KR20070114827A - Load bearing wall, and steel house using the load bearing wall - Google Patents

Abstract

An inexpensive load bearing wall (1) capable of providing an excellent shearing strength and sufficiently absorbing vibration energy and a steel house using the load bearing wall, the load bearing wall (1) comprising a steel frame body (2) formed by framing shape steels (21) in rectangular shape and a structural surface material (3) fixed to the steel frame body (2), the structural surface material (3) further comprising a cement board provided by dispersing a cement based inorganic material, a silica containing-material, light-weight aggregate, and reinforcing fibers into water to form slurry, molding and dewatering the slurry to form a monolayer mat, winding the monolayer mat on a making roll by multiple layers until the thickness thereof becomes a specified thickness to form a laminated mat, cutting off the laminated mat from the making roll, and press-forming the laminated mat to manufacture a press mat, and curing the press mat.

Description

Load bearing wall and steel house using it {LOAD BEARING WALL, AND STEEL HOUSE USING THE LOAD BEARING WALL}

The present invention relates to a bearing frame composed of a steel frame formed by squeezing a shaped steel into a rectangular shape, a structural face plate fixed to the steel frame, and a steel house using the same.

Conventionally, there has been a bearing wall made of a steel frame formed by weaving a frame in a rectangular shape and a structural face plate fixed to the steel frame (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-55807).

In other words, the bearing wall is formed of a thin lightweight section steel that forms a frame of a wall structure according to a conventional frame wall method (2 × 4 method). And as a structural face material, wood plywood having a thickness of about 9 mm is usually used.

In addition, a steel house was constructed using the bearing wall.

However, when strength-bearing walls are required to be strengthened in buildings and the like, where the load-bearing walls cannot be sufficiently disposed, the bearing walls using the wood plywood have a problem in that it is difficult to sufficiently obtain seismic characteristics. In other words, it is difficult to obtain shear strength characteristics satisfying the primary design (acceptable stress design) for medium earthquakes based on the building standard method and the secondary design (bearing strength design) for large earthquakes.

The primary design is a design in which the bearing wall is not damaged by a medium earthquake, and the secondary design is a design that absorbs vibration energy during a large earthquake and prevents collapse of a building. In other words, shear strength and vibration energy absorption are required.

In addition, the values required for the primary and secondary designs depend on several conditions. The value required for the primary design is determined by the shape of the building and the location conditions. The value required for the secondary design is governed by the properties of the structural faceplate itself. In the case of using a face plate having a characteristic that there is almost no significant increase in strength or a decrease in strength after yielding the structural face plate, and that the sheet is sufficiently deformed after shearing the face plate (shear deformation angle 0.03rad), the value of the secondary design is the value of the primary design. It is about 1.5 times of.

That is, when using a face member having such characteristics, for example, as shown in Fig. 11, in the graph showing the relationship between the load applied to the bearing wall and the shear deformation angle accordingly, the values indicated by the points P and Q are respectively. Required for primary and secondary designs (see Example 3).

By the way, when the wood plywood is used as the structural face member, it is necessary to satisfy this because the required value of the secondary design becomes about 2.0 times larger than the primary design value.

Accordingly, by constructing the bearing wall using wood plywood having a thickness of 12 mm, the primary design and the secondary design can be satisfied. In this case, however, the maximum strength of the bearing wall is increased, but a steel frame or a fixture such as an anchor bolt, a hole-down anchor, or the like that can withstand the load corresponding to the maximum strength is necessary. This is because the strength of frames, fixtures, and the like that can cope with the maximum strength of the structural face member is determined by the Building Standards Act. In this case, therefore, there is a problem that leads to an increase in cost.

Therefore, as the load-strain curve of the load bearing wall, as shown by curve L0 in FIG. 11, after passing the required value of the primary design and reaching the required value of the secondary design, the deformation is performed in a state where the strength does not change. Continuing, it is ideal that the requirements of the secondary design are not too large (about 1.5 times that of the primary design). This is hereinafter referred to as "ideal curve".

On the contrary, by realizing a load-strain curve that approximates such an abnormal curve, it is possible to secure shear strength, secure vibration energy absorption, and low cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in view of such a conventional problem, and provides an inexpensive bearing wall capable of absorbing vibration energy with excellent shear strength and a steel house using the same.

