NO120019B - - Google Patents

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Publication number
NO120019B
NO120019B NO163008A NO16300866A NO120019B NO 120019 B NO120019 B NO 120019B NO 163008 A NO163008 A NO 163008A NO 16300866 A NO16300866 A NO 16300866A NO 120019 B NO120019 B NO 120019B
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NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
charge
rods
furnace
heating
temperatures
Prior art date
Application number
NO163008A
Other languages
Norwegian (no)
Inventor
I Wilcox
Original Assignee
Phillips Petroleum Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Phillips Petroleum Co filed Critical Phillips Petroleum Co
Publication of NO120019B publication Critical patent/NO120019B/no

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/02Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body
    • B65D5/06Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body with end-closing or contents-supporting elements formed by folding inwardly a wall extending from, and continuously around, an end of the tubular body
    • B65D5/067Gable-top containers
    • B65D5/068Gable-top containers with supplemental means facilitating the opening, e.g. tear lines, tear tabs

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)

Description

Fremgangsmåte til opphetning av findelt, fast materiale. Method for heating finely divided, solid material.

Denne oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte til opphetning av et lag av findelt, fast materiale til temperaturer over 1500°C, og gjelder spesielt fremgangsmåter til utførelse av kjemiske reaksjoner ved slike temperaturer derved at man leder en elektrisk strøm gjennom en charge av reaksjonsblanding, slik at denne opphetes til den nødvendige grad- for fullførelse av den ønskede reaksjon. This invention relates to a method for heating a layer of finely divided, solid material to temperatures above 1500°C, and particularly applies to methods for carrying out chemical reactions at such temperatures by conducting an electric current through a charge of reaction mixture, so that this is heated to the required degree for completion of the desired reaction.

Fremgangsmåter av den nevnte art innbefatter ofte reduksjon av et oksyd. De viktigste reaksjoner som utføres på denne måte er de som resulterer i dannelse av et karbid, som silisiumkarbid, titankarbid eller annet høytsmeltende karbid. Det opptrer vanskeligheter ved fremstillingen av karbider ved denne fremgangsmåte fordi det opptrer forandringer av den elektriske motstand i chargen i ovnen eller reak-sjonsproduktene, hvilke forandringer i den elektriske motstand gjør en riktig regu-lering av reaksjonen vanskelig og ofte med-fører at man får et produkt som har ujevne egenskaper. Et ujevnt produkt er særlig uheldig i tilfeller hvor dette, f. eks. hva tilfelle er med titankarbid, skal anvendes som utgangsmateriale for en annen fremgangsmåte. Processes of the aforementioned kind often involve reduction of an oxide. The most important reactions carried out in this way are those which result in the formation of a carbide, such as silicon carbide, titanium carbide or other high-melting carbide. Difficulties arise in the production of carbides by this method because there are changes in the electrical resistance in the charge in the furnace or in the reaction products, which changes in the electrical resistance make correct regulation of the reaction difficult and often result in getting a product that has uneven properties. An uneven product is particularly unfortunate in cases where this, e.g. what is the case with titanium carbide, must be used as starting material for another method.

Spesielt har blandinger av oksyder av silisium, titan, kalsium og liknende metal-ler med kullstoff som reduksjonsmiddel praktisk talt ingen elektrisk ledningsevne. Ved de temperaturer hvor oksydene redu-seres av kullstoff blir reduksjonsproduk-tene elektriske ledere og har er spesifikk motstand som hvis størrelse varierer fra 1—1000 ohm/2,5 cm. Ved temperaturer In particular, mixtures of oxides of silicon, titanium, calcium and similar metals with carbon as reducing agent have practically no electrical conductivity. At the temperatures where the oxides are reduced by carbon, the reduction products become electrical conductors and have a specific resistance whose size varies from 1-1000 ohms/2.5 cm. At temperatures

over 1000°C avtar den spesifikke motstand above 1000°C the specific resistance decreases

hurtig med økende temperaturer. Denne rapidly with increasing temperatures. This

avtagning av motstand med stigende temperaturer fører til en ustabil elektrisk til-stand som bevirker at den elektriske strøm decreasing resistance with rising temperatures leads to an unstable electrical state which causes the electrical current

følger visse kanaler i ovnen, hvorved det fås lokale baner av høy temperatur og til follows certain channels in the oven, whereby local paths of high temperature and more are obtained

slutt et produkt som ikke har ensartede egenskaper. finally a product that does not have uniform characteristics.

