KR20130122698A - Composition - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides additive compositions for fuel, fuel compositions, and methods for such compositions and uses thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to compositions that can be used to reduce soot and ash content in the exhaust gases of combustion systems for fuels. In particular, the composition comprises (i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And (ii) organic compounds selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof.

Description

Composition {COMPOSITION}

The present invention relates to additive compositions for fuel, fuel compositions, and methods and uses for such compositions. In particular, the present invention relates to compositions that can be used to reduce soot and ash content in the exhaust gases of combustion systems for fuels. The present invention also relates to essentially hydrocarbon mixtures (HC mixtures), especially heating oils and their additive concentrates, which are burned to produce very little soot.

Ferrocene and its derivatives are known from the literature. Ferrocene and its preparation was first described in Nature 168 (1951), p. 1039. Since then, ferrocene and its derivatives as well as the corresponding preparation procedures have been the subject of a number of patents, such as US 2 769 828, US 2 834 796, US 2 898 360, and US 3 437 634.

In addition to many other compounds, DE 34 18 648 refers to ferrocene (dicyclopentadienyl iron) as a suitable additive for optimizing the combustion of heating oil. This optimized combustion promotes the complete combustion of the heating oil.

In US 4 389 220, a two-step process for conditioning a diesel vehicle is described. According to the patent, an initial high capacity ferrocene, 20-30 ppm in diesel fuel, can remove carbon deposits in the combustion chamber and also deposit a layer of catalytic iron oxide on the combustion surface. Then, a low capacity ferrocene, 10-15 ppm, maintains the catalytic iron oxide coating. At the same time, by this means, fuel consumption was found to be reduced by 5%. Concentrates are commonly used because it is difficult to add organo iron compounds such as ferrocene to the fuel in solid form.

DE 30 31 158 A1 teaches that a mixture of 70 to 85% by volume of water and 0.1 to 1% of camphor can be added to the heating oil immediately prior to combustion.

DE 21 47 994 teaches that in particular camphor-containing additives can be used in the combustion air of internal combustion engines.

US 3 925 031 teaches that in particular camphor and naphthalene containing additives can be added to the gasifier fuel, diesel fuel or lubricating oil.

In the prior art, camper has been used in fuels to provide fuel consumption or reduction of dangerous emissions. However, it is not known whether camphor reduces soot. Rather, the disadvantage of using camper, as described in US 5 116 390, is that additional soot formation is noted in the combustion of fuel containing camphor as an additive. Similarly, US 3 925 031 suggests that using camphor in gasoline in an amount sufficient to increase the effective octane number of gasoline also results in a decrease in combustion efficiency and thus an increase in the amount of unburned carbon, .

It is also known that combustion catalysts can cause the generation of ash, see, for example, US 6 948 926. Thus, additives that reduce soot formation can lead to an increase in ash formation. H. Jungbluth, B. Richter, "Neue Ergebnisse zur Regeneration von Dieselpartikelfiltern mit Additiven", Mineraloeltechnik, July 1998; The use of such an additive in the fuel of a large diesel engine is advantageous in that it is possible to reduce the amount of emissions caused by the ash derived from the combustion of the additive < RTI ID = 0.0 > ≪ / RTI >

CN 1597873 discloses fuels containing methanol, hydrogen peroxide, ferrocene, and camphor that reduce harmful emissions.

The present invention reduces the problems of the prior art.

In one aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

, Wherein the additive composition for fuel containing 100 ppm or more of the organic compound (ii) is provided.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a fuel composition comprising an additive composition of the present invention and a fuel.

In a further aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof;

(ii) organic compounds selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof; And

(iii) Fuel selected from biofuels, diesel, ship fuel, heating oil, intermediate distillate, and heavy fuel oil

It provides a fuel composition comprising a.

In a further aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof;

(ii) organic compounds selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof; And

(iii) fuel

Providing a fuel composition comprising; And

Combusting the composition to reduce soot and ash content in the exhaust gas < RTI ID = 0.0 >

The method comprising the steps of: injecting the fuel composition into a combustion chamber;

In one aspect, an object of the present invention is to provide a hydrocarbon mixture containing an organo iron compound with an additional component leading to a significant reduction in soot. That is, the combination of the iron compound and the additional components is one that is observed when the same amount of iron compound is used alone, or a greater reduction in soot amount compared to that observed when the same amount of the additional component is used alone . Thus, the amount of iron compound used in the mixture can be reduced to a level at which the catalytic effect thereof on the soot reduction is minimized when only the iron compound is used. The above problem is achieved by a mixture of hydrocarbons which do not generate soot during combustion with 0.1 ppm or more of added ferrocene and 1 ppm or more of camphor.

Therefore, it is known in the prior art that metal compounds such as ferrocene can improve the combustion in a combustion system and reduce carbon deposits, leading to a reduction in the amount of soot observed in the exhaust gas of the combustion system. However, the amount of iron compound required to induce a sufficient reduction in soot also causes an increase in the amount of ash formed. Conversely, organic compounds such as camphors do not generate ash, but are known to increase the amount of soot that is observed. The present invention demonstrates surprisingly that a composition comprising a small amount of a metal compound such as a ferrocene and an organic compound such as a camphor can produce only a small amount of ash while providing a good reduction of soot. Surprisingly, the composition provides a significantly better soot reduction than is observed when the same amount of metal compound is used in the absence of the organic compound.

Aspects of the invention are defined in the appended claims.

Metal compounds (i)

The metal compound (i) is selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof.

