KR101728176B1 - Heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

There is provided a hydride reactor and a power source comprising a source of hydrogen, a source of atomic hydrogen, a source of hydrogen, a solid, liquid or heterogeneous catalytic reaction mixture, a reaction cell for catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrino. The catalytic reaction is activated, initiated and propagated by one or more other chemical reactions. These reactions, held on an electrically conductive substrate, can be carried out in several classes, for example (i) an exothermic reaction that provides activation energy for the hydrino catalysis, (ii) a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen to support the hydrino catalysis (Iii) a free radical reaction that serves as a acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrinocatalysis, (iv) in one embodiment, as a acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrinocatalysis (V) exchange reactions, such as anion exchange, which catalyze the action of the ionized catalyst as it accepts energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrino, and (vi) chemical reactions for hydrolysis Environment and is operative to move electrons to promote H catalytic function, and the reversible phase or < RTI ID = 0.0 > Support, or matrix-assisted hydrino reaction that causes a change in another physical change or its electronic state and couples the low-energy hydrogen product to increase at least one of the range or rate of the hydrino reaction. The power and chemical plants may be operated continuously using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions that are maintained at the same time as at least one of power and low-energy-hydrogen chemical production.

Description

HETEROGENEOUS HYDROGEN-CATALYST REACTOR < RTI ID = 0.0 >

Mutual References to Related Applications

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 61 / 084,923, filed July 30, 2008; 61 / 086,316, filed August 5, 2008; 61 / 088,492, filed August 13, 2008; 61 / 094,513, filed September 5, 2008; 61 / 098,514, filed September 19, 2008; 61 / 102,465, filed October 3, 2008; 61 / 104,534, filed October 10, 2008; 61 / 105,660, filed October 15, 2008; 61 / 106,932, filed October 20, 2008; 61 / 109,088, filed October 28, 2008; 61 / 110,253, filed October 31, 2008; 61 / 112,491, filed November 7, 2008; 61 / 114,735, filed November 14, 2008; 61 / 116,966, filed November 21, 2008; 61 / 193,543, filed December 5, 2008; 61 / 139,293, filed December 19, 2008; 61 / 145,022, filed January 15, 2009; 61 / 146,962, filed January 23, 2009; 61 / 150,571, filed February 6, 2009; 61 / 152,500, filed February 13, 2009; 61 / 156,328, filed February 27, 2009; 61 / 158,252, filed March 6, 2009; 61 / 160,145, filed March 13, 2009; 61 / 164,151, filed March 27, 2009; 61 / 166,495, filed April 3, 2009; 61 / 170,418, filed April 17, 2009; 61 / 174,346, filed April 30, 2009; 61 / 176,675, filed May 8, 2009; 61 / 178,796, filed May 15, 2009; 61 / 180,456, filed May 22, 2009; 61 / 182,468, filed May 29, 2009; 61 / 186,660, filed June 12, 2009; 61 / 218,771, filed June 19, 2009; 61 / 220,911, filed June 26, 2009; 61 / 222,721, filed July 2, 2009; And 61 / 226,541, filed July 17, 2009, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The present invention includes a hydrogen catalyst that allows an atom H in the n = 1 state to initiate a reaction to form a low-energy state, a source of atomic hydrogen, and low-energy hydrogen and to form other species capable of propagation ≪ / RTI > In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a reaction mixture comprising a source of at least one atomic hydrogen and a source of catalyst or catalyst that supports the catalysis of hydrogen to form hydrino. The reactants and reactions described herein for solid and liquid fuels are also reactants and reactions of heterogeneous fuels including mixtures of phases. The reaction mixture comprises at least two components selected from a hydrogen catalyst or a source of a hydrogen catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen, wherein at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst can be formed by the reaction of the reaction mixture. In a further embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises a support, which in a particular embodiment is electrically conductive and comprises a molten salt, a getter, and at least one Such as an organic solvent or an inorganic solvent containing a reactant.

The reaction to form the hydrino may be activated, initiated and propagated by one or more chemical reactions. These reactions include (i) an exothermic reaction that provides an activation energy for the hydrino reaction, (ii) a coupling reaction to provide at least one of the source of the catalyst or the atomic hydrogen to support the hydrino reaction, iii) a free radical reaction that serves as a acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino reaction in certain embodiments, (iv) an oxidation-reduction reaction that serves as a acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino reaction in certain embodiments, (v) ) In one embodiment, including halide, sulfide, hydride, arsenide, oxide, phosphide, and nitride exchanges that facilitate the action of the catalyst to render it barionable to accept energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrino Exchange reactions such as anion exchange, and (vi) chemical conditions for the hydrino reaction, and the H catalyst Energy hydrogen product to act on the electrons to promote the function and to cause a reversible phase or other physical change or change in its electronic state and to increase at least one of the range or rate of the hydrino reaction, , A support, or a matrix-supported hydrino reaction. In certain embodiments, the electrically conductive substrate enables an activation reaction.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a catalyst, A source of atomic hydrogen or an atomic hydrogen; A source or catalyst of the catalyst and a reactant for forming a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; One or more reactants to initiate catalysis of atomic hydrogen; And a support for accepting the catalyst, wherein the power system comprises a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, a power converter and a system, such as a separation system, an electrolyzer, an exchange, A thermal system for reversing the reaction, and a chemical synthesis reactor for regenerating the fuel from the reaction product.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a catalyst, A source of atomic hydrogen or an atomic hydrogen; A source or catalyst of the catalyst and a reactant for forming a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; One or more reactants to initiate catalysis of atomic hydrogen; And a support for accepting the catalyst, wherein the system for forming a compound having hydrogen in a low-energy state comprises at least two components selected from the group consisting of The apparatus may further comprise any of a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, and a system, such as a separation system, an electrolyzer, a thermal system for reversing the exchange reaction, and a chemical synthesis reactor for regenerating fuel from the reaction product.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a catalyst comprising: a source or catalyst of a catalyst; A source of atomic hydrogen or an atomic hydrogen; A source or catalyst of the catalyst and a reactant for forming a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; One or more reactants to initiate catalysis of atomic hydrogen; And a support for allowing the catalyst to form a compound having a low-energy state of hydrogen comprising at least two components selected from the group consisting of: A battery or a fuel cell system for a fuel cell system can be any of a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, and a chemical synthesis reactor for regenerating fuel from a reaction system, such as a separation system, an electrolytic bath, a thermal system for reversing the exchange reaction, May be further included.

1 is a schematic diagram of an energy reactor and a power plant according to the present invention.
2 is a schematic diagram of an energy reactor and power plant for recycling or regenerating fuel according to the present invention.
Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a power reactor according to the present invention.
4 is a schematic diagram of a system for recycling or regenerating fuel according to the present invention.
5 is a schematic diagram of discharge power, a plasma cell and a reactor according to the present invention.
6 is a schematic view of a battery and a fuel cell according to the present invention.

The present invention is directed to a catalyst system for releasing energy from atomic hydrogen to form a low energy state where the electro shell is closer to the nucleus. The emitted power is used for power generation, and additionally new hydrogen species and compounds are the desired products. This energy state is predicted by classical laws of physics and requires a catalyst to accept energy from hydrogen to perform the corresponding energy-emission transition.

Classical physics provides a closed-form solution of hydrogen atoms, hydride ions, hydrogen molecule ions, and hydrogen molecules, and predicts the corresponding species with a small number of doses. Using Maxwell's equations, the structure of the former is a boundary value problem involving the source current of a time-varying electromagnetic field during transitions where n = 1 state electrons with bound electrons can not copy energy Lt; / RTI > The reaction predicted by the solution of H atoms involves non-radiant energy transfer of resonance as a catalyst capable of accepting energy to form hydrogen in a lower-energy state than would otherwise be possible from other stable atomic hydrogen . Specifically, classical physics is characterized by the fact that atomic hydrogen is a specific atom that provides a reaction with a net enthalpy of the product of the potential energy of an atomic hydrogen, E _h = 27.2 eV (where E _h is a single atom), an excimer, And bimetallic hydride. ≪ / RTI > Certain species that are identifiable (e.g., He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Sr ⁺ , K, Li, HCl, and NaH) based on known electron energy levels are present together with atomic hydrogen to facilitate this process Is required. This reaction is characterized by the addition of q and 13.6 eV continuous discharge or q (c) after non-radiant energy transfer to form H and hydrogen atoms of a particular high temperature excited state with lower energy than the unreacted atomic hydrogen corresponding to the main quantum number of the fraction · Accompanied by a 13.6 eV transition. That is, the formula for the main energy level of a hydrogen atom is:

Wherein _H is a Bohr radius (pm 52.947) for a hydrogen atom, e is the magnitude of the electronic charge, ε ₀ is the vacuum dielectric constant,

Quantum number of fraction:

; 여기서 p ≤ 137은 정수임 (3)

; Where p? 137 is an integer (3)

상태의 수소는 비복사성이지만, 두개의 비복사성 상태 간의 전이, 즉 n=1 에서 n=1/2의 전이는 비복사 에너지 전이에 의해 가능하다. 수소는 식 (1) 및 (3)에 의해 제공된 안정한 상태의 특별한 경우이며, 여기서 수소 또는 히드리노 원자의 상응하는 반경은 하기 식에 의해 제공된다:Quot; represents a low-energy-state hydrogen atom, which is a so-called "hydrino " replacing the well-known parameter n = integer in the Rydberg equation for the hydrogen-excited state. hydrogen in the n = 1 state and

State hydrogen is non-radiative, but the transition between two non-radiative states, n = 1 to n = 1/2, is possible by non-radiative energy transfer. Hydrogen is a special case of the stable state provided by equations (1) and (3), wherein the corresponding radius of hydrogen or hydrino atom is provided by the following equation:

으로 변한다. 히드리노는 일반적인 수소 원자(ordinary hydrogen atom)를 하기 식의 순 반응 엔탈피를 갖는 적합한 촉매와 반응함으로써 형성된다:In order to preserve the energy, p = 1, 2, 3, ..., the energy must be transferred from the hydrogen atom to the catalyst in integer units of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom in the general n = 1 state,

. The hydrino is formed by reacting an ordinary hydrogen atom with a suitable catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy of the following formula:

In the above formula, m is an integer. It is believed that the ratio of catalyst is increased as the net reaction enthalpy is more closely matched to m · 27.2 eV. A catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy within ± 10%, preferably ± 5%, of m · 27.2 eV has been found suitable for most applications.

The catalytic reaction entails two stages of energy release: non-radiant energy transfer to the catalyst and additional energy release as the radius decreases to a corresponding stable final state. Accordingly, a general reaction is provided by the following formula:

The overall reaction is as follows:

는 수소 원자의 반경을 가지며(분모에서 1에 해당함), 중앙 구역은 프로톤의 (m+p) 배이며,

는 H의

의 반경을 갖는 상응하는 안정한 상태이다. 전자가 수소 원자의 반경에서

의 반경으로 동경 가속도(radial acceleration)를 받기 때문에, 에너지는 특정 광 방출로서 또는 제 3 바디 운동 에너지(third-body kinetic energy)로서 방출된다. 이러한 방출은

에서 엣지(edge)를 가지고 보다 긴 파장으로 확장하는 극-자외선 연속 방사선의 형태일 수 있다. 방사선 이외에, 빠른 H를 형성하기 위한 공진 운동 에너지 이동이 일어날 수 있다. 백그라운드 H₂와의 충돌에 의한 이러한 빠른 H(n=1) 원자의 후속 여기 이후 상응하는 H(n=3) 빠른 원자의 방출은 넓어진 발머(Balmer) α 방출을 일으킨다.q, r, m, and p are integers.

