NL1044001B1 - Aluminium frame building, build element and method therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

De uitvinding heeft betrekking op civiele bouweenheid bestaande uit een raamwerk en voorzien van in aluminium vervaardigde constructieve elementen, zoals een vloersysteem bestaande uit meerdere bij voorkeur aan elkaar gelaste vloerplaten, waarbij het element is voorzien van een eerste laag opzwellende verf of coating, en een tweede laag van het afwerken van coating. Een constructief element, althans ten minste een vloerplaat, is bij voorkeur ten minste deels, zoals aan een onderzijde, tevens is bekleed of voorzien van een materiaallaag bestaande uit kurkgranulaat, genoemde kurkgranulaat en

Description

ALUMINIUM FRAME BUILDING, BUILD ELEMENT AND METHOD THEREFOR

[0001] The present invention relates to large buildings erected by means of an aluminum stands and girders framework, structural elements such as girders for the same $ and method of building m aluminum. The type of buildings the present invention relates to comprises multilayer parking garages and/or office and domestic structures, capable of supporting considerable weight in a long lasting safe, and sufficiently fire withstanding manner, yet enabling the application of aluminum material as at least part of the building, ti} [0002] Such type of large structures are known in other material such as wood, concrete and fron or steel, e.g. from the 2009 publication in Technisch Weekblad Tijdelijke parkeergarage bidet de oplossing” (Temporary parking garage provides the solution), in which a demountable parking building is proposed, using a construction frame in steel slements and light weight parking floor parts in glass fiber composite. However, the material aluminum up to date, for as far in connection with building, is mostly applied in the form of so called profiles, e.g. in the form of window or door frames. When it comes to real building, aluminum building elements are known for relatively small, ie. often single layer buildings such as in horticulture or in event podiums or stands. Girders in such buildings are in the form of profiles, hollow tubes or at best in the form of built up trusses.

[0003] In cases where heavy loads are carried by aluminum structures, these typically are of dedicated such as military nature, rather than as a desired economic basic building element such as girder or stand, Hence the known aluminum building elements are incapable, certainly not typically suited or desired for use in large structures such as multilayer dwelling blocks, office buildings and garages. Yet the aluminum material not only has the value of being light weight, but also of being entirely and relatively easily re- useable as is in these day highly desired for realizing a circular econonyy.

[0004] In the present invention hence, a fundamental improvement is made in the praciice of constructing buildings, whether temporary or permanently or semi permanently, by providing one or more of newly developed designs for construction clement designs including for realizing at least part of a framework for a building in aluminum material, and a building method suitable for applying this material,

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[9003] Ons such new element or method developed in view of realizing the goal of the present invention relates to a civil construction unit comprising a framework and provided with constructive elements produced 10 aluminiun, such as a floor system comprising a plurality of floorplates, preferably welded together, in which the element is provided with a first layer of intuminescent paint or coating, and a second layer of finishing coating. In this manner, the aluminium may favourably be kept at a moderate temperature in case of fire, sufficiently long before allowed collapse. The element preferably at least comprising a floorplate and is coated according to the preceding definition at least to its bottom side, more preferably provided with a material layer comprising granulated cork, said granulated cork layer and/or said floor plate, at least said framework being covered by intumescent paint or coating.

[ooo] Al least in case of the floor plates, said paint or coating layer is provided with a finishing coating. Said finishing coating is of an elastic synthetic material, may be provided with a fire retardant material, and said finishing coating has a rough outer surface. The roughness is tactile sensible by finger movement over said surface, and may comply with the requirements of NEN-ISO-10545 part 17. The total thickness of said finishing layer is of a thickness smaller than 1.5 mm, and said optional cork layer may be of a thickness within the range of 1 to 5 mun, preferably around 3 num,

[9007] The construction system according to the iwention includes as outcome a durable and flexible modular construction work such as a parking garage, with which an above-ground building as for mobile or permanent Hving, shop and/or offices complex, may be realised, i.e, erected, with or without or entirely as parking garage, quickly and with litle inconvenience to the surroundings.

[0008] A building according to the invention may at a later stage, simply and with relatively little cost be taken down, deleted, moved, modified, or fitted into a permanent situation on location or elsewhere.

[0009] At least if inplemented as parking garage Parking, actually as a Modular Parking Concept (MPC) a building according to the invention is at this time a, if not the most future-proof, durable and most economical solution, Because of the inherently representative design and low-maintenance construction, the concept is also well suited as a permanent parking facility, which will be with low running, Le. exploitation costs.

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[0010] A building according to the invention is, partly to increase the commercial feasibility, may also be used in combination with other features, such as commercial spaces in the form of shops, offices, bicycle parking and other social facilities, e.g. on the ground floor. Also storages and/or self-storage may be integrated, e.g. as tn a middle floor. A building on the basis of the present invention may typically also be equipped with leisure, sports and/or green facilities, in particular applied to the roof level.

[0011] A building on the basis of the present invention is also well suited for having finished the facades in various forms of architectural appearance, allowing an optimal urban integration could be achieved, and may also easily be used for advertising purposes.

00121 In a favourable implementation a building according to the invention is based on a concept for a system garage for demountable, preferably but not necesarily coated alpinum components such as columns and main carriers, equipped with again, preferably coated aluminium floors, These are typically provided in a standard master of

16.20 metres x 5.40 m. The building according to the invention is further characterised in that at least the structural components and hence also the floor elements completely reusable "cradle-to-cradle" aluminium system components. The components are preferably finished with a sustainable, environmentally friendly, low-maintenance and fire-retardant coating, well-known in itself, however up to now only, yet already for 209 decades, applied the offshore. With a layer thickness of 2 mm or less, such coating guarantees a fire retardancy of the entire main supporting structure of at least 60 minutes, 0013] The system components are mutually coupled by so-called "click-and-plug" connections, and trimmed/ imposed with rubber system profiles. W&E transit facilities may be integrated in the hollow spaces of the columns.

[0014] The headroom in the framework, hence also at application 8s a garage provides below the main joints, i.e. main girders, 2.60 m and below the in between floor construction ca, 3.10 m, The hollow alumintum floorboards are typically 0.15 cm high and are typically provided in cartridges of 2.00 x 5.00 m according to a "click" floor connection system. The are preferably, e.g. by way of finishing, mutually fixed by means of ahum welding, seam welding in particular, In a parking dedicated part of the building the standard subjects or parking lots are typically of an area of 2.50 by 5.15 m.

dn The roads in the concept according to the invention preferably have one-way traffic between the parking bays.

[0015] The coating of the main supporting structure is available in multiple colours, as well as the rough coating of the parking floors, making the experience of the var park up $ tothe expectations of the contemporary user, the operator, the owner and the surrounding area.

{0016} This protective coating is very durable, with a warranty for a period of 10 years, and therewith takes it, compared to the average coating with the same purpose in existing parking garages, to relatively much lower annual operating costs.

[po17y The framework of the building consists of light weight, smartly prefabricated and "40-foot"-containerproof " transportable system components, allowing fast realisation with less associated noise pollution. The result is a sustainable and high-quality parking garage which later, if necessary, is casy to increase, reduce, to OVE OF remove.

[0018] The basic concept of a building in accordance with the present invention, that ig iS io say, without additional reinforcements or bracing, provides for a standard parking of ap to at least 4 parking levels in a simoplified, first extrusion parts only embodiment, i.e. without e.g. cast ahuninium intermediate elements, and considerably higher in a further elaboration of the invention involving cast akunmium intermediate elements. Certainly with reinforcement braces in the facades the garage may simply be adjusted to any height.

Incidentally, also the span of a main joist, alternatively denoted girder according to the invention, or the load capacity thereof may relatively easily be increased using further measures in accordance with the invention, in particular by means of appropriate internal, as hollow profile executed elements, [00187 The parking lots “on the roof’, Le, on the top deck, may separately be provided with a roof awning. In their combination with solar panels, the garage may completely provide in its own energy needs.

[00207 The relatively very light weight of a building according to the invention in relation to buildings in steel or concrete, up to 45 kg/m2 per parking layer in the case of an application, cause a heavy foundation construction to be unnecessary in most cases.

Also, the ase of a heavy crane during the construction phase, the heaviest construction component weighs approximately 900 kg, is in a building and at a process for building according to the invention is vot needed. On top of that, a fully equipped high quality parking garage may, with the inventive measures as described, be attained in a relatively short time. One which additionally may be disassembled or relocated quickly, 0021] The flexibility and robustness of the construction elements according to the invention enables virtually each layout imaginable, and makes extension simple, both in 5 height, length and width, In case of a garage application, the ramps are free adaptable, inside or outside, and are standard equipped with a stiff row, Le. driving or upper coat. As an option a heating system is provided in the ramps. This construction and manner constructing according to the invention furthermore is also good for embankment, ie, topping up of existing parking garages or buildings.

[0022] The present invention hence in fact enables in this way that necessary parking capacity is always available at any time and optimized within the spatial possibilities, also as the need changes the future times. Also, vestments with a building or construction according to the invention are consequently efficiently deployed and utilized.