Preferably, the metal compound (i) is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of iron compounds, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, manganese (II) 2-ethylhexanoate, manganese naphthenate, calcium 2-ethylhexanoate, Sodium carbonate, calcium sulfate, cerium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, cerium sulfonate, and mixtures thereof.

It is important that the metal compound (i) for use in the present invention is soluble or dispersible in the fuel and preferably stable to the fuel. The exact nature of the metal-containing compound is less important.

Manganese compounds

Preferably, the manganese compound is selected from manganese carbonyl compounds, manganese (II) 2-ethylhexanoate, manganese naphthenate, and mixtures thereof.

The most preferred general type of manganese carbonyl compounds used in accordance with the present invention include organic manganese polycarbonyl compounds. For optimal results, cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compounds of the type described in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,828,417 and 3,127,351 should be used. Accordingly, it is preferable to use a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound such as cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dimethyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, trimethyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , Propylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, isopropylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, butyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, pentyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, hexyl chloropentadienyl manganese tri Compounds such as carbonyl, ethylmethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dimethyloctylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dodecyl chloropentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, indenyl manganese tricarbonyl, and cyclopentadienyl Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > 18 < / RTI > carbons.

In one aspect, the manganese compound is an organic manganese compound.

Preferred organomanganese compounds are cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Particularly preferred for use in the practice of the present invention is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.

Methods for the synthesis of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl are well documented. For example, in addition to U.S. Patent Nos. 2,818,417 and 3,127,351 described above, U.S. Patent Nos. 2,868,816; 2,898,354; 2,960,514; And 2,987,529.

Other organic manganese compounds that may be used include acyl manganese tricarbonyl, such as methyl acetyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and benzoyl methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl as described in U.S. Patent No. 2,959,604; Aryl manganese pentacarbonyl, such as phenyl manganese pentacarbonyl described in U.S. Patent No. 3,007,953; And aromatic cyano manganese dicarbonyls, such as mesitylene cyanomanganedicarbonyl described in U.S. Patent No. 3,042,693. Similarly, being a ligand, such as the formula RMn (CO) ₂ L (wherein, R is a cyclopentadienyl group substituted having 5 to 18 carbon atoms or unsubstituted, L is an olefin, an amine, a phosphine, SO _2, tetrahydrofuran ) Cyclopentadienyl manganese dicarbonyl compounds can be used. Such compounds are described, for example, in Herberhold, M., Metal π- Complexes , Vol. II, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1967] or [Giordano, PJ and Weighton, MS, Inorg . Chem . , 1977, 16, 160]. A manganese pentacarbonyl dimer (dimanganecarbonyl) may also be used as needed.

Preferably, the manganese compound is a manganese complex.

Preferably, the manganese compound is selected from cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and substituted cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.

Manganese compound is cyclopentadienyl manganese tree carbonyl and substituted cyclopentadienyl manganese carbonyl may tree carbonate imidazol, wherein the substituent is, for example, at least one C _{1 -5} alkyl group, preferably C _{1 -2} alkyl group Can be. Combinations of the above manganese complexes may also be used.

Preferably, the manganese compound is selected from cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and substituted cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.

Preferably, the manganese compound is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT).

Calcium compound

Preferably, the calcium compound is selected from calcium 2-ethylhexanoate, calcium naphthenate, calcium sulfonate, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the calcium compound is calcium sulfonate.

Other suitable calcium compounds are disclosed and described in GB2248068 and GB2254610.

Cerium compounds

Preferably, the cerium compound is selected from cerium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, cerium sulfonate, and mixtures thereof.

Most preferably, the metal compound (i) is an iron compound or a mixture of iron compounds.

Iron compounds

Preferably, the iron compound is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron; Substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron; Overbased iron iron soap such as iron tartrate and iron octoate; And mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the iron compound is an iron complex selected from bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the iron compound is substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron selected from adamantyl bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, bis (dicyclopentadienyl-iron) dicarbonyl, and mixtures thereof. Bis (dicyclopentadienyl-iron) dicarbonyl is also known as a cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer.

In one aspect, the iron compound is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, adamantyl bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, bis (dicyclopentadienyl-iron) dicarbonyl, ferrate and iron octoate; And mixtures thereof.

Other suitable substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron complexes have a substituent, e.g., one or more C _{1 -30} alkyl group, preferably C _{1 -20} alkyl group, preferably C _{1 -10} alkyl, C _{1 -5} alkyl group, and preferably will, which may be a C _{1 -2} alkyl. Combinations of the iron complexes may also be used.

Suitable alkyl substituted dicyclopentadienyl iron complexes include cyclopentadienyl (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, cyclopentadienyl (ethyl-cyclopentadienyl) iron, bis- (methylcyclopentadienyl) Iron, bis- (ethylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis- (1,2-dimethyl-cyclopentadienyl) iron, and bis- (1-methyl-3-ethylcyclopentadienyl) iron. The iron complexes can be prepared by the processes taught in US-A-2680756, US-A-2804468, GB-A-0733129 and GB-A-0763550. Another volatile iron complex is iron pentacarbonyl.

Suitable iron complexes are bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and / or bis- (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron.

Suitable coordination chemistry for the solubilization of transition metals, including iron, in hydrocarbon solvents, such as diesel fuel, is well known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, WO-A-87/01720 and WO-A-92 / do).

The substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl complexes (substituted ferrocenes) of iron for use in the present invention include those wherein the substitution can be on one or both of the cyclopentadienyl groups. A suitable substituent, for example, is that, at least one C _{1 -5} alkyl group, preferably there may be mentioned a C _1-2 alkyl group.

Particularly suitable alkyl substituted dicyclopentadienyl iron complexes (substituted ferrocenes) include cyclopentadienyl (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis- (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis- (ethylcyclopentadienyl ) Iron, bis- (1,2-dimethylcyclopentadienyl) iron, and 2,2-diethylperocenyl-propane.

Other suitable substituents which may be present on the cyclopentadienyl ring include cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, aryl groups such as tolylphenyl, and acetyl groups such as those present in diacetylferrocene. A particularly useful substituent is a hydroxyisopropyl group which produces (? -Hydroxyisopropyl) ferrocene. As disclosed in WO-A-94/09091, (? -Hydroxyisopropyl) ferrocene is liquid at room temperature.

Ferrocene linked by "bridges" can be used in the present invention. Suitable compounds are taught in WO 02/018398 and WO 03/020733. Thus, a suitable "bridge" connecting the ferrocene may be an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group. As used herein, the term "unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group" means a group that includes at least C and H, and optionally may include one or more suitable substituents. In a preferred embodiment, one carbon atom of the "bridge" hydrocarbyl group is bonded to the two ferrocene moieties, thereby linking the ferrocene. Additional ferrocene moieties may be attached via additional "bridge" hydrocarbyl groups. Typical unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl groups are unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon groups. The term "hydrocarbon" as used herein means any of an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or aryl group which may be linear, branched, or cyclic. For example, an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group may be an alkylene, branched alkylene or cycloalkylene group. The term hydrocarbon also includes optionally substituted groups. Where the hydrocarbon is a branched structure having a substituent (s) thereto, the substitution may be on the hydrocarbon backbone or branch; Alternatively, the substitution can be on the hydrocarbon backbone and on the branch. Preferred unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon groups are unsubstituted or substituted alkylene groups having at least one carbon atom in the alkylene linkage. More preferably, the unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkylene linkage, for example, an alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms in the alkylene linkage, or one carbon in the alkylene linkage Or an unsubstituted or substituted alkylene group having an atom. When the hydrocarbyl group contains more than one C, these carbons need not necessarily be bonded to each other. For example, two or more of the carbons may be connected via appropriate elements or groups. Thus, the hydrocarbyl group may contain atoms other than carbon. Suitable atoms other than carbon will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for example, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen, for example, oxygen.

Other organometallic complexes of iron can also be used in the present invention to the extent that they are soluble and stable to the fuel. As the complex, for example, iron pentacarbonyl, di-iron nonacarbonyl, (1,3-butadiene) -iron tricarbonyl, and (cyclopentadienyl) -iron dicarbonyl dimer can be used. have. Di-tetralin iron tetraphenylborate _{(2 Fe (C 10 H 12} ) (B (C 6 H 5) 4) 2) may be used, such as salts.

The preferred iron complex is ferrocene (i.e., bis-cyclopentadienyl iron).

Instead of ferrocene, the same amount of other organo-iron compounds soluble in the hydrocarbon mixture may be used for the iron content. This applies to all descriptions and descriptions below. Dicyclopentadienyl iron has proven to be particularly suitable. The ferrocene derivative may be used at least partially in place of the ferrocene. A ferrocene derivative is a compound, starting from a basic ferrocene molecule, in which additional substituents are found on one or both of the cyclopentadienyl rings. Examples are ethyl ferrocene, butyl ferrocene, acetyl ferrocene, and 2,2-bis-ethyl ferrocenyl propane. For example, double bisperecenyl alkanes, such as those described in DE 201 10 995 and DE 102 08 326, are also suitable.

As a result of the solubility, stability, high iron content, and, above all, the combination of volatility of the substituted ferrocene, this is an iron compound which is preferred for use in the present invention. Based on the above, ferrocene itself is a particularly preferable iron compound. Ferrocenes of suitable purity are all commercially available as PLUTOcen ^RTM by Innospec Deutschland GmbH and as solution Satacen ^RTM in various useful forms.

The iron compound for use in the present invention need not be characterized by iron-carbon bonds to be affinity and stability to the fuel. Salts can also be used; They may be neutral or overbased. Thus, for example, overbased stone sieves, including iron stearate, iron oleate, and iron naphthenate, may be used. A method for producing metal lumps is described in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed, Vol. 8: 432-445, John Wiley & Sons, 1993. A so-called "drier-iron" type, such as iron tris (2-ethylhexanoate) [19583-54-1], is used as the stoichiometric or neutral iron carboxylate suitable for use in the present invention. .

Iron complexes which are not characterized by a metal-carbon bond and which have not been prepared as described in the above references can also be used in the present invention if they are sufficiently affinity and stability to the fuel. For example, a complex with? -Diketonate, for example, tetramethylheptanedionate.

