkelse. Arket ble oppvarmet i en Geer-ovn ved l80°C, 1 part by weight of dibutyltin maleate and 1 part by weight of stearic acid were mixed on a roller mixer at 170°C for 10 minutes to form a sheet of 0.7 mm thickness. The sheet was heated in a Geer oven at 180°C,
og tiden til sverting inntraff ble angitt i minutter. På denne måte ble varmestabiliteten til polyvinylkloridharpiks bestemt. and the time until blackening occurred was given in minutes. In this way, the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride resin was determined.
Bestemmelse av " fiskeøyne".Determination of "fish eyes".
En blanding bestående av 100 vektsdeler polyvinylkloridharpiks,A mixture consisting of 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride resin,
50 vektsdeler dioktylftalat, 1 vektsdel dibutyltinndilaurat, 1 vekts-del cetylalkohol, 0,25 vektsdeler titandioksyd og 0,25 vektsdeler kjønrøk ble blandet på en valseblander ved 150°C i 7 minutter for dannelse av et ark med 0,2 mm tykkelse. Antallet erholdte "fiskeøyne" 50 parts by weight of dioctyl phthalate, 1 part by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate, 1 part by weight of cetyl alcohol, 0.25 parts by weight of titanium dioxide and 0.25 parts by weight of carbon black were mixed on a roller mixer at 150°C for 7 minutes to form a sheet of 0.2 mm thickness. The number of "fish eyes" obtained
i arket ble tellet ved å transmittere lys over en flate av arketin the sheet was counted by transmitting light over a surface of the sheet
2 2
på 100 cm".of 100 cm".
Eksempel 1. Til en 1000 liter stor polymerisasjonsreaktor av rustfritt stål, og som var utstyrt med en ledeplate og en agitator med blad av skovl-type som hadde en diameter på 600 mm, ble det chargert 200 kg vinylklorid, 500 kg avionisert vann,. 200 g delvis forsåpet polivinyl-alkohol, 60 g azobisdimetylvaleronitril samt hvert av de forskjellige additiver som angis i tabell I og i mengder som angis i samme tabell. Polymerisasjonen ble deretter utført<y>ed 57°C 1 9 timer. Mengden, utfelt polymerskall, partikkelstørrelse-fordeling av det erholdte produkt og antallet erholdte "flskeøyne" i-produktet ble bestemt med det i tabellen viste resultat. Varmestabiliteten til harpiks-produktet var 120 minutter i alle forsøk fra nr.l til nr. Example 1. To a 1000-liter polymerization reactor of stainless steel, which was equipped with a guide plate and a paddle-type blade agitator having a diameter of 600 mm, 200 kg of vinyl chloride, 500 kg of deionized water, were charged. 200 g of partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, 60 g of azobisdimethylvaleronitrile and each of the various additives indicated in Table I and in quantities indicated in the same table. The polymerization was then carried out at 57°C for 19 hours. The quantity, precipitated polymer shell, particle size distribution of the obtained product and the number of obtained "fish eyes" in the product were determined with the result shown in the table. The heat stability of the resin product was 120 minutes in all trials from No. 1 to No.
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
Til en 500 liter stor glassforet polymerisasjonsreaktor ble det chargert 8,5 kg vinylklorid, 1,5 kg vinylacetat, 20 kg avionisert vann,. 10 g delvis forsåpet polyvlnylalkohol, 3 g diisopropyl-peroksydikarbonat, 200 g trikloretylen samt hvert av de additiver som er angitt i tabell II og i mengder som angis i samme tabell. Deretter og etter en 15 minutters blanding ble polymerisasjonen utført ved 58°C i 12 timer. Mengden av utfelt polymerskall.1 hvert, forsøk fremgår av tabellen. Harpiksproduktene ble funnet å være tilfredsstillende med hensyn til fordelingen av partikkel-størrelse, varmestabilitet og forekomst av "fIskeøyne". 8.5 kg of vinyl chloride, 1.5 kg of vinyl acetate, 20 kg of deionized water were charged to a 500-litre glass-lined polymerization reactor. 10 g of partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, 3 g of diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, 200 g of trichloroethylene and each of the additives indicated in Table II and in amounts indicated in the same table. Then and after a 15 minute mixing, the polymerization was carried out at 58°C for 12 hours. The amount of precipitated polymer shell.1 per trial is shown in the table. The resin products were found to be satisfactory with regard to particle size distribution, heat stability and occurrence of "fish eyes".