[0023] Hence, with the present invention, to investors bet on a building according to the invention is a bet on security. This is not least instance due to the In time increasing residual value of the aluminium construction materials. Also, operators of the present invention are at a reduced risk because the parking, at least user capacity can be phased out, generally aligned with the required capacity, so that revenues and costs may be 2) proportioved in Hne with each other, 02d] A building according to the invention, at least an application thereof as parking gavage meets all contemporary requirements imposed by laws and regulations, as well as the applicable design requirements. Thus, the construction is resistant to a maximum wind load of 0.5 kN/m2, as is internationally put as a standard to buildings of a maximum height of 10.00 m, Starting point is "natural ventilation" in the parking garage, which means, that of the two facing facades on the long side of a garage of the invention are at least 30% “open”.

[00251 The default sizing of the Parking Bay classification is based on standards of the European Parking Associstion EPA and more particularly on the Dutch standard NEN 2443, revised version 2012, which goes beyond the generic quality of built parking facilities at European level.

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[6026] The new parking garage ís as standard equipped with aluminium staircases, na raster of 5.50 x 5.00 m. The stairs are equipped with intermediate landings per level, The steps of the stairs are standard anti slip. In a preferred design the maximum walking distance to a stairwell from any point in the garage for safety reasons, nowhere more so § than 30 my

[0027] A parking garage or ~ part of a building according to the invention includes an identifier in the form of a line marking of the parking bays, on top of the rough coating on the parking floors. On the upper level light post are provided, as well as energy-efficient lighting at each level, The light level on average is 75 lux on the car floor, 200 lux at the entrances and exits and stairwells and on average 10 lux at the upper deck, measured on

1.00 m above the ground level, therefore meets the General lighting in Europe-wide requirements for parking garages.

[0028] The edges of a building according to the invention, whether or not excecuted as with parking garage, can feature a fall prevention in the form of a 0.95 m high, secure, iS and anodized aluminium two barrier work, whether or not in colour, and on the ramp for a parking deck is an edge protection.

[0029] An important advantage of a building according to the invention is that the material aluminum may now be applied. Aluminium can be reused, making it a durable construction material, and in economic terms has the advantage of being a residual value of meaning. This may after long-term use even exceed the original mvestment value. In the recent decade, the value of aluminium as raw material has risen quite consistent by approximately 10%. With regard to sustainability and economic efficiency, at least running costs it also applies that the coating that is used on the parking floors is highly abrasion resistant, so needs replacement of just once every 10 years, and even then only partly, indicatively about 25% needs to be replaced.

[0030] In an preferred embodiment such floor plate is furthermore coated with a finishing coating, protecting said intumescent layer during use of the floor plate, thus securing its proper, in particular well distributed function when needed. In a farther elaboration of such embodiment, said layer is composed of an elastic synthetic material, allowing c.g. stretch thereof in case of dimensional change of the floor plate due to change in enviromnental temperature. The coating is in yet a further elaboration provided with a fire retardant material. At the same time it 1s etobodied as an anti-slip coating, in particular by providing superficial roughness, more in particular to an extend that peeping sound of car tires, as may be encountered in many sleekly coated garage floors, is obviated. fond]

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 0032] The invention, aspects thereof and certain embodiments are by way of example illustrated in the drawings in which:

[00331] FIG. 1 provides a figurative comparison between building in Aluminum as enabled by the present invention "weighed” to building in steel or concrete;

[0034] FIG. 2A is a perspective exploded view of a module by which a building according to the invention, in this case with application as a parking garage may at any time and at wish be extended, while FIG. 2B illustrates the effect in case of parking garage application.

13 [0935] FIG. 3 is a schematic, perspective view of a building as may be erected in accordance with the present invention, useable for domestic purposes, e.g. in the first layer here left open for insertion of cubical dwelling parts, and/or as a parking, ¢.8. as represented by the second layer;

[0036] FIG. 4, in a schematic compilation and according to a first embodiment, represents a side elevation of an aluminum building element according to the invention, a cross section thereof as well as a particular manner in which it may be applied ina construction, perspective views illustrating aspects of its connection into a so called square clement, one part of which may be applied as column; {0037} FIG, SA and 58 illustrate an aluminum building clement in accordance with the invention, embodied for specific application as a column, formed by extrusion, in which the outer sides are made relatively thick; In figure SA the clement is represented in connection with a re-enforcing single chamber profile in aluminum, whereas In figure in SB, two extruded building elements are combined in column so as to form a single building element, stronger than may be provided directly by extrusion, and as may typically be applied in a contre post, Le. in between side edges of the building;

[0038] FIG. 6, in line with the representation of FIG. 5 provides a further embodiment of an extruded element which is set into a larger building clement, in particular larger

-&- than can be extruded, equally by mutually interconuecting connecting oppositely positioned, i.e. mirrored extruded paris, in this example by welding;

[0039] FIGT7A and 78 provide in exploded perspective view and in side elevation respectively a manner of applying the invention and embodiment of FIG. 6, m 8 manner and with elements inventive in itself: [00401 FIG, 8 illustrates the principle representation of FIG, 6 in accordance with an elaborated embodiment; [00417 FIG, 9 in a 90 degrees rotation, in side elevation illustrates the lower section of a column in accordance with the second embodiment;

[0042] FIG. 10A represented in a 90 degrees rotation is a longitudinal section of a main girder, while FIG, 10B provides a transverse cross section thereof; [00431 FIG. 11 provides a perspective view of application possibilities of an element according to the invention, in this case along the embodiment of FIG.4 in which column parts may be shaped in the form of squares, however with equal validity of use in the embodiment according to FIG. 7 in which girders rest on a console of the column; in both embodiments girder parts may according to this invention be interconnected by way of an elongated, fitting inner element part; and a so called traverse element extending transverse to a column part, e.g. in between two squares, is applied; [00441 FIG. 12 represents a specific embodiment of the element of FIG. 11 ina cross sections] view, in particular is a sectional view of part of a building and an element according to FIG, 11; fonds] FIG. 13A illustrating the same of FIG. 11 in a so called exploded, perspective view from a different angle, in an application with floor panels, and a water discharge gutter such as in a garage application; and FIG. {3B illustrates figure 13A in assembled state; 0046] FIG. 14A in exploded and perspective view illustrates application of an element according fo the invention in a buildings corner situation, in particular of 4 garage or platform application, and provides an example of application of a re-enforeing element at a length exceeding that of the relevant part of a square;

[0047] FIGURE 148, in perspective view illustrates application of an element in integrated form in a building at an edge past thereof;

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[0048] FIG, 14C is a vertical section at an edge situation of a building, additionally showing inclusion of a railing, e.g. as mn FIG. 144A; [00491 FIG. 14D represents the cross section of a further embodiment of the traverse guder design, e.g. as FIG. 14C, according to the invention; S [mso] FIG 15A is a side elevation of the garage according to the present example; [posi] FIG. 158 is, in a perspective and schematic representation, an example ofa building in accordance with the vention, which is party used for office and/or dwelling purposes, and partly for parking purposes;

[0052] FIG. 15C in a perspective view illustrates the relative light weight of a floating building tn accordance to the invention by way of inclusion there on a pontoon, here anchored in an urban environment to provide parking spaces, the upper deck provided with terraces and restaurant; [00531 FIG. 16A and 16B in slightly different views provide an example in the form of a vertical section of an element and building according to the invention transverse to a traverse of FIGs 140 and 14D as extending between two squares, with floor plates resting on edges of the girder, aside to the U-shaped profiling, which combines girder reinforcement with receiving a gutter element, in this example for draining water; joos4y FIG. 17A and FIG, 178 provide examples of light systems devise for the garage secording to the invention,

[0055] By way of exemplifying a typical context of the present invention, a principle and relatively simple manner of enabling the application of aluminum in utiliarian or at least relatively large and height carrying constructive building applications will be elucidated.

[0056] Firstly, by FIG. 1, a figurative illustration is provided of one particular advantage of aluminum as a building material over other material like concrete. The drawing illustrates by way of a balance that in fact with less building material by weight, considerably more, typically double the number of cars may be acconunodated ina building out of aluminum, Where this fact per se had naturally been known since the beginning of contemporary industry, certainly since the beginning of industrial application of aluminum, no solution has been available to allow full application of alominun in the constroction of buildings larger and more versatile and loadable {han greenhouse buildings, As the figure illustrates to it's left side in concrete and to it's right side in aluminum, the present invention rather allows the erection of roulfi-level, 1e. multistory buildings, i.e, with at least one multipurpose useable upper floor. Various typical applications may be enabled by the present invention; 00571 FIG 2A and 2B provide a basic scheme of a possible manner of constructing in accordance with the present invention. Building 1 in figure ZA is erected with aluminum column sections 2, with main girders 3, jointly forming an atc as if were, the girders comected directly to a column or via intermediate, alteroatively denoted extending girder pieces 3. Colunms are transversely, over shorter distance mutually also connected via a traverse or traverse girder 4, A floor is oreated by means of floor slabs or floor panels 6, which are supported by two main girders 3. The panels are of relatively limited width and may lock onto one another, comparable to mutual clicking of domestic floor panels, In the present case the panels are formed as extruded aluminum panels and may additionally welded lo one another, it being recognized that welding over a seam may be performed relatively easily by automatically progressing welding apparatuses.

[0058] Ina plane in line with the orientation of a traverse 4, re-enforcement braces 7 may optionally be included, as in this case cross wise between two columns. Depending on embodiments of the present invention support elements 8 may be present for laying up 29 and shoring a main girder 3, be it in single piece or with an extension part 5 thereof. Being identical in shape the term girder 3 and extension part 5 are denominated and used interchangeably. Alternatively, the invention may be embodied with columns shaped in a square element 12 as depicted in figure 28, i.e. with a main girder part § affixed, Le, pre- connected to and forming a whole with a column 2.