Iron complexes of the following chelate ligands are also suitable for use in the present invention:

2 equivalents of an aromatic Mannich base such as, for example, (tetrapropenyl) phenol, such as those prepared by reaction of an amine with an aldehyde or ketone followed by a nucleophilic attack on an active hydrogen containing compound, 2 ≪ / RTI > formaldehyde, and one ethylenediamine;

Hydroxyaromatic oximes such as (polyisobutenyl) -salicyl halide. They can be prepared by the reaction of (polyisobutenyl) phenol, formaldehyde and hydroxylamine;

Schiff bases such as those prepared by condensation reactions between aldehydes or ketones (e.g., (tert-butyl) -salicylaldehyde) and amines (e.g., dodecylamine). Tetradentate ligands can be prepared using ethylenediamine (half equivalents) instead of dodecylamine;

Substituted phenols such as 2-substituted-8-quinolinol, for example 2-dodecenyl-8-quinolinol or 2-N-dodecenylamino-methylphenol;

A substituted phenol such that the substituent is NR ₂ or SR, where R is a long chain (e.g. 20 to 30 C atoms) hydrocarbyl group. For both [alpha] and [beta] -substituted phenols, the aromatic ring may advantageously be further substituted with a hydrocarbyl group, for example a lower alkyl group;

Carboxylic acid esters such as those prepared by reacting anhydride (e.g., dodecenyl succinic anhydride) with a single equivalent of an alcohol (e.g. triethylene glycol), especially succinic acid esters;

Acylated amines. These can be prepared by various methods well known to those skilled in the art. However, particularly useful chelates are prepared by reaction of an alkenyl substituted succinate (e.g., dodecenyl succinic anhydride) with an amine (such as N, N'-dimethylethylenediamine or methyl-2-methylamino-benzoate) will be;

Produced by reacting an amino acid, for example, an amine (for example, dodecylamine) with an alpha, beta -unsaturated ester (for example, methyl methacrylate). If a primary amine is used, it can then be acylated, for example, with oleic acid or oleyl chloride;

Hydroxamic acids such as those prepared from the reaction of hydroxylamine with oleic acid;

Linked phenols such as those prepared from the condensation of alkylated phenols with formaldehyde. When a ratio of 2: 1 phenol: formaldehyde is utilized, the linking group is CH ₂ . When a ratio of 1: 1 is utilized, the linking group is CH ₂ OCH ₂ ;

Alkylated, substituted pyridines such as 2-carboxy-4-dodecylpyridine;

ㆍ Boronated acylated amine. They can be prepared by the reaction of a succinic acylating agent (such as poly (isobutylene) succinic acid) with an amine (such as tetraethylenepentamine). The above procedure is then followed by boron oxidation with boron oxide, boron halide or boronic acid, amide or ester. A similar reaction with phosphorous acid causes the formation of phosphorus containing acylated amines, which are also suitable for providing an oil iron chelate for use in the present invention;

And alkylated pyrrole is a pyrrole derivative substituted in the 2-position by _{OH, NH 2, NHR, CO} 2 H, SH or C (O) H. Particularly suitable pyrrole derivatives include 2-carboxy-t-butylpyrrole;

For example a sulfonic acid of the formula R ¹ SO ₃ H, wherein R ¹ is a hydrocarbyl group of C ₁₀ to about C ₆₀ , for example, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid;

Iron, such as ferrocene, substituted ferrocene, iron naphthenate, iron succinate, stoichiometric or overbased iron oxide (carboxylate or sulfonate), iron peakate, iron carboxylate and iron-diketonate complex ≪ / RTI >

Suitable iron peak rates for use in the present invention include those described in US-A-4,370,147 and US-A-4,265,639.

Other iron-containing compounds for use in the present invention include those of the formula M (R) x.nL wherein M is an iron cation, R is a residue of an organic compound RH, wherein R may be replaced by a metal M, X is an organic group containing an active hydrogen atom H bonded to an O, S, P, N or C atom, x is 2 or 3, n is 0 or the number of donor ligand molecules forming a coordination bond with a metal cation And L is a kind which can act as a Lewis base).

Organic compounds ii )

The organic compound (ii) is selected from bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the organic compound (ii) is selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable substituted bicyclic mono terpenes are those in which the substituent can be at least one of, for example, an aldehyde, a ketone, an alcohol, an acetate, and an ether functional group.

Preferably, the organic compound (ii) is a bicyclic monoterpene or substituted bicyclic monoterpene selected from camphor, camphane, isobornyl acetate, dipropylene glycol-isobornyl ether, and mixtures thereof.

In one aspect, the organic compound (ii) is selected from camphor, camphane, isobornyl acetate, dipropylene glycol-isobornyl ether, adamantane, propylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the organic compound (ii) is a camphor. Camphor has the systematic name 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one. The camper has the following structure:

Additive composition

In one aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

, Wherein the composition is substantially free of methanol.

The term "substantially methanol-free" means that the composition contains less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, preferably less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5% Preferably less than 0.1% by weight, preferably less than 0.05% by weight, preferably less than 0.01% by weight of methanol.

In yet another aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

Wherein the composition is substantially free of C1 to C5 alcohols.

As used herein, the term "C1 to C5 alcohol" refers to straight or branched chain alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol. An example of a suitable branched chain alcohol is tertiary butanol.

The term "substantially free of C1 to C5 alcohol" means that the composition contains less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, preferably less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5% By weight, preferably less than 0.1% by weight, preferably less than 0.05% by weight, preferably less than 0.01% by weight, of a C1 to C5 alcohol compound.

In a further aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

Wherein the composition is substantially free of any alcohols.

The term "substantially free of any alcohol" means that the composition contains less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, preferably less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5% By weight, preferably less than 0.1% by weight, preferably less than 0.05% by weight, preferably less than 0.01% by weight.

In a further aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

Wherein the composition is substantially free of hydrogen peroxide.

The term "substantially free of hydrogen peroxide" means that the composition contains less than 10 wt%, preferably less than 5 wt%, preferably less than 2 wt%, preferably less than 1 wt%, preferably less than 0.5 wt% Preferably less than 0.1% by weight, preferably less than 0.05% by weight, preferably less than 0.01% by weight, of hydrogen peroxide.