The first invention is a bearing wall composed of a steel frame formed by weaving a steel frame into a rectangular shape and a structural face plate fixed to the steel frame, wherein the structural face plate disperses cement-based inorganic materials, silicic acid-containing materials, lightweight aggregates, and reinforcing fibers in water. To form a slurry, and the slurry is subjected to ultra-dehydration to form a single layer mat, the single layer mat is wound on a making roll, and a plurality of layers are laminated until a predetermined thickness is formed to form a laminated mat. It is made of a cement board obtained by separating from the making roll, press molding to produce a press mat, and curing the press mat, and the bearing wall is approximated to the following ideal curve in the load-strain curve, and further curve. The allowable stress also passes the requirements of the design and at the same time reaches the requirements of the retention strength design. Then, subsequent to the deformation proof stress in the state is not changed, the present invention relates to a bearing wall, characterized in that the required value of the curve retention strength designed to be about 1.5 times that of the required value of the allowable stress design (claim 1).

Next, the effect of this invention is demonstrated.

The structural face member can improve the strength per layer of the single layer mat because the lightweight aggregate and the reinforcing fiber are mixed with the raw material.

In addition, the structural face member can be obtained by forming a laminated mat in which a single layer mat is laminated as described above. That is, since the structural face member is formed in a layered form, it is excellent in shear strength and toughness.

As described above, the structural face member made of the cement plate obtained by the above raw materials and methods has sufficient shear strength and sufficient toughness.

The bearing wall has sufficient shear strength and toughness because it is made by fixing a structural face member having excellent shear strength and toughness to the steel frame. And because of its excellent toughness, the bearing wall can be relatively largely curved to sufficiently absorb the applied vibration energy.

Moreover, the structural face material which consists of said cement board can adjust a maximum strength to a sufficient enough magnitude | size by adjusting suitably the lamination number and board thickness at the time of formation of the said laminated mat, for example. In other words, the maximum proof strength can be prevented from becoming too large, and the necessity of extremely increasing the strength of the fasteners such as the steel frame, the anchor bolt, and the hole-down anchor can be prevented from occurring. Therefore, a cheap bearing wall and a structural body can be obtained.

In addition, according to the above configuration, the load-strain curve of the bearing wall can also be approximated to the above-described abnormal curve (see curve L0 in FIG. 11) (see Example 3). In particular, the load-strain curve of the bearing wall can be approximated to the above-described abnormal curve by appropriately adjusting the number of stacked layers in forming the laminated mat.

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an inexpensive bearing wall that is excellent in shear strength and capable of sufficiently absorbing vibration energy.

The second invention is a steel house having a steel frame formed by weaving a steel frame in a rectangular shape and a bearing wall made of a structural face plate fixed to the steel frame, wherein the structural face plate is a cement-based inorganic material, a silicic acid-containing material, a lightweight aggregate, and reinforcement. The fibers are dispersed in water to form a slurry, the slurry is subjected to initial dehydration, the monolayer mat is formed, the single layer mat is wound on a making roll, and the multilayer mat is laminated until a predetermined thickness is formed to form a lamination mat. The mat is separated from the making roll, press-molded to produce a press mat, and is made of a cement plate obtained by curing and curing the press mat. The bearing wall approximates the following ideal curve in the load-strain curve. The anomaly curve passes the allowable stress design requirements and at the same time After reaching the posterior tooth, deformation continues in a state where the strength does not change, and the steel house is characterized in that the required load bearing design curve is a curve that is about 1.5 times the required load stress design requirement (claim 2).

This steel house is made from a bearing wall capable of realizing a load-strain curve approximating the above-described abnormal curve (curve L0 in FIG. 11) (see Example 3).

In the first invention (claim 1) or the second invention (claim 2), as the shaped steel, for example, a thin plate-shaped lightweight steel using a thin plate having a thickness of 0.8 to 1.6 mm can be used.

In addition, the cement-based inorganic material is made of one kind or two or more kinds selected from, for example, Portland cement, blast furnace slug cement, fly ash cement, silica cement, alumina cement, white cement, and the like.

The said silicic acid containing material consists of 1 type, or 2 or more types chosen from a slurry, a fly ash, a siliceous sand, a silica powder, a silica fume, a diatomaceous earth, etc., for example.