[0059] Figure 2B further illustrates that over the length of a floor plate, typically two parking lots 9 may be created, and that over the length of an extended girder two parking bays may be created with an in between or central, in principle one way lane 10. Figures 2A and 2B futher illustrate that such aluminum building units may be extended in any one of sideways, longitudinal and vertical, at least upward direction,

[0069] Figure 3 provides a schematic example of the latter, in which the building is extended in all of the pre-mentioned, alternatively denoted X, Y and Z directions. The drawing conceptually demonstrates that the main girders are nutually interconnected by

-11- means of a so called cassette system, in which a so-called cassette part 11 is fittingly inserted into end parts of the main girder and it's extension part respectively, Figure 3 also conceptually illustrates in the column at the right hand side, that givders 2 are set opposed to each other and mutually interconnected, so as to increase the stiffness and strength thereof to values beyond what may be expected by mere addition of the relevant values of two columns,

[061] Figure 4, In a schematic compilation represents a side elevation of an aluminum building element according to ons embodiment of the invention in which the columns are fabricated into square shaped constructive parts 12. Figure 4 further shows a cross section of the girder part of such square, as well as a particular manner in which it may be applied in a construction, perspective views illustrating aspects of its connection into a so called square clement, one part of which may be applied as column. The girder part 5 depicted is an extruded aluminum profile with at least one, however preferably two, side walls connecting internal walls SB and 5C, preferably in parallel with upper girder wall 5A and lower girder wall 5D, In a preferably middle open section of such girder, a further internal, preferably also hollow aluminum profile and sub-girder part may be inserted for connecting two main girder parts. Such infernal girder part may be bolted or otherwise affixed to each of the two connected main girder parts, m figure 2A depicted as paris 5 and 3. Asn upper hollow section of the girder according to the invention may be used fo bolt constructive building parts such as fences,

[0042] Figure 4 in fact also illustrates a further means, in fact clement for a novel method of constructing a building, in which a part of a girder according to the invention is connected in square relationship to another girder part which then forms a column, Two of such square building elements, in combination with a girder to be connected in 23 between using the mentioned internal and connecting element may form an arc, Two of such arcs, with in between so called traverse girders 4 or traverses may form as i were a table element, or basic building block. [00637 Two of the columns according to the invention may be included and connected in “back to back” to form as it were a T shaped constructive or building part as depicted mm figure 4, The square element pacts 12 are provided in a measure by which they may be transported within a standard shipping container. The concept according to the invention allows for largely off site preparation of the building elements, including coating thereof.

~12- Thus a very constant and secure quality may be secured while work at site may be clean and of relatively very short duration.

[0064] The drawing shows that while the sidewalls of a girder 5, in fact lugs SL thereof extend to the rear side 2L of column part of a square element 12, and ends in line therewith. The lower, ie. inner corner wall SD of a girder ends at the front, i.e. inner corner side of a square element 12. The one or two inner walls SB and 5C of a girder extend up to an imaginary line between the inner corner line or wall connection between girder 5 and an upper column part 2 of a square clement 12, [006s] The left hand side perspective schematic drawing of figure 4, illustrates that that one of the two square clement 12 parts, preferably as depicted the column 2 forming girder, ends with a straight, i.e. square cut, so that the lower end of the side walls SL of the other girder may support on and be welded to the same, Welding may with such a construction be performed both at the outside and the inside, all around, The open end of the one girder “laid” as it were on or else against the other one, in this example on the cohuon 2 forming part, is in accordance with further measure according to the invention closed of with a matching aluminum plate 2L of corresponding element wall thickness, and welded at all four sides thereof, so that it forms a further connection between the two square element parts, Le. girder parts, as well as a re-enforcement between the two parts. [poss] As indicated by the right hand perspective view, a further reinforcement may be and is preferably provided by a further plate SN, extending diagonal between the inner and the outer corner of the comection between the two side walls of the one girder of which the side walls, together with the upper wall, extend over the other, in this example cokoun forming square element part. This diagonal, inner reinforcement plate SN is equally welded all around. Alternatively such reinforcement plate may be provided externally between the inner comer walls of the two square element parts. In this case additional, triangular side skirts or wall parts will be welded along, in alignment with the side walls of the two connected girder parts. Such external reinforcement may simultaneously be provided with one or more light openings or windows.

[0067] The central part of figure 4, depicts two square elements 12 in side elevation, connected back to back, with at the top side in striped line, the level at which floor elements may reach in height when positioned upon the girder parts of two squares. Centered at the top side of the two squares 12 a cross section is depicted of a U-shaped

~13- support element 4U, connected io the squares 12 via flanges, here bolted to the respective side walls of the two square elements 12. Such support element supports a so called traverse 4, Le. transverse girder 4, connecting two arca 2; 12-5 ~ 2; 12 as for making a component for a building block. To the right hand upper side of figure 4, a cross section $ ofa girder in accordance with the invention is schematically provided.

[00687 The central part of figure 4 furthermore conceptually demonstrates that a colamn part, Le. column forming part of a square is at its end, Le. fool provided with a foot part in the form of a flange 12F, to be used for bolted connection to a column base plate or else foundation part. In the present depiction it is used for connection of the column for a second layer to the upper side wall of a square on top of which it is to be placed, and preferably also to a flange part of a traverse support. [e069 FIG, 2 conceptually and in perspective view provides an elucidation of the type of building, at least the framework therefore as may be erected in accordance with the novel aluminum building elements in accordance with the present invention, and as described in the preceding along figure 1. Such a novel type of building or framewark is useable for various purposes, such as domestic purposes, e.g. in the first layer here left open for insertion of cubical dwelling parts, and/or as a parking, e.g. as represented by the second layer, which is provided with a floor of aluminum floor elements formed by so called cassette plates that are welded together after having been laid down between the girders of a building module. Such plates mey come in a width of 2 m and favorably in view of parking garage application at a length of 5.4 m. In an advantageous embodiment for the same purpose, a building module comes at a length of 16 m so that 8 elements may be laid side by side. Especially in case of a parking application, the foor plates 6, however equally inserted dwelling cubicles have a rubber or synthetic insert so as to prevent propagation of and dampen contact sounds.

[9070] FIG. 5 illustrates an aluminum building element, firther in accordance with the invention, in which a girder according to the invention is adapted for specific application as a colunu In such application the outer transverse walls or sides 15A and profiled outer transverse wall 158, at least compared to any infernal reinforcement transverse walls 15C between two side walls 14, may be made relatively thick. In figure 5A the clement is represented in connection with a re-enforcing single chamber profile 16 1n aluminum such as may typically be applied at outer sides of a building to be erected, ie.

“14. when “back to back” inclusion of two square elements ZA is not possible, Rather than the example provided, the width, ie. depth of the single chamber profile 16 may correspond to the form and depth of the column part at the opposite facing side of the colunm 24 as taken in this cross section,

[9071] In such column, either dedicated or as column forming girders, a side wall may be provided with door parts 14A for servicing of electric and other leads that may be acconunodated in the column 2. In this example merely a circular drain is schematically depicted by a fitting circle, leaving room for cabling and the like. Also depicted are screws, representing the removable included door in a side wall of the column or column girder. Preferably, the inner section of the column is provided with a further internal wall in parallel with a side wall, (00721 In figure in 5B, two of the building elements 2A are combined in columm as may typically be applied in a centre post, i.e. in between side edges of the building. They are interconnected by bolts 18, one of which is depicted. As depicted, the back sides are preferably provided with a profile 13A for receiving 4 strip element 17 partly extending in a corresponding profile of the connected element 2A; 16, for instance provided in a synthetic material, Such profiling and strip amongst others prevents routnal shifting of the elements, As depicted in FIG. 5B the column may equally be reinforced by a fitting hollow profiled insert, provided in the same material as the column.

{0073} FIG. 6, in line with the representation of FIG. 5 provides the principle ofa further embodiment 2B of an extruded construction element according to the present invention, which is to be set, Le. used into a larger building element such as a column. The extruded elements ZA and 2B may however in principle equally be used as a girder. The present invention does however, also proposes extruded elements in aluminum, 28 specifically, Le. purposely designed for use as a girder, be it a main givder or girder part 3 and §, or a smaller girder, such as a traverse girder 4. As in Figure SB, the present embodiment, as is here depicted, is designed to applied with sections of the element connected over a longitudinal side thereof forming a so called composed column as it were, Le. composed of two separately extruded girder or column, at least hollow profile sections. In this way larger, in particular stronger elements, here in particular columns may then relatively easily be made than can commonly be extruded. As in the preceding embodiment, this is here equally performed by mutually connecting oppositely

-18- positioned, i.e. mirrored extruded parts using specifically thereto designed Tacos, In this example the connection face is provided with protrusions 13B design for mutual connection, While, a cover or interconnecting plate may be used in conjunction with connection members, welding is her proposed. Equally to the embodiment of Fig. 3, a side face 14 of the girder or column 2, as taken in cross section, may be provided with a smaller or larger transitional part 145 directionally deviating from the lateral plane in transition a transverse wall 28 of the element 28, Transverse walls 2T and 28 bere compare to transverse wall 15A and 15B respectively m the embodiment of Fig. 58. Considering that the column section 2B will mostly be applied connected to another section, as here depicted, the transverse wall 28 at the intended connection side, Le. with profiles 13B may be produced in a ower thickues, e.g. up to around 50% of the thickest lateral wall 27. In case the clement 2B is used as is, Le. m singular form, e.g. at outer sides of a building, a re-enforcement element, preferably in hollow form may be attached to this side of the element 2B.