In a preferred aspect, the metal compound (i) is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and the organic compound (ii) is camphor.

Preferably, the additive composition further comprises a solvent.

The additive composition is conveniently added as a solution of the active ingredient in a solvent. The solution preferably exhibits a high concentration of the active ingredient in the solvent. Ideal solvents are those solvents in which all of the active ingredients are uniformly dissolved and form stable solutions over prolonged storage periods and also under low temperature conditions.

Preferably, the solvent is selected from an aromatic compound, a paraffin compound, and mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term "paraffin compound" includes both straight and branched chain compounds. The branched compounds are also known as iso-paraffins.

Preferably, the additive composition for fuel comprises metal compound (s) in an amount of less than 30,000 ppm metal; Preferably less than 15,000 ppm; Preferably in an amount sufficient to provide less than 6,000 ppm.

Preferably, the additive composition for fuel comprises 3 ppm to 30,000 ppm of a metal compound (s); Preferably 15 ppm to 15,000 ppm; Preferably in an amount sufficient to provide 60 ppm to 6,000 ppm.

Preferably, the additive composition for fuel comprises less than 90,000 ppm metal compound (i); Preferably less than 45,000 ppm; Preferably less than 18,000 ppm.

Preferably, the additive composition for fuel comprises 10 ppm to 90,000 ppm of the metal compound (i); Preferably 50 ppm to 45,000 ppm; Preferably 200 ppm to 18,000 ppm.

Preferably, the additive composition for fuel comprises 100 ppm or more of organic compound (ii); Preferably 500 ppm or more; Preferably 1,000 ppm or more; Preferably 2,000 ppm or more; Preferably 10,000 ppm or more; Preferably at least 50,000 ppm; Preferably 80,000 ppm or more; Preferably at least 100,000 ppm.

Preferably, the additive composition for fuel comprises 100 ppm to 700,000 ppm of an organic compound (ii); Preferably 500 ppm to about 350,000 ppm; Preferably from about 2,000 ppm to about 140,000 ppm; Preferably from about 50,000 ppm to about 130,000 ppm; Preferably from about 80,000 ppm to about 120,000 ppm.

The fuel additive according to the present invention may be added as part of the package for the fuel prior to combustion. This may be done at any stage of the fuel supply chain (e.g., refinery or distribution terminal) or may be added via an input device, e.g., a mounted medium, coupled with the combustion system. If a dosing device is used, it can be put into the fuel or even directly into the combustion chamber or the inlet system separately. The fuel additive can be added to the fuel in the fuel tank of the combustion system by the user, in so-called " aftermarket " handling.

Preferably, the additive composition is a solution. The additive composition is for addition to the fuel. The additive may be introduced at any stage of the fuel supply chain prior to combustion of the fuel. The fuel additive of the present invention can be injected into the fuel at any stage of the fuel supply chain. Preferably, each additive is added to the fuel in the fuel storage system for the engine or combustion system, close to the engine or combustion system, at the refinery, at the dispensing terminal, or at any other stage of the fuel supply chain, including aftermarket use .

However, if the additive formulation is to be added as an 'aftermarket' treatment, the volume of solvent used will be for providing an invisible solution suitable for use in, for example, a dispenser bottle or an injector pack. The solvent to be used should be readily soluble and compatible with the fuel, including for the boiling range, and will preferably have a flash point of greater than 62 DEG C for ease of storage.

In one aspect, the additive composition for fuel is an additive concentrate composition.

fuel

In one aspect of the invention, the fuel is selected from the group consisting of gasoline, diesel, marine fuel, heating oil, intermediate distillate oil, heavy fuel oil, and fuels that are generic biofuels containing renewable or bio- .

In yet another aspect, the fuel is preferably selected from biofuels, diesel, marine fuels, heating oils, intermediate distillates, and heavy fuel oils.

In another aspect, the fuel is preferably selected from diesel, marine fuel, heating oil, intermediate distillate, and heavy fuel oil.

On one side, the fuel is gasoline.

In one aspect, the fuel is a fuel for a spark ignition engine, such as gasoline.

Preferably, the fuel is a fuel for a high compression natural ignition engine.

Preferably, the fuel is diesel. The diesel may be biodiesel, low sulfur diesel, and ultra low sulfur diesel.

In another aspect, the fuel is a marine fuel or a bunker fuel.

In another aspect, the fuel is a heating oil, such as kerosene. Preferably, it is a hard heating oil. Preferably, the light heating oil is HEL: Heizoel extra leichtfluessig according to DIN 51603, Part 1.

In a further aspect, the fuel is a middle distillate.

In a further aspect, the fuel is heavy fuel oil.

In another aspect, the fuel is a hydrocarbon mixture, preferably a liquid hydrocarbon mixture.

Fuel composition

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises at least 0.1 ppm of the metal compound (i).

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises not more than 9 ppm of the metal compound (i); And preferably not more than 8 ppm of the metal compound (i).

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises from about 0.1 ppm to about 9 ppm of the metal compound (i).

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises from about 0.5 ppm to about 8 ppm of the metal compound (i).

For example, when the metal compound (i) is ferrocene, 0.1 ppm of ferrocene is an amount sufficient to provide 0.03 ppm of the metal (iron). Thus, if the fuel composition contains the metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide 0.03 ppm of metal, it will be present in an amount corresponding to 0.1 ppm ferrocene.

