NO315214B1 - Fremgangsmåte og anordning ved petroleumslasting. (Avdampingstank over dekkog kompressorer med trykklagertanker) - Google Patents
Fremgangsmåte og anordning ved petroleumslasting. (Avdampingstank over dekkog kompressorer med trykklagertanker) Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO315214B1 NO315214B1 NO20011659A NO20011659A NO315214B1 NO 315214 B1 NO315214 B1 NO 315214B1 NO 20011659 A NO20011659 A NO 20011659A NO 20011659 A NO20011659 A NO 20011659A NO 315214 B1 NO315214 B1 NO 315214B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- crude oil
- ship
- voc
- process tank
- oil
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C9/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure
- F17C9/02—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure with change of state, e.g. vaporisation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
- F17C5/06—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures for filling with compressed gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
- B01D19/0068—General arrangements, e.g. flowsheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
- B01D5/0033—Other features
- B01D5/0036—Multiple-effect condensation; Fractional condensation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
- B01D5/0057—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation in combination with other processes
- B01D5/0069—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation in combination with other processes with degasification or deaeration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B27/00—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers
- B63B27/24—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers of pipe-lines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/03—Mixtures
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/013—Single phase liquid
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/038—Subatmospheric pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
- F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2225/0146—Two-phase
- F17C2225/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
- F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
- F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
- F17C2227/0135—Pumps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
- F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
- F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
- F17C2227/0157—Compressors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
- F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
- F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
- F17C2227/0171—Arrangement
- F17C2227/0185—Arrangement comprising several pumps or compressors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/03—Dealing with losses
- F17C2260/035—Dealing with losses of fluid
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
- F17C2265/06—Fluid distribution
- F17C2265/061—Fluid distribution for supply of supplying vehicles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0102—Applications for fluid transport or storage on or in the water
- F17C2270/0105—Ships
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0102—Applications for fluid transport or storage on or in the water
- F17C2270/0118—Offshore
- F17C2270/0121—Platforms
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0102—Applications for fluid transport or storage on or in the water
- F17C2270/0118—Offshore
- F17C2270/0126—Buoys
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20011659A NO315214B1 (no) | 2001-04-03 | 2001-04-03 | Fremgangsmåte og anordning ved petroleumslasting. (Avdampingstank over dekkog kompressorer med trykklagertanker) |
PCT/NO2002/000131 WO2002081298A1 (fr) | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-03 | Procede et appareil de chargement de petrole |
AT02708850T ATE462642T1 (de) | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-03 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum laden von erdöl |
CNB028092104A CN1257821C (zh) | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-03 | 装载石油的方法和设备 |
DE60235800T DE60235800D1 (de) | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-03 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum laden von erdöl |
KR1020037012967A KR100867240B1 (ko) | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-03 | 석유 적하 방법 및 장치 |
US10/474,237 US7096689B2 (en) | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-03 | Method and a device for loading petroleum |
EP02708850A EP1373062B1 (fr) | 2001-04-03 | 2002-04-03 | Procede et appareil de chargement de petrole |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20011659A NO315214B1 (no) | 2001-04-03 | 2001-04-03 | Fremgangsmåte og anordning ved petroleumslasting. (Avdampingstank over dekkog kompressorer med trykklagertanker) |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO20011659D0 NO20011659D0 (no) | 2001-04-03 |
NO20011659L NO20011659L (no) | 2002-10-04 |
NO315214B1 true NO315214B1 (no) | 2003-07-28 |
Family
ID=19912333
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO20011659A NO315214B1 (no) | 2001-04-03 | 2001-04-03 | Fremgangsmåte og anordning ved petroleumslasting. (Avdampingstank over dekkog kompressorer med trykklagertanker) |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7096689B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1373062B1 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100867240B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1257821C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE462642T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60235800D1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO315214B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002081298A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101012643B1 (ko) * | 2008-07-16 | 2011-02-09 | 대우조선해양 주식회사 | 원유 운반선의 휘발성 유기화합물 저감 시스템 및 방법 |
NO330757B1 (no) * | 2008-09-02 | 2011-07-04 | Ola Heggen | Metode for fordampning og eventuell destillering av vaesker ved hjelp av varmepumpe |
NO333898B1 (no) * | 2009-12-22 | 2013-10-14 | Waertsilae Oil & Gas Systems As | Fremgangsmåte og system for lasting av varm cargo |
KR101281176B1 (ko) * | 2011-05-18 | 2013-07-02 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | 원유 운반선의 휘발성 유기 화합물 배출 감소 장치 |
KR101271759B1 (ko) * | 2011-05-19 | 2013-06-05 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | 원유 운반선의 휘발성 유기 화합물 배출 감소 장치 |
KR101271761B1 (ko) * | 2011-06-22 | 2013-06-05 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | 원유 운반선의 휘발성 유기 화합물 배출 감소 장치 |
KR101291360B1 (ko) | 2011-07-01 | 2013-07-30 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | 액상화물 저장 탱크의 휘발성 유기 화합물 저감 장치 |
KR101281179B1 (ko) * | 2011-08-26 | 2013-07-02 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | 원유 운반선의 휘발성 유기 화합물 저감 장치 |
US9320989B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-04-26 | Haven Technology Solutions, LLC. | Apparatus and method for gas-liquid separation |
GB201520951D0 (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2016-01-13 | Babcock Ip Man Number One Ltd | Method of using VOC as oil tank blanket gas |
US10988214B1 (en) | 2020-02-04 | 2021-04-27 | G Squared V LLC | Offshore transfer and destruction of volatile organic compounds |
NO347384B1 (en) | 2021-10-26 | 2023-10-09 | Gba Marine As | Liquid loading assembly for loading a ship-hold or tank |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4276749A (en) * | 1980-04-16 | 1981-07-07 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Storage system for liquefied gases |
US5176002A (en) * | 1991-04-10 | 1993-01-05 | Process Systems International, Inc. | Method of controlling vapor loss from containers of volatile chemicals |
NO941704L (no) * | 1994-05-06 | 1995-11-07 | Kvaerner Process Systems As | Fjerning og gjenvinning av flyktige organiske bestanddeler, f.eks. ved lasting av råolje |
NO303836B1 (no) * | 1995-01-19 | 1998-09-07 | Sinvent As | FramgangsmÕte for kondensering av hydrokarbongass |
IL123547A0 (en) * | 1995-10-30 | 1998-10-30 | Enron Lng Dev Corp | Ship based system for compressed natural gas transport |
-
2001
- 2001-04-03 NO NO20011659A patent/NO315214B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-04-03 WO PCT/NO2002/000131 patent/WO2002081298A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-04-03 CN CNB028092104A patent/CN1257821C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-03 EP EP02708850A patent/EP1373062B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-03 KR KR1020037012967A patent/KR100867240B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2002-04-03 DE DE60235800T patent/DE60235800D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-03 AT AT02708850T patent/ATE462642T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-04-03 US US10/474,237 patent/US7096689B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO20011659L (no) | 2002-10-04 |
KR100867240B1 (ko) | 2008-11-10 |
ATE462642T1 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
NO20011659D0 (no) | 2001-04-03 |
EP1373062A1 (fr) | 2004-01-02 |
US20040148963A1 (en) | 2004-08-05 |
KR20040005906A (ko) | 2004-01-16 |
DE60235800D1 (de) | 2010-05-12 |
US7096689B2 (en) | 2006-08-29 |
CN1257821C (zh) | 2006-05-31 |
CN1505577A (zh) | 2004-06-16 |
WO2002081298A1 (fr) | 2002-10-17 |
EP1373062B1 (fr) | 2010-03-31 |
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