[0074 Finally this embodiment 2B is provided with one face having the side faces extending well beyond a transverse wall 2T, such that an open chamber, at least recess as it were is formed, which may be used to accommodate cables and drains, The space may be covered is so desired. In this case a hd 19 is proposed, shaped in a manner 10 effectively enlarge the volume of covered space. A further elaboration of this ewbodiment and concept design is discussed along Figure 8.

{00731 FIG. 7A provide in exploded perspective view and in side elevation respectively a manner of applying the invention and concept of FIG. 6, in a manner and with elements inventive in itself, while FIG. 7B provides a side elevation of the assembly of the elements of FIG. 7A; In this respect, while the along FIG. 4 pre-describe manner construction may equally well be applied using the embodiment of column ZB, an alternative manner of supporting a girder is here provided. A colunm is here shown to support a girder part 5 using a bracket part BB, attached, here welded to an end face of a column 2, ie. whether type 2B or 24, for receiving a support of console 8 for supporting girder part 5 by way of a large support surface ares. To this end the support 8 is produced as a hollow profile which may be open at its upper side, where it is designed to contact a girder end part, preferably attached, more preferably by welding. The bracket 8B may consist of two side walls, positioned preferably in line with a lateral wall of the column 2,

-16- and extending the latter somewhat as it were, be it by a width no more than the width of a lateral wall of a column, the side wall at their ends facing away from the column connected by an in between transverse plate, or wall as it were. The transverse bracket wall is preferably centrally, preferably provided with a recess SR for receiving a notch EN applied to the bottom face of the support 8, so as to facilitate and speed up normally centered, at least proper positioning of a support 8 on a bracket 88, whether in factory or on building site. In this respect a support is preferably first attached to the bottom side of an end part of a girder 3 or girder section 3. A girder end part 5 is in this design provided with an extended upper girder wall part SM, which is attached to the end face of a column 19 2 and, where a girder is also to be provided to the other side of the column to a similarly extended upper girder wall part SM of the girder section on the other side of the column 2 or 2B as here depicted. A reinforcing colunm cap 22 may be provided, in the form of a hat or cap cornprising at least a top plate with circumferential dimensions matching that of the columm 2, Le, either 2A or 2B, here depicted in the so-called back-to back connected form, at least a form with the lateral sides considerably larger than the transverse sides, The plate part of cap 22 is hence oriented transverse to the column axis. The cap 22 is attached to the end part, here the end face of a column 2, in this case by welding, The cap 22 is preferably provided with lateral side faces extending downwards from the plate, positioned in line and to be connected with the lateral wall ends ofa column 2. Equally the cap 22 may be provided with transverse faces in between its lateral wall, positioned in Hine with lateral walls of the colanm 2. A cap 2 provides both a reinforcement of a colunm 2 as well as an improved basis for supporting and connecting, m the field typically by belting of s pole part Le. lower end of a further column section 2 on top of the depicted, girder supporting column section.

[0078] In further elaboration, the here depicted colanm embodiment 2B may be provided with a cut out end part 21, which is in this example pre-fabricated as a separate section and welded in Hine to a cohunn section. The end section 21 is provided with an opening 23, which may be used for access to bolt or nuts for attaching a further column to the girder end section SM and/or any on top of a colamn applied cap 22. The opening 23 is created by cutting away an end section of a lateral wall 14, Le. in between the transverse walls 2T and 25, Ideally, in the cut-out also and end section of the centrally positioned transverse wall 28 is cut-out. More ideally, at the end of the thus shaped

“17 cokumn section, a largely similar width of transverse wall is present at cach side of the thicker, at least outer transverse wall 27.

(00771 According to yet further elaboration, a column 28 may comprise an intermediate part 20 largely comparable to the cap 22, however also comprising upward 3 facing lateral and transverse wall parts. Equally to that of the top cap, the plate is of a square dimension matching the circumierence of the composed column 28. The intermediate part 20 at least this lower one of these three upper column sections is preferably provided in cast aluminum or else a high grade quality of aluminum compared to the remainder of the column aluminum material. With proper positioning within a cohunn 2B, an intermediate column element, in particular the plate part thereof may take up bending forces from a girder 3 via a support 8. A support 8 thereto comprises a lower wall section which in normal application may be oriented transverse to a colunan axis, and which may, as depicted in FIG, 7B, be included in line with the transverse plate of intermediate column part 20.

[e078] Application of one or both of the transverse plate consisting intermediate column part 20 and the column cap part 22, enables to erect either temporary, semi-permanent and permanent aluminum buildings including parking spaces or garages in heights of over four stories buildings. Even very high level buildings can be erected in case both intermediary part 20 and cap part 22 are applied. with even as is speeifically provided in case relatively high buildings, i.e. high columns are to be erected, typically more than a number, ie. more than four stories high are to be put one on top of the other, Yet, buildings may also be erected without such specific, relatively expensive part 20. eg, in a manner of the pre-deseribed embodiment.

[00791 As may be further taken from the side elevation and assembled representation of FHS. 7B, a bracket 8B is included partly extending beyond a lower column section, at least over a distance matching the depth of recess 8R, preferably to larger extend, at least twice the depth of recess BE, so as to allow for a fair amount of body, available for attachment to the intermediate 20, normally by welding. Brackets 88 may come pre- fabricated with, Le. welded or firmly connected otherwise to a lower column section 2B, whether in composed form or in a form as extruded, FIG, 7B further indicates a second column section 2B mounted on top of a lower column section 2B, in this case embodied with pre/deseribed end parts 20, 21, and 22, covered with extensions SN of the upper wall

-18- of two girder sections 5 included on opposite sides of the lower column 2B.

The depicted lower end of a column section is provided with an end plate, in the form of base plate 25, which in this embodiment may be formed without externally stretching flange part for reason that nuts and bolts may be accommedated and accessed within the perimeters of a column.

A lower section of a column to that end comprises access ports 24 in the form of cut outs from a lower end of a lateral wall of an extruded column part, In this respect FIG. 9 shows a closer detail of such a lower column end, with port holes 24, and a bottom end or support plate 25, as it were an inwardly extending flange, provided with bore holes 2M for passing fastener bolts.

Figure 9 once more shows a composed column to be composed of two welded together, extruded girders, at least hollow profiles, with relatively thin transverse walls 23 near a connected side of an extruded profile, compared the relatively thicker transverse walls 2T, at least almost matching the thickness of support plate 25 and that of lateral walls 14 of an extroded profile, as may be taken from the cohunn cross section in FIG. 8. The latter figure, in farther elaboration shows the protrusions 138 from a transverse wall here to be formed by way of extensions from the lateral walls 14, The protrusions 13B are formed as were they rejuvenated extensions thereof, in this embodiment by way of a rejuvenation at the outer side of the lateral wall projection, here showing a short transition starting right beyond the external face projection of transverse wall 28 and showing a rejuvenation of at least 50% compared to a lateral wall thickness.

In a particular embodiment, one of the protrasions 13B is provided with a small elongation, bent inwards, so as to stretch along the inner wall of any oppositely to be connected extrusion profile.

Such extension, in a composed column naturally is present at both lateral faces, and may serve as a yuaterial support in case of welding together of the protrusions, which protrusions thereto are provided with a beveled part, e.g. end part, forming a V-shaped welding groove with an oppositely composed profile. fooso] FIG. 10A and 10B provide a cross sectional and a longitudinal section view of an aluminum constraction element, here in the form of a main girder 3, in principle also useable as a stand or column.

Constructive element 5 may be used both as girder for 39 which it is primarily designed and as a stand in ahuninium material.

The element 5 is provided in an elongated hollow profiling as taken in cross section, e.g. as in FIG, 10A, in particular favourably produced by way of extrusion, in which the hollow cross section is

„19 provided with at least ons inner wall part 5B, 5C, freely extending between the two lateral walls of the element, Le. connected to a lateral or side wall but not otherwise supported or connected. The construction element is rectangular shaped as taken in cross section. The longer sides as in cross section, here FIG. 104, form the lateral walls 26 of the element 5. The inner walls $B and 5C extend in parallel to an upper and a lower wall SA and SD respectively of the element §, and extend over at least substantially the full length of the element or girder 5. The distance between the inner walls 5B and SC is in the preferred embodiment of FIG. 10A larger than between an inner wall part 58, 5C and the adjacent upper or lower outer wall part 5A and 5D of the girder. The distance between the inner walls 58, 5C preferably is between one and a half and two and a half times, preferably at least about twice of the distance between an inner wall 58, SC and an outermost upper or lower wall 5A, 5D of the element.