The lightweight aggregate consists of one kind or two or more kinds selected from, for example, pearlite, permicurite, Shirasu-balloon, waste material pulverized product of cement board and the like.

The reinforcing fibers are, for example, wood pulp (NUKP, NBKP, LUKP, LBKP, etc.), wood powder, wood reinforcing fibers such as wood fiber bundles, polypropylene fibers, vinylon fibers, aramid fibers (aramid fibers), and the like. It consists of 1 type, or 2 or more types chosen from mineral reinforcement fiber, such as sepiolite and wallastonite.

Further, in preparing the slurry, in addition to the cement-based inorganic material, silicic acid-containing material, lightweight aggregate, and reinforcing fiber, for example, curing accelerators such as calcium formate and aluminum sulfate, water repellents such as paraffin, wax, and surfactants, and water repellents, etc. You may disperse | distribute.

Moreover, it is preferable to make solid content concentration of the said slurry into 5-20 mass%. Thereby, the predetermined thickness of the laminated mat can be obtained efficiently. When the said concentration is less than 5 mass%, the thickness of a single | mono layer mat is too thin, it is necessary to laminate | stack in multiple layers until it becomes a predetermined thickness, and there exists a possibility that productive efficiency may fall.

On the other hand, when it exceeds 20 mass%, there exists a possibility that the thickness of a single | mono layer mat may be too thick, dehydration efficiency will fall, and adhesiveness in a laminated interface may fall.

In addition, the structural face member is preferably 10 to 15 mm thick, 0.8 to 1.1 specific gravity, and 8 to 14 N / mm ² flexural strength. In addition, the lamination mat is preferably formed by laminating 5 to 10 sheets of the single layer mat.

According to the present invention, an inexpensive steel house which is excellent in shear strength and capable of sufficiently absorbing vibration energy is provided.

Example 1

In the embodiment of the present invention, such a bearing wall and a steel house using the same will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.

As shown in Figs. 1 to 3, the bearing wall 1 is fixed to the steel frame 2 (Figs. 4 to 6) formed by weaving a frame steel into a rectangular shape and the steel frame 2 thereof. Consisting of a structural face plate (3).

The structural face member 3 is made of a cement plate obtained as follows.

First, the cement-based inorganic material, silicic acid-containing material, lightweight aggregate and reinforcing fibers are dispersed in water to obtain a slurry 41. As shown in FIG. 7, the slurry 41 is subjected to initial dehydration to form a single layer mat. The single layer mat is wound around the making roll 51, and a plurality of layers are laminated until a predetermined thickness is formed to form a laminated mat 43. The laminated mat 43 is separated from the making roll 51. The laminated mat 43 is press-molded to produce a press mat, and the press mat is cured.

After that, by performing external processing or the like, the structural face member 3 made of the cement plate is obtained.

In addition, as the shaped steel 21, a thin plate-shaped lightweight steel using a thin plate having a thickness of about 1.0 mm is used. 5 and 6, C-shaped steel having a substantially C-shaped cross section is used as the vertical member 211 in the vertical direction in the steel frame 2. As the cross member 212 in the left-right direction, a thin steel having a substantially c-shaped cross section is used.

In addition, as shown to FIG. 4 and FIG. 6, the thing which fixed the two longitudinal | vertical 211 (C-type steel) by the back | side 11 by vis 11 was arrange | positioned at the left and right side sides of the said steel frame 2, respectively. do. In addition, a hole down anchor 23 for fixing the bearing wall 1 to the base is fixed inside the lower portion of the left and right vertical members 211.

In addition, the vertical member 211 (C type steel) is provided in the substantially center part of the left and right of the said steel frame 2.

As shown in FIG. 5, the cross member 212 (rectangular steel) is disposed on the outer side and the lower side of the steel frame 2 so as to face the opening faces of each other. The cross member 212 and the seed member 211 are fixed by the bis 11.

As shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, the bearing wall 1 is obtained by fixing the structural face member 3 to one surface of the steel frame 2. That is, the structural face member 3 having a shape substantially the same as the outer shape of the steel frame 2 is fixed to the steel frame 2 by using a screw 12.

Next, the manufacturing method of the structural face material 3 is demonstrated in detail.