Has a radius of the hydrogen atom (corresponding to 1 in the denominator), the central region is (m + p) times the proton,

Of H

Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > of < / RTI > If the electron is in the radius of the hydrogen atom

The energy is emitted as a specific light emission or as a third-body kinetic energy. This release

May be in the form of polar-ultraviolet continuous radiation extending at longer wavelengths with an edge at the bottom of the screen. In addition to radiation, resonant kinetic energy transfer to form a fast H can occur. Release of the corresponding H (n = 3) fast atom after subsequent excitation of this fast H (n = 1) atom by collision with background H _{2 results} in widened Balmer a release.

(상기 식에서, n은 식 (3)에 의해 제공됨)의 같은 정도의 감소를 갖는 수소 원자로부터 에너지를 방출한다. 예를 들어, H(n=1)에서 H(n=1/4)로의 촉매 작용이 204 eV를 방출하며, 수소 반경은 a_H에서

로 감소한다. 촉매 생성물, H(1/p)는 또한 전자와 반응하여 히드리노 히드라이드 이온 H^-(1/p)를 형성시킬 수 있거나, 두개의 H(1/p)가 반응하여 상응하는 분자 히드리노 H₂(1/p)를 형성시킬 수 있다.Accordingly, suitable catalysts can provide the total amorphous enthalpy of the reaction of m · 27.2 eV. That is, the catalyst resonantly accepts a non-radiative energy transfer from a hydrogen atom and releases energy into the surrounding to make the electron transfer affect the quantum energy level of the fraction. As a result of the non-radiant energy transfer, the hydrogen atoms become unstable and emit additional energy until they achieve a low-energy nonradiative state with the main energy levels provided by equations (1) and (3). Thus, the catalytic action is dependent on the size of the hydrogen atom,

(In the above formula, n is provided by equation (3)). For example, the catalysis from H (n = 1) to H (n = 1/4) releases 204 eV and the hydrogen radius is at a _H

. Catalyst product, H (1 / p) is also reacted with e-dihydroxydiphenyl Reno hydride ion H ^- (1 / p) of two H (1 / p) is a corresponding molecule that reacts hydroxide Reno number, or to form a H ₂ (1 / p).

In detail, the catalyst product, H (1 / p), can also react with electrons to form a novel hydride ion H ^- (1 / p) with binding energy E _B :

는 플랭크 상수 바이며,

는 진공 유전율이며,

는 전자의 질량이며,

는

에 의해 제공된 감소된 전자 질량이며, 여기서

는 프로톤의 질량이며,

는 보어 반경이며, 이온 반경은

이다. 식 (10)으로부터, 히드라이드 이온의 계산된 이온화 에너지는 0.75418 eV이며, 실험치는 6082.99±0.15 cm^-1(0.75418 eV)이다.Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2,

Is a flank constant bar,

Is a vacuum dielectric constant,

Is the mass of the electron,

The

, ≪ / RTI > where < RTI ID =

Is the mass of the proton,

Is the bore radius, and the ion radius is

to be. From equation (10), the calculated ionization energy of the hydride ion is 0.75418 eV and the experimental value is 6082.99 0.15 cm ^-1 (0.75418 eV).

The upfield-shifted NMR peak is a direct proof of the presence of low-energy state hydrogen, which has a reduced radius compared to the ordinary hydride ion and increases the diamagnetic shielding of the proton. This migration is provided by the sum of the components due to the general hydride ion H & lt ^; & quot ^; & gt ^; and the low-energy state:

In the above equation, p = 0 in the case of H ^- , p = 1 in the case of H ^- (1 / p), and a is a microstructure constant.

H (1 / p) can react with proton, and two H (1 / p) react to form H ₂ (1 / p) ⁺ and H ₂ (1 / p) respectively. The hydrogen molecule ion and molecular charge and current density functions, binding distances, and energies are released from Laplacian at ellipsoidal coordinates with non-radiated constraints:

The total energy E _T of the hydrogen molecule ion having the central region of + pe at each focal point of the elliptical elliptical molecular orbital is as follows:

는 감소된 핵 질량이다. 편장 타원형 분자 오비탈의 각 초점에서 +pe의 중심 영역을 갖는 수소 분자 이온의 전체 에너지는 하기와 같다:Where p is an integer, c is the speed of light in vacuum,

Is the reduced nuclear mass. The total energy of the hydrogen molecule ion having the central region of + pe at each focal point of the elliptical elliptical molecular orbital is as follows:

The bond dissociation energy of the hydrogen molecule H ₂ (1 / p), E _D is the difference between the total energy of the corresponding hydrogen atom and E _T :

In this formula,

E _D is provided by Eqs. (15-16) and (14):

The theoretical and experimental parameters of H ₂ , D ₂ , H ₂ ⁺ , and D ₂ ⁺ are provided in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Theoretical and experimental parameters of Maxwell-closed form of H ₂ , D ₂ , H ₂ ⁺ , and D ₂ ⁺

은 H₂의 이동 및 H₂(1/p)의 경우 p = 정수 >1에 따르는 항의 합계에 의해 제공된다:Catalysis - NMR of the product gas provides a prescribed test of the theoretical predicted chemical shift of H ₂ (1/4). In general, the ¹ H NMR resonance of H ₂ (1 / p) is predicted to be in the up field from H ₂ due to the fractional radius in the elliptic coordinate system, where the electrons are fairly close to the nucleus. Predicted movement in the case of H ₂ (1 / p)

Is given by the sum term in accordance with p = an integer> 1 for moving and H ₂ (1 / p) of H _2:

In the above equation, p = 0 in the case of H ₂ . Experimental absolute H ₂ gas of -28.0 ppm - 0 people the movement predicted absolute gas -28.01 ppm - in good agreement with the mobile (equations (19)).

In the case of v = 1 transition at v = 0 of the hydrogen-type molecule H ₂ (1 / p), the vibration energy E _vib is:

In the above formula, p is an integer. In the case of the J + 1 transition at J of the hydrogen-type molecule H ₂ (1 / p), the rotation energy E _rot is:

Where p is an integer and I is a moment of inertia.

The p ² dependence of the rotational energy results from the inverse p dependency of the corresponding impact on the inter-nuclear distance and the moment of inertia I. [ The predicted nucleic acid distance 2c 'in the case of H2 (1 / p) is as follows:

Data from a broad spectrum of research techniques strongly and consistently indicate that hydrogen can exist in a lower-energy state than previously thought possible. This data supports the presence of hydrino and the corresponding hydride ion and the low-energy state called the molecular hydrino for "small hydrogen ". Some of these prior related studies supporting the possibility of a new reaction of atomic hydrogen, producing hydrogen in the fractional quantum state with energy lower than the usual "ground" (n = 1) Spectroscopy, characteristic emission from catalyst and hydride ion products, low-energy hydrogen emission, chemically formed plasma, Ballmer alpha line broadening, population reversal of H line, elevated electron temperature, anomalous plasma afterglow duration , Power generation, and analysis of new chemical compounds.

The catalytic low-energy hydrogen transfer of the present invention is catalyzed by a catalyst which may exist in the form of an endothermic energy of un-catalyzed atomic hydrogen, an integer m of 27.2 eV, which receives energy from atom H to cause a transition . Endothermic catalytic reaction may be the ionization of one or more electrons from a species such as atoms or ions, and (e. G., Li → Li ^{2 +} a case, m = 3), the ionization of one or more electrons from one or more of the partner of the initial bond (For example, NaH → Na ₂ ⁺ + H, m = 2). He ⁺ meets a chemical or physical process with the same enthalpy change for an integer multiplication of 27.2 eV since it ionizes on a catalyst basis, i. E. 2.727 eV, 54.417 eV. The two hydrogen atoms can also serve as catalysts of the same enthalpy. The hydrogen atom H (1 / p) p = 1, 2, 3, ... 137 additionally causes a transition to the low-energy state provided by equations (1) and (3) Is catalyzed by a second transition that resonates and non-conformally accepts m 27.2 eV with an opposite charge associated with its potential energy. The overall general equation for the transition from H (1 / p) to H (1 / (p + m)) induced by resonance transfer to H (1 / p ') of 27.2 eV is given by:

The endothermic catalysis can act as a catalyst, where m = 1 and m = 2 for one and two atoms, respectively, serve as catalysts for the others. The ratio for the two-atom-catalyst, 2H can be high, especially when the fast H collides with the molecule to form 2H, where the two atoms resonate 54.4 eV from the third hydrogen atom of the colliding partner in a resonant and non- Lt; / RTI >

In the case of m = 2, the product of catalysts He + and 2H is H (1/3) which reacts rapidly and forms H (1/4), molecular hydrino and H ₂ (1/4) in a desirable state. In detail, in the case of high hydrogen atom concentration, H (1/4) (p + m = 4) at H (1/3) (p = 3) to H (p '= 1; The additional transition provided by Eq. (23) can be fast:

The corresponding molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) and hydrinohydride ion H ^- (1/4) are the so-called p-4 quantum states that provide long theoretical lifetimes to H (1/4) It is the same end product as observed because it has a polydispersity greater than four poles.

(식 (6), m=2)는 수소 원자의 반경 (분모에서 1에 해당) 및 프로톤의 3배인 중심 영역을 가지며,

는 Hdml 1/3의 반경을 갖는 상응하는 안정한 상태이다. 전자가 수소 원자의 반경에서 이러한 거리의 1/3의 반경으로 반경 촉진을 일으키기 때문에, 에너지는 특별한 광 방출로서 또는 제 3-바디 운동 에너지로서 방출된다. 이러한 방출은 54.4 eV(22.8 nm)에서 엣지를 가지고 보다 긴 파장으로 확장하는 극-자외선 연속 방사선의 형태일 수 있다. 대안적으로, 빠른 H는 공진 운동 에너지 이동으로 인해 예측된다. 제 2 연속 밴드는 촉매 생성물

의 후속 고속 전이 (식 (4-7) 및 (23))에서

상태로 상승하는 것으로 예측되며, 여기서 원자 수소는

로부터 27.2 eV를 수용한다. 극 자외선 (EUV) 분광법 및 고해상도 가시광선 분광법은 촉매 He⁺ 및 2H 각각을 제공하는 수소를 갖는 헬륨 및 수소 단독의 마이크로파 및 글로 및 펄스화된 방출에 대해 기록되었다. 수소의 첨가와 함께 발생된 He⁺ 이온 라인의 펌핑, 및 특정 조건 하에서 수소 플라즈마의 여기 온도는 매우 높다. 22.8 nm 및 40.8 nm 둘 모두에서 EUV 연속체가 관찰되며, 특별한 (>50 eV) 발머 α 라인 브로드닝이 관찰되었다. H₂(1/4)는 헬륨-수소, 수소, 및 수증기-보조 수소 플라즈마로부터 수집되고 CDCl₃에 용해된 가스 상에서 1.25 ppm에서 용액 NMR에 의해 관찰되었다.The nonradiative energy transfer to the catalyst He ⁺ and 2H is expected to pump the He ⁺ ion energy level and increase the electron excitation temperature of H in each of the helium-hydrogen and hydrogen plasma. For two catalysts, the intermediate

(Equation (6), m = 2) has a central region with a radius of the hydrogen atom (corresponding to 1 in the denominator) and three times the proton,

Is the corresponding stable state with a radius of Hdml 1/3. Since the electrons cause radial acceleration with a radius of one third of this distance in the radius of the hydrogen atom, energy is emitted as special light emission or as third-body kinetic energy. This emission may be in the form of polar-ultraviolet continuous radiation extending at 54.4 eV (22.8 nm) with longer edge wavelengths. Alternatively, the fast H is predicted due to resonant kinetic energy transfer. The second continuous band comprises a catalyst product

(Expressions (4-7) and (23)) in the subsequent fast transitions

, Where the atomic hydrogen is predicted to rise

To 27.2 eV. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy and high resolution visible light spectroscopy were recorded for microwave and glow and pulsed emission of helium and hydrogen alone with hydrogen to provide catalysts He ⁺ and 2H, respectively. The pumping of the He ⁺ ion line generated with the addition of hydrogen, and the excitation temperature of the hydrogen plasma under certain conditions, is very high. The EUV continuum was observed at both 22.8 nm and 40.8 nm, and a special (> 50 eV) Ballmer alpha line broadening was observed. H ₂ (1/4) was observed by solution NMR at 1.25 ppm on a gas collected from helium-hydrogen, hydrogen, and water vapor-assisted hydrogen plasma and dissolved in CDCl ₃ .