[0081] The upper and the lower wall SA, 5D of the clement 5 are of a consistent relatively large thickness compared to the thickness of an inner wall SB, 5C. The thickness of at least one outermost upper or lower wall 5A, SID is twice the thickness of an inner wall SB, SC, The thickness of'g lateral wall part or section 27 above and below an inner wall 58 and SC respectively is smaller than an upper or lower section of a lateral wall part, The thickness of a lateral wall part between the inner walls 5B and SC is smaller than an upper or lower section 27 of a lateral wall 26, At least one of an upper or lower section of a lateral wall or wall part 26 is of a larger thickness than the revoainder section of the lateral wall 26, The thickness of the at least one of the upper or lower section 27 of the lateral wall is smaller than the thickness of an upper or lower wall SA, SD of the element 5. A to be nominated opper wall 54 of the element is centrally provided with a longitudinally extending rim SR, in particular of a width and thickness cowesponding to the thickness of an immer wall SB, 5C, At least one of the upper and lower sections 27 of a lateral wall 26 is provided with a groove 27, in particular of a width and thickness corresponding to the thickness of an inner wall SB, 5C. The groove 28 is incorporated at a level at least largely within the thickness, at least within the projection of the relevant upper or lower wall SA, SI.

[0082] The element § is finther constructed with a view of at least capable of being constructed as a longitudinally composite element in which two element parts S are in line interconnected by a fitting inner elernent part 11, the element 11 not shown in FIG.

<20 10 extending in a corresponding hollow section of the element parts. The mner element part is preferably included in between two inner wall parts 538, 5C. The inner clement is provided as a hollow element in aluminium, and is fixed, preferably in a releasable manner such as by bolting, to the in line element composed clement end parts. While it is intended to connect or elongate extruded girder section of maximum extrusion length, the inner clement 11 in principle also be used for re-enforcement purposes, at least it may extend over at least virtually the full length of a composite element. FIG, 11 provides a perspective view of application possibilities of an element according to the invention, including application thereof in a square 12, connection therewith of an intermediate givder piece 5 by way of an elongated, fittingly included inner element part 11, back to back connection with a second square 12, partly depicted here, yet forming a so-called T post or column section, and in conjunction with so called traverse elements 4 extending transverse to a square 12, in between two squares, in fact in between two support arcs as may be devised by an element in accordance with the invention. It also depicts a rim SR included at the upper side of a girder 3 and givder part 3, so as to allow abutment, at least positioning of an element to be supported such as a floor 6 or dwelling or other utility container or cubicle.

[0083] FIG. 11 represents elements of the invention as may integrated into a building or to form an ideally pre-fabricated constructive part, e.g. square or T-element according to the invention, with FIG. 12 being a sectional view of part of a building and an element 5, each according to the invention. The new elements according to the present invention, irrespective of the embodiment preferred, may be favorably be integrated in a pre» fabricated square element 12 with column section 2, with a pole part of any second, at least finther layer square connected to the square 12, here depicted with traverse elements 28 4 connected to the square 12 at each lateral side thereof and showing part of supported floor panels 6. A pre~fabricated square 12 in practice comes with a U-shaped bracket 4U pre-mounted, so as to allow quick on-site fastening of a traverse 4. In the depicted cross section of the girder, at least one insert element 11 may be accommodated, e.g. with relatively thick lateral walls for receiving a profile in which a nut TIN may be received in a rotationally locked manner, Bolts 118 may be inserted from the lateral walls of a girder part 3, $ in order to firmly connect an insert 11 with either one of two, in line to be connected girder parts. Equally this construction may be applied at either single one or

WIE nultiple opper, central and lower hollow sections of the eleraent or ginder 3, 5, so as to correspondingly enable receipt of connection bolt, or alternatively denoted for inclusion of so called frogs for receiving connection bolts. [onsa] FIG, 13A illustrating the same in a so called exploded, perspective view, in an application with floor panels, and a water discharge gutter such as typically in a garage application, with FIG. 13B illustrating figure 13A in assembled state.

FIG. 13 also depicts the shape in accordance with a further enabling aspect of the present invention of a so called traverse element 4, interconnecting each of a pair of main girders 3 or of 3 and/or 3 as normally included in an arc element, thereby in conjunction with four columns 2 forming a so called table, or building module, This in fact somewhat Hghter and smaller girder 4, is also provided as 2 hollow aluminum element.

Tt is reinforced in a surprising and advantageous manner, by inclusion ofa U-shaped profile 4R at its upper side.

The U- profile AR is open to its upper side and may therein receive an insert like an open drain AD, possibly covered by a grid.

By way of practice detail, the upper ends of cach leg or side face of drain 4D is for a small part bent square so that it may be supported by the open U-shaped profile 4R.

In one embodiment as in Fig 14C, the U shape may at the inner side of the slement 4 extend up to just before or just beyond half way the height of the element 4 in accordance with preference.

The larger the height of the side walls of open profile 4U, the greater the reinforcement of the hollow element or traverse girder 4,

thereby further enabling the application of aluminum in a building.

In this embodiment 2 largest part of a side wall of re-enforcement profile 4R may extend outside the main body of traverse 4, ie. above the upper wall thereof.

In another enbeditaent as in FIG. 1413, the largest past of a re~enforcement profile 4R extends inward of the main body, preferably, as depicted in FIG, 14D as a projection as it were form the outward extending side faces of the U-shaped reinforcement profile, into inner walls extending between the upper and and lower face of a traverse.

The bottom wall of a U-shaped reinforcement profile is in this embodiment as it were included at the level of the upper wall of a traverse, all as taken in transverse view, e.g. as in FIG. 14D.

In both embodiments the side faces or walls of a U-shaped reinforcement profile are provided in a larger dimension, ic, are of greater length than the height of a side wall of a traverse 4. A yet further enabling measure, as will be explained further on, is the covering of the elements and preferably also the floors with an mtomescent coating,

“23. (0085) FIG. 14A in exploded and perspective view illustrates application of element according to the invention as discussed in the preceding, in a buildings corner situations, in particular of a garage or platform application, and provides an example of application of a re-enforcing clement at a length exceeding that of the relevant part of a square. FIG. 14B, in perspective view illustrates the elements of FIG. 144 in integrated form ina building at an edge part thereof; loose] FIG. 14C and 14D show a vertical section of embodiments of an aluminum traverse 4 according to the present invention, with FIG, 14C showing the embodiment situated at an edge situation of a building, additionally showing inclusion of a fence or railing 29 and a parking floor 6 supported by traverse 4 and abutting an outward s extending portion of re-enforcement profile AR thereof.

[0087] Figures 15 illustrate some of a multitude of type of buildings 30 that is enabled by the development of the present construction elements in ahuminum in view of being able to use this material not only mn small constructions, but rather as a normal construction material for any type of building, Le. inclading large and multilevel or multistory tower buildings. FIG 15A is a side elevation of a garage according to the present invention, in this example provided with twee floors, the upper one here left open, It schematically depicts 2.0. ramps, stairs and fences that are equally provided in ahuninam material. FIG, 15B is, in a perspective and schematic representation, an example of a building in accordance with the invention, which is party used for office and/or dwelling purposes, and partly for parking purposes, and showing one cubicle 31, e.g. for dwelling or office use, partly slid out, after being loosened from the structure of the building, as here provided by the building elements described in the preceding and in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 15C in a perspective view illustrates the relative light weight of a building in accordance to the invention by way of inclusion there on a pontoon, i.e. embodied as a floating building, here anchored in an urban environment to provide parking spaces, the upper deck provided with terraces and restaurant. While large conglomerates often are centered around a river or water of some sort, the present invention facilitates renovation works by providing packing space on a floating building, as is economically and technical feasibly enabled by the use of any of the invented elements in aluminum as here disclosed.

3% [ooss] FIG, 16A and 16B are vertical sections of an element and building according to the invention transverse to a traverse 4 as extending between two squares, at least between two columns 2, and additionally shows the preferred manner of constructing using bolting in conjunction with prefabricated bores in end sections of any element according to the invention, all in order to facilitate minimal usage of space and time and/or sound at building sites. The drawing also iHustrate the application of isolation pads 32 or even slabs thereof, produced in a synthetic material, e.g. in the form of “Peek”, between constructive elements, here traverse 4 and traverse supporting bracket 4B. The isolators 32 have multiple functionalities in that they facilitate or at least are functional thermal isolation, thermal relative expansion and in dampening of sound impulses. Such isolators 32 are applied spread on top of a girder 5 or traverse 4 at gach side of a girder rim 5R or re-enforcement profile 4R, and are preferably included pre-fabricated, c.g. by bolting or gloeïng, FIG. 17A and FIG. 178 provide examples of light systems and devices 33 for the garage according to the invention, with a light element holder or base 13 for an electrical light element such as lamps or set of lamps or LED strip extending over the a largest part of the width of a lower wall of a girder or transverse. As in the embodiment 17A the light device may be attached by bolting, using a so called frog strip profile 34 applied, ie, included in the lower wall of a construction clement 4, 5, and the device thereto provided with bores, In the alternative design of FIG. 178, the device 33 1s provided with so called click rims 35 which hook on to the lower part of a construction element 4, 3, favorably making use of resiliency in the light device 33 on the one hand, a hooked nature of the rims 35 and a certain sofiness of the aluminum material of the lower part of a construction element 4, 3.