Namely, first, 35 mass% of Portland cement as the cement-based inorganic material, 25 mass% of slug as the silicic acid-containing material and 10 mass% of fly ash, 10 mass% of pearlite as the light weight aggregate, 10 mass% of wood pulp as the reinforcing fiber, and 10 mass% of rejects as light aggregate are mixed. This raw material mixture is dispersed in water to obtain a slurry 41 having a solid content of about 1 2 mass%.

This slurry 41 is thrown in to the raw material box 52 of the flow-on agitator 5 shown in FIG. The agitator 5 contacts the making roll 51, the raw material flow box 56, the suction box 57, and the making roll 51, and at the same time, the lower part of the raw material flow box 56 and the suction. It has a felt 55 that circulates through the surface of the box 57.

The slurry 41 injected into the raw material box 52 is supplied to the raw material flow box 56 and flows from the raw material flow box 56 onto the felt 55. The slurry 41 flowing on the felt 55 is dewatered by suction by the suction box 57. Thereby, the single-layer mat which consists of a thin raw material layer on the felt 55 is formed.

In this way, the single layer mat formed on the felt 55 is wound on the making roll 51 and laminated, whereby the lamination mat 43 is formed. And when 7 layers of a single-layer mat are laminated | stacked, it cuts and develops by the cutter 59, and the said laminated mat 43 is isolate | separated from the making roll 51. As shown in FIG. Thereafter, the laminated mat 43 is press molded to obtain a press mat.

The press mat is cured for 7 to 30 hours under conditions of 50 to 80 ° C. and a humidity of 90 to 100 RH.

After that, external processing is performed to obtain a structural face member 3 made of the cement plate. The structural face member 3 has a thickness of 10 to 15 mm, a specific gravity of 0.8 to 1.1, and a bending strength of 8 to 14 N / mm ² .

As shown in FIG. 8, the steel house 6 can be constructed by assembling them using a plurality of the bearing walls 1.

Next, the effect of the present embodiment will be described.

Since the said structural face material 3 mixes the said lightweight aggregate and reinforcing fiber with a raw material, the strength per layer of the said single-layer mat can be improved.

In addition, the structural face member 3 can be obtained by forming a laminated mat in which a single layer mat is laminated as described above. That is, since the structural face member 3 is formed in a layered form, it is excellent in shear strength and toughness.

As described above, the structural face member 3 made of the cement plate obtained by the above raw materials and methods has sufficient shear strength and sufficient toughness.

The bearing wall 1 is formed by fixing the structural face member 3 excellent in shear strength and toughness to the steel frame 2 in this manner, and has sufficient shear strength and toughness. In addition, the toughness wall 1 is excellent in toughness, so that the bearing wall 1 can be relatively largely curved to sufficiently absorb the input vibration energy.

Moreover, the structural face material 3 which consists of said cement board can adjust a maximum strength to a sufficient enough magnitude | size by suitably adjusting the number of laminated | multilayer and plate thickness at the time of formation of the said laminated mat. In other words, it is possible to prevent the maximum strength from being made too large, thereby preventing the necessity of extremely increasing the strength of the steel frame 2, the screws 11, 12, and the like. Therefore, a cheap bearing wall can be obtained.

In addition, with the above configuration, the load-strain curve of the bearing wall 1 can also be approximated to the above-described abnormal curve (curve L0 in FIG. 11) (see Example 3). In particular, the load-strain curve of the bearing wall 1 can be approximated to the above abnormality curve by appropriately adjusting the number of laminations in forming the lamination mat.

As described above, according to the present example, it is possible to provide a cheap bearing wall and a steel house which are excellent in shear strength and capable of sufficiently absorbing vibration energy.

Example 2

In the present example, as shown in Fig. 9, in manufacturing the structural face member 3, a so-called lower check type agitator 50 is used.

The agitator 50 is a felt that circulates while contacting the plurality of inlet boxes 54 and the making roll 51 and the rotating cylinder 53 provided with the making roll 51 and the rotating cylinder 53. Has 55.

The slurry 41 injected into the raw material box 52 of the agitator 50 is supplied to each inlet box 54 and dehydrated from the outer circumferential surface of the rotary cylinder 53 to form a thin raw material layer. This raw material layer is adsorbed onto the felt 55 to form a single layer mat. In addition, the raw material layers formed on the outer circumferential surfaces of the plurality of rotating cylinders 53 overlap on the felt 55.

