NO134304B - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- NO134304B NO134304B NO3948/73A NO394873A NO134304B NO 134304 B NO134304 B NO 134304B NO 3948/73 A NO3948/73 A NO 3948/73A NO 394873 A NO394873 A NO 394873A NO 134304 B NO134304 B NO 134304B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- manganese
- reaction
- mncl2
- liquid
- Prior art date
Links
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 49
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910021380 Manganese Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940099607 manganese chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910000914 Mn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003074 TiCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001626 barium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ba+2] WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/1263—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds, e.g. by reduction
- C22B34/1277—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds, e.g. by reduction using other metals, e.g. Al, Si, Mn
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B21/00—Obtaining aluminium
- C22B21/0038—Obtaining aluminium by other processes
- C22B21/0053—Obtaining aluminium by other processes from other aluminium compounds
- C22B21/0061—Obtaining aluminium by other processes from other aluminium compounds using metals, e.g. Hg or Mn
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/1263—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds, e.g. by reduction
- C22B34/1268—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds, e.g. by reduction using alkali or alkaline-earth metals or amalgams
- C22B34/1272—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds, e.g. by reduction using alkali or alkaline-earth metals or amalgams reduction of titanium halides, e.g. Kroll process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/04—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by aluminium, other metals or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/06—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by carbides or the like
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US297695A US3900312A (en) | 1972-10-16 | 1972-10-16 | Reduction of aluminum chloride by manganese |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO134304B true NO134304B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-06-08 |
| NO134304C NO134304C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-09-15 |
Family
ID=23147359
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO3948/73A NO134304C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1972-10-16 | 1973-10-11 |
Country Status (20)
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1092787A (en) * | 1976-03-15 | 1981-01-06 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Chlorination process for producing aluminum |
| US4035180A (en) * | 1976-03-16 | 1977-07-12 | Toth Aluminum Corporation | Catalytic process for the reduction of aluminum chloride by manganese |
| JPS6067603A (ja) * | 1983-09-21 | 1985-04-18 | Toho Aen Kk | 金属超微粉の処理方法 |
| US6284316B1 (en) * | 1998-02-25 | 2001-09-04 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Chemical vapor deposition of titanium |
| US6143362A (en) | 1998-02-25 | 2000-11-07 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Chemical vapor deposition of titanium |
| US6955703B2 (en) * | 2002-12-26 | 2005-10-18 | Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc. | Process for the production of elemental material and alloys |
| KR101050970B1 (ko) * | 2003-04-01 | 2011-07-26 | 알이씨 실리콘 인코포레이티드 | 폐기 금속 염화물의 처리 방법 |
| WO2005002766A1 (en) * | 2003-07-04 | 2005-01-13 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | A method and apparatus for the production of metal compounds |
| UA91908C2 (ru) * | 2006-03-27 | 2010-09-10 | Коммонвелт Сайентифик Энд Индастриал Рисерч Организейшн | Способ и устройство для производства соединений металлов |
| CA2722017C (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2016-06-07 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Method and apparatus for forming titanium-aluminium based alloys |
| JP6129556B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-18 | 2017-05-17 | コモンウェルス サイエンティフィック アンド インダストリアル リサーチ オーガナイゼーション | 低アルミニウムチタン−アルミニウム合金を製造する方法 |
| CN114028559B (zh) * | 2021-12-28 | 2024-06-18 | 广东粤港澳大湾区国家纳米科技创新研究院 | 一种铝锰复合纳米晶及其制备方法和应用 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2452665A (en) * | 1944-03-31 | 1948-11-02 | Electro Metallurgical Co | Process for the separation of metals |
| US2847205A (en) * | 1954-10-13 | 1958-08-12 | Nat Res Corp | Production of metals |
| US3161500A (en) * | 1961-08-04 | 1964-12-15 | Aluminium Lab Ltd | Protection of graphite surfaces from attack by aluminum monohalide |
| US3455678A (en) * | 1967-01-16 | 1969-07-15 | Ethyl Corp | Process for the concurrent production of aif3 and a metallic titanium product |
-
1972
- 1972-10-16 US US297695A patent/US3900312A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1973
- 1973-09-26 DE DE19732348450 patent/DE2348450A1/de active Pending
- 1973-10-01 IT IT29602/73A patent/IT995540B/it active
- 1973-10-02 ZA ZA737706A patent/ZA737706B/xx unknown
- 1973-10-04 AT AT849873A patent/ATA849873A/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1973-10-05 IS IS2178A patent/IS948B6/is unknown
- 1973-10-08 BE BE136454A patent/BE805797A/xx unknown
- 1973-10-11 NO NO3948/73A patent/NO134304C/no unknown
- 1973-10-13 OA OA55037A patent/OA04493A/xx unknown
- 1973-10-15 IL IL43428A patent/IL43428A/en unknown
- 1973-10-16 RO RO7376351A patent/RO67591A/ro unknown
- 1973-10-16 FR FR7336935A patent/FR2202946B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1973-10-16 GB GB4812073A patent/GB1419450A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-10-16 BR BR8093/73A patent/BR7308093D0/pt unknown
- 1973-10-16 JP JP48116256A patent/JPS4974109A/ja active Pending
- 1973-10-16 AR AR250546A patent/AR201746A1/es active
- 1973-10-16 NL NL7314252A patent/NL7314252A/xx unknown
- 1973-10-16 DD DD174088A patent/DD108324A5/xx unknown
- 1973-10-16 ES ES419700A patent/ES419700A1/es not_active Expired
- 1973-10-16 HU HUAI229A patent/HU167894B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AR201746A1 (es) | 1975-04-15 |
| IL43428A0 (en) | 1974-01-14 |
| IS2178A7 (is) | 1973-11-02 |
| OA04493A (fr) | 1980-03-30 |
| IS948B6 (is) | 1976-08-09 |
| RO67591A (ro) | 1981-08-17 |
| NO134304C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-09-15 |
| NL7314252A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1974-04-18 |
| IT995540B (it) | 1975-11-20 |
| ATA849873A (de) | 1976-11-15 |
| AU6100473A (en) | 1975-04-10 |
| HU167894B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-01-28 |
| GB1419450A (en) | 1975-12-31 |
| JPS4974109A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1974-07-17 |
| BE805797A (fr) | 1974-04-08 |
| FR2202946A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1974-05-10 |
| US3900312A (en) | 1975-08-19 |
| DE2348450A1 (de) | 1974-04-25 |
| ES419700A1 (es) | 1976-04-16 |
| DD108324A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1974-09-12 |
| BR7308093D0 (pt) | 1974-07-11 |
| ZA737706B (en) | 1974-08-28 |
| IL43428A (en) | 1976-05-31 |
| FR2202946B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1977-09-09 |
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