[0089] The benefits of a building according to the invention, whether or not carried out asa parking garage in whole or in part or not, generally include flexibility, speed in placement and removal, safety, durability, ability to integrated options, and favourable investment and operation possibilities. The building has a flexible layout by its reodular and demountable structure, optimizes land use, has the ability to tailor-made aluminium system components to suit the particulars of a situation, is casily extendable, may easily be reduced in size and is mobile. I has no material loss in disassembly or reassignment and has all the capabilities towards including any of various facade finishes, is adapted to freely locate entrances, exits and ramps, is both semi-permanent and mobile, yet may be

Jd. used permanently, and enable the possibility of easy integration of different real estate features. [open] With respect to speed and simplicity of realization the present invention enables a short preparation time by standardisation of structural components, while often only a simple foundation is required. One typical example of the latter is the use as a building foundation of (often denoted Stelcon) concrete plates, typically of a standard type of 2x 2 xD, 25 m. The total construction weight of the building according to the vention amounts to only about 25% of that of a concrete comparable building, e.g. a garage. Hence a virtually incredible amount of 75% of weight saving and fast realization is enabled. Moreover, the erection takes with less environmental hindrance since piling rig is most ofien if not at least viviually always, not needed. Hence a building in accordance with the present invention is highly suitable for busy city centres, "tight" and environmental sensitive construction sites, and is all the more also applicable on top of existing buildings or parking garages. Erection hardly gives nuisance for the environment because no heavy cranes are needed and small construction site may soon be sufficient.

: With this also heavy driving is strongly reduced. Construction wise no or at least significantly failures and errors in system components and construction are to be expected and inspected on site, due to the feature of pre-fabricating the construction components and the absence of margin stacking by suppliers, which also provides a favourable effect on the safety of the building and on the cost of construction. Finally also the character of logistics and optimization of construction process is herewith strongly changed if not improved, which, among other things, also favourably leads to a clean and efficient site of construction.

[0091] With regard to sustainability and innovation that is further possible with a building according to the invention, the most modern forms of lighting such as LED, LED-foil, LED fixture may be applied in an integrated manner, Le. without hindering space occupation as is, at least in view of costs, necessarily the case at concrete based buildings. The combination of aluminium and coating shows itself as a more sustainable and innovative constructien-alternative to steel and concrete, enabled by the now enabled use of aluminium, providing sustainable employability of alumin, to an infinite reuse, all within a total-concept, and providing a “clean” construction site without risks of security, improved health by less environmental impact, and absence from gassing by

235.

concrete. A building according to the invention may completely be taken apart and re~ erected elsewhere. Supportive hereto is an eco-friendly, durable and maintenance-friendly coating, which also offers maximum fire-retardancy. All materials of the new type of building are "cradle-to-cradle" reusable with a minimum of energy loss for any reuse, The building according to invention offers an open construction allowing natural ventilation, without at least extensive requirement of energy-consuming mechanical or thrust or shearing force fans.

[0092] Regarding safety and comfort the application of a fire-retardant coating to at least 60 min. is worth noting, as well as a coating of the floors which is safe and comfortable without that it leading to "squeak and annoying contact sounds of tires. The coating may be applied in almost every colour so that, that what formerly often was to be accepted as drab, gritty concrete or steel colossus, now easily may be offered as a cheerful, at least crisp cut building, if desired, appropriately in the style of the operator or OWIET, {o093] In resume the possibilities of a building according io the invention in respect of integrated options, include advertising opportunities on the facades by cloth or LED screens, facade finish of choice, the simple ability to generate solar power on the roof or at the facade elements of the garage, the fitting in of commercial premises, kiosks, housings, student housings, storage, selfsslorage, leisure- | sports facilities and green areas on the roof, and/or canopy thereof.

[0084] In connection with business aspects of a building according to the invention is worth noting by way of resume, a saving on foundation costs through light construction, saving on costs during the construction by standardization and prefabrication of the structaral parts, limiting costs of construction management and supervision by short constraction time and prefabrication process, 8 high residual value of the building, at least of the components thereof, by ability to reuse sustainable materials, especially the akuminium floors and construction parts, a high quality by a constant, ie. factory based manufacturing, an ability to move, reduce or enlarge the garage at low cost because of the demountable construction system, employability of the building based on one of various forms of contract: buy, sale with right of first redemption and rental, lower operating and management costs through the application of sustainable materials, whereby higher rental

3m value and investment value of the garage, and finally, lower financing costs by the ability to re-use of construction and materials.

[0095] The present construction, apart from providing a high standard of safety to a building, especially in traffic units such as garages and bridges, has the advantage of composing a floor without the typical peeping sound of car wheels on conventionally coated garage floors. The finishing coating easily allows for temperature expansion or contraction of floor plates, either synthetic or metal and either solid or in panel form, as does the paint and any optionally applied granulated cork layer. The latter, in the exemplified case glued to the floor plate, despite the granulates preferably being included very dense, is in a particular embodiment bonded with an elastic synthetic bonding agent.

[0096] The present invention, apart fom the preceding description, may further be explained along a following set of claims and figures, as well as along the following sets of clauses, in which various aspects are explained or figuratively represented that are united in the present application as one invention, however the combination of which is indicated to possibly form the subject of a separate and different claim either within the present application or as a divisional application.

[00971 The present invention yay furthermore be embodied with or characterized as in the following clauses or definitions (8) departing primarily from a viewpoint focussed mainly on the coating of the constructive elements: 0098} Civil construction unit comprising a framework and provided with constructive elements produced in aluminiun, such as a floor system comprising a plurality of floorplates, preferably welded together, in which the element is provided with a first layer of intuminescent paint or coating, and a second layer of finishing coating.

[00993 Unit in accordance with the preceding clause, the element preferably at least comprising a floorplate and is coated according to the preceding definition at least to its bottom side, more preferably provided with a material layer comprising granulated cork, said granulated cork layer and/or said floor plate, at least said framework being covered by intumescent paint or coating.

[90190] Unit according to the preceding clause, wherein, at least in case of the floor plates, said paint or coating layer is provided with a finishing coating.

DT ei] Unit according to the preceding clause, wherein said finishing coating is of an elastic synthetic material 00102] Unit according to one of the two preceding clauses, wherein said finishing coating is provided with a five retardant material.

[00193] Unit according to anyone of the three preceding clauses, wherein said finishing coating has a rough outer surface. [001641 Unit according to the preceding clause wherein said roughness is tactile sensible by finger movement over said surface,

[09105] Unit according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the rough outer surface complies with the requirements OPNEN-IS0-10545 part 17, jootos] Unit according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the total thickness of said finishing layer is of a thickness stoaller than 1.5 mm

[00107] Uni according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein said optional cork layer is of a thickness within the range of 1 to 5 mm, p0108] Uni according to the preceding clause, wherein said thickness is around 3 mm. [001091 Definitions (1) departing primarily from a viewpoint focussed mainly on a what practically might amount to 8 so called stand or Column, Le. a to be vertically included aluminium clement for supporting a building: jo0110] Constructive element such as girder, in particular stand or column in aluminium, the element provided in an elongated hollow, largely rectangular profile as taken in cross section, in particular by way of extrusion, the element having an elongation of a length typically at least adopted to common flooring distances in domestic building, the cross section showing lateral hollow profile walls extending over certain width, and transverse hollow profile walls of certain depth, extending between the two lateral walls, the element at one transverse wall provided with a profiling for matching connection of the element with a further element part included mirrored to said element.

00111} Element according to clause 1, in which the connection profiling is incladed at a trausverse wall of the hollow profiling.

[ooi] Element according to clause 1 or 2, in which the transverse wall remote from the connection profiling is of a thickness larger than the thickness of another inner or outer wall part of the hollow profile.

D8

[00113] Element according to any one of clauses 1, 2 and 3, in which the element is composed, as taken in cross section, of two element sections connected to one another, e.g. by bolting or welding,

[00114] Element according to any of the preceding clauses, in which the transverse wall at the connection profiling is of smaller thickness than the lateral hollow profile walls.

00115} Element according to any of the preceding clauses, in which the connection profiling is based on a continuation of a lateral wall, 001161 Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the continuation. is of reduced thickness, typically to about 50% of thickness, the reduction in particular realised at an outer wall side of the continuation.

[001171 Element in accordance with any one of the two preceding clauses, mn which one continuation is slightly longer than the continuation at the opposite lateral outer wall continuation, typically over a length matching the thickness of the continued wall section, and protruding directly along the inner side of a projection of the inner wall face of the lateral wall [edits] Element in accordance with any of the preceding three clauses, in which the shorter lateral wall continuation is provided with an end face bevelled in a manner with a laterally outward directed directional component.

1001191 Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the element, at the transverse wall opposite the transverse wall with connection profiling, is provided with a profiling in the form of a continuation of the lateral side walls.

[001201 Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the continuation is at least about half the distance between the two transverse walls of the hollow profile.

[00121] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses § to 11, in which the connection profiling extends over a length at least about a quarter of the distance between the transverse walls of the element profile.

[00122] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses 5 to 12, in which the element is composed of two hollow element sections mutually connected by a welding seem at the bevelled end face of one of the two lateral wall continuations.

[00123] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which an outermost face of the profile is completed by a further, open profiled clement, extending over at least virtually the entire length of the element,

19.

[00124] Element in accordance with the preceding clause in which the further profiling sets forth a re-enforcement of the element by being firmly connected to the element, e.g. by bolting or welding. 00125] Element in accordance with the preceding two clauses, in which the further profiling is at least largely U-shaped, and of a thickness matching the thickness of the outward continuation of the lateral walls of the clement.