Similarly, the reaction from Ar ⁺ to Ar ^{2 +} has a net reaction enthalpy of 27.63 eV, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (4-7). When Ar ⁺ acts as a catalyst, its predicted 91.2 nm and 45.6 nm continuum, as well as other characteristic signals of hydrino transfer, pumping of the catalyzed state, fast H, and solution NMR observed at 1.25 ppm the predicted gas phase hydroxyl Reno product H ₂ (1/4) were observed. These results and the helium in consideration of the result of plasma, 54.4 eV (q = 4) and 40.8 eV (q = 3) If, and the Ar ⁺ catalyst 27.2 eV (q = 2) and 13.6 eV in the case of He ⁺ catalyst (q = 1), a q · 13.6 eV continuum with a threshold value was observed. A very large value of q is possible with the transition to a lower state of hydrino which causes high-energy continuous radiation over a broad spectral range.

In recent power generation and product characterization studies, atomic lithium and molecular NaH serve as catalysts because they are catalytic, ie, the product of the potential energy of the atomic hydrogen, 27.2 eV m (Li = m = 3, and NaH (M = 2 in the case of " m = 2 "). The corresponding hydrinohydride ion H ^- (1/4) and molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) of the novel alkali halohydrinohydride compound (MH * X; M = Li or Na, X = halide) ) Was tested using a chemically generated catalytic reactant based on a closed-form equation for the energy level of the catalyst.

) 및 약 1-2 V/cm의 매우 낮은 필드 강도에서 공진 이동- 또는 rt-플라즈마라 불리워지는 플라즈마의 형성을 관찰하였다. H 발머 α 라인의 시간-의존 라인 퍼짐은 특별히 빠른 H에 대응하여 관찰되었다 (> 40 eV).First, a Li catalyst was tested. LiNH _2, and Li is used as the source of lithium element and a hydrogen atom. Using a water-flow, batch calorimeter, the measured power from 1 g Li, 0.5 g LiNH ₂ , 10 g LiBr, and 15 g Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ is about 160 W with an energy balance of ΔH = -19.1 kJ. The observed energy balance is 4.4 times the maximum theoretical value based on known chemistry. Next, Raney nickel (R-Ni) is added as a getter of the catalytic product H (1/4) to trap H ₂ (1/4) in the crystals as well as form LiH * X in the power reaction mixture When used in chemical synthesis where LiBr acts, it acts as a dissociation agent. ToF-SIM showed a LiH * X peak. ¹ H MAS NMR LiH * Br and LiH * I exhibited a large separate upfield resonance at about -2.5 ppm, which matched H ^- (1/4) in the LiX matrix. NMR peaks at 1.13 ppm is the frequency of interstitial H2 (1/4) and the matching and common H ^₂ 4 ₂ times the H ₂ (1/4) of was observed at 1989 cm ^-1 in the FTIR spectrum. The XPS spectrum recorded for the LiH * Br crystal is not determined to any known components based on the absence of any other major component peaks, but rather is determined by comparing the binding energy of H ^- (1/4) in two chemical environments Peaks at about 9.5 eV and 12.3 eV. The additional sign of the powerful process is that when the atom Li is present with atomic hydrogen,

) And at very low field intensities of about 1-2 V / cm, the formation of plasmas called resonant movement -or rt-plasma. The time-dependent line spread of the H-Ballmer a line was observed specifically for fast H (> 40 eV).

The compounds of the present invention, such as MH, comprising at least one component M other than hydrogen and hydrogen, serve as a source of hydrogen and a source of catalyst to form the hydrino. The catalytic reaction is provided by the ionization of t electrons to a continuous energy level at each of the breakdown rates of MH bonds plus M atoms so that the sum of the binding energies and the ionization energies of t electrons is approximately m · 27.2 eV, where m is an integer do. One such catalyst system comprises sodium. The binding energy of NaH is 1.9245 eV, and the first and second ionization energies of Na are 5.13908 eV and 47.2864 eV, respectively. Based on these energies, the NaH molecule can act as a catalyst and H source because the binding energy of NaH plus the double ionization of Na to Na ^{2 +} (t = 2) is 54.35 eV (2 · 27.2 eV) Because. The catalytic reaction is provided by the following formula:

The overall reaction is as follows:

The product H (1/3) reacts rapidly to form the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) as the desired state (Scheme 24) after forming H (1/4). The NaH catalysis is deliberate because the sum of the binding energy of NaH, the double ionization of Na to Na2 + (t = 2), and the potential energy of H is 81.56 eV (3.227.2 eV). The catalytic reaction is provided by the following formula:

The overall reaction is as follows:

는 적어도 13.6 eV의 운동 에너지를 갖는 빠른 수소 원자이다. H-(1/4)는 안정한 할리도히드라이드를 형성하고, 반응

및

에 의해 형성된 상응하는 분자와 함께 바람직한 생성물이다.In this formula,

Is a fast hydrogen atom with kinetic energy of at least 13.6 eV. H- (1/4) forms a stable halide hydride, and the reaction

And

Lt; / RTI > with the corresponding molecule formed by < RTI ID = 0.0 >

Sodium hydride typically has the form of an ionic crystalline compound formed by the reaction of gaseous hydrogen with sodium metal. And, in the gaseous state, sodium contains a shared Na ₂ molecule with a binding energy of 74.8048 kJ / mole. The predicted exothermic reaction provided by Equation (25-27) when NaH (s) is heated at a very slow rate of temperature rise (0.1 캜 / min) under helium atmosphere to form NaH (g) ). ≪ / RTI > To achieve high power, the chemical system was designed to greatly increase the amount and rate of formation of NaH (g). The reaction of NaOH and Na calculated from the forming heat with Na ₂ O and NaH (s) releases △ H = -44.7 kJ / mole NaOH:

This exothermic reaction was able to induce the formation of NaH (g) and was used to induce a significant exothermic reaction provided by Eqs. (25-27). The regeneration reaction in the presence of atomic hydrogen is as follows:

과 비교하여 에너지 밸런스는

이다. NaH 반응의 관찰된 에너지 밸런스는

이며, 66배 이상이 연소 엔탈피

이다. NaOH 도핑을 0.5 중량%로 증가시키면서, R-Ni 금속간이 Al은 NaH 촉매를 생성시키기 위한 환원제로서 Na 금속을 대체하기 위해 제공된다. 60℃로 가열될 때, 15 g의 복합 촉매 물질은 11.7 kJ의 과잉 에너지를 방출하고 0.25 kW의 전력을 발전시키기 위해 첨가제가 요구되지 않는다. DMF-d7에 용해된 생성물에 대한 용액 NMR은 1.2 ppm에서 H₂(1/4)를 나타내었다.NaH achieves unusually high kinetics because the catalytic reaction that simultaneously causes the transition to form the H (1/3) to react to form H (1/4) is dependent on the release of the intrinsic H 2. High temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is performed on ionic NaH at a very slow temperature ramp rate (0.1 ° C / min) under helium atmosphere to increase the amount of molecular NaH formation. The novel exothermic effect of -177 kJ / mole NaH was observed in the temperature range of 640 캜 to 825 캜. To achieve high power, R-Ni having a surface area of about 100 m ² / g is surface coated with NaOH and reacted with Na metal to form NaH. Using a water-flow, batch calorimeter, the measured power from 15 g of R-Ni is about 0.5 kW. When reacted with Na metal, the R-Ni starting material, R-NiAl alloy

And the energy balance is

to be. The observed energy balance of the NaH reaction is

More than 66 times the combustion enthalpy

to be. While increasing the NaOH doping to 0.5 wt%, the R-Ni metal interstitial Al is provided to replace the Na metal as a reducing agent to produce an NaH catalyst. When heated to 60 캜, 15 g of the composite catalyst material emits 11.7 kJ of excess energy and no additive is required to generate 0.25 kW of power. Solution NMR for the product dissolved in DMF-d7 showed H ₂ (1/4) at 1.2 ppm.

ToF-SIM showed sodium hydrinohydride, NaH _x peak. The ¹ H MAS NMR spectra of NaH * Br and NaH * Cl showed a large separate upfield resonance at -3.6 ppm and -4 ppm, respectively, which matched H ^- (1/4) and NMR at 1.1 ppm The peak is matched with H ₂ (1/4). Only NaH * Cl from the reaction of solid acid KHSO ₄ and NaCl as the source of hydrogen is simulated with two fractions of hydrogen. The H ^- (1/4) NMR peak was observed at -3.97 ppm and the H ^- (1/3) peak was also present at -3.15 ppm. The corresponding H ₂ (1/4) and H ₂ (1/3) peaks were observed at 1.15 ppm and 1.7 ppm, respectively. ¹ H NMR of NaH * F dissolved in DMF-d7 showed H ₂ (1/4) and H ^- (1/4) separated at 1.2 ppm and -3.86 ppm, where any solid matrix effect Absence or another designation confirmed the solid NMR designation. XPS spectra recorded for NaH * Br H is at about 9.5 eV and 12.3 eV that matches a result from NaH and KH * I * Br ^- exhibited a (1/4) peak; Sodium hydroxide Reno hydride is H at 6 eV in the absence of halide ^{peak-indicated} two conditions have additionally the hydrogen fraction (1/3) XPS peak. Predicted rotational transitions with 4 ² times the energy of conventional H ₂ were also observed from excited H ₂ (1/4) using a 12.5 keV electron beam.

Such data, such as NMR shifts, ToF-SIM mass, XPS bond energies, FTIR and emission spectra show and confirm the characteristics of the hydrino products of the catalyst system comprising one aspect of the present invention.

I. Hydrino

A hydrogen atom having a bond provided by the following formula is a product of the H catalytic reaction of the present invention:

(여기서, a_H는 일반적인 수소 원자의 반경이며, p는 정수임)에 대한 기호는

이다. 반경 a_H를 갖는 수소 원자는 이하에서 "일반적인 수소 원자" E는 "통상적인 수소 원자"로서 칭하여진다. 일반적인 원자 수소는 13.6 eV의 결합 에너지에 의해 특징된다.In the above formula, p is an integer greater than 1, preferably an integer from 2 to 137. The binding energy of an atom, ion, or molecule, known as ionization energy, is the energy required to remove one electron from an atom, ion, or molecule. The hydrogen atom having the binding energy given in formula (35) is hereinafter referred to as "hydrino atom" or "hydrino". Radius

(Where a _H is the radius of a common hydrogen atom and p is an integer)

to be. A hydrogen atom having a radius a _H is hereinafter referred to as a "normal hydrogen atom" E and a "normal hydrogen atom ". Typical atomic hydrogen is characterized by a binding energy of 13.6 eV.

Hydrino is formed by reacting normal atomic hydrogen with a suitable catalyst having a net reaction enantiomer of the formula:

In the above formula, m is an integer. The rate of catalysis is believed to increase as the net reaction enthalpy becomes more closely matched to m · 27.2 eV. A catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy within ± 10%, preferably ± 5%, of m · 27.2 eV has been found suitable for most applications.

