KR102662928B1 - 피스톤 링 - Google Patents
피스톤 링 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR102662928B1 KR102662928B1 KR1020207007500A KR20207007500A KR102662928B1 KR 102662928 B1 KR102662928 B1 KR 102662928B1 KR 1020207007500 A KR1020207007500 A KR 1020207007500A KR 20207007500 A KR20207007500 A KR 20207007500A KR 102662928 B1 KR102662928 B1 KR 102662928B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- piston ring
- chrome
- dlc
- chromium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr]#N CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000669 Chrome steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000016571 aggressive behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/343—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one DLC or an amorphous carbon based layer, the layer being doped or not
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/0605—Carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/347—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with layers adapted for cutting tools or wear applications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J9/00—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction
- F16J9/26—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction characterised by the use of particular materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F5/00—Piston rings, e.g. associated with piston crown
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017221606.9 | 2017-11-30 | ||
| DE102017221606.9A DE102017221606A1 (de) | 2017-11-30 | 2017-11-30 | Kolbenring |
| PCT/EP2018/082789 WO2019105979A1 (de) | 2017-11-30 | 2018-11-28 | Kolbenring |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20200092935A KR20200092935A (ko) | 2020-08-04 |
| KR102662928B1 true KR102662928B1 (ko) | 2024-05-02 |
Family
ID=64556914
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020207007500A Active KR102662928B1 (ko) | 2017-11-30 | 2018-11-28 | 피스톤 링 |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US11408508B2 (https=) |
| EP (3) | EP4290101B1 (https=) |
| JP (2) | JP7592490B2 (https=) |
| KR (1) | KR102662928B1 (https=) |
| CN (1) | CN111133235A (https=) |
| BR (1) | BR112020004751B1 (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE102017221606A1 (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2019105979A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114483362B (zh) * | 2020-11-13 | 2024-05-28 | 纳峰真空镀膜(上海)有限公司 | 活塞环及制造方法 |
| US12578016B2 (en) | 2021-05-12 | 2026-03-17 | Federal-Mogul Powertrain Llc | Coated piston ring for an internal combustion engine |
| CN115899253A (zh) * | 2022-08-25 | 2023-04-04 | 马勒汽车技术(中国)有限公司 | 侧面局部镀铬的活塞环及活塞环的侧面局部镀铬方法 |
| US20240376983A1 (en) * | 2023-05-08 | 2024-11-14 | Mahle International Gmbh | Coating for a piston ring |
| CN117488300B (zh) | 2024-01-02 | 2024-03-29 | 仪征亚新科双环活塞环有限公司 | 一种具有硬质镀层的活塞环及其制备方法 |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000120870A (ja) * | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-28 | Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd | ピストンリング |
| JP2011516726A (ja) * | 2008-04-04 | 2011-05-26 | フェデラル−モーグル ブルシャイト ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 構造化クロム固体粒子層およびその生産方法 |
| WO2011093464A1 (ja) * | 2010-01-29 | 2011-08-04 | 日本ピストンリング株式会社 | ピストンリング |
| JP2013076466A (ja) * | 2011-09-29 | 2013-04-25 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Dlcコーティングを備えるスライド要素 |
| WO2015114822A1 (ja) * | 2014-01-31 | 2015-08-06 | Tpr株式会社 | 圧力リングおよび圧力リング用母材 |
Family Cites Families (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3531410A1 (de) * | 1985-09-03 | 1987-03-05 | Goetze Ag | Galvanische hartchromschicht |
| JP3148655B2 (ja) * | 1996-09-05 | 2001-03-19 | 帝国ピストンリング株式会社 | 摺動部材 |
| EP0841413B1 (en) | 1996-11-11 | 2001-09-26 | Teikoku Piston Ring Co., LTd. | Composite chromium plating film and sliding member covered thereof |
| JP3295388B2 (ja) | 1999-04-07 | 2002-06-24 | 帝国ピストンリング株式会社 | ピストンリング |
| EP1479946B1 (en) * | 2003-05-23 | 2012-12-19 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Piston for internal combustion engine |
| JP4203365B2 (ja) | 2003-06-20 | 2008-12-24 | 帝国ピストンリング株式会社 | ピストンリング |
| JP5013445B2 (ja) | 2005-03-09 | 2012-08-29 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | ピストンリング、それを備えたピストンおよびそれらの使用方法 |
| BRPI0506343A (pt) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-05 | Mahle Metal Leve Sa | anel de pistão com cobertura de nitreto de cromo |
| DE102006003480B3 (de) | 2006-01-25 | 2007-07-05 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring |
| DE102007007961C5 (de) | 2007-02-17 | 2015-08-13 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring |
| CN201031737Y (zh) * | 2007-05-31 | 2008-03-05 | 中国南车集团戚墅堰机车车辆工艺研究所 | 一种耐磨硬铬镀层活塞环 |