[00126] Definitions (3) in the form of clauses, departing primarily from a viewpoint focussed mainly on a what practically might amount io a so called interconnect element, i.e. for safely and robustly interconnecting columns, e.g. as defined in the preceding, in principle even up to highest possible levels:

[00127] Interconnect element for interconnecting sections of a column for supporting a building, the columns formed in aluminum material, in particular as extraded aluminum profiles, the column sections provided with support elements for supporting a girder, e.g. for supporting a floor, in which the interconnect element may be added to and supported by atop side of a column section, and in which the element is provided with a profiling oriented transversely to the longitudinal direction of the column section, and extending from one side of the element up to the opposite side face of the element. 00128] Element in accordance with clause 1, in which the profile is oriented along a horizontal plane.

[00129] Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the profile extends over at least substantially the entire cross section of the element,

[00130] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses in which the element is produced in cast aluminum,

[00131] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses provided with longitudinally oriented profilings, at least one of which included in line with a main wall of the profiling of the colanm section. [001321 Definitions (4) departing primarily from a viewpoint focussed mainly ona what practically might amount to a so called traverse girder, Le. in between main girders: [001337 Clause 1: a constructive element such as girder, the element provided in an elongated bollow profiling as taken in cross section, in particular by way of extrusion, the hollow cross section to one of its sides being provided with a U-shaped profiling, the side

„30- walls of the U shaped element extending in parallel and square to the side in which the U- shaped element is included, the U-shaped element partly extending inwards of the constructive element.

[00134] Element according to clausesl, in which the U-shaped clement extends up the half way the height of the clement, 1e. as taken in the losgitudinal direction of a side wall of the U-shaped element, [001357 Element according to one of the preceding clauses, in which the base part of the U-shape element is included at the inner side of the constructive element,

[00136] Element according to any one of the preceding clauses, in which the element formed in aluminium, e.g. as an extruded element. [001371 Element according to any of the preceding clauses, in which the element is intended for application in a building such as a parking, In particular as a so called traverse, 1e. in between two main girders.

[00138] Element according to the preceding clause, in which the element is intended to 13 be provided with an insert in the form of a drain, e.g. for draining water received from a parking floor. 00139] Element according to the preceding clauses, in which the insert, by an overhanging edge, is supported by the upper ends of the u-shaped element. 00140] Building provided with an element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses.

[00141] Building in which the element wall having the U-shaped element is included with said wall or side being the upper side of the element.

[00142] Building in accordance with the preceding clauses, in which part of the upper wall of the element at at least one side of the U-shaped element is utilised for supporting a floor element such as a parking deck or part of a dwelling cubicle,

[00143] Building according to any of the preceding clauses, in which the upper face of the element, at one side of the U-shaped element supports a fencing means for the building, the fencing means bolted io the element.

[00144] Building according to any of the preceding building clauses, in which the element is provided with a bore opening for passing a drain pipe, e.g. connected to an insert in the U-shaped element.

„31. [0014s] Building element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the U-shaped element is provided with a drain forming nsett, with the insert via laterally extending edge parts being supported by the upper end of the side walls of the U-shaped element.

[oal4s] Building according to any of the preceding building clauses, in which the element is an ahuninium element, connected to 8 main girder via a U-shaped support to which tl is bolted,

[00147] Building according to the preceding clauses, in which the U-shaped support is provided with flanges, in particular provided with bore openings for bolted connection to ID amain girder. Dada] Building according to any of the preceding building clauses in which the gilding is a parking garage, the building provided with a floor system comprising a plurality of cassette like floorplates welded together. [01491 Building according to any of the preceding building clauses in which at least the eloment, preferably as well as said floorplate, is covered by an intumescent coating,

[00150] Building according io the preceding clauses, wherein the upper part of said Hoorplates, is provided with a finishing coating, covering or integrated with any intumescent coating.

[00151] Building according to the preceding clauses, wherein said coating is of an elastic synthetic material, [oaisz] Building according to ons of the two preceding classes, wherein said Snishing coating ts provided with a five retardant material, (001531 Building according to anyone of the three preceding clauses, wherein sad finishing coating bas a rough outer surface, 253 {o0134] Building according to the preceding clauses wherein said ronghness is tactile sensible by finger movement over said surface, [001857 Building according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the rough outer surface complies with the requirements OfNEN-150-10345 part 17.

[00156] Building according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the total thickness 39 of said finishing layer is of a thickness smaller than 1.5 mm.

„37e [001577 Definitions (2), also here in the form of clauses, departing primarily from a viewpoint focussed mainly on what practically might amount to a so called main girder, as especially illustrated along figures 4, 7 and 1: i, Clause 1: Constructive element § such as girder or stand in aluminium, the element provided in an elongated hollow profiling as taken in cross section, £.g. as in FIG. 10, in particular by way of extrusion, the hollow cross section provided with at least one inner wall part 5B, 5C, freely extending between the two lateral walls of the element.

2. Constructive element according to clause 1, in which the element is rectangular shaped as taken in cross section, the longer sides forming the lateral walls of the element, and the inner wall extending in parallel to an upper and a lower wall of the clement.

3. Element according to clause 1, in which the inner wall extends over at least substantially the full length of the element, 4, Element according to clause 1 or 2, in which the element correspondingly is provided another, parallel to the first inner wall extending inner wall part.

5 Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the distance between the inner walls is larger than between an inner wall part and the adjacent upper or lower outer wall part of the element.

8, Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the distance between the inner walls is between one and a half and two and a half times, preferably at least about twice of the distance between an inner wall and an outermost upper or lower wall of the clement.

7. Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the upper and the lower wall of the clement are of a consistent relatively large thickness compared to the thickness of an inner wall.

8, Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the thickness of at feast one outermost upper or lower wall is twice the thickuess of an inner wall, 3, Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the thickness of a lateral wall part above and below an inner wall is smaller than an upper or lower section of a lateral wall part, 38 10 Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the thickness of a lateral wall part between the inner walls is smaller than an upper or lower section of a lateral wall part,

„33e il. Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which at least one of an upper or lower section of a lateral wall part is of a larger thickness than the remainder section of the lateral wall part, 12, Element in accordance with the preceding clanse, according to which the $ thickness of the at least one of the upper or lower section of the lateral wall is smaller than the thickness of an upper or lower wall of the element.

13. Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which a to be nominated upper wall of the element is centrally provided with a longitudinally extending rim, in particular of a width and thickness corresponding to the thickness of an inner wall, 14 Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which at least one of the upper and lower section of a lateral wall is provided with a groove, in particular of a width and thickness corresponding to the thickness of an inner wall.

15. Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the groove is incorporated at a level at least largely within the thickness, at least within the projection ofthe relevant upper or lower wall. 16, Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the element is constructed, at least capable of being constructed as a composite element in which two clement parts are in line interconnected by a fitting inner element part, the element extending in a corresponding hollow section of the element parts.

17 Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the inner element part is included in between two inner wall parts.

18. Element in accordance with any of the two preceding clauses, in which the inner clement is provided as a hollow element in aluminium,

19. Element in accordance with any of the three preceding clauses, in which the ber element is fixed, preferably in a releasable manner such as by bolting, to the in line element parts. 20, Element in accordance with any of the four preceding clauses, in which the inner element extends over at least virtually the full length of the composite element. 21, Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the element, forming a square element, is transversely connected with a transverse element part such as a stand or column part, in particular by aluminium welding, more in particular to an open ond of the other transverse clement part.

<34.

22. Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the lateral walls of one element part are connected to the tip end of the other transverse part, in particular under omission of an end part of the outer wall facing, ie. at the side of the other transverse element.

§ 23. Element according to any of the two preceding element clauses, in which the open tip end of one of the two transverse connected element paris is closed of by a plate included in line with the remote outer wall of the other transverse element part, connecting the upper and lateral walls of the one transverse connected eloment part with the tip end of the aligned outer wall of the other transverse connected element part.

16 24. Element in accordance with the preceding classe, in which the connection between the transverse element parts is re-enforced by a plated shore extending at an acute angle with cach of the transverse element parts,

25. Element part according to the preceding clause in which the plated shore is extends between two transverse extending side plates, parallel to the lateral sides of the transverse clement parts,

26. Element according to the preceding clause, in which the side plates are formed by one of the two transverse element parts, and wherein the inner wall or walls extend up to the shore plate, Le. are limited in length relative to the length of the upper, at least outer most wall part of the relevant transverse element part.

27. Method of constructing a building, comprising the use of a constructive element in aluminnen in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which a constructive element part is connected to a another corresponding element part with transversely connected element part, the transverse element part included as a column, in particular by connection to a column base, using 2 fitting inner element part in accordance with one of the preceding clauses.

28, Method in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the inner part is included in the connecting part of the square element.

29, Method according to the preceding clause, in which the inner element part is slid into the other, to be connected, aligned element part.

30. Method according to any of the preceding method clauses, in which two square element are joint together, back to back as it were, so as to form a T shaped constructive element, the joint parts forming a pillar or column.

235.

31. Method in according to any of the preceding method clauses, in which a square element part, as such or in T form when joint with another square, is erected, in particular connected to its base, in advance of connection with an elongated element part, in particular in accordance with a preceding method clause, 32 Building construction with an element or method in accordance to any of the preceding clauses, : (00158) Definitions {3} departing primarily from a viewpoint focussed mainly on what practically might amount io a new method of constructing

[00139] Constructive element such as girder or stand in aleninium, the element provided in an elongated hollow profiling as taken in cross section, in particular by way of extrusion, in which the clement is constructed, at least capable of being constructed as a composite element of at least two element parts, in which the two slerent parts are in line interconnected by a fitting, equally hollow profiled inner element part, the inner clement extending in cach of the two element parts a corresponding hollow section of the element parts.

