LV11749B - Process control of compacted graphite iron production in pouring furnaces - Google Patents
Process control of compacted graphite iron production in pouring furnaces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- LV11749B LV11749B LVP-96-322A LV960322A LV11749B LV 11749 B LV11749 B LV 11749B LV 960322 A LV960322 A LV 960322A LV 11749 B LV11749 B LV 11749B
- Authority
- LV
- Latvia
- Prior art keywords
- cast iron
- molten
- iron
- melt
- graphite
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910001126 Compacted graphite iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 36
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 27
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 117
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims description 48
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 230000000051 modifying effect Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 241001062472 Stokellia anisodon Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 87
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 44
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910005347 FeSi Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 65
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 36
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002844 continuous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011437 continuous method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 for instance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneiron Chemical compound [C].[Fe] QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009740 moulding (composite fabrication) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003334 potential effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/10—Making spheroidal graphite cast-iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/10—Making spheroidal graphite cast-iron
- C21C1/105—Nodularising additive agents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Investigating And Analyzing Materials By Characteristic Methods (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Claims (5)
- I LV 11749 IZGUDROJUMA FORMULA 1. Metode vai process iepriekš apstrādāta, kausēta čuguna nepārtrauktai padevei tādu objektu liešanai, kas sacietē kā čuguns ar kompaktu grafītu, kas satur stadijas: I kausēta lietuves čuguna ražošanu; II lietuves čuguna grafitizācijas potenciāla regulēšanas aģentu ievadīšanu kausējumā; III kausētā lietuves čuguna pārvietošanu uz kondicionēšanas krāsni, kurā kausētā lietuves čuguna daudzums procesā tiek turēts iepriekš noteiktās robežās, aizstājot ar pārtraukumiem lietuves čugunu, kas izlaists no kondicionēšanas krāsns, ar kompensējošu kausēta lietuves čuguna daudzumu, kas nāk no minētām iepriekšējām stadijām; IV kausētā lietuves čuguna liešanu tieši lietņu silēs vai kausos un no minētiem kausiem lietņu silēs; un pirms stadijas IV, ja nepieciešams, kausētā lietuves čuguna desulfurēšanu ar jebkuras pašas par sevi zināmas, piemērotas desulfurēšanas metodes palīdzību līdz sēra masas procentam mazākam kā aptuveni 0.025 %; un turklāt, grafīta formu modificējošu aģentu un čuguna modificēšanas aģentu pievienošanu kausētajam lietuves čugunam vienas vai vairāku minēto I - IV stadiju veikšanas laikā, atšķiras ar to, ka pēc stadijas III un/vai no lietņu silēm, un pēc minēto aģentu pievienošanas ņem vismaz vienu kausētā lietuves čuguna paraugu un paraugam ļauj sacietēt no stāvokļa, kurā paraugs un trauks, kurā tas tiek turēts, ir būtībā termiskā līdzsvarā pie temperatūras virs kristalizācijas temperatūras, pa to laiku reģistrējot kausētā lietuves čuguna no laika atkarīgu temperatūras izmaiņu parauga centrā un parauga trauka sienas tuvumā, un reģistrēto no laika atkarīgo temperatūras izmaiņu izmanto, lai vispārzināmā veidā konstatētu lietuves čuguna strukturālās īpašības un grafitizācijas potenciālu; un, 2 ιι: kad konstatētais lietuves čuguna lējuma grafitizācijas potenciāls un/vai konstatētās strukturālās īpašības novirzās no attiecīgām zināmām čuguna ar kompaktu grafītu strukturālām īpašībām un grafitizācijas potenciāliem vairāk par dotiem iepriekš noteiktiem lielumiem, tad iepriekš noteiktā saistībā ar minēto novirzi vai novirzēm koriģē stadijā II ievadāmā grafitizācijas potenciālu regulējošā aģenta daudzumu un/vai koriģē pievienojamā vai aizvācamā grafīta formu modificējošā aģenta daudzumu, un/vai koriģē pievienojamā čuguna modificēšanas aģenta daudzumu. Metode vai process saskaņā ar 1. punktu, kas atšķiras ar to, ka pēc stadijas II, bet pirms stadijas III kausētais lietuves čuguns tiek pārvietots uz reakcijas trauku, kurā kausētajam lietuves čugunam tiek pievienoti grafīta formu modificējoši aģenti; papildus grafīta modificēšanas aģenti, ja nepieciešams, kausētajam čugunam tiek pievienoti, kamēr tas atrodas kondicionēšanas krāsnī; kausētais lietuves čuguns tiek liets lietņu silēs stadijā IV; un čuguna modificēšanas aģenti kausētajam lietuves čugunam tiek pievienoti pēc stadijas III. Metode vai process saskaņā ar 1. punktu, kas atšķiras ar to, ka kausētais lietuves čuguns pēc stadijas II, bet pirms stadijas III tiek pārvietots uz reakcijas trauku, kurā kausētais lietuves čuguns tiek desulfurēts līdz sēra masas % mazākam kā aptuveni 0.025 %; stadijā IV kausētais lietuves čuguns tiek liets kausos un no tiem lietņu silēs; un grafīta formu modificējošie aģenti un čuguna modificēšanas aģenti tiek pievienoti kausētajam čugunam, kamēr tas vēl ir minētajos kausos. Metode vai process saskaņā ar jebkuru no iepriekšējiem punktiem, kas atšķiras ar to, ka kondicionēšanas krāsns ir būtībā noslēgta. Metode vai process saskaņa ar 4. punktu, kas atšķiras ar to, ka kondicionēšanas krāsnī ir nodrošināta inertas aizsarggāzes atmosfēra. I LV 11749 3
- 6. Metode vai process saskaņā ar 4. vai 5. punktu, kas atšķiras ar to, ka kondicionēšanas krāsnī ir paaugstināts spiediens.