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide at least 0.03 ppm of metal. Preferably, the fuel composition contains the metal compound (i) in an amount to provide 2.70 ppm or less of metal. Preferably, the fuel composition contains the metal compound (i) in an amount to provide 2.40 ppm or less of metal. Preferably, the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide 0.03 ppm to 2.70 ppm of metal. Preferably, the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide from 0.15 ppm to 2.40 ppm of metal.

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises not more than 70 ppm of an organic compound (ii); Preferably not more than 60 ppm; Preferably not more than 50 ppm.

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises at least 1 ppm of the organic compound (ii).

Preferably, the fuel composition comprises from about 1 ppm to about 70 ppm of the organic compound (ii); Preferably from about 10 ppm to about 60 ppm; Preferably from about 20 ppm to about 50 ppm.

In a further aspect, a fuel composition is provided by diluting the additive concentrate composition of the present invention with fuel. Preferably, the ratio of additive concentrate composition to fuel is from 1: 100 to 1: 10,000; Preferably 1: 500 to 1: 8,000; Preferably 1: 1,000 to 1: 5,000; Preferably 1: 1,500 to 1: 3000.

In a further aspect, the fuel composition is substantially free of methanol.

In a further aspect, the fuel composition is substantially free of C1 to C5 alcohols.

In a further aspect, the fuel composition is substantially free of alcohol.

In a further aspect, the composition is substantially free of hydrogen peroxide.

The meaning of the term "substantially free" is as defined above for the additive composition.

In a preferred aspect, the metal compound (i) is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and the organic compound (ii) is camphor.

Application field

The system can be used in a number of different applications.

In one aspect, the application is diesel fuel.

In another aspect, the application is marine fuel.

In another aspect, the application is heating oil.

In another aspect, the application is a medium distillate.

In another aspect, the application is heavy fuel oil.

In another aspect, the application is the regeneration of a diesel particulate filter.

In another aspect, the application is a reduction in soot content and ash content in the exhaust gas of the combustion system.

In another aspect, the application is an improvement in the combustion efficiency of the combustion system.

In another aspect, the application is an improvement in the fuel economy of the combustion system.

Hydrocarbon mixture

In one aspect, the present invention provides a mixture of hydrocarbons that rarely produces soot on combustion with 0.1 ppm or more of added ferrocene and 1 ppm or more of camphor. In this regard, the camper refers to a group of compounds consisting of monoterpene hydrocarbons (e.g., camphor or phengen), or analog aldehydes or monoterpene ketones (e.g., penziones) in bicyclic form. 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one is preferred.

Good results can be achieved with a mixture of hydrocarbons having 7 ppm of ferrocene and 40 ppm of camphor.

In order to produce as little as possible as possible during combustion, it is desirable to minimize the amount of ferrocene, which does not adversely alter the soot reducing effect of the mixture.

Therefore, the preferred ferrocene concentration does not exceed 9 ppm, but is preferably 8 ppm or less.

The concentration of camphor should also not exceed 70 ppm, preferably up to 60 ppm, in particular up to 50 ppm.

Preferably, most of the hydrocarbons contained in the hydrocarbon mixture are of petroleum origin. However, the hydrocarbon mixture may also contain other natural or renewable materials such as rapeseed oil methyl ester.

Particularly suitable hydrocarbon mixtures consist of intermediate distillates, such as those produced in crude oil tablets. The middle distillate is a major component of diesel and heating oils, especially heating oils having a particularly low viscosity. The exact specifications for the products are specified in the DIN standard.

The soot reduction effect can be observed particularly clearly in so-called HEL: super-hard heating oil according to heating oil, especially DIN 51603, part 1 heating oil. Heating oil, as its name suggests, provides heat. For this purpose, it is burned using a special combustor and adding air. The advantages of the present invention are particularly apparent in this application, since this application produces less visible smoke and less measurable soot.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of ferrocene derivatives of the general formula (I) according to the present invention, which comprises from 0.1 to 25 ppm of ferrocene or from 1 to 80 ppm of camphor, Lt; / RTI > is an additive concentrate for the preparation of a hydrocarbon mixture having additives as described in the paragraph numbered < RTI ID = 0.0 > 1). ≪ / RTI >

The advantages of the additive concentrate are fairly obvious. With the aid of the concentrate, the hydrocarbon mixture to which no additive has been added can be converted to the hydrocarbon mixture according to the invention by adding the appropriate amount of the concentrate to the hydrocarbon mixture, preferably by mixing and homogenizing it. It is also possible to add the respective amounts of ferrocene and camphor separately to the mixture. However, it is necessary to ensure the exact relationship of the concentrate to hydrocarbon mixture, as well as the exact relationship of the individual additive components to each other. Thus, it is simpler and more convenient for consumers to provide additives that already contain the ferrocene and camphor in precise relation to each other. Preferably, the weight-based relationship of the ferrocene to camphor is 7:40 in the additive concentrate.

Additional additives

The additive concentrate and / or fuel may further comprise additional additives, such as performance enhancing additives. Non-limiting lists of such additional additives include corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, gum inhibitors, antioxidants, solvent oils, antistatic agents, dyes, anti-ash dispersants, and detergents.

ratio

In one aspect, the ratio of the metal compound (i) (measured in ppm) to the organic compound (ii) (measured in ppm) is from 9: 1 to 1: 700.