의 균형적 감소(commensurate decrease)로 수소 원자로부터의 에너지를 방출한다. 예를 들어, H(n=1)에서 H(n=1/2)로의 촉매 작용은 40.8 eV를 방출하며, 수소 반경은 a_H에서

로 감소한다. 촉매 시스템은 t개 전자의 이온화 에너지의 합이 대략 m·27.2 eV (여기서, m은 정수임)이도록 원자에서 연속 에너지 수준으로의 t개 원자의 이온화에 의해 제공된다.This catalytic activity is due to the size of the hydrogen atom

And releases energy from the hydrogen atom with a commensurate decrease in the hydrogen concentration. For example, the catalysis from H (n = 1) to H (n = 1/2) releases 40.8 eV and the hydrogen radius is at a _H

. The catalytic system is provided by ionization of t atoms from atom to continuous energy level such that the sum of the ionization energies of t electrons is approximately m · 27.2 eV, where m is an integer.

Another example of such a catalyst system provided by equation (6-9) includes lithium metal. The first and second ionization energies of lithium are 5.39172 eV and 75.64018 eV, respectively. The dual ionization (t = 2) reaction of Li to Li ^{2 +} has a net reaction enthalpy of 81.0319 eV, corresponding to m = 3 in equation (36).

The overall reaction is as follows:

In another embodiment, the catalyst system comprises cesium. The first and second ionization energies of cesium are 3.89390 eV and 23.15745 eV, respectively. The double ionization (t = 2) reaction of Cs to Cs ^{2 +} has a net reaction enthalpy of 27.05135 eV, corresponding to m = 1 in equation (36)

The overall reaction is as follows:

Additional catalyst systems include potassium metal. The first, second, and third ionization energies of potassium are 4.34066 eV, 31.63 eV, and 45.806 eV, respectively. The triple ionization (t = 3) reaction of K to K ^{3 +} has a net reaction enthalpy of 81.7767 eV, corresponding to m = 3 in equation (36)

The overall reaction is as follows:

As a power source, the energy released during the catalysis is much greater than the energy lost by the catalyst. The energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions. For example, when hydrogen and oxygen gas are burned to form water:

또는 1.48 eV이다. 반면, 촉매 작용을 일으키는 각 (n=1) 일반적인 수소 원자는 40.8 eV의 순 엔탈피를 방출한다. 또한, 추가 촉매 전이가 일어난다:

등등. 촉매 작용이 개시된 직후에, 히드리노는 불균등화 반응이라 칭하는 공정으로 추가로 자동촉매화한다. 이러한 메카니즘은 무기 이온 촉매 작용과 유사하다. 그러나, 히드리노 촉매 작용은 m·27.2 eV에 대해 엔탈피의 보다 양호한 매칭으로 인하여 무기 이온 촉매 보다 높은 반응 속도를 가질 것이다.The known enthalpy of formation of water is the hydrogen per atom

Or 1.48 eV. On the other hand, the catalytic (n = 1) common hydrogen atoms that emit a net enthalpy of 40.8 eV. In addition, additional catalytic transition takes place:

etc. Immediately after the commencement of the catalysis, the hydrino is further autocatalyzed by a process referred to as a disproportionation reaction. This mechanism is similar to inorganic ion catalysis. However, the hydrino catalysis will have a higher reaction rate than the inorganic ion catalyst due to a better match of enthalpy to m 27.2 eV.

(여기서,

및 p는 1 보다 큰 정수임)의 결합 에너지를 갖는 수소 원자의 반응에 의해 형성될 수 있다. 히드리노 히드라이드 이온은 H^-(n=1/p) 또는 H^-(1/p)로 표시된다:The hydrinohydride ion of the present invention has an electron source and a hydrino,

(here,

And p is an integer greater than one). The hydrinohydride ion is represented by H ^- (n = 1 / p) or H ^- (1 / p)

The hydrinohydride ion is distinguished from a typical hydride ion and a common hydride ion containing two electrons having a binding energy of about 0.8 eV. The latter is referred to below as "generic hydride ion" or "conventional hydride ion ". The hydrinohydride ion comprises protene, deuterium, a hydrogen nucleus comprising tritium, and indistinguishable electrons at binding energies according to Equation (49-50).

The binding energy of hydrino hydride can be represented by the following equation:

는 파이이며,

는 프랭크 상수 바이며,

는 진공 유전율이며,

는 전자의 질량이며,

는

에 의해 제공된 감소된 전자 질량이며,

는 프로톤의 질량이며,

는 수소 원자의 반경이며, a₀는 보어 반경이며, e는 기본 전하이다. 반경은 하기 식에 의해 제공된다:Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2,

Is a pie,

Is the Frank constant bar,

Is a vacuum dielectric constant,

Is the mass of the electron,

The

Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > a < / RTI &

Is the mass of the proton,

Is the radius of the hydrogen atom, a ₀ is the radius of the bore, and e is the basic charge. The radius is provided by the following equation:

The bond energies of hydrinohydride, H ^- (n = 1 / p) as a function of p are shown in Table 2, where p is an integer.

Table 2. Typical binding energy of the hydrinohydride ion H ^- (n = 1 / p) as a function of p (49), p

In accordance with the present invention, p = 2 to 23, and p = 24 (H ^-) less than the case with a typical hydroxyl hydride binding energy of the ion large formula (49-50) than the binding energy (about 0.75 eV) of Reno A hydride ion (H < ^- & gt ^; ) is provided. In the case of p = 2 to p = 24 in equation (49-50), the hydride ion binding energies were 3, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2 , 71.6, 72.4, 71.6, 68.8, 64.0, 56.8, 47.1, 34.7, 19.3, and 0.69 eV. Representative compositions comprising novel hydride ions are also provided herein.

Representative compounds comprising one or more hydrinohydride ions and one or more other elements are also provided. Such compounds are referred to as "hydrinohydride compounds ".

Typical hydrogen species are characterized by the following bond energies: (a) hydride ion, 0.754 eV ("generic hydride ion"); (b) a hydrogen atom ("common hydrogen atom"), 13.6 eV; (c) a binary hydrogen molecule, 15.3 eV ("generic hydrogen molecule"); (d) hydrogen molecule ion, 16.3 eV ("generic hydrogen molecule ion"); And (e) H ₃ ⁺ , 22.6 eV ("common trihydrogen ion"). With reference to the form of hydrogen herein, "conventional" and "general" are synonymous.

의 범위 내와 같은 약

의 결합 에너지를 갖는 수소 에너지 (상기 식에서, p는 2 내지 137의 정수임); (b) 약 0.9 내지 1.1 ×

의 범위내와 같은 약

의 결합 에너지를 갖는 히드라이드 이온 (H-);According to another embodiment of the present invention, at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species, such as (a) about 0.9-1.1 x

Such as within the range of

(Where p is an integer from 2 to 137); (b) about 0.9 to 1.1 x

Such as within the range of

A hydride ion (H < - >

의 범의 내와 같은 약

의 결합 에너지를 갖는 트리히드리노 분자 이온, H₃ ⁺(1/p) (상기 식에서, p는 2 내지 137의 정수임); (e) 약 0.9 내지 1.1 ×

의 범위 내와 같은 약

의 결합 에너지를 갖는 디히드리노 (상기 식에서, p는 2 내지 137의 정수임); (f) 약 0.9 내지 1.1 ×

의 범위 내와 같은 약

의 결합 에너지를 갖는 디히드리노 분자 이온(상기 식에서, p는 정수, 바람직하게, 2 내지 137의 정수임)를 포함하는 화합물이 제공된다.(Wherein p is an integer from 2 to 24); (c) H ₄ ⁺ (1 / p); (d) about 0.9 to 1.1 x

Medicine within the scope of

H ₃ ⁺ (1 / p) wherein p is an integer of 2 to 137; (e) about 0.9 to 1.1 x

Such as within the range of

(Wherein p is an integer from 2 to 137) having a binding energy of at least 50% by weight; (f) about 0.9 to 1.1 x

Such as within the range of

(Wherein p is an integer, preferably an integer of 2 to 137) having a binding energy of at least 50%.

의 범위 내와 같은 약

(51)의 전체 에너지를 갖는 디히드로 분자 이온 (상기 식에서, p는 정수이며,

는 플랭크 상수 바이며,

는 전자의 질량이며, c는 진공에서 빛의 속도이며,

감소된 핵 질량임); 및 (b) 약 0.9 내지 1.1 ×

의 범위 내와 같은 약

의 전체 에너지를 갖는 디히드리노 분자 (상기 식에서, p는 정수이며,

는 보어 반경임)을 포함하는 화합물이 제공된다.According to another embodiment of the invention, at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species, such as (a) about 0.9-1.1 x

Such as within the range of

(51), wherein p is an integer,

Is a flank constant bar,

Is the mass of the electron, c is the speed of light in vacuum,

Reduced nuclear mass); And (b) about 0.9 to 1.1 < RTI ID = 0.0 >

Such as within the range of

Of the total energy of the dihydrino molecule (wherein p is an integer,

Is a bore radius).

According to one embodiment of the present invention, wherein the compound comprises an increased binding energy hydrogen species negatively charged, the compound further comprises at least one cation such as a proton, generic H ₂ ⁺ or general H ₃ ⁺ .

(여기서, m은 1 보다 큰 정수, 바람직하게 400 미만의 정수임)의 순 반응 엔탈피를 갖는 촉매와 원자 수소를 반응시켜 약

(상기 식에서, p는 정수, 바람직하게 2 내지 137의 정수임)의 결합 에너지를 갖는 증가된 결합 에너지 수소 원자를 생산함을 포함한다. 촉매 작요의 다른 생성물은 에너지이다. 증가된 결합 에너지 수소 원자는 전자 소스와 반응되어, 증가된 결합 에너지 히드라이드 이온을 생산할 수 있다. 증가된 결합 에너지 히드라이드 이온은 하나 이상의 양이온과 반응되어 적어도 하나의 증가된 결합 에너지 히드라이드 이온을 포함하는 화합물을 생산할 수 있다.A method is provided herein for preparing a compound containing at least one hydrinohydride ion. Such compounds are hereinafter referred to as "hydrinohydride compounds ". The method comprises

(Where m is an integer greater than 1, preferably less than 400) and reacting the atomic hydrogen with a catalyst having a net enthalpy of reaction of about < RTI ID = 0.0 >

(Where p is an integer, preferably an integer from 2 to 137). Another product of catalytic activity is energy. Increased binding energy Hydrogen atoms can react with an electron source to produce increased binding energy hydride ions. The increased binding energy hydride ion can be reacted with one or more cations to produce a compound comprising at least one increased binding energy hydride ion.

The novel hydrogen composition of matter comprises:

(a) at least one neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species (hereinafter "increased binding energy hydrogen species") having binding energy of (i) or (ii); And

   (i) a binding energy greater than the binding energy of the corresponding common hydrogen species or

   (ii) Because the bond energy of a common hydrogen species is lower or is negative than the thermal energy at ambient conditions (standard temperature and pressure, STP), the corresponding general hydrogen species is unstable or has binding energy greater than the binding energy of any hydrogen species not observed ,

(b) at least one other element. The compounds of the present invention are hereinafter referred to as "increased binding energy hydrogen compound ".

In this context, "other element" means an element other than an increased bond energy hydrogen species. Accordingly, the other element may be a common hydrogen species, or any other element than hydrogen. In one group of compounds, the other elements and the increased binding energy hydrogen species are neutral. In another group of compounds, the other element and the increased binding energy hydrogen species are charged such that the other element provides a balanced charge to form a neutral compound. Groups of previous compounds are characterized by molecular and coordination bonds, the latter group being characterized by ionic bonds.