- 7. Metode vai process saskaņā ar 6. punktu, kas atšķiras ar to, ka spiedienu 5 kondicionēšanas krāsnī pazemina, ja un kad kausētajam lietuves čugunam, kamēr tas ir kondicionēšanas krāsnī, tiek pievienoti grafīta formu modificējošie aģenti.
- 8. Metode vai process saskaņā ar jebkuru no iepriekšējiem punktiem, kas 10 atšķiras ar to, ka kausētā lietuves čuguna paraugus ņem no lietņu siles ielietnes vai ielietnes stāvkanālu sistēmas.
- 9. Metode vai process saskaņā ar jebkuru no 1. līdz 7. punktiem, kur kausētais lietuves čuguns stadijā IV tiek liets kausos un no tiem lietņu 15 silēs, kas atšķiras ar to, ka kausētā lietuves čuguna paraugu ņem no viena no minētajiem kausiem.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE9304347A SE502227C2 (sv) | 1993-12-30 | 1993-12-30 | Förfarande för kontinuerligt tillhandahållande av förbehandlat smält järn för gjutning av föremål av kompaktgrafitjärn |
| PCT/SE1994/001177 WO1995018869A1 (en) | 1993-12-30 | 1994-12-07 | Process control of compacted graphite iron production in pouring furnaces |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| LV11749A LV11749A (lv) | 1997-04-20 |
| LV11749B true LV11749B (en) | 1997-10-20 |
Family
ID=20392270
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| LVP-96-322A LV11749B (en) | 1993-12-30 | 1996-08-02 | Process control of compacted graphite iron production in pouring furnaces |
Country Status (25)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5758706A (lv) |
| EP (1) | EP0738333B1 (lv) |
| JP (1) | JP3973168B2 (lv) |
| KR (1) | KR100359377B1 (lv) |
| CN (1) | CN1041329C (lv) |
| AT (1) | ATE170223T1 (lv) |
| AU (1) | AU684128B2 (lv) |
| BR (1) | BR9408467A (lv) |
| CA (1) | CA2177597A1 (lv) |
| CZ (1) | CZ151996A3 (lv) |
| DE (2) | DE4480476T1 (lv) |
| DZ (1) | DZ1843A1 (lv) |
| EE (1) | EE9600098A (lv) |
| FI (1) | FI962737A0 (lv) |
| HU (1) | HUT74217A (lv) |
| LT (1) | LT4137B (lv) |
| LV (1) | LV11749B (lv) |
| MA (1) | MA23413A1 (lv) |
| PL (1) | PL315175A1 (lv) |
| RU (1) | RU2145638C1 (lv) |
| SE (1) | SE502227C2 (lv) |
| SI (1) | SI9420078A (lv) |
| TN (1) | TNSN94142A1 (lv) |
| WO (1) | WO1995018869A1 (lv) |
| ZA (1) | ZA9410359B (lv) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE509818C2 (sv) * | 1995-11-16 | 1999-03-08 | Sintercast Ab | Method för framställning av gjutna föremål av förbehandlad smälta |
| SE512201C2 (sv) * | 1998-03-06 | 2000-02-14 | Sintercast Ab | Förfarande för framställning av Mg-behandlat järn med förbättrad bearbetbarhet |
| WO2001027345A1 (fr) | 1999-10-13 | 2001-04-19 | Asahi Glass Company, Limited | Cible de pulverisation et son procede de preparation, et procede de formation de film |
| DE502005000531D1 (de) * | 2005-08-05 | 2007-05-10 | Winter Fritz Eisengiesserei | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Vermikulargraphitguss |
| DE102005058532B4 (de) * | 2005-12-08 | 2008-09-04 | Daimler Ag | Verfahren zur anpassungsfähigen Prozesssteuerung für die Herstellung von Gusseisen |
| EP2060340A1 (de) * | 2007-11-06 | 2009-05-20 | Georg Fischer Automotive AG | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Niederdruckgiessen von Metallschmelzen |
| US8056604B2 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-11-15 | Ask Chemicals L.P. | Process for preparing a test casting and test casting prepared by the process |
| KR101605905B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-22 | 2016-03-23 | 두산인프라코어 주식회사 | Ｃｇｉ 주철 및 그 제조방법 |
| ES2537435T3 (es) * | 2010-01-05 | 2015-06-08 | Pedro Fernández Terán | Procedimiento de fabricación de fundición nodular |
| EP2734651B1 (de) * | 2011-07-22 | 2020-02-19 | Neue Halberg Guss GmbH | Verfahren zur herstellung von gusseisen mit vermiculargraphit |
| WO2014182875A1 (en) * | 2013-05-09 | 2014-11-13 | Dresser-Rand Company | Physical property improvement of iron castings using carbon nanomaterials |