In this way, the single-layer mat formed on the felt 55 is wound around the making roll 51 and laminated to form a lamination mat 43. And when seven layers of a single | mono layer mat are laminated | stacked, it is cut | disconnected and developed by the cutter 59, and the said laminated mat 43 is isolate | separated from the making roll 51. As shown in FIG. Thereafter, the laminated mat 43 is press molded to obtain a press mat.

Hereinafter, the structural face material 3 is manufactured by the method similar to Example 1.

In addition, others are the same as that of Example 1, and the same effect as Example 1 can be obtained also by this Example.

Example 3

As shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, this example is an example evaluated about the in-plane shear strength characteristic of the bearing wall of this invention.

The bearing wall 1 used as a test body is shown in Example 1 (FIGS. 1-3). The external dimensions of the bearing wall 1 are 3030 mm in length and 910 mm in width. The front and back width of the steel frame 2 is 92 mm, and the thickness of the structural face member 2 is 12 mm. The fixing position of the said bis | screw 12 is basically 150 mm space | interval in the longitudinal material 211 of the left and right ends in the said steel frame 2, an external appearance, and the horizontal member 212 of the lower side. In addition, in the longitudinal material 211 arrange | positioned at the substantially center part with respect to the left and right of the said steel frame 2, it is set as 300 mm space | interval basically. In addition, the diameter of the bis 12 is 4.2 mm.

Shear test method followed Japanese architecture center rating BCJ-LS-395 "KC type steel house type A".

Specifically, as shown in FIG. 10, the bearing wall 1 is set in the shear tester 7. The shear tester 7 includes a movable press unit 73 and a movable press unit 73 which are mounted so as to be movable in the left and right directions in the two stationary bases 71 and 72 and the other stationary base 71 which are disposed in front and rear facing each other. It has a cylinder 74 for moving).

The movable pressing portion 73 applies a load toward the left or the right side according to the appearance 13 of the bearing wall 1.

As a result, the bearing wall 1 deforms as if it is curved to the left or the right. The load and the shear strain angle at this time were measured, and the relationship between them was the load-strain curve shown in FIG. The load-strain curve for the bearing wall 1 of the present invention is denoted by the symbol L1.

In Fig. 11, the vertical axis represents the value obtained by dividing the load by the left and right widths of the bearing wall 1, and the horizontal axis represents the shear deformation angle. The load on the longitudinal axis corresponds to the load capacity of the bearing wall 1.

In Fig. 11, reference numeral L0 denotes the above-described abnormal curve. That is, it is a curve which shows the deformation | transformation characteristic that a deformation | transformation will continue in the state which does not change after passing the request | requirement value of a primary design and reaching the request | requirement value of a secondary design.

Here, the required value of the primary design is 11.0 kN / m, and the required value of the secondary design is 16.51 kN / m.

As shown in FIG. 11, the deformation curve L1 of the bearing wall 1 of this invention is very close to the said abnormal curve L0. From this, according to the bearing wall 1 of the present invention, it is possible to secure shear strength, secure vibration energy absorbency, and realize low cost.

Comparative example

This example is an example in which the in-plane shear strength characteristics of the bearing wall using various structural face members different from the present invention are measured for comparison. The experimental method is as shown in Example 3 above.

As Comparative Sample 1, a 9 mm wood chipboard which is generally used is used as a structural face member.

As the comparative sample 2, it is an example using 12.5 mm gypsum board as a structural face material.

As Comparative Sample 3, a 12.5 mm wood plywood was used as the structural face member, and the screw fixing interval of the outer circumference of the steel frame 2 was set to 75 mm.

In Comparative Example 3, a screw having a diameter of 4.8 mm was used.

Others are the same as Example 3.

The results of measuring the in-plane shear strength characteristics in Comparative Samples 1, 2, and 3 are shown in curves L21, L22, and L23 in FIG. 11, respectively.

That is, the comparative sample 1 (curve L21) and the comparative sample 2 (curve L22) greatly fell below the requirements of the primary design and the secondary design, and the maximum yield strength was also insufficient. Then, the load-strain curve was largely deflected from the abnormal curve L0.