Hovedformålet med den foreliggende oppfinnelse er å skaffe mer jevn varmefordeling i en ovns charge som skal opphetes The main purpose of the present invention is to provide more uniform heat distribution in a furnace charge to be heated

ved elektrisk motstand. Et annet mål med by electrical resistance. Another goal with

oppfinnelsen er å oppnå praktisk talt jevn the invention is to achieve practically even

varmefordeling i det hele av en elektrisk opphetet ovncharge inntil en ønsket reaksjon er skredet frem praktisk talt til full-endelse. heat distribution throughout an electrically heated furnace charge until a desired reaction has progressed practically to completion.

I henhold til den foreliggende oppfinnelse omfatter en fremgangsmåte til opphetning av findelte, faste materialer til temperaturer på 1500°C og over, frembrin-gelse av varme ved passering av elektrisk strøm gjennom en masse av sådanne faste stoffer derved at man i en elektrisk motstandsovn anbringer en charge av de faste stoffer som skal opphetes og i denne charge innleirer, på tvers av strømmens retning, og praktisk talt parallelt med hverandre, en flerhet av ledende kullstaver som er anbrakt i avstand fra hinannen og fra enden av ovnens elektroder, og at man fyller rommene mellom stavene og mellom endene av elektrodene med kornet motstandsmateriale, og leder elektrisk strøm gjennom elektrodene for å opphete motstandsmaterialet. According to the present invention, a method for heating finely divided, solid materials to temperatures of 1500°C and above includes the generation of heat by passing an electric current through a mass of such solid substances by placing in an electric resistance furnace a charge of the solid substances to be heated and in this charge embeds, across the direction of the current, and practically parallel to each other, a plurality of conductive carbon rods which are placed at a distance from each other and from the end of the furnace's electrodes, and that one fills the spaces between the rods and between the ends of the electrodes with granular resistive material, and passes electrical current through the electrodes to heat the resistive material.

På det vedlagte tegninger er; On the attached drawings are;

Fig. 1 et grunnriss med deler brutt vekk av en elektrisk motstandsovn i hvil- Fig. 1 a ground plan with parts broken away of an electric resistance furnace at rest

ken det er en charge anordnet i henhold til oppfinnelsen. Fig. 2 viser et snitt etter linjen 2—2 i fig. 1 sett i pilens retning. Fig. 3 viser et snitt etter linjen 3—3 i fig. 2 sett i pilens retning og viser chargen etter at reaksjonen er ferdig. ken there is a charge arranged according to the invention. Fig. 2 shows a section along the line 2-2 in fig. 1 set in the direction of the arrow. Fig. 3 shows a section along the line 3-3 in fig. 2 set in the direction of the arrow and shows the charge after the reaction has finished.

Ved utførelse av fremgangsmåten When performing the procedure

fremstilles en charge 10 som skal opphetes, a charge 10 is produced which is to be heated,

f. eks. reaksjonsblanding av titanoksyd og kullstoff holdig reduksjonsmiddel, og denne charge anbringes i en elektrisk motstands- e.g. reaction mixture of titanium oxide and reducing agent containing carbon, and this charge is placed in an electrical resistance

ovn 12, f. eks. av den såkalte «Acheson»- oven 12, e.g. of the so-called "Acheson"-

type, som har ildfaste vegger 14 og elektro- type, which has refractory walls 14 and electro-

der 16 som går gjennom motstående vegger av ovnen. I ovnen anbringes chargen 10 there 16 which pass through opposite walls of the furnace. Place the charge 10 in the oven

praktisk talt opp til elektrodenes 16 nivå practically up to the electrodes' 16 level

og en flerhet av ledende staver 18, hen- and a plurality of conductive rods 18,

siktsmessig av kullstoff, anbringes i ovnen på tvers av strømretningen, parallelt med og i avstand fra hverandre. De ytterste staver er på samme måte plasert et stykke fra enden av ovnens elektroder. I rommene mellom stavene er det anbrakt et kornet motstandsmateriale 20 f. eks. knust kull- visually of carbon material, are placed in the furnace across the direction of flow, parallel to and at a distance from each other. The outermost rods are similarly placed some distance from the end of the furnace's electrodes. A granular resistance material 20, e.g., is placed in the spaces between the rods. crushed coal

stoff eller grafitt, idet det anvendes til- fabric or graphite, as it is used for

strekkelig av dette materiale til å fylle opp til nivået gjennom toppen av stavene 18. enough of this material to fill up to the level through the top of the rods 18.

Ovnen fylles deretter med reaksjonsblan- The furnace is then filled with reaction mix-

ding så høyt at det finnes praktisk talt like meget ovenfor de ledende staver som under dem. Deretter ledes en elektrisk strøm gjennom elektrodene 16 inn i ovnen og gjennom det kornede motstandsmateri- ding so high that there is practically as much above the leading rods as below them. An electric current is then led through the electrodes 16 into the oven and through the granular resistance material

ale 20 som blir opphetet, og selv oppheter de ledende staver 18, hvorved det inne i reaksjonsblandingen dannes et heteele- element 20 which is heated, and itself heats the conducting rods 18, whereby a heating element is formed inside the reaction mixture

ment som har en stor heteflate. intended to have a large heating surface.