Preferably, the ratio of metal compound (i) to organic compound (ii) is from 2: 1 to 1: 100; Preferably 1: 1 to 1:10; Preferably 1: 2 to 1: 8; Preferably 1: 3 to 1: 7.

In a further aspect, preferably the ratio of the metal (measured in ppm) to the organic compound (ii) (measured in ppm) provided by the metal compound (i) is from 27:10 to 3: 7000. Preferably the ratio of metal to organic compound (ii) provided by metal compound (i) is from 6:10 to 3: 1000; Preferably 3:10 to 3: 100; Preferably 3:20 to 3:80; Preferably 3:30 to 3:70.

Way

In a further aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof;

(ii) organic compounds selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof; And

(iii) fuel

Providing a fuel composition comprising; And

And combusting the composition to improve the combustion efficiency of the fuel

The method comprising the steps of:

In a further aspect,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof;

(ii) organic compounds selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof; And

(iii) fuel

Providing a fuel composition comprising; And

Combusting the composition to improve fuel economy of the fuel

≪ / RTI > the combustion of the fuel composition during the combustion system.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for the production of carbon-

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof;

(ii) organic compounds selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof; And

(iii) fuel

With a combustion product of a fuel composition comprising; And

Burning the fuel composition during the combustion system

And a regeneration method of the particulate filter located in the exhaust system of the combustion system for the fuel.

In a preferred aspect, the metal compound (i) is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and the organic compound (ii) is camphor.

Combustion system

Preferably, the combustion system is selected from a combustor, an engine, and a furnace.

Preferably, the combustion system is selected from a combustor and a furnace.

Preferably, the combustion system is an engine. Preferably, the engine is a compression ignition engine (diesel engine).

In one aspect, the combustion system is an engine. Preferably, the engine is a spark ignition engine.

Usage

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for reducing soot and ash content in the exhaust gas of a combustion system for a fuel,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

Serves the purpose of.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of an additive composition as defined herein for reducing soot and ash content in the exhaust gas of a combustion system for a fuel.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of a fuel composition as defined herein for reducing soot and ash content in the exhaust gas of a combustion system for a fuel.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving the combustion efficiency of a fuel,

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

Serves the purpose of.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of an additive composition as defined herein for improving combustion efficiency of a fuel.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of a fuel composition as defined herein for improving combustion efficiency of a fuel.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving the fuel economy of a combustion system

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

Serves the purpose of.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of an additive composition as defined herein for improving the fuel economy of a combustion system.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of a fuel composition as defined herein for improving the fuel economy of a combustion system.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for reducing the regeneration temperature and / or the required regeneration frequency of a particulate filter located in an exhaust system of a combustion system

(i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and a mixture thereof; And

(ii) an organic compound selected from bicyclic monoterpenes, substituted bicyclic monoterpenes, adamantanes, propylene carbonates, and mixtures thereof

Serves the purpose of.

In a further aspect, the invention provides the use of an additive composition as defined herein for reducing the regeneration temperature and / or the required regeneration frequency of a particulate filter located in an exhaust system of a combustion system.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of a fuel composition as defined herein for reducing the regeneration temperature and / or the required regeneration frequency of a particulate filter located in an exhaust system of a combustion system.

Soot content

The Bacharach soot number is a qualitative measure of the completeness of combustion, based on the optical absorption of visible light by particles deposited on the filter. The Baharach Index is part of the test procedure required to evaluate the combustion quality of oil burners in countries such as Switzerland.

A well defined amount of undiluted flue gas is sucked through the white filter, leaving a discolored spot. Compare the color of the spot with the graded gray scale from 0 (white) to 9 (black). The index is electronically evaluated by measuring the reflectance of the visible light reflected on the charged filter. The discoloration of the sample filter is caused by the presence of black light rays.

Preferably, the fuel composition provides a reduction of 0.5 in the Bajarach soot index compared to the Bajarach soot index observed in the fuel alone. Preferably, the fuel composition has a reduction of 0.8 in the Bajarach soot index compared to the Bajarach soot index observed in the fuel alone; Preferably a reduction of 1.0 in the Bajarach soot index; Preferably a reduction of 1.2 in the Baharach soot index; Preferably a reduction of 1.5 in the Bajarach soot index; Preferably a reduction of 1.8 in the Bajarach soot index; Preferably a reduction of 2.0 in the Bajarach soot index.

Preferably, the fuel composition is less than 1.0; Preferably less than 0.9; Preferably less than 0.8; Preferably less than 0.7; Preferably less than 0.6; Preferably less than 0.5. ≪ / RTI >

In one aspect, the soot content is measured by ASTM Test Method D-2156.

Ash content

Preferably, the fuel composition provides a ash content of 0.010 wt% or less. Preferably, the fuel composition comprises 0.009 wt.% Or less; 0.008 wt% or less; 0.007 wt% or less; 0.006 wt% or less; 0.005 wt% or less; 0.004 wt% or less; 0.003 wt% or less; 0.002 wt% or less; And provides a ash content of 0.001 wt% or less.

The ash content can be determined according to the standard method DIN EN 6245.

The present invention will now be described in more detail in the following examples.

[Example]

In the test, 25 l of heating oil was mixed in each case with 0.2 l of the test additive. Different methods were tested. The challenge during a combustion test using a flue gas hot water boiler equipped with a yellow flame burner is to verify whether the method has a soot reducing effect. For this purpose, the initial smoke spot number was set to approximately 4 for the heating oil without additive by changing the combustor to where the measurable soot was generated. The additives were then tested using the combustor to determine additive effects. The soot index was determined by discharging (extracting inhale) the defined volume of gas through a filter pad using a manual smoke tester. The filter pads will be evaluated optically (by comparison) after measurement. The average value of the soot index is the result of 10 individual measurements.