Eksempel 3- Example 3-
Ved anvendelse av den samme polymerisasjonsreaktor som i eksempel 1 ble dennes innervegger og overflater til agitatoren overtrukket med oppløsningen eller dispersjonen som inneholdt 0,1$ av hver av beleggforbindélsene med løsningsmidler slik som angitt i tabell III, og da i en mengde på 0,05 g/m tørrstoff.\ De overtrukkede overflatene ble tørket ved innblåsning av varmluft ved 60°C i 70 minutter. Using the same polymerization reactor as in example 1, its inner walls and surfaces of the agitator were coated with the solution or dispersion containing 0.1$ of each of the coating compounds with solvents as indicated in Table III, and then in an amount of 0.05 g/m dry matter.\ The coated surfaces were dried by blowing in hot air at 60°C for 70 minutes.
Til den således overtrukkede polymerisasjonsreaktorén ble det chargert 200 kg vinylklorid-monomer, 500 kg avionisert vann,. 200 kg of vinyl chloride monomer, 500 kg of deionized water were charged to the thus coated polymerization reactor.
200 g delvis forsåpet polyvinylalkohol og 60 g azobisdlmetyl-valeronitril med eller uten tilsetning av kalsiumjodid eller glykose som angitt i tabell III. Polymerisasjonen ble utført ved 57°C i 16 timer med agltering ved en hastighet på 100 o.p.m. i en sats etterfulgt av en annen eller flere satser. Etter den første og hver etterfølgende sats ble innerveggenes overflater undersøkt med hensyn til matt utseende ved hjelp av det blotte øye eller med hensyn til polymerskallavsetning i mengder på over 1 g. Et matt utseende ble tolket som en forvarsel om at uønsket polymerskallavsetning ville finne sted umiddelbart etter den aktuelle sats. Følgelig ble antallet satser som kunne kjøres' étter den første satsen og uten at uønsket skallavsetning ble erholdt bestemt i hvert forsøk. Resultatene vises i tabell III. 200 g of partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol and 60 g of azobisdlmethyl-valeronitrile with or without the addition of calcium iodide or glucose as indicated in Table III. The polymerization was carried out at 57°C for 16 hours with agitation at a speed of 100 rpm. in one movement followed by another or more movements. After the first and each subsequent batch, the surfaces of the inner walls were examined for a dull appearance by the naked eye or for polymer shell deposition in amounts greater than 1 g. A dull appearance was interpreted as a forewarning that undesired polymer shell deposition would occur immediately according to the applicable rate. Consequently, the number of batches that could be run after the first batch and without unwanted shell deposition being obtained was determined in each trial. The results are shown in Table III.
Eksempel 4 Example 4
Massepolymerisasjon ble utført i et polymerisasjonsapparat omfattende en første 2-liters rustfri stålreaktor av den vertikale typen og en andre 4-liters rustfri stålreaktor av den horisontale typen. I den første reaktoren ble det chargert 800 g vinylklorid-monomer og 0,4 g azobisdimetylvaleronitril sammen med eller uten kalsiumjodid eller jod, slik som angitt itabell IV. Preliminær polymerisasjon ble utført ved 60°C i to timer med én agitering ved en hastighet på 900 o.p.m.. Etter den preliminære polymerisasjonen i den første reaktoren ble polymerisasjonsblandingen overført til den andre reaktoren, hvori det på forhåndvar chargert,0,4 g azobisdimetylvaleronitril og 800 g vinylklorid-monomer. Polymerisasjonen i den andre reaktoren ble utført ved 57°C i 10 timer med agitering ved en hastighet på 100 o.p.m.. Mengdene av utfelt polymerskall under den første og den, andre polymerisa.sjonen vises i tabell IV.'" Mass polymerization was carried out in a polymerization apparatus comprising a first 2-liter stainless steel reactor of the vertical type and a second 4-liter stainless steel reactor of the horizontal type. In the first reactor, 800 g of vinyl chloride monomer and 0.4 g of azobisdimethylvaleronitrile were charged together with or without calcium iodide or iodine, as indicated in Table IV. Preliminary polymerization was carried out at 60°C for two hours with one agitation at a speed of 900 rpm. After the preliminary polymerization in the first reactor, the polymerization mixture was transferred to the second reactor, into which 0.4 g of azobisdimethylvaleronitrile and 800 g vinyl chloride monomer. The polymerization in the second reactor was carried out at 57°C for 10 hours with agitation at a speed of 100 rpm. The amounts of precipitated polymer shell during the first and the second polymerization are shown in Table IV.''