De følgende spesifikke eksempler på fremstillingen av karbider er illustrerende for oppfinnelsen. The following specific examples of the production of carbides are illustrative of the invention.

I en vanlig Acheson-ovn hvis elektro- In a conventional Acheson furnace whose electro-

der har en avstand av 10 m fra hinannen ble kullstoffstaver av ca. 10 cm2 tverrsnitt og 127 cm lengde innleiret i en reaksjons- there have a distance of 10 m from each other, carbon rods of approx. 10 cm2 cross section and 127 cm length embedded in a reaction

blanding med en innbyrdes avstand av 10 mixture with a mutual distance of 10

cm mellom stavene. Rommene mellom kull- cm between the rods. The rooms between coal-

stavene ble fylt med kornet grafitt hvis kornstørrelse var slik at den passerte gjennom en 10 maskers sikt og ble holdt tilbake på en 20 maskers sikt (siktåpnin- the bars were filled with granular graphite whose grain size was such that it passed through a 10-mesh screen and was retained on a 20-mesh screen (screen opening

ger 1,66 mm resp. 0,83 mm). Reaksjons- gives 1.66 mm or 0.83 mm). reaction

blandingen besto av ca. 64 pst. titanoksyd, the mixture consisted of approx. 64 percent titanium oxide,

28 pst. petroleumkoks, 4,5 pst. sagflis og 3,5 28 percent petroleum coke, 4.5 percent sawdust and 3.5

pst. vann, og det ble ialt anbrakt ca. 39 000 percent water, and a total of approx. 39,000

kg blanding i ovnen. Når energi ble tilført ovnen viste det seg at denne etter ønske kunne holdes på temperaturer på fra 1600 kg mixture in the oven. When energy was added to the oven, it turned out that it could be kept at temperatures of from 1600 as desired

—2200°C. De ledende staver og motstands- -2200°C. The leading rods and resist-

materiale skaffet et heteelement som had- material provided a heating element that had

de et heteareal på 25,6 m2, og varme ble tilført den omgivende charge i en mengde av 3600—5500 watt pr. 0,093 m2 heteareal. they have a heating area of 25.6 m2, and heat was supplied to the surrounding charge in an amount of 3600-5500 watts per 0.093 m2 heating area.

Etter at det i alt var blitt anvendt 61.270 After a total of 61,270 had been used

kilowatt timer ble strømmen slått av og ovnen fikk avkjøle seg i en uke. kilowatt hours, the power was switched off and the furnace was allowed to cool for a week.

Ved slutten av avkjølingsperioden ble At the end of the cooling period,

løs, ureagert blanding fjernet og det ble tilbake en porøs kjerne 22 av titankarbid. loose, unreacted mixture removed and a porous core 22 of titanium carbide remained.

Denne kjerne hadde elliptisk tverrsnitt, This core had an elliptical cross-section,

som vist i fig. 3, og like stort tverrsnitts- as shown in fig. 3, and an equally large cross-section

areal på hele strekningen mellom ovnens elektroder. Det dannede titankarbid pro- area of the entire stretch between the furnace's electrodes. The formed titanium carbide pro-

dukt veiet 12672 kg. Dettes egenskaper var praktisk talt ensartet gjennom det hele. product weighed 12672 kg. Its properties were practically uniform throughout.

I en annen operasjon ble det anvendt In another operation it was used

en charge på ca. 45000 kg reaksjonsblan- a charge of approx. 45,000 kg of reaction mixture

ding av omtrent samme sammensetning som i det foregeånde eksempel, og denne ble tilført 63.000 kilowatt timer i løpet av ca. 48 driftstimer. Man fikk atter en ellip- ding of approximately the same composition as in the previous example, and this was supplied with 63,000 kilowatt hours during approx. 48 operating hours. Again, an ellipse was obtained

tisk kjerne av titankarbid som hadde jevn porøsitet og ensartede egenskaper. Det ble dannet ca. 13620 kg titankarbid. tic core of titanium carbide that had uniform porosity and uniform properties. It was formed approx. 13620 kg of titanium carbide.

