KR102112405B1 - 양극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 양극 및 이차전지 - Google Patents
양극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 양극 및 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR102112405B1 KR102112405B1 KR1020180088042A KR20180088042A KR102112405B1 KR 102112405 B1 KR102112405 B1 KR 102112405B1 KR 1020180088042 A KR1020180088042 A KR 1020180088042A KR 20180088042 A KR20180088042 A KR 20180088042A KR 102112405 B1 KR102112405 B1 KR 102112405B1
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- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- manganese
- crystal
- Prior art date
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 166
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 194
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 138
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009739 binding Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 33
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- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 5
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
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- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiolane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound CC1CCCS1(=O)=O PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000925 Cd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
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- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012722 Li3N-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012716 Li3N-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910013043 Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012047 Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012075 Li4SiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012057 Li4SiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012573 LiSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012346 LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012345 LiSiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical class C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PWRLWCQANJNXOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium chloro(dioxido)borane Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])Cl PWRLWCQANJNXOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011855 lithium-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015041 whisky Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 일 구현예에 따른 양극 활물질의 미세 구조를 나타낸 투과 전자 현미경(Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM) 이미지이고,
도 3은 도 2의 A 영역에 대한 고속 푸리에 변환 (Fast Fourier Transform, FFT) 분석 결과를 나타낸 이미지이고,
도 4는 도 3의 분석 결과를 역변환한 이미지(inverse FFT image)이고,
도 5는 도 2의 B 영역에 대한 고속 푸리에 변환 (Fast Fourier Transform, FFT) 분석 결과를 나타낸 이미지이고,
도 6은 도 5의 분석 결과를 역변환한 이미지(inverse FFT image)이고,
도 7과 도 8은 일 구현예에 따른 양극 활물질의 충/방전 시의 결정구조 변화를 나타낸 예시도로, 도 7은 충전 상태, 도 8은 방전 상태를 각각 나타낸 것이고,
도 9는 일 구현예에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 이차전지를 나타낸 도면이고,
도 10은 실시예와 비교예에 따른 양극 활물질의 열중량 (Thermogravimetric) 분석 결과를 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 11은 실시예와 비교예에 따른 양극 활물질의 라만 스펙트럼(Raman spectrum)을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 12는 실시예에 따른 양극 활물질의 X선 회절 스펙트럼을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 13은 비교예에 따른 양극 활물질의 X선 회절 스펙트럼을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 14는 실시예에 따른 양극 활물질의 충/방전에 따른 망간(Mn)의 광범위 X선 흡수 미세구조(extended X-ray absorption fine structure, EXAFS) 분석 결과이고,
도 15는 실시예에 따른 양극 활물질의 충/방전에 따른 나트륨(Na)의 X선 흡수 끝머리 부근 미세구조(X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES) 분석 결과이고,
도 16은 실시예에 따른 양극 활물질의 충/방전에 따른 라만 스펙트럼(Raman spectrum)을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 17은 실시예와 비교예에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 이차전지의 초회 충/방전 특성을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 18은 실시예에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 이차전지의 사이클 충/방전 특성을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 19는 비교예에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 이차전지의 사이클 충방전 특성을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 20은 실시예와 비교예에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 이차전지 각각에 대한 사이클 용량 특성을 나타낸 그래프이고,
도 21은 실시예와 비교예에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 이차전지 각각에 대한 율속 특성을 나타낸 그래프이다.
23: 양극 24: 세퍼레이터
25: 전지 케이스 26: 캡 어셈블리
Claims (18)
- 결정수 및 망간계 금속 산화물을 포함하는 양극 활물질로서,
상기 양극 활물질은 2차원 결정구조를 갖는 제1 결정상 및 3차원 결정구조를 갖는 제2 결정상을 포함하되,
상기 제1 결정상은 망간계 금속 산화물로 이루어지고, 망간(Mn)과 산소(O)가 결합된 단위 격자 내에서 망간이 상기 단위 격자의 팔면체 자리(octahedral site)를 채우고 있는 단위 격자 구조가 2차원적으로 연장된, 열역학적으로 안정상(stable phase)의 2차원 층상 결정구조이고,
상기 제2 결정상은 층상 구조를 이루는 상기 망간계 금속 산화물 내에서 일부 망간이 상기 결정수 내 산소와 화학 결합하여, 망간이 단위 격자의 팔면체 자리(octahedral site)를 채우고 있는 단위 격자 구조와 망간이 사면체 자리(tetrahedral site)를 채우고 있는 단위 격자 구조가 혼재되어 있는, 열역학적으로 준안정상(metastable phase)의 3차원 결정구조인, 양극 활물질.
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 제1항에서,
상기 결정수는 상기 망간계 금속 산화물 1 몰에 대하여 0.01 몰 내지 0.5 몰 함유되어 있는, 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차원 결정구조는 망간 산화물로 이루어진 2 이상의 단위층, 및
상기 2 이상의 단위층 사이에 배치되며, 망간을 제외한 금속의 군으로부터 선택되는 1종 이상의 금속 원소를 포함하는, 양극 활물질. - 제6항에서,
상기 단위층간 간격은 3 Å 내지 6 Å 인, 양극 활물질. - 제6항에서,
상기 결정수 중 적어도 일부는 2 이상의 단위층 사이에 배치되어 있는, 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 제1 결정상과 상기 제2 결정상은 가역적 상전이 관계에 있는, 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 양극 활물질은 하기 화학식 1로 표현되는, 양극 활물질.
[화학식 1]
MexMnO2·yH2O
화학식 1에서, 상기 Me는 알칼리 금속 원소, 및 알칼리 토금속 원소로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는 1종 이상의 금속 원소이고,
0.23≤x≤1, 및 0.01≤y≤0.5 이다. - 제10항에서,
상기 Me는 Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg 중에서 선택되는 1종 이상의 원소인, 양극 활물질. - 제1항 및 제5항 내지 제11항 중 어느 한 항의 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극.
- 제12항에 따른 양극;
음극; 및
상기 양극과 상기 음극 사이에 개재되어 있는 전해질을 포함하는, 이차전지. - 제13항에서,
상기 전해질은 비수계 전해질인, 이차전지. - 제13항에서,
상기 양극은 상기 망간계 금속 산화물 내 망간의 산화, 또는 환원에 따라 상기 제1 결정상과 상기 제2 결정상 사이의 가역적 상 전이가 발생되는, 이차전지. - 제13항에서,
상기 이차전지의 충전 상태에서, 상기 제1 결정상 중 적어도 일부가 상기 제2 결정상으로 상전이되는, 이차전지. - 제13항에서,
상기 이차전지의 방전 상태에서, 상기 제2 결정상 중 적어도 일부가 상기 제1 결정상으로 상전이되는, 이차전지. - 망간 전구체를 수열 합성하여 수열 합성하고 진공 하에서 건조시켜, 결정수 및 망간계 금속 산화물을 포함하고 2차원 결정구조를 갖는 제1 결정상으로 이루어진 망간계 산화물을 얻는 제1 단계; 및
상기 제1 단계에서 얻은 망간계 산화물을 150 ℃ 내지 300 ℃, 및 3 시간 내지 12 시간 조건으로 열처리하여 결정수 함량을 조절함으로써 2차원 결정구조를 갖는 제1 결정상 및 3차원 결정구조를 갖는 제2 결정상을 모두 포함하는 망간계 산화물의 양극활물질을 얻는 제2 단계를 포함하는, 제1항의 양극활물질의 제조방법.
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