Test equipment

Steel heating boilers Ruhr Brenner, Model B 4T / 14021kW,

Year of manufacture 1996

Heat generation set to 20 kW

Oil burner Ruhr Brenner, model RH-4, 12 to 45 kW,

Year of manufacture 1996

Spray Danfoss Typ H, US gallon of 0.50 per hour (1.87

kg / h), 600 [deg.] H

° H is the angular exponent / atomic exponent of the empty cone

Smoke Tester Brigon Smoke Tester

In the test, one vessel with heating oil containing additives and one vessel without additives were placed next to the steel heating boiler. The combustor pump is set in one-sided mode, which prevents oil from returning to the vessel and thus heating by the combustor pump in advance.

The exchange of the oil from the additive-free oil to the oil with the additive was achieved by turning the three-way valve just in front of the combustor. 3-way valves and one-way circuits ensure that incorrect measurements caused by additive residues in the pipeline can not occur. Each soot measurement was obtained via a Bajarach soot pump and evaluated by visual inspection and measurement using a soot index testing device.

Execution

Heating oil without additives was used to bring the steel hot water boiler to operating temperature. By adjusting the air supply to the combustor, a smoke spot index of approximately 4 was set.

The duration of the test was approximately 0.75 hours, after which the smoke spot index was measured.

result:

Example No. Amount of ferrocene (ppm) Amount of camper (ppm) Baha Rach Soot Index
decrease Comparative Example 1 7 0 0.80 Comparative Example 2 0 40 0.36 One One 40 0.76 2 3 40 0.80 3 5 40 0.90 4 6 40 1.00 5 7 40 2.21 6 7 20 0.80

In a series of tests, an additive with a 7 ppm ferrocene / 40 ppm camper produces an optimal result, i.e., from a smoke spot index of 4 to less than a smoke spot index of 2, a smoke spot index of more than 2 points in a grade . In comparison, a ferrocene concentration of 15 to 20 ppm will be required to obtain a similar reduction in the smoke spot index in the absence of any camper. However, the formation of ash caused by the use of 15 to 20 ppm ferrocene would be approximately 40 times higher.

The test was carried out using the same measuring procedure and various organic compounds (ii) with ferrocene. The results are shown in Table 2 below.

Example No. Metal compound (i) / amount The organic compound (ii)
/ 40.0 ppm Baha Rach Soot Index
decrease 7 Ferrocene / 0.5 ppm Propylene carbonate 0.30 8 Ferrocene / 0.5 ppm Campbell 0.40 9 Ferrocene / 0.5 ppm Isobornyl acetate 0.80 10 Ferrocene / 0.5 ppm Adamantan 0.60

The results show that several organic compounds (ii) can be effective.

The test was carried out using the same measuring procedure and different metal compounds (i) with camphor. The results are shown in Table 3 below.

Example No. The metal compound (i)
/7.0 ppm Amount of camper
(ppm) Baha Rach Soot Index
decrease 11 Iron tarrate 40 0.30 12 Methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl 40 0.25

Further aspects of the invention are described in the following numbered paragraphs. In these numbered paragraphs, the camper refers to a group of compounds consisting of monoterpene hydrocarbons (such as camphor or phengen), or analog aldehydes or monoterpene ketones (e.g., penziones) in a bicyclic form. 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one is preferred.

(1) a liquid hydrocarbon mixture (HC mixture) for generating a low level of soot, with another organo iron compound of the same volume, which is soluble in HC, greater than 0.1 ppm of ferrocene or HC added with 10 ppm of camphor ) Combustion.

(2) In paragraph (1), the HC mixture has a ferrocene content of about 7 ppm and a camphor content of about 40 ppm.

(3) The HC mixture according to paragraph (1) or (2), characterized in that HC is at least mostly composed of hydrocarbons derived from an inorganic material.

(4) The HC mixture according to any one of (1) to (3), which is a crude middle distillate.

(5) The HC mixture according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the heating oil is HEL (ultralight heating oil).

(6) an HC mixture containing additives according to paragraph (1) with 0.1 to 25 ppm of ferrocene or another organo iron compound of the same volume with respect to iron, which is soluble in HC, and 10 to 80 ppm of camphor Additive concentrates for manufacturing.

(7) The additive concentrate according to (6), wherein the weight ratio of ferrocene to camphor is about 7 to 40.

(8) An additive concentrate characterized in that in paragraph (6) or (7), based on the volume, mainly aromate or iso-paraffin is contained as a solvent.

(9) Use of an additive concentrate according to paragraphs (6) to (8) for the preparation of a HC mixture containing an additive according to paragraph (1).

(10) A liquid hydrocarbon mixture (HC mixture) for generating a low level of soot, having another organo iron compound of the same volume, which is soluble in HC or more than 0.1 ppm of ferrocene or HC added with 10 ppm or more of camphor ) Combustion.

All publications mentioned in the above specification are incorporated herein by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described methods and systems of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and meaning of the invention. While the present invention has been described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention as claimed is not to be unduly limited to the specific embodiments described. Indeed, various modifications of the manner for carrying out the invention, which are obvious to those skilled in the chemical or related art, are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (1)

Use of a fuel composition to reduce soot and ash content in exhaust gases of a combustion system for fuel.