00160] Element in accordance with the preceding clause „in which the inner element is configured to extend in each element part over a length of at least one and a half time the height of the constructive element, [ooisl] Element in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the element is provided with two inner walls extending between two lateral walls of the element, and m1 which the inner clement part is included in between the two inner wall parts, [ed162] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the distance between. the two inner walls is larger than a distance between an inner wall and an outermost, opper or lower wall of the element.

[001631 Element in accordance with any of the two preceding clauses, in which both the element, hence the element parts and the inner element is provided as a hollow element in shuminiun.

[00164] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the inner element is fixed, preferably in a releasable manner such as by bolting, to cach of the two, in line connected element parts.

36.

[00165] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which the taner element extends over at least virtually the entire length of the composite element,

[00166] Element in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which an element, part is transversely connected with a transverse element part such as a stand or colanm part, in particular by aluminium welding, more in particular to an open end of the other transverse element part, Dois7} Element in accordance with the preceding claim, in which the lateral walls of one element part are connected to the tip end of the other transverse part, in particular under omission of an end part of the outer wall facing, i.e. at the side of the other transverse element,

[00168] Element according to any of the two preceding element clauses, in which the open tip end of one of the two transverse connected element parts is closed of hy a plate moluded in line with the remote outer wall of the other transverse element part, comerting the upper and lateral walls of the one transverse connected element part with the tip end of the aligned onter wall of the other transverse connected element part.

[00160] Element in accordance with the preceding claim, in which the connection between the transverse element parts is re-enforced by a plated shore extending at an acute angle with zach of the transverse element parts. [001701 Element part according to the preceding claim in which the plated shore is extends between two fransverse extending side plates, parallel to the lateral sides of the transverse element parts.

[00171] Element according to the preceding claim, in which the side plates are formed by one of the two transverse element parts, and wherein the immer wall or walls extend up to the shore plate, Le. are limited in length relative to the length of the upper, at least outer most wall part of the relevant transverse element part. [001727 Method of constructing a building, comprising the use of a constructive element in aluminium in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which a constructive element part ís connected to a another corresponding element part with transversely connected element part, the transverse clement part included as a column, in particular by comnection to a colunm base, using a fitting inner element part in accordance with one of the preceding clauses.

„37.

[60173] Method in accordance with the preceding claim, in which the inner part is included in the connecting part of the square element.

[00174] Method according to the preceding claim, in which the inner element part is slid into the other, to be connected, aligned element part.

§ [00175] Method according to any of the preceding method clauses, in which twe square element are joint together, back to back as it were, so as to form a T shaped constructive element, the joint parts forming a pillar or column,

[00176] Method in according to any of the preceding method clauses, in which a square clement part, as such or in T form when joint with another square, is erected, in particular comnccted to its base, in advance of connection with an elongated clement part, in particular in accordance with a preceding method claim,

[00177] Building construction with an element or method in accordance to any of the preceding clauses,

[00178] Method of constructing a building, comprising the use of a constructive element in aluminiom in accordance with any of the preceding clauses, in which a constructive element part is connected to 3 another corresponding element part with transversely connected element part, the transverse element part incloded as a column, in particular by connection io a column base, using a fiting inver element part in accordance with one of the preceding clauses.

[06179] Method in accordance with the preceding clause, in which the inner part is included in the connecting part of the square element. fooiso] Method according to the preceding clause, 1 which the inner element part is slid into the other, to be connected, aligned element part. [001811 Method according to any of the preceding method clauses, in which two square clement are joint together, back to back as it were, so as to form a T shaped constructive element, the joint parts forming a pillar or colum. [oo182] Method in according to any of the preceding method clauses, in which a square element part, as such or in T form when joint with another square, is erected, in particular connected to ts base, in advance of connection with an elongated element part, in particular in accordance with a preceding method clause,

[00183] Building construction with an element or method in accordance to any of the preceding clauses.

„38.

[00184] The present invention, apart from the preceding description, inchiding clauses, definitions and/or statements, which by virtue of their relation to the same object, e.g. in the form of a specific aspect thereof or specific contribution thereto, at least relating to the same set of figures, may be freely mutnally combined, is further explained along a following reference number list, set of claims and figures, in which various aspects are explained or figuratively represented that ave united in the present application as one invention, however the combination of which is indicated to possibly form the subject of s separate and different claim cither within the present application or as a divisional application,

<39. Reference number list: L Building 11B Nut rotationally held locked by lateral 2 Column section; stand insert or cassette wall ZA fust column embodiment 35 12 Square element; pre-fabricated 2B second column smbodiment with column and girder section

21 rear side extension of column; Tug 12F Column flange 2M flauge openings for bolt msert 13 connection profile 3 Girder; Main girder 134 Retracted profile in transverse wall 4 Traverse or traverse girder 40 13B Protruding profile at transvers wall

3U U-shaped support for traverse 4 14 Lateral wall 4D open drain for inserting into 4U 14A Opening access lid in lateral wall 4R U-shaped remforcement profile in 4 148 Drain; Gutter pipe 5 Intermediate girder; extension piece IS Transverse wall Sa upper girder wall 45 15a Outer transverse wall iS Sb upper inser wall connecting side walls 15b Profiled outer transverse wall Sc lower inner wall connecting side walls 15¢ internal transverse wall Sd Lower girder wall 15d Hollow insert 5L lug; Girder side wall part; 16 Reintorcing profile and Cover SM Reinforcement end plate diagonal 50 17 profile insert

5N extended upper girder wall 18 Bolt, connection member SR Rim on top face of girders 3 and § 19 Cover; Gap closure & floor panel; slab 20 intermediate column section 7 brace; reentorcement brace 21 column end section & support element; for girder 3 53 22 column cap, upper end plate

BB bracket or console for 8 23 column upper end section opening 8R Recess in transverse wall EB 24 column bottom and access port SN Notch to bottom wall of 8, positioning 8 25 Colunm bottom end and support plate to 88 26 Lateral wall of girder 5

9 parking lot 60 27 Thicker upper and or lower

10 one way lane lateral wall section of girder 5 11 cassette part; for cassette intercouvection28 Groove in lateral wall of girder 5 11 A Bolt for cassette connection 29 Fence of garage floor

Building in aluminium 33 Light device - Bight system 31 Cubicle 5 34 Element with bolt holding profile 32 Synthetic meert - isolator 35 device clips for click connection.

Al.

CLAUSES L Civil construction unit comprising a framework and provided with constructive elements produced in aluminiun, such as a floor system comprising 8 plurality of floorplates, preferably welded together, in which the element is provided with a first layer of intuminescent paint or costing, and a second layer of finishing coating.

2. Unit in accordance with the preceding clause, the element preferably at least comprising a floorplate and is coated according to the preceding definition at least to its bottom side, more preferably provided with a material layer comprising granulated cork, said granulated cork layer and/or said floor plate, at least said framework being covered by iniumsscent paint or coating,

3. Unit according to the preceding clause, wherein, at least in case of the floor plates, said paint or coating layer is provided with a finishing coating.

4. Unit according to the preceding clause, wherein said finishing coating is of an elastic synthetic material.

5. Unit according to one of the two preceding clauses, wherein said finishing coating is provided with a fire retardant material.

6. Unit according to anyone of the three preceding clauses, wherein said finishing coating has a rough outer surface.

7. Unit according to the preceding clause wherein said roughness is tactile sensible by finger movement over said surface,

8. Unit according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the rough outer surface complies with the requirements of NEN-ISO-10545 part 17.

9. Unit according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the total thickness of said finishing layer is of a thickness smaller than 1.5 nun

10. Unit according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein said optional cork layer is of a thickness within the range of 1 to 5 nun,

11. Unit according to the preceding clause, wherein said thickness is around 3 mm.

Claims (12)

AD CONCLUSIONS i. Civil construction, such as a building, parking garage, pontoon and bridge, consisting of a framework and provided with structural elements made of aluminum, such as a floor system consisting of several floor plates, preferably welded together, whereby the element is provided with a first layer of intumescent paint or coating , and con second layer of finishing coating. 2. Unit according to the preceding paragraph, wherein the element preferably comprises at least one floor plate and is covered at least on the underside according to the preceding claim, more preferably provided with a material layer which comprises cork granulate, wherein said cork granulate and/or said floor plate, at least the framework is covered with intumescent paint or coating, 3. Unit as claimed in any of the foregoing claims, wherein, at least in the case of the floor plates, the paint or coating layer is provided with a finishing layer. £5 4 Unit according to the preceding paragraph, the finishing layer of an elastic plastic 1s. 5. Unit according to one of the two preceding claims, wherein said finishing layer is provided with a fire-retardant material. A unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said finishing layer has a full outer surface. A unit according to the preceding claim, wherein said roughness is tactile by finger movement over said surface, 8. Unit according to one of the preceding paragraphs, where the rough outer surface meets the requirements of NEN-IS0-19545 part 17. A unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the total thickness of the finishing layer has a thickness less than 1.5 nun if. Unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said optional cork layer has a thickness within the range of 1 to $ mun, 11 Unit according to the previous paragraph, whereby the thickness is approximately 3 mm. 39 12. Unit according to any of the preceding building claims in which the building is a parking garage, at least a building provided with a floor system consisting of several cassette-like floor plates welded together, “43