| DE102007035502A1 (de) | 2007-07-28 | 2009-02-05 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring |
| DE102007038188B4 (de) | 2007-08-13 | 2018-11-15 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verschleißfest beschichteter Kolbenring und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| CN201162585Y (zh) | 2008-01-16 | 2008-12-10 | 中外合资安庆帝伯格茨活塞环有限公司 | 一种耐磨活塞环 |
| CN101328603B (zh) | 2008-07-28 | 2010-07-14 | 魏青松 | 电沉积铬基二元颗粒复合增强表面处理活塞环及其生产方法 |
| CN101929405B (zh) | 2010-08-12 | 2013-05-08 | 江铃汽车股份有限公司 | 铬基陶瓷复合镀层的活塞环 |
| CN201818384U (zh) | 2010-10-26 | 2011-05-04 | 中外合资安庆帝伯格茨活塞环有限公司 | 一种类金刚石涂层的活塞环 |
| DE102011003254A1 (de) | 2011-01-27 | 2012-08-02 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleitelement, insbesondere Kolbenring, mit einer Beschichtung sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gleitelements |
| DE102012204156A1 (de) | 2012-03-16 | 2013-09-19 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring mit Chrom-Feststoffpartikel-Verschleißschutzschicht und korrosionsbeständiger Flankenfläche |
| CN102777281A (zh) | 2012-08-06 | 2012-11-14 | 南京飞燕活塞环股份有限公司 | 层叠复合涂层活塞环及其制造方法 |
| EP3045555B1 (en) | 2013-09-09 | 2018-07-25 | Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd. | Highly heat conductive piston ring for internal combustion engine |
| CN203584733U (zh) | 2013-12-17 | 2014-05-07 | 成都展望能源机械有限公司 | 组合式压缩机铬基陶瓷复合镀层活塞环 |
| DE102014200607A1 (de) | 2014-01-15 | 2015-07-16 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleitelement, insbesondere Kolbenring |
| US10385971B2 (en) | 2014-06-30 | 2019-08-20 | Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd | Piston ring |
| DE102014213822A1 (de) | 2014-07-16 | 2016-01-21 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleitelement, insbesondere Kolbenring, und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
| EP3168506A4 (en) | 2014-08-11 | 2017-10-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Riken | Pressure ring |
| DK178468B1 (en) | 2014-09-19 | 2016-04-11 | Man Diesel & Turbo Deutschland | A top piston ring for a large two-stroke turbo-charged uniflow-scavenged internal combustion engine with crossheads |
| CN204572232U (zh) | 2014-12-12 | 2015-08-19 | 福建东亚机械有限公司 | 一种喷涂固体润滑剂覆膜薄层的活塞环 |
| US9551419B2 (en) * | 2015-04-22 | 2017-01-24 | Federal-Mogul Corporation | Coated sliding element |
| BR102015025731B1 (pt) | 2015-10-08 | 2021-05-18 | Mahle Metal Leve S/A | elemento deslizante |
| CN107059003B (zh) | 2017-03-23 | 2019-05-07 | 南京飞燕活塞环股份有限公司 | 一种降低活塞环与缸套间摩擦磨损的方法 |
| CN206617243U (zh) | 2017-03-30 | 2017-11-07 | 福建东亚机械有限公司 | 一种外圆镀有复合涂层的刮片环 |
-
2017
- 2017-11-30 DE DE102017221606.9A patent/DE102017221606A1/de active Pending
-
2018
- 2018-11-28 CN CN201880061903.7A patent/CN111133235A/zh active Pending
- 2018-11-28 EP EP23192651.0A patent/EP4290101B1/de active Active
- 2018-11-28 KR KR1020207007500A patent/KR102662928B1/ko active Active
- 2018-11-28 EP EP18811242.9A patent/EP3717805B1/de active Active
- 2018-11-28 JP JP2020523693A patent/JP7592490B2/ja active Active
- 2018-11-28 US US16/768,572 patent/US11408508B2/en active Active
- 2018-11-28 EP EP25185418.8A patent/EP4600529A3/de active Pending
- 2018-11-28 WO PCT/EP2018/082789 patent/WO2019105979A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2018-11-28 BR BR112020004751-1A patent/BR112020004751B1/pt active IP Right Grant
-
2023
- 2023-06-20 JP JP2023100994A patent/JP2023133290A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000120870A (ja) * | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-28 | Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd | ピストンリング |
| JP2011516726A (ja) * | 2008-04-04 | 2011-05-26 | フェデラル−モーグル ブルシャイト ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 構造化クロム固体粒子層およびその生産方法 |
| WO2011093464A1 (ja) * | 2010-01-29 | 2011-08-04 | 日本ピストンリング株式会社 | ピストンリング |
| JP2013076466A (ja) * | 2011-09-29 | 2013-04-25 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Dlcコーティングを備えるスライド要素 |
| WO2015114822A1 (ja) * | 2014-01-31 | 2015-08-06 | Tpr株式会社 | 圧力リングおよび圧力リング用母材 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20200309263A1 (en) | 2020-10-01 |
| EP4600529A3 (de) | 2025-10-29 |
| JP2021504633A (ja) | 2021-02-15 |
| DE102017221606A1 (de) | 2019-06-06 |
| EP4290101B1 (de) | 2025-09-10 |
| BR112020004751A2 (pt) | 2020-09-15 |
| US11408508B2 (en) | 2022-08-09 |
| EP3717805B1 (de) | 2023-08-23 |
| CN111133235A (zh) | 2020-05-08 |
| BR112020004751B1 (pt) | 2024-01-16 |
| JP7592490B2 (ja) | 2024-12-02 |
| KR20200092935A (ko) | 2020-08-04 |
| EP3717805A1 (de) | 2020-10-07 |
| EP4290101A2 (de) | 2023-12-13 |
| EP4600529A2 (de) | 2025-08-13 |
| WO2019105979A1 (de) | 2019-06-06 |
| EP4290101A3 (de) | 2024-02-28 |
| JP2023133290A (ja) | 2023-09-22 |
| EP4290101C0 (de) | 2025-09-10 |
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