Also provided are novel compounds and molecular ions comprising:

(a) at least one neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having an overall energy of (i) or (ii) below (hereinafter "increased binding energy hydrogen species"); And

    (i) the total energy greater than the total energy of the corresponding generic hydrogen species, or

    (ii) the total energy of the corresponding generic hydrogen species is greater than the total energy of any hydrogen species that is unstable or unobservable because the total energy of a typical hydrogen species is lower or more negative than its thermal energy at ambient conditions;

(b) at least one other element.

The total energy of a hydrogen species is the sum of the energies for removing all electrons from the hydrogen species. The hydrogen species according to the present invention have a total energy greater than the total energy of the corresponding general hydrogen species. The hydrogen species with increased total energy according to the present invention may also be characterized in that even some embodiments of hydrogen species with increased total energy may have a first electron binding energy lower than the first electron binding energy of the corresponding common hydrogen species Quot; increased bond energy hydrogen species ". For example, the hydride ion of formula (49-50) in the case of p = 24 has a first binding energy lower than the first binding energy of common hydride ion, and the formula (49-50 ) Is much greater than the total energy of the corresponding general hydride ion.

Also provided herein are novel compounds and molecular ions comprising:

(a) a plurality of neutral, positive, or negative hydrogen species (hereinafter "increased binding energy hydrogen species") having binding energies of (i) or (ii) And

    (i) binding energy greater than the binding energy of the corresponding common hydrogen species, or

    (ii) a binding energy greater than the binding energy of any corresponding hydrogen species that is unstable or unobservable, since the bond energy of a common hydrogen species is lower or more negative than its thermal energy at ambient conditions;

(b) optionally one other element. The compounds of the present invention are hereinafter referred to as "increased binding energy hydrogen compound ".

Increased binding energy Hydrogen species include one or more hydrino atoms selected from the group consisting of electrons, hydrino atoms, compounds containing at least one of the increased binding energy hydrogen species, and at least one other atom , ≪ / RTI > a molecule, or an ion.

Also provided are novel compounds and molecular ions comprising:

(a) a plurality of neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species (hereinafter "increased binding energy hydrogen species") having the total energy of (i) or And

    (i) the total energy greater than the total energy of a typical molecular hydrogen, or

    (ii) the total energy of the corresponding generic hydrogen species is greater than the total energy of any hydrogen species that is unstable or unobservable, because the total energy of a typical hydrogen species is lower or more negative than its thermal energy at ambient conditions;

(b) optionally one other element. The compounds of the present invention are hereinafter referred to as "increased binding energy hydrogen compound ".

In one embodiment, (a) a hydride having binding energy according to equation (49-50) greater than the binding energy of a general hydride ion (about 0.8 eV) when p = 2 to 23 and less than p = Ion ("increased binding energy hydride ion" or "hydrinohydride ion"); (b) a hydrogen atom ("increased binding energy hydrogen atom" or "hydrino") having a binding energy greater than the binding energy of a common hydrogen atom (about 13.6 eV); (c) a hydrogen molecule having a first binding energy greater than about 15.3 eV ("increased binding energy hydrogen molecule" or "dihydrino"); And (d) at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species selected from molecular hydrogen ions ("increased binding energy molecular hydrogen ions" or "dihydrino molecular ions") having binding energies greater than about 16.3 eV. / RTI >

II . Powered by  And system

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a hydrogen catalytic reactor for producing energy and low-energy hydrogen species. 1, a hydrogen catalytic reactor 70 includes a vessel 72 containing an energy reaction mixture 74, a heat exchanger 80, and a power converter, such as a steam generator (not shown) 82 and a turbine 90. In one embodiment, the catalysis involves reacting atomic hydrogen from source 76 with catalyst 78 to form a low-energy hydrogen "hydrinos" and produce power. The heat exchanger 80 absorbs the heat released by the catalytic reaction when the reaction mixture of hydrogen and catalyst reacts to form low-energy hydrogen. The heat exchanger exchanges heat with a steam generator (82) that absorbs heat from the heat exchanger (80) and produces steam. The energy reactor 70 is adapted to receive steam from the steam generator 82 and convert the steam energy into electrical energy such that the power that can be accommodated by the load 110 for producing or dissipating the work Further comprises a turbine (90) that supplies mechanical power to the generator (100).

In one embodiment, the energy reaction mixture 74 includes fuel supplied through the energy-emitting material 76, for example, the feed passage 62. The reaction mixture contains a source of hydrogen isotope or a source of molecular hydrogen isotope and a catalyst for resonantly removing approximately m · 27.2 eV (m is an integer, preferably less than 400) to form low-energy atomic hydrogen 78), wherein the reaction to hydrogen in the low-energy state occurs by contact of hydrogen with a catalyst. The catalyst may be in a molten, liquid, gaseous, or solid state. Catalysis releases energy in the form of heat and forms at least one of a low-energy hydrogen isotope element, a low-energy hydrogen molecule, a hydride ion, and a low-energy hydrogen compound. Accordingly, the power cell also includes a low-energy hydrogen chemical reactor.

The source of hydrogen may be hydrogen gas, dissociation of water including thermal dissociation, electrolysis of water, hydrogen from hydride, or hydrogen from a metal-hydrogen solution. In another embodiment, the molecular hydrogen of energy release material 76 is dissociated into atomic hydrogen by the molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst of mixture 74. Such dissociation catalysts or dissociators may also absorb hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium atoms and / or molecules and may be formed of any suitable material, including, for example, noble metals such as palladium and platinum, refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten, Transition metals such as titanium, and elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of internal transition metals such as niobium and zirconium. Preferably, the dissociation agent has a high surface area such as noble metals such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir, Re, or Rh, or Ni, SiO ₂ , or combinations thereof on Al ₂ O ₃ .

In one embodiment, the catalyst is provided by ionizing t electrons from atoms or ions to a continuous energy level such that the sum of the ionization energies of the t electrons is approximately m · 27.2 eV, where t and m are each an integer . The catalyst may also be provided by the migration of t electrons between the participating ions. The transfer of t electrons from one ion to the other provides net enthalpy of the reaction, whereby the sum of the t ionization energies of the electron-donor ions is the sum of the t ionization energies of the t electrons of the negative electron- The energy is approximately m · 27.2 eV (where t and m are integers, respectively). In another embodiment, the catalyst comprises MH, such as NaH, with the atom M bound to hydrogen, and the enthalpy of m · 27.2 eV is provided by the sum of the M-H bond energy and the ionization energy of t electrons.

In one embodiment, the source of the catalyst typically comprises a catalytic material 78 fed through a catalyst feed passage 61, which provides a net enthalpy of approximately m / 2 · 27.2 eV plus or minus 1 eV. Such catalysts include atoms, ions, molecules, and hydrino that accept energy from atomic hydrogen and hydrino. In embodiments, the catalyst is AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C _2, N _2, O _2, CO _2, NO _2, and the molecules of NO ₃ , And Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K +, He +, Ti 2 +, Na +, Rb +, Sr +, Fe 3 +, Mo 2 +, Mo 4 +, In 3 + , it may include at least one member selected from ^{He +, Ar +, Xe +} , atoms or ions of the Ar ^{2 +,} and H ^+, and Ne ⁺ and H ^+.

In one embodiment of the power system, the heat is removed by a heat exchanger having a heat exchange medium. The heat exchanger may be a water wall, and the medium may be water. This heat can be transferred directly for space and process heating. Alternatively, the heat exchanger medium, for example water, causes a phase change, such as conversion to steam. This conversion can occur in the steam generator. Such steam can be used to generate electricity in a heat engine such as a steam turbine and generator.

One embodiment of the hydrogen catalytic energy and low-energy-hydrogen species-producing reactor 5 for recycling or regenerating the fuel according to the present invention is shown in Fig. 2, wherein a source of hydrogen, a source of catalyst, A hydrogen source 12, a steam pipe and a steam generator 13, a power converter, such as a turbine, which may be a mixture of hydrogen, A water condenser 16, a water-make-up source 17, a fuel recirculator 18, and a hydrogen-dihydrogen gas separator 19. In step 1, the fuel, which is a heterogeneous mixture comprising gaseous, liquid, solid or multiple phases, including a source of the catalyst and a source of hydrogen, reacts to form hydrino and low-energy hydrogen products. In step 2, the spent fuel is reprocessed and re-supplied to the boiler 10 to maintain the generation of thermal power. The heat generated in the boiler 10 forms steam in the pipe and steam generator 13, which is delivered to the turbine 14 which generates electricity by supplying power to the generator. In step 3, the water is condensed by the water condenser 16. Any water loss can be supplemented by the water source 17 to complete the cycle to maintain the conversion of the heat output to power. In step 4, the low-energy hydrogen product, such as the hydrinohydride compound and the dihydrogen gas, may be removed, and the unreacted hydrogen is added to the fuel consumed to supplement the recycled fuel, It may be sent back to the circulator 18 or the hydrogen source 12. The gaseous product and the unreacted hydrogen can be separated by the hydrogen-dihydrogen gas separator 19. Any product hydrinohydride compound can be separated and removed using the fuel recirculator (18). The processing may be performed externally to the boiler or to the boiler having the recovered fuel. Accordingly, the system may further include at least one of a gas and a mass transporter for moving reactants and products to achieve spent fuel removal, regeneration and refueling. The hydrogen replenishment consumed in the formation of the hydrino may be added from the source 12 during fuel reprocessing and may include recycled unconsumed hydrogen. The recycled fuel maintains the production of thermal power to operate the power plant to generate electricity.

The reactor can be hydrogenated to prevent minimal decomposition of the reactants, and separation and addition or substitution driven in continuous mode. Alternatively, the reacted fuel is continuously regenerated from the product. In one embodiment of the latter scheme, the reaction mixture comprises an atom or a molecular catalyst that reacts further to form the hydrino and a species capable of producing a reactant of atomic hydrogen, wherein the product formed by the formation of a catalyst and atomic hydrogen The species may be regenerated by at least reacting the product with hydrogen. In one embodiment, the reactor comprises a mobile bed reactor, which may additionally comprise a fluidization-reactor section, wherein the reactants are continuously supplied and the by-products are removed, regenerated and returned to the reactor. In one embodiment, a low-energy hydrogen product, such as a hydrinohydride compound or a dihydrino molecule, is collected as the reactants are regenerated. In addition, the hydrinohydride ion may be formed of other compounds or may be converted to a dihydrino molecule during the regeneration of the reactants.

The reactor may further comprise a separator to separate the components of the product mixture, such as by evaporation of the solvent if solvent is present. The separator may comprise a sieve for mechanical separation, for example, by a difference in physical properties such as size. The separator may also be a separator that utilizes the difference in density of the components of the mixture, such as a cyclone separator. For example, at least two of the group selected from carbon, metals such as Eu, and inorganic products such as KBr can be separated by centrifugal force based on the density difference in a suitable medium such as a pressurized inert gas . Separation of components can also be based on differences in dielectric constant and chargeability. For example, the carbon can be separated from the metal based on applying an electrostatic charge to the carbon while being removed from the mixture by an electric field. Where one or more components of the mixture are magnetic, the separation can be accomplished using a magnet. The mixture may be agitated with a series of strong magnets alone or a combination of one or more sheaves to separate them based on at least one of the stronger adhesion or attraction of the magnetic particles to the magnet and the size difference of the two classes of particles. In one embodiment using a sheave and an applied magnetic field, the latter adds additional force to gravity to attract smaller magnetic particles through the sheave, while other particles of the mixture remain on the sheave due to their larger size.