| ES2901405T3 (es) | 2016-09-12 | 2022-03-22 | Snam Alloys Pvt Ltd | Un proceso sin magnesio para producir hierro de grafito compacto (HGC) |
| EP3666415A1 (de) * | 2018-12-14 | 2020-06-17 | GF Casting Solutions Leipzig GmbH | Verfahren zur herstellung von gjs und gjv gusseisen |
| CN114247856A (zh) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-03-29 | 山东莱钢永锋钢铁有限公司 | 一种应用于铁水包内铁水保温的方法 |
| CN114062418B (zh) * | 2022-01-14 | 2022-04-08 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | 一种蠕墨铸铁铁液孕育多特征点双样杯热分析评价方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE350606B (lv) * | 1970-04-27 | 1972-10-30 | S Baeckerud | |
| JPS5226039A (en) * | 1975-08-22 | 1977-02-26 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Glow dicharge heater |
| RO71368A2 (ro) | 1979-02-16 | 1981-08-30 | Institutul De Cercetaresstiintifica,Inginerie Tehnologica Si Proiectare Pentru Sectoare Calde,Ro | Procedeu de elaborare a fontelor cu grafit vermicular prin dubla modificare |
| DE3412024C1 (de) * | 1984-03-31 | 1985-07-18 | Fritz Winter, Eisengießerei oHG, 3570 Stadtallendorf | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur thermischen Analyse von Gusseisen |
| SE444817B (sv) * | 1984-09-12 | 1986-05-12 | Sintercast Ab | Forfarande for framstellning av gjutgods av gjutjern |
| SE466059B (sv) * | 1990-02-26 | 1991-12-09 | Sintercast Ltd | Foerfarande foer kontroll och justering av primaer kaernbildningsfoermaaga hos jaernsmaeltor |
| SE469712B (sv) * | 1990-10-15 | 1993-08-30 | Sintercast Ltd | Foerfarande foer framstaellning av gjutjaern med kompakt grafit |
| SE470091B (sv) * | 1992-04-09 | 1993-11-08 | Sintercast Ltd | Förfarande för bestämning av kolekvivalenten hos strukturmodifierade gjutjärnssmältor |
-
1993
- 1993-12-30 SE SE9304347A patent/SE502227C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1994
- 1994-12-07 KR KR1019960703582A patent/KR100359377B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-12-07 PL PL94315175A patent/PL315175A1/xx unknown
- 1994-12-07 WO PCT/SE1994/001177 patent/WO1995018869A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-12-07 RU RU96116154/02A patent/RU2145638C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-12-07 BR BR9408467A patent/BR9408467A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-12-07 HU HU9601570A patent/HUT74217A/hu unknown
- 1994-12-07 CN CN94194407A patent/CN1041329C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-12-07 EP EP95905822A patent/EP0738333B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-07 AT AT95905822T patent/ATE170223T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-12-07 DE DE4480476T patent/DE4480476T1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-12-07 CZ CZ961519A patent/CZ151996A3/cs unknown
- 1994-12-07 SI SI9420078A patent/SI9420078A/sl unknown
- 1994-12-07 DE DE69412861T patent/DE69412861T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-12-07 US US08/676,107 patent/US5758706A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-07 AU AU14286/95A patent/AU684128B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-12-07 EE EE9600098A patent/EE9600098A/xx unknown
- 1994-12-07 CA CA002177597A patent/CA2177597A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-12-07 JP JP51842995A patent/JP3973168B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-12-27 MA MA23742A patent/MA23413A1/fr unknown
- 1994-12-27 TN TNTNSN94142A patent/TNSN94142A1/fr unknown
- 1994-12-28 DZ DZ940143A patent/DZ1843A1/fr active
- 1994-12-28 ZA ZA9410359A patent/ZA9410359B/xx unknown
-
1996
- 1996-05-31 LT LT96-076A patent/LT4137B/lt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-07-03 FI FI962737A patent/FI962737A0/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-08-02 LV LVP-96-322A patent/LV11749B/en unknown
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