I en litt mindre ovn enn den som ble In a slightly smaller oven than the one that was

anvendt i foranstående eksempler ble det fremstilt silisiumkarbid. Ovnen ble charget med ca. 5000 kg reaksjonsblanding som besto av kiselsyresand og petroleumkoks i forholdet 10 vektsdeler sand til 6 vekts- used in the preceding examples, silicon carbide was produced. The oven was charged with approx. 5,000 kg of reaction mixture consisting of silica sand and petroleum coke in a ratio of 10 parts by weight sand to 6 parts by weight

deler koks. Blandingen inneholdt også ca. shares coke. The mixture also contained approx.

3 pst. sagflis og 3 pst. vann. Et antall kull- 3 percent sawdust and 3 percent water. A number of coal-

staver av 5,08 x 5,08 x 50,8 cm ble innleiret i chargen på den foran beskrevne måte og rommene mellom stavene ble fylt med kor- rods of 5.08 x 5.08 x 50.8 cm were embedded in the charge in the manner described above and the spaces between the rods were filled with cor-

net grafitt. I løpet av 36 timer ble chargen tilført 10.610 kilowatt-timer. Det ble dan- net graphite. During 36 hours, the charge was supplied with 10,610 kilowatt-hours. It was then-

net en elliptisk kjerne av silisiumkarbid som veiet ca. 872,6 kg. net an elliptical core of silicon carbide that weighed approx. 872.6 kg.

En annen fordel ved de ledende sta- Another advantage of the leading sta-

ver er den at de danner en understøttelse for den overliggende del av ovnschargen og hindrer krusning av reaksjonsproduk- is that they form a support for the overlying part of the furnace charge and prevent ripples of reaction products

tene i chargens nedre parti. Ettersom reaksjonsblandingen krymper sammen un- tene in the lower part of the charge. As the reaction mixture shrinks un-

der opphetningen «flyter» de ledende sta- where the heating "floats" the conducting sta-

ver nedover, slik at de tilslutt kan befinne seg betydelig nedenfor endeelektrodenes nivå. downwards, so that they can eventually be significantly below the level of the end electrodes.

Det her anvendte uttrykk «kullstoff» The term "carbon" used here

skal innbefatte amorft kullstoff og gra- must include amorphous carbon and gra-

fitt, naturlig eller kunstig. fit, natural or artificial.

Claims (1)

Fremgangsmåte ved opphetning avProcedure for heating of findelte, faste materialer til temperaturer på 1500°C eller høyere i en elektrisk motstandsovn hvor varmen frembringes ved at elektrisk strøm ledes gjennom chargen av faste stoffer som skal opphetes og gjennom en flerhet av ledende kullstaver som er innleiret i chargen, karakterisert ved at de ledende kullstaver er plasert med innbyrdes avstand, på tvers av strømmens gjennomgangsretning og innbyrdes praktisk talt parallelt, og at mellomrommene mellom stavene og mellom endeelektro-dene er fylt med kornformet motstands materiale, samt at stavene ikke er under-støttet av noe annet enn chargen, slik at de danner et svømmende eller flytende heteelement inne i chargen når en elektrisk strøm går gjennom denne.finely divided solid materials to temperatures of 1500°C or higher in an electric resistance furnace where the heat is produced by conducting electric current through the charge of solid substances to be heated and through a plurality of conductive carbon rods embedded in the charge, characterized in that the conductive carbon rods are placed at a distance from each other, across the direction of flow of the current and practically parallel to each other, and that the spaces between the rods and between the end electrodes are filled with grain-shaped resistance material, and that the rods are not supported by anything other than the charge, so that they form a floating or floating heating element inside the charge when an electric current passes through it.
NO163008A 1965-05-14 1966-05-13 NO120019B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US455777A US3302846A (en) 1965-05-14 1965-05-14 Gable top container
US482993A US3295739A (en) 1965-05-14 1965-08-09 Container
US51974366A 1966-01-10 1966-01-10
US548472A US3355083A (en) 1965-05-14 1966-05-09 Container

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
NO120019B true NO120019B (en) 1970-08-10

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ID=27504024

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Country Status (9)

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US (3) US3302846A (en)
BE (1) BE681049A (en)
BR (1) BR6679435D0 (en)
CH (1) CH464060A (en)
DE (1) DE1536204B1 (en)
DK (1) DK113693B (en)
FR (2) FR1434762A (en)
GB (1) GB1141891A (en)
NO (1) NO120019B (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE681049A (en) 1966-11-14
US3355083A (en) 1967-11-28
CH464060A (en) 1968-10-15
FR1434762A (en) 1966-04-08
FR1479873A (en) 1967-05-05
DK113693B (en) 1969-04-14
GB1141891A (en) 1969-02-05
US3302846A (en) 1967-02-07
DE1536204B1 (en) 1972-02-03
BR6679435D0 (en) 1973-09-06
US3295739A (en) 1967-01-03

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