The reactor may further comprise a separator for separating the one or more components based on the time-varying change or reaction. In one embodiment, the phase change comprises melting using a heater, and the liquid is separated from the solid by methods known in the art, such as gravity filtration, filtration using pressurized gas assist, centrifugation, and vacuum . The reaction may involve decomposition such as hydride decomposition or reaction to form the hydride, and the separation may be accomplished by separating the corresponding metal after melting and mechanically separating the hydride powder. The latter can be achieved by sieving. In one embodiment, the phase change or reaction can produce the desired reactant or intermediate. In certain embodiments, regeneration, including any desired separation step, may occur within or outside the reactor.

Other methods that can be applied to the separation of the present invention by the application of common experiments are known to those skilled in the art. In general, mechanical separation can be divided into four groups: sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration and sieving. In one embodiment, the separation of the particles is accomplished by at least one of the use of a sizing and the use of a classifier. The size and shape of the particles can be selected in the starting material to achieve the desired separation of the product.

The power system may further include a catalytic condenser for maintaining the catalyst vapor pressure by temperature regulation to regulate the surface temperature at a lower value than the reaction cell. The surface temperature is maintained at the desired value which provides the desired vapor pressure of the catalyst. In one embodiment, the catalytic condenser is a tube grid in the cell. In one embodiment having a heat exchanger, the flow rate of the heat transfer medium may be adjusted at a rate that maintains the condenser at a lower temperature than is required by the main heat exchanger. In one embodiment, the working medium is water and the flow rate is higher in the condenser than the water wall so that the condenser is at a lower desired temperature. Separate streams of the working medium can be recombined and moved for space and process heating or for conversion to steam.

A cell of the present invention comprises a catalyst, a reaction mixture, a method and a system as described herein, wherein a particular cell is used to activate, initiate, propagate and / or maintain the reaction, . According to the present invention, a cell comprises at least one catalyst or source of catalyst, at least one atomic hydrogen source, and a vessel. The cells and systems for such operations are well known to those skilled in the art. Electrolytic cell energy reactors, such as eutectic salt electrolysis cells, plasma electrolysis reactors, barrier electrode reactors, RF plasma reactors, pressurized gas energy reactors, gas discharge energy reactors, preferably pulse discharges, and more preferably pulse- a pulsed pinched plasma discharge, a microwave cell energy reactor, and a combination of a glow discharge cell and a microwave and / or RF plasma reactor of the present invention, One of solid, molten phase, liquid phase, gas phase, and uneven source of catalyst or reactant in any such state for causing the hydrino reaction by reaction of reactants; Wherein the reaction for forming the low-energy hydrogen comprises at least a reactant or at least hydrogen and a catalyst which is produced by contact of hydrogen with a catalyst or by reaction of an MH catalyst; And optionally a component for removing the low-energy hydrogen product. In one embodiment, the reaction to form the low-energy state hydrogen is facilitated by an oxidation reaction. The oxidation reaction may increase the rate of the reaction to form the hydrino by at least one of accepting electrons from the catalyst and neutralizing the highly charged cations formed by receiving energy from the atomic hydrogen. Thus, these cells can be operated in a manner that provides an oxidation reaction. In one embodiment, the electrolysis or plasma cell may provide an oxidation reaction at the anode where hydrogen is provided by a method such as sparging and the catalyst reacts to form a hydrino by a participating oxidation reaction.

In one embodiment of the liquid fuel, the cell is operated at a temperature at which the rate of decomposition of the solvent is negligible relative to the power for regenerating the solvent in proportion to the power of the cell. In this case, the temperature is lower than the temperature at which satisfactory efficiency of the power conversion can be obtained by a more conventional method such as using a steam cycle, and a low-boiling working medium may be used. In other embodiments, the temperature of the working medium may be increased using a heat pump. Thus, space and process heating can be provided using a power cell operating at a higher temperature than the ambient, where the temperature of the working medium is increased to a component such as a heat pump. If the temperature is raised sufficiently, the transition from liquid to vapor phase can take place and the gas can be used for pressure volume (PV) operation. The PV operation can include powering the generator to produce electricity. The medium is subsequently condensed and the condensed working medium can be returned to the reactor cell and reheated and recirculated in a power loop.

In one embodiment of the reactor, the heterogeneous catalyst mixture comprising the liquid phase and the solid phase is flowed through the reactor. The flow can be achieved by pumping. The mixture may be a slurry. The mixture may be heated in a hot zone to effect catalysis of hydrogen to hydrino to release heat to maintain the hot zone. The products can flow out into the hot zone and the reactant mixture can be regenerated from the product. In another embodiment, at least one solid in the heterogeneous mixture may be introduced into the reactor by gravity feed. The solvent may be introduced into the reactor separately or in combination with one or more solids. The reactant mixture may comprise at least one of the following: dissociator, high surface area (HSA) material, R-Ni, Ni, NaH, Na, NaOH, and solvent.

In one embodiment, one or more reactants, preferably a source of halogen, a halogen gas, a source of oxygen, or a solvent, are injected into a mixture of other reactants. This implant is controlled to optimize excess energy and power from the hydrino-forming reaction. The cell temperature and injection rate at the time of injection can be adjusted to achieve this optimization. Other process parameters and mixing can be adjusted to further achieve this optimization using methods known to those skilled in the art of process engineering.

For power conversion, each cell type may be, for example, a thermal engine, a steam or gas turbine system, a Sterling engine, or a mechanical or electrical power of thermal energy or plasma, including a thermal ion or thermoelectric conversion device. And can be adjusted to any known conversion device. Other plasma transducers include magnetic mirror hydrodynamic power converters, plasma dynamical power converters, gyrotron, photon bunching microwave power converters, charge drift power, or optoelectronic converters. do. In one embodiment, the cell comprises at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine.

III . Hydrogen gas cells, and solid, liquid and heterogeneous fuel reactors

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the hydrino and reactor for producing power can have the form of a reactor cell. The reactor of the present invention is shown in FIG. The reactant hydrino is provided by a catalytic reaction with the catalyst. The catalysis can take place in the gaseous or solid or liquid state.

The reactor of Figure 3 includes a reaction vessel 207 having a chamber 200 that may contain vacuum, or a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. A source of hydrogen 221 in communication with the chamber 200 delivers hydrogen to the chamber through the hydrogen supply passage 242. The controller 222 is positioned to regulate the pressure and flow of hydrogen to the vessel through the hydrogen feed passage 242. The pressure sensor 223 monitors the pressure in the container. A vacuum pump 256 is used to evacuate the chamber through the vacuum line 257.

In one embodiment, the catalysis occurs in a gaseous phase. The catalyst can be produced in the vapor phase by maintaining the cell temperature at an elevated temperature that determines the vapor pressure of the catalyst. The atomic and / or molecular hydrogen reactant is also maintained at the desired pressure, which may be in any pressure range. In one embodiment, the pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure, and is preferably in the range of about 10 millitorr to about 100 Torr. In another embodiment, the pressure is determined by maintaining a source of the catalyst, such as a metal source, and a mixture of the corresponding hydrides, such as a metal hydride, in the cell held at the desired operating temperature.

A suitable source of catalyst 250 for generating hydrino atoms may be disposed in the catalyst reservoir 295 and the gaseous catalyst may be formed by heating. The reaction vessel 207 has a catalyst supply passage 241 for passing the gaseous catalyst from the catalyst reservoir 295 to the reaction chamber 200. Alternatively, the catalyst may be placed in an open chemical resistant container, for example a boat, inside the reaction vessel.

The source of hydrogen may be hydrogen gas and molecular hydrogen. Hydrogen can be dissociated into atomic hydrogen by a molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst. Such dissociation catalysts or dissociation agents include, for example, Raney nickel (R-Ni), noble metals, and noble metals on supports. Precious metals may be Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir, and Rh, a support may be a _{Ti, Nb, Al 2 O 3} , SiO 2 and at least one of a combination of the two. Other dissociating agents include Pt or Pd on carbon, nickel fiber mat, Pd sheet, Ti sponge, Ti or Ni sponge on carbon or Pt or Pd electrodeposited on mat, which may contain a hydrogen spillover catalyst, Black and Pd black, refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten, transition metals such as nickel and titanium, internal transition metals such as niobium and zirconium, and such other materials known to those skilled in the art . In one embodiment, hydrogen dissociates on Pt or Pd. Pt or Pd may be coated on a support material such as titanium or Al ₂ O ₃ . In another embodiment, the dissociation agent is a refractory metal, such as tungsten or molybdenum, and the dissociation material may be maintained at an elevated temperature by the temperature control component 230, It may have the form of a heating coil. The heating coil is powered by a power supply 225. Preferably, the dissociation material is maintained at the operating temperature of the cell. The dissociation agent may be further operated at a temperature above the cell temperature to more efficiently dissociate and the elevated temperature may prevent the catalyst from condensing on the dissociation agent. The hydrogen dissociation agent may also be provided by a hot filament, such as 280, powered by a power supply 285.

In one embodiment, hydrogen dissociation occurs and the dissociated hydrogen atoms contact the gaseous catalyst to produce hydrino atoms. The catalyst vapor pressure is maintained at a desired value by adjusting the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 295 to the catalyst storage heater 298 powered by the power supply 272. When the catalyst is contained in the boat inside the reactor, the catalyst vapor pressure is maintained at a desired value by adjusting the temperature of the catalyst boat by adjusting the power supply of the boat. The cell temperature can be adjusted at the operating temperature desired by the heating coil 230 powered by the power supply 225. The cell (so-called transmissive cell) further comprises an internal reaction chamber 200 and an external hydrogen reservoir 290 such that hydrogen can be supplied to the cell by diffusion of hydrogen through a wall 291 separating the two chambers . The temperature of the wall can be adjusted with a heater to adjust the diffusion rate. The diffusion rate can be further controlled by adjusting the hydrogen pressure in the hydrogen reservoir.

In order to maintain the catalyst pressure at the desired level, the cell that permeates as a hydrogen source may be sealed. Alternatively, the cell further comprises a high temperature valve at each inlet or outlet such that the valve in contact with the reaction gas mixture is maintained at the desired temperature. The cell may further include a getter or trap 255 to selectively collect a low-energy hydrogen species and / or an increased binding energy hydrogen compound, and a selector valve 206 for draining the dihydrogen gas product, . ≪ / RTI >

In one embodiment, reactants, such as solid fuel or heterogeneous catalytic fuel mixture 260, are reacted by heating in vessel 200 with heater 230. At least one of the additional added reactants, such as exothermic reactants, preferably exothermic reactants having a fast kinetics, may be introduced into the cell 200 through the regulating valve 232 and the connecting portion 233. The added reactants may be a source of halogen, a source of halogen, oxygen, or a solvent. Reactant 260 can include species that react with the added reactants. Halogen can be added to reactant 260 to form a halide, or a source of oxygen can be added to reactant 260 to form an oxide.

The catalyst may be at least one of the group of atomic lithium, potassium, or cesium, NaH molecules, 2H, and hydrino atoms, wherein the catalytic action includes a disproportionation reaction. The lithium catalyst can be prepared in a gaseous phase by maintaining the cell temperature at about 500-1000 占 폚. Preferably, the cell is maintained in the range of about 500-750 < 0 > C. The cell pressure may be maintained below the atmospheric pressure, preferably in the range of about 10 milliTorr to about 100 Torr. Most preferably, at least one of the catalyst and the hydrogen pressure is a mixture of the catalyst metal and the corresponding hydride, such as lithium and lithium hydride, potassium and potassium hydride, sodium and sodium hydride, and cesium and cesium hydride And maintaining the mixture in the cell held at the desired operating temperature. The catalyst in the gaseous phase may comprise a lithium atom from a source of metal or lithium metal. Preferably, the lithium catalyst is maintained at a pressure determined by a mixture of lithium metal and lithium hydride at an operating temperature range of about 500-1000 ° C, and most preferably at an operating temperature range of about 500-750 ° C . In another embodiment, K, Cs, and Na are replaced by Li, wherein the catalyst is an atom K, an atom Cs, and a molecule NaH.