In addition, Comparative Sample 3 (curve L23) satisfies the requirements of the primary design and the secondary design, but its maximum proof strength is extremely large and greatly deviates from the abnormal curve L0. Therefore, a steel frame, an anchor bolt, a hole-down anchor, or the like that can withstand this maximum strength enough is required, which leads to a problem that leads to an increase in cost.

Example 4

This example is an example compared with other cement plates with respect to the physical properties of the structural face material used for the bearing wall of the present invention.

That is, in the structural face material 2 shown in Example 1, the curvature amount and specific gravity were measured. The amount of curvature measures the displacement of the central part of the test body at the time of breakage.

The amount of curvature was measured according to JISA1408 and used as a test piece of 500 x 400 mm and a thickness of 12 mm.

The same measurement was performed about the following comparative samples 4 and 5 as a comparison.

As Comparative Sample 4, an appropriate amount of water was added to 75% by mass of cement and 25% by mass of wood, and a cement plate manufactured by a so-called dry manufacturing method, which was formed by spreading the mixed raw materials onto a template and press molding, was used. That is, it is not obtained by the wet manufacturing method without adding lightweight aggregate and reinforcing fiber.

As the comparative sample 5, the cement board of the 3-layered structure which consists of a front and back layer and the core material arrange | positioned between by the dry manufacturing method was used. That is, as the front and back layers, an appropriate amount of water was added and mixed with 40 mass% of cement, 25 mass% of silica sand, 15 mass% of wood flour, 5 mass% of wood powder, and 15 mass% of reject, and 35 mass of cement was used as the core material. %, 20% by weight of silica sand, 10% by weight of wood fiber bundle, 5% by weight of wood chips, 28% by weight of reject, and 2% by weight of expanded polystyrene bis were added with a suitable amount of water and mixed.

In addition, each sample was prepared and measured 5 pieces (n = 5).

Table 1 shows the results of the measurements.

Curvature amount (mm) importance Invention 8 to 12 0.85 to 1.05 Comparative Sample 4 4 to 6 1.00 to 1.20 Comparative Sample 5 4 to 6 0.90 to 1.10

As can be seen from Table 1, the structural face material of the present invention has a large amount of curvature and a low specific gravity. Since the amount of curvature is large, the structural face member can be considered to have high toughness. It is also considered that the low specific gravity is linked to the magnitude of the absorbency and toughness of the vibration energy.

1 is a front view of a bearing wall in Example 1;

2 is a side view of the bearing wall according to the first embodiment.

3 is a plan view of the bearing wall in Example 1;

It is a front view of a steel frame in Example 1. FIG.

5 is a side view of the steel mold in Example 1;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram of a flow-on agitator in Example 1. FIG.

8 is a perspective view of a part of the steel house in Example 1. FIG.

FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram of an initial check of a hatscheck in Example 2. FIG.

10 is an explanatory diagram of a shear tester in Example 3. FIG.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing in-plane shear strength characteristics of various bearing walls in Example 3. FIG.

Claims (2)

As a bearing wall composed of a steel frame formed by weaving a steel frame into a rectangular shape and a structural face member fixed to the steel frame, The structural face member is composed of a multi-layer laminated mat in which a single layer mat is laminated to a predetermined thickness, and the single layer mat is formed by the initial dehydration of a slurry in which cement-based inorganic materials, silicic acid-containing materials, lightweight aggregates and reinforcing fibers are dispersed in water. Will, The load-strain curve of the bearing wall is a deformation curve in which the deformation is continued while the load capacity does not change after reaching the required stress design and at the same time as the required load design is allowed. A load bearing wall characterized by approximating an ideal curve that is about 1.5 times the required value of the stress design. A steel house having a bearing frame composed of a steel frame formed by weaving a steel frame in a rectangular shape and a structural face plate fixed to the steel frame, The structural face member is composed of a multi-layer laminated mat in which a single layer mat is laminated to a predetermined thickness, and the single layer mat is formed by the initial dehydration of a slurry in which cement-based inorganic materials, silicic acid-containing materials, lightweight aggregates and reinforcing fibers are dispersed in water. Will, The load-strain curve of the bearing wall is a deformation curve in which the deformation is continued while the load capacity does not change after reaching the required stress design and at the same time as the required load design is allowed. A steel house, characterized in that it approximates an ideal curve that is about 1.5 times the required value of the stress design.

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