Claims (18)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP50087975A JPS5212291A (en) | 1975-07-18 | 1975-07-18 | Process for polymerizing vinyl chloride |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO762472L true NO762472L (en) | 1977-01-19 |
Family
ID=13929823
Family Applications (1)
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|---|---|---|---|
| NO762472A NO762472L (en) | 1975-07-18 | 1976-07-15 |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5212291A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT354086B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE844044A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7604676A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH624687A5 (en) |
| CU (1) | CU21285A3 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2631325A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK152508C (en) |
| ES (1) | ES449769A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2318177A1 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB1543438A (en) |
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| NO (1) | NO762472L (en) |
| PL (1) | PL102539B1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT65375B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7608013L (en) |
| SU (1) | SU753364A3 (en) |
| YU (1) | YU39216B (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5218787A (en) * | 1975-08-04 | 1977-02-12 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Suspension polymerization process of vinyl chloride |
| JPS5227491A (en) * | 1975-08-28 | 1977-03-01 | Chisso Corp | Process for preparing a vinyl chloride polymer |
| DE2860931D1 (en) * | 1977-07-15 | 1981-11-12 | Ici Australia Ltd | Vinyl halide polymerization process |
| JPS55137108A (en) * | 1979-04-13 | 1980-10-25 | Nissan Chem Ind Ltd | Production of vinyl chloride resin |
| JPS606361B2 (en) * | 1979-10-22 | 1985-02-18 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | Polymerization method of vinyl chloride monomer |
| DE3401158A1 (en) * | 1984-01-14 | 1985-07-18 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Process for the polymerisation of vinyl chloride |
| JPS6151001A (en) * | 1984-08-17 | 1986-03-13 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | Production of vinyl polymer |
| JPS63127306U (en) * | 1987-02-13 | 1988-08-19 | ||
| FR2839724B1 (en) * | 2002-05-17 | 2005-08-05 | Solvay | RADICAL POLYMERIZATION METHODS FOR PREPARING HALOGEN POLYMERS AND HALOGEN POLYMERS |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1720481A1 (en) * | 1963-08-01 | 1971-07-01 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Process for the polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl chloride |
| FR1538572A (en) * | 1967-07-26 | 1968-09-06 | Pechiney Saint Gobain | Low Temperature Bulk Polymerization Improvement of Monomeric Compositions Containing Vinyl Chloride, and Resulting Products |
| US3631009A (en) * | 1968-01-15 | 1971-12-28 | Goodyear Tire & Rubber | Polymerization initiator activator salts |
| GB1218155A (en) * | 1968-05-03 | 1971-01-06 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | 0,2 - dibromo - 1,1,2 - trichloroethane as a molecular weight regulator for vinyl halide polymers |
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1975
- 1975-07-18 JP JP50087975A patent/JPS5212291A/en active Granted
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1976
- 1976-07-12 BE BE168840A patent/BE844044A/en unknown
- 1976-07-12 YU YU01710/76A patent/YU39216B/en unknown
- 1976-07-12 DE DE19762631325 patent/DE2631325A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1976-07-12 ES ES449769A patent/ES449769A1/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-14 SE SE7608013A patent/SE7608013L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-07-14 NL NL7607767A patent/NL7607767A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-07-14 AT AT516676A patent/AT354086B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-15 NO NO762472A patent/NO762472L/no unknown
- 1976-07-15 CH CH909376A patent/CH624687A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-16 DK DK322076A patent/DK152508C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1976-07-16 BR BR7604676A patent/BR7604676A/en unknown
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- 1976-07-16 GB GB29634/76A patent/GB1543437A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-16 PT PT65375A patent/PT65375B/en unknown
- 1976-07-16 SU SU762381452A patent/SU753364A3/en active
- 1976-07-17 PL PL1976191256A patent/PL102539B1/en unknown
- 1976-07-19 FR FR7621939A patent/FR2318177A1/en active Granted
- 1976-07-19 CU CU34544A patent/CU21285A3/en unknown
Also Published As
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| CH624687A5 (en) | 1981-08-14 |
| YU171076A (en) | 1982-05-31 |
| PT65375A (en) | 1976-08-01 |
| GB1543438A (en) | 1979-04-04 |
| CU21285A3 (en) | 1985-12-16 |
| BR7604676A (en) | 1977-08-02 |
| DE2631325A1 (en) | 1977-02-03 |
| SE7608013L (en) | 1977-01-19 |
| CU21285A (en) | 1978-09-08 |
| DK152508C (en) | 1988-08-29 |
| PL102539B1 (en) | 1979-04-30 |
| FR2318177A1 (en) | 1977-02-11 |
| BE844044A (en) | 1976-11-03 |
| FR2318177B1 (en) | 1978-05-19 |
| DK152508B (en) | 1988-03-07 |
| NL7607767A (en) | 1977-01-20 |
| JPS5321908B2 (en) | 1978-07-05 |
| SU753364A3 (en) | 1980-07-30 |
| YU39216B (en) | 1984-08-31 |
| PT65375B (en) | 1978-01-19 |
| ATA516676A (en) | 1979-05-15 |
| HU173654B (en) | 1979-07-28 |
| GB1543437A (en) | 1979-04-04 |
| ES449769A1 (en) | 1977-12-16 |
| DK322076A (en) | 1977-01-19 |
| AT354086B (en) | 1979-12-27 |
| JPS5212291A (en) | 1977-01-29 |
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