In one embodiment of a gas cell reactor comprising a catalyst reservoir or a boat, gaseous Na, NaH catalyst or vapor catalysts, such as Li, K, and Cs vapor, are introduced into the cell Lt; / RTI > In one embodiment, the superheated steam reduces the condensation of the catalyst on at least one of the hydrogen dissociation agent or dissociation agent of the metal and metal hydride molecules described below. In one embodiment comprising Li as a catalyst from a reservoir or boat, the reservoir or boat is maintained at a temperature at which Li evaporates. H ₂ can be maintained at a lower pressure than forming a significant mole fraction of LiH at the storage temperature. The pressure and temperature to achieve these conditions can be determined from a data plot of H ₂ pressure versus LiH mole fraction at a given isotherm known in the art. In one embodiment, the cell reaction chamber containing the dissociation agent is operated at a higher temperature to prevent Li from condensing on the wall or dissociation agent. H ₂ can flow from the reservoir to the cell to increase the catalyst transfer rate. The flow from the catalyst reservoir to the cell and subsequent flow out of the cell is a method for removing the hydrino product to prevent inhibition of the hydrino product of the reaction. In another embodiment, K, Cs, and Na replace Li, wherein the catalyst is atom K, atom Cs, and molecular NaH.

Hydrogen is supplied to the reaction from a source of hydrogen. For example, hydrogen is supplied by permeation from a hydrogen reservoir. The pressure of the hydrogen reservoir may be in the range of 10 Torr to 10,000 Torr, preferably in the range of 100 Torr to 1000 Torr, and most preferably at about Atmospheric Pressure. The cell may be operated at a temperature of about 100 ° C to 3000 ° C, preferably at a temperature of about 100 ° C to 1500 ° C, and most preferably at a temperature of about 500 ° C to 800 ° C.

The source of hydrogen may be from decomposition of the added hydride. The cell design that supplies H ₂ by transmission is a design containing an internal metal hydride placed in a sealed vessel where atom H is transmitted at high temperatures. The vessel may comprise Pd, Ni, Ti, or Nb. In one embodiment, the hydride is placed in a sealed tube, such as a Nb tube containing hydride, and sealed at both ends with a sealant such as Swagelock. In the sealed case, the hydride may be an alkali or an alkaline earth hydride. Alternatively, in the inner-hydride-reagent case as well as here, the hydride may be a salt hydride, titanium hydride, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum hydride, zirconium and hafnium hydride, rare earth hydride, yttrium and scandium Hydride, transition element hydride, intermetallic hydride, and alloys thereof.

In one embodiment, the operating temperature ± 200 ° C based on the hydride and the respective hydride decomposition temperature is a rare earth hydride having an operating temperature of about 800 ° C; A lanthanum hydride having an operating temperature of about 700 < 0 >C; Gadolinium hydride having an operating temperature of about 750 < 0 >C; Neodymium hydride having an operating temperature of about 750 < 0 >C; Yttrium hydride having an operating temperature of about 800 < 0 >C; Scandium hydride having an operating temperature of about 800 < 0 >C; Ytterbium hydrides having an operating temperature of about 850-900 < 0 >C; Titanium hydride having an operating temperature of about 450 < 0 >C; Cerium hydride having an operating temperature of about 950 캜; Praseodymium hydride having an operating temperature of about 700 < 0 >C; Zirconium-titanium (50% / 50%) hydride having an operating temperature of about 600 < 0 >C; Alkaline metal / alkali metal hydrides such as Rb / RbH or K / KH having an operating temperature of about 450 < 0 >C; And it is selected from at least one of the alkaline earth metal / alkaline earth hydride mixture such as a list of Ba / BaH ₂ having an operating temperature of about 900-1000 ℃.

The metal in the gaseous state may comprise a binary covalent molecule. It is an object of the present invention to provide atomic catalysts such as K and Cs as well as Li. Accordingly, the reactor may further comprise at least one dissociation agent of metal molecules ("MM") and metal hydride molecules ("MH"). Preferably, the source of the catalyst, the source of H ₂ , and the dissociation agent of MM, MH and HH, where M is an atomic catalyst, are matched to operate at the desired cell conditions, for example, temperature and reactant concentration. When the hydride source of H ₂ is used, in one embodiment, its decomposition temperature is a range of temperatures that form the desired vapor pressure of the catalyst. When the source of hydrogen permeates from the hydrogen reservoir to the reaction chamber, the preferred sources of catalyst for the continuous operation are Sr and Li metals since each of their vapor pressures is in the desired range of 0.01-100 torr at the temperature at which permeation takes place As shown in FIG. In another embodiment of the transmissive cell, the cell is operated at a high temperature permitting permeation, after which the cell temperature is lowered to a temperature that maintains the vapor pressure of the volatile catalyst at the desired pressure.

In one embodiment of the gas cell, the dissociation agent comprises a catalyst and a component for producing H from the source. Surface catalysts, such as Pt on Ti, or Pd, iridium, or rhodium alone, or surface catalysts such as Pt on a substrate such as Ti, may also serve as dissociating agents for molecules of the catalyst and hydrogen atoms. Preferably, the dissociation agent has a high surface area such as Pt / Al ₂ O ₃ or Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ .

The H ₂ source may also be an H ₂ gas. In this embodiment, the pressure can be monitored and adjusted. This is possible with catalysts and catalyst sources, such as K or Cs metal and LiNH ₂ , respectively, since they are volatile at low temperatures where high temperature valves are available. LiNH ₂ is also less corrosive because it lowers the essential operating temperature of the Li cell and allows for long term operation using feed through in the case of plasma and filament cells where the filament serves as a hydrogen dissociation agent .

Another embodiment of a gas cell hydrogen reactor having NaH as the catalyst comprises a dissociation agent in the reactor cell and a filament with Na in the reservoir. H ₂ can flow into the main chamber through the reservoir. Power can be adjusted by adjusting the gas flow rate, H ₂ pressure, and vapor pressure of Na. The latter can be controlled by adjusting the storage temperature. In another embodiment, the hydrino reaction is initiated by heating with an external heater and atom H is provided by dissociation agent.

The reaction mixture may be stirred by methods known in the art such as mechanical stirring or mixing. The stirring system may include one or more piezoelectric transducers. Each piezoelectric transducer can provide ultrasonic agitation. The reaction cell may additionally contain agitation components such as stainless steel or tungsten balls which may be vibrated and vibrated to agitate the reaction mixture. In other embodiments, the mechanical agitation includes ball milling. The reactants can also be mixed, preferably by ball milling, using this method.

In one embodiment, the catalyst is formed by at least one of mechanical agitation, for example, vibrating to a stirring element, ultrasonic agitation, and ball milling. The mechanical impact or compression of sonic waves, e. G., Ultrasound, can cause reactions or physical changes in the reactants to form catalysts, preferably NaH molecules. The reactant mixture may or may not include a solvent. The reactants may be solid NaH, mechanically stirred to form a solid, e. G. NaH molecule. Alternatively, the reaction mixture may comprise a liquid. The mixture may have at least one Na species. The Na species may be a component of the liquid mixture, or it may be present in solution. In one embodiment, the sodium metal is dispersed by rapid agitation of a suspension of the metal in a solvent such as an ether, hydrocarbon, fluorinated hydrocarbon, aromatic, or heterocyclic aromatic solvent. The solvent temperature can be maintained just above the melting point of the metal.

IV . Fuel-type

Embodiments of the invention relate to a fuel comprising a reaction mixture of at least a source of hydrogen and a source of catalyst to support the catalysis of hydrogen to form hydrinos in at least one of the possible mixtures of vapor, will be. The reactants and reactions provided herein for solid and liquid fuels are also reactants and reactions of heterogeneous fuels comprising mixtures of phases.

It is an object of the present invention to provide not only Li but also atomic catalysts such as K and Cs and molecular catalyst NaH. The metal forms a binary covalent molecule. Thus, in the solid-fuel, liquid-fuel, and non-uniform-fuel embodiments, the reactants can be reversibly formed into metal catalysts M and alloys, complexes, and complexes that decompose or react to provide a catalyst such as Li or NaH Mixtures, suspensions, and solutions of the active ingredient. In another embodiment, at least one of the catalytic source and the atomic hydrogen source further comprises at least one reactant that reacts to form at least one of a catalyst and an atomic hydrogen. In another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises other catalysts such as Li or K that can be formed by reaction of a source of NaH catalyst or NaH catalyst or one or more reactants or species of reaction mixture, or by physical modification . Such modifications may be solvation to a suitable solvent.

The reaction mixture may further comprise a solid to support the catalytic reaction on the surface. The source of the catalyst or catalyst, for example NaH, may be coated on the surface. The coating can be achieved by mixing the support with active carbon, TiC, WC, R-Ni, etc., with NaH by a method such as ball milling. The reaction mixture may comprise a source of heterogeneous catalysts or heterogeneous catalysts. In one embodiment, the catalyst, for example NaH, is coated on the support, such as activated carbon, TiC, WC, or polymer, preferably by incipient wetness, using aprotic solvents such as ether . The support may also comprise at least one of an inorganic compound, for example an alkali halide, preferably NaF and HNaF ₂ , wherein NaH serves as a catalyst and a fluorinated solvent is used.

In one embodiment of the liquid fuel, the reaction mixture comprises at least one of a source of catalyst, a catalyst, a source of hydrogen, and a solvent for the catalyst. In another embodiment, the present invention of solid fuel and liquid fuel further comprises a combination of both, further comprising a gas phase. The catalytic action of catalysts and reactants such as atomic hydrogen and their sources, such as their sources, is referred to as a heterogeneous reaction mixture, and the fuel is referred to as a heterogeneous fuel. Accordingly, the fuel comprises a reaction mixture of a source of hydrogen for causing the transition to hydrino, the state provided by equation (35), and a catalyst for causing a transition having at least one reactant in liquid, solid and vapor phase do. Catalysis with the catalyst in a different phase than the reactants is generally known in the art as heterogeneous catalysis, which is one embodiment of the present invention. The heterogeneous catalyst provides the surface on which the chemical reaction takes place and includes embodiments of the present invention. Reactants and reactions provided herein for solid and liquid fuels are also reactants and reactions of heterogeneous fuels.

For any fuel of the present invention, the source of the catalyst or catalyst, e.g., NaH, may be mixed with other components of the reaction mixture, such as a support, such as an HSA material, by a mechanical mixing or ball milling method. In all cases, additional hydrogen may be added to maintain the reaction to form the hydrino. The hydrogen gas may be at any desired pressure, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 200 atm. Other sources of hydrogen include NH ₄ X where X is an anion, preferably a halide, NaBH ₄ , NaAlH ₄ , borane, and metal hydrides such as alkali metal hydrides, alkaline earth metal hydrides, preferably MgH 2, and a rare earth metal hydride, preferably it includes at least one of the group consisting of ₂ and LaH ₂ GdH.

