CN1257821C - 装载石油的方法和设备 - Google Patents

装载石油的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN1257821C
CN1257821C CNB028092104A CN02809210A CN1257821C CN 1257821 C CN1257821 C CN 1257821C CN B028092104 A CNB028092104 A CN B028092104A CN 02809210 A CN02809210 A CN 02809210A CN 1257821 C CN1257821 C CN 1257821C
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oil
voc
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tanker
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佩尔·洛特
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Knutsen OAS Shipping AS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C5/06—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures for filling with compressed gases
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/038—Subatmospheric pressure
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Abstract

一种从原油中分离挥发性有机组分，所谓的VOC的方法，其中当其装载于油轮上时，原油送入工艺容器(2)，其中形成根据原油蒸气压调节的负压，从其中液相的原油流入油轮的油舱中，同时气相VOC从工艺容器(2)中提取出来。

Description

装载石油的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及装载石油的方法，所述的石油主要以液体形式存在，但含有可挥发的有机化合物部分，以下称为VOC。本发明也涉及实施该方法的设备。
背景技术
当例如从平台将原油装载到油轮中时，组分的挥发性引起相当多的VOC蒸发，例如以甲烷和丙烷的形式。蒸发的程度随原油质量不同，原油的蒸气压具有重要的意义。在油轮装载期间其中油舱压力通常保持为1.05～1.07巴的蒸发的VOC部分为约0.5％。
在排干后，在油轮甲板上的油罐通常填充有非可燃性气体。通常，使用来自燃烧过程的废气，由此油罐主要填充有氮气和二氧化碳，但也可以为其他的燃烧产物例如煤烟。
当原油以一定的速度流入油轮的油舱中时，在单点浮标停泊装载情况下速度为每小时8000m3，立即发生VOC的蒸发，所述的VOC与已经在油罐中存在的燃烧气体混合。VOC和燃烧气体从油罐中立即移出以防止油罐中压力的增加。根据现有技术，将气体排出到大气中，或它们在分离器中小心处理分离VOC和燃烧气体，由此VOC用作油轮的燃料和/或再注入到油舱中。
在装载的第一阶段，当油罐中液体的填充液面相对低时，在油罐中存在的燃烧气体中的VOC部分相对少。因此分离装置必须从油罐中引出的VOC中处理和分离相对大部分的燃烧气体。随油罐填充，VOC的浓度增加，当油罐接近加满时，分离装置几乎专门处理VOC。分离装置必须具有压缩能力，能够使其以与原油装载相同的速度压缩成为压缩气体。该类型的装置不仅大而且复杂，证明根据现有技术很难实现满意的操作和装置的可靠性。
在输送时，货物中的晃动和移动将引起更多再注入的VOC以从货物中再一次分离出来。
在US4,276,749中描述了一种液化气的存储系统。在其一个方面该发明涉及从贮藏库转移液化气期间保存能量的方法和设备，在其另一个方面涉及防止在贮藏系统中液化气较轻组份的累积的方法和设备。
现有技术的装置没有设计以处理输送期间分离出的VOC，而且没有显示出这样的特征，即可以满足官方即将出台的90％VOC转化的要求。根据现有技术的安装和操作这样的装置也非常昂贵。