A. scaffold

In certain embodiments, the solid, liquid, and non-uniform fuels of the present invention comprise a support. The support contains characteristic properties for its function. For example, where the support acts as an electron acceptor or conduit, the support is preferably conductive. Additionally, when the support disperses the reactants, the support preferably has a high surface area. In the former case, the support, for example the HSA support, may comprise a conductive polymer, for example a heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which may be activated carbon, graphene, and macromolecules. The carbon may preferably comprise activated carbon (AC), but may also be a mesoporous carbon, a glassy carbon, a coke, a graphite carbon, a carbon with a dissociation metal such as Pt or Pd in an amount of from 0.1 to 5% Transition metal powders having one to ten carbon layers and more preferably three layers, and metal or alloy coated carbon, preferably nano powder, such as transition metals, preferably Ni, Co, and Mn coated carbon Or the like. The metal can be inserted with carbon. The inserted metal is Na and the catalyst is NaH, preferably the Na insert is saturated. Preferably, the support has a high surface area. Common classes of organic conductive polymers that can serve as supports include poly (acetylene), poly (pyrrole), poly (thiophene), poly (aniline), poly (fluorene) Poly (p-phenylene sulfide), and poly (para-phenylenevinylene). Such linear skeletal polymers are commonly known in the art as "black" or "melanin" such as polyacetylene, polyaniline and the like. The support may be a mixed copolymer such as one of polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline. Preferably, the conductive polymer support is typically at least one of polyacetylene, polyaniline, and derivatives of polypyrrole. Other supports include components other than the same carbon as the conductive polymer polythiazide ((SN) _x ).

In another embodiment, the support is a semiconductor. The support may be a Group 4 element such as carbon, silicon, germanium and a-tin gray tin. In addition to elemental materials such as silicon and germanium, the semiconductor support includes compound materials such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide, or alloys such as silicon germanium or aluminum arsenide. Conductivity in materials such as silicon and germanium crystals can be improved by adding a small amount of dopant (e.g., 1-10 ppm), such as boron or phosphorous, as the crystal grows in one embodiment. The doped semiconductor may be ground into powder to serve as a support.

In certain embodiments, the HSA support comprises a metal, such as a transition metal, a noble metal, a metal interstitium, a rare earth, an actinide, a lanthanide, preferably La, Pr, Nd and Sm, Al, Ga, In, Pb, a metal, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, , Hg, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and an alloy comprising at least two metals or elements of this group, such as a lanthanide alloy, preferably LaNi ₅ and Y-Ni. The support may be a noble metal such as at least one of Pt, Pd, Au, Ir, and Rh, or a supported noble metal such as Pt or Pd (Pt or Pd / Ti) on titanium.

In another embodiment, the HSA material is selected from the group consisting of cubic boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, wurtzite boron nitride powder, heterodiamond, boron nitride nanotubes, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride ), Titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN), tungsten nitride, a metal or alloy coated with carbon, preferably nanopowder such as, for example, one to ten carbon layers and more preferably three layers of Co, At least one of Ni, Fe, Mn and other transition metal powders, at least one of metal or alloy coated carbon, preferably nano powder, for example transition metal, preferably No, Co and Mn coated carbon, powder, beryllium oxide (BeO) powder, rare earth oxide powders, such as _{La 2 O 3, Zr 2 O} 3, Al 2 O 3, sodium aluminate, and carbon, for example, Example include fullerenes, graphenes, or nanotubes, preferably a fullerene having a single wall, graphene, or at least one of the nanotubes.

Carbides can include one or more bond types: salt-like, for example, calcium carbide (CaC ₂ ), covalent compounds such as silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B ₄ C or BC ₃ ) Interstitial compounds, such as tungsten carbide. The carbides may be carbides of the acetylide, for example Au ₂ C ₂ , ZnC ₂ , and CdC ₂ or methides such as Be ₂ C, Aluminum Carbide (Al ₄ C ₃ ), and Type A ₃ MC Where A is mostly a rare earth or transition metal such as Sc, Y, La-Na, Gd-Lu and M is a metal or semimetallic element such as Al, Ge, In, Tl, Sn, and Pb ). C _{² 2} ^- carbide having ion is the cation M ^I the carbide to the alkali metal or coin carbide comprises one of a metal M ₂ ^I C _2, the cation M ^II includes an alkaline earth metal M ₂ ^II C _2, and preferably And the cation M ^III may include at least one of M ₂ ^III (C ₂ ) ₃ containing Al, La, Pr, or Tb. Carbides may include ions other than C ₂ ^{2 -} such as the group of YC ₂ , TbC ₂ , YbC ₂ , UC ₂ , Ce ₂ C ₃ , Pr ₂ C ₃ , and Tb ₂ C ₃ . The carbide may comprise a sesquicarbide, for example Mg ₂ C ₃ , Sc ₃ C ₄ , and Li ₄ C ₃ . Carbide is 3 won carbide, for example, _{Ln 3 M (C 2) 2} ( where, M is Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir and _{Im), Dy 12 Mn 5 C 15} , Ln 3 .67 May include ternary carbides containing lanthanide metals and transition metals which may additionally include C ₂ units such as FeC ₆ , Ln ₃ Mn (C ₂ ) ₂ (Ln = Gd and Tb), and ScCrC _2. have. The carbide may also be an "intermediate" transition metal carbide such as iron carbide (Fe ₃ C or FeC ₂ : Fe). Carbides may be selected from the group consisting of lanthanides (MC ₂ and M ₂ C ₃ ), for example lanthanum carbide (LaC ₂ or La ₂ C ₃ ), yttrium carbide, actinide carbide, transition metal carbide, for example scandium carbide, titanium carbide ), Vanadium carbide, chromium carbide, manganese carbide, and at least one of the group of cobalt carbide, niobium carbide, molybdenum carbide, tantalum carbide, zirconium carbide, and hafnium carbide. Other suitable carbides are Ln ₂ FeC ₄ , Sc ₃ CoC ₄ , Ln ₃ MC ₄ (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir), Ln ₃ Mn ₂ C ₆ , Eu _{3 .16} NiC ₆ , At least one of ScCrC ₂ , Th ₂ NiC ₂ , Y ₂ ReC ₂ , Ln ₁₂ M ₅ C ₁₅ (M = Mn, Re), YCoC, Y ₂ ReC ₂ and other carbides known in the art.

In one embodiment, the support is an electrically conductive carbide, such as TiC or WC and HfC, Mo ₂ C, TaC, YC _2, ZrC, Al ₄ C _3, and B ₄ C. The support may be a metal boride, for example MB ₂ boride. The support or HSA material may be a boride, preferably MB ₂ , where M is at least one of the metals, such as Cr, Ti, Mg, Zr, and Gd (CrB ₂ , TiB ₂ , MgB ₂ , ZrB ₂ , GdB ₂ ). ≪ / RTI >

In the carbon-HSA material embodiment, Na is not inserted into the carbon support or reacts with carbon to form acetylide. In one embodiment, the source of the catalyst or catalyst, preferably NaH, is incorporated into the HSA material such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and zeolites. The HSA material may be selected from the group consisting of graphite, graphene, diamond-like carbon (DLC), hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HDLC), diamond powder, graphite carbon, vitreous carbon, and Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Y, Pt, or other elements such as fluorocarbon, preferably graphite fluoride, diamond fluoride, or tetracarbon fluoride (C ₄ F). Preferably, the metal is a mixture such as a mixture of Co, Ni, Mn. The metal may be present in any weight ratio. Preferably, the composition and weight percent (%) ratio is about 20-25% Ni, 60-70% Co, and 5-15% Mn. The HSA material may be a passivated fluoride, such as a fluorine-coated metal or carbon, or a fluoride, such as a metal fluoride, preferably an alkali or rare earth fluoride.

In other embodiments, the support has a pore size or interlayer spacing to accommodate molecular dimensions in the case of only one catalyst radius, e.g., Li or K, and in the case of NaH. In the Li case, the pore size or interlayer spacing is ideally about 1.35 A to 3 A. In case K, the pore size or interlayer spacing is ideally about 1.7 A to 3.5 A. In the case of NaH, the pore size or interlayer spacing is ideally about 1.5 A to 5 A. In one embodiment, the support provides an atomic catalyst such as Li or K, and a single catalytic molecule, such as NaH, based on size discrimination and selection. A suitable support having a large surface area and a delamination distance of about 3.5 A is activated carbon. Activated carbon can be activated or reactivated by physical or chemical activation. Electron activation may include carbonation or oxidation, and the latter activation may include impregnation of the chemical.

The reaction mixture may further comprise a support such as a polymeric support. The polymeric support may be selected from the group consisting of poly (tetrafluoroethylene), such as TEFLON (TM), polyvinylperoxene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyisoprene, poly (aminophosphazene), polymers including ether units, Oxide and polypropylene glycols or oxides, preferably aryl ethers, polyether polyols such as poly (tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG, polytetrahydrofuran, "Terathane", "polyTHF" And polymers from the reaction of epoxides such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. In one embodiment, the HSA comprises fluorine. Representative fluorinated HSAs are TEFLON ™, TEFLON ™ -PFA, polyvinyl fluoride, PVF, poly (vinylidene fluoride), poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), and perfluoroalkoxy polymers.

B. Solid Fuel

The solid fuel may be a source of a catalyst or catalyst for forming a hydrino, such as at least one catalyst selected from LiH, Li, NaH, Na, KH, K, RbH, Rb and CsH, (I) the reactants are used to perform a reaction between one or more components of the reaction mixture or to perform a physical or chemical change of at least one component of the reaction mixture, Lt; / RTI > (ii) the reactants initiate, propagate, and maintain the catalytic reaction to form hydrino. Except for the solvent, various examples of the solid fuel provided in the present invention including a reaction mixture of a liquid fuel containing a solvent are not all described. On the basis of the present invention, other reaction mixtures are taught by those skilled in the art.

In a solid fuel embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least one of a catalyst, a source of hydrogen, and an HSA support, a getter, a dispersant, and an inert gas. The catalyst may be NaH. The inert gas may be at least one of rare gas and nitrogen. Preferably, the inert gas is a mixture of Ne and N ₂ , more preferably the mixture is about 50% Ne and 50% N ₂ . The pressure may preferably be in the range of 1 Torr to 100 atm. Preferably, the pressure of the Ne-N ₂ mixture is 1 atmosphere. The reaction temperature is preferably in the range of about 100 캜 to 900 캜. The reaction mixture may further comprise at least one of Na and NaOH and additionally a reducing agent such as NaH, Sn, Zn, Fe, and an alkali metal. If the reaction mixture comprises NaOH, preferably H ₂ is also supplied, and H ₂ comprises the gas of any mixture if the reaction mixture comprises one or more inert gases. The source of hydrogen may include hydrogen or hydride and dissociation agents such as Pt / Ti, hydrogenated PtATi, Pd, Pt, or Ru / Al ₂ O ₃ , Ni, Ti, or Nb powder. At least one of the HSA support, a getter, and the dispersing agent is a metal powder, such as Ni, Ti, or Nb powder, the R-Ni, ZrO _2, Al ₂ O _3, NaX (X = F, Cl, Br, I), Na ₂ O, NaOH, and Na ₂ CO ₃ . In one embodiment, the metal promotes the formation of NaH molecules from sources such as Na species and from sources of H. Metals can be transition metals, precious metals, intermetallic metals, rare earth metals, lanthanides and actinide metals, as well as other metals such as aluminum and tin.

C. Hydrino  Reactive activator

The hydrino reaction may be activated, initiated and propagated by one or more other chemical reactions. Such reactions include (i) an exothermic reaction that provides activation energy for the hydrino reaction, (ii) a coupling reaction to provide at least one of the source or atomic hydrogen of the catalyst to support the hydrino reaction, (iii) (Iv) in one embodiment, an oxidation-reduction reaction that serves as a acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino reaction, (v) a free radical reaction, In one embodiment, anions, including halides, sulfides, hydrides, arsenides, oxides, phosphides, and nitrides, which catalyze the action of the ionized ion as it receives energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrino Exchange, and (vi) a chemical environment for the hydrino reaction, to promote H catalysis Providing