本发明的目的是弥补现有技术中的不足。
发明内容
根据本发明，本发明的目的通过以下的描述和所附的权利要求书中给出的特征得以实现。
通过例如单点浮标停泊装载系统泵入油轮甲板上的原油被送入工艺容器中，其中在负压下VOC与原油分离。根据蒸气压和原油含量调节负压，通常为约0.7巴绝对压力。在原油中的VOC从原油中立即被蒸发出来，通过例如根据熟知的该类型的气体压缩机从分离容器中提取。优选，脱气的原油流过液体密封并进入油轮的油舱中。这样设计液体密封以在工艺容器中保持适当的液面，及参考如下的说明书中特别部分的附图以更加详细的方式解释液体密封的操作原理。
从工艺容器中提取出来的VOC通过几个压缩步骤被压缩，每一个阶段通常包括所谓的涤气器，其中已经被液化的VOC部分被分离出来，同时残余气体相优选通过压缩器经过冷却器被提取。
在充分的压缩和冷却后，VOC的主要部分已经被转化为液体，由此其可被泵入加压的位于油轮上的油舱中。加压的油舱的大小是这样设计的要能保持来自油轮油舱中需要量的VOC。
在油轮加压油舱中含有的分离的VOC是可被另外出售的高级产品，用于油轮的燃料或在卸装期间被再注入到油轮油舱中。
实验显示根据本发明处理的原油在输送期间将仅挥发可忽略量的VOC。工艺需要的能量仅为根据现有技术进行处理需要能量的20％，可以预期在油罐中保留有大于90％的VOC。
附图说明
图1是工艺主要部件的示意图。
具体实施方式
如下描述在附图中描述的优选实施方式的非限制性实施例，其中：
在附图中，参考号1表示基于油轮的工艺装置，用于处理来自例如固定或浮动装置的原油。
装置1包括工艺容器2，通过例如单点浮标停泊装载系统原油流入其中。在原油气相蒸发后，通过连接管4液相流入油轮的油舱6。连接管4配备有液体密封8，所述的密封是这样设计的与连接管4一起在工艺容器2中保持希望的负压。管4和液体密封8的操作原理在以下进行详细的解释。
原油的气相从工艺容器2中提取出来通过气体管道12进入本身熟知类型的几个冷凝阶段的第一个中。冷凝阶段10通常包括涤气器14，其中冷凝气体从其中分离出来，冷凝泵16，气体冷却器18和压缩器20。当通过串联连接的压缩阶段10的气体压力增加时，越来越多的气体被冷凝，然后基本上以液态泵入油轮加压的油舱22中。这样布置加压的油舱22以使其在油罐22的最低点离开油罐22出口，当油罐22被排空时，由此油罐22中的气体压力驱使液相通过油罐22的出口。
来自加压油罐22的VOC液体可以通过管道24和阀26分别被卸载，或通过管道28及阀30再注入回原油油舱中，所述的原油通过泵32及卸载管道34卸载。
在本发明方法优选的变化形式中，工艺容器2中的液面处于高于液体密封8出口液面3～4米的位置。在图1中用“X”标记该距离。在大的出口管道4和液体密封8中的液柱将液体从工艺容器2中引出直到工艺容器2中的负压升高，所述的负压将补偿所述液柱的重量。原油以低于最大排料速度的速度通过出口管道4送入工艺容器2中，由此工艺容器2中的负压控制出口的速度，同时工艺容器2与液体密封8出口之间的液面差X控制工艺容器2的负压。因此，系统自调整，没有必要在出口管道4中有流量控制阀。原油中的VOC部分将立即从工艺容器2的原油中沸腾蒸发出来，显而易见从工艺容器2中VOC的提取必须根据原油中的VOC含量进行调整。
泄气管道36与油轮油舱6连接，而且这样设计液体密封8的出口以防止油舱6的液面影响压力头X。
当政府要求在近海装载期间必须必须满足90％的VOC回收率时，本发明的方法可显著节约成本和能量。

Claims (4)

1.一种存储从原油中分离挥发性有机组分，所谓的VOC的方法，特征在于当其装载于油轮上时，原油被送入工艺容器(2)，其中形成和保持根据原油蒸气压可调节的负压，从其中液相的原油流入油轮的油舱中，同时气相VOC从工艺容器(2)中提取出来。
2.如权利要求1的方法，特征在于气相VOC同时基本上为液态，被压缩装载入位于油轮上加压的油舱(22)中。
3.一种在油轮装载期间存储从原油中分离挥发性有机组分的设备，特征在于油轮配备有工艺容器(2)，这样设计工艺容器以在原油流入油轮原油油舱之前通过负压方式处理原油，由此避免原油中挥发性有机组分VOC与在油轮油舱中存在的燃烧气体混合。
4.如权利要求3的设备，特征在于主要通过位于低于工艺容器和随后液体密封(8)的排放管道(4)中的液体柱保持和控制工艺容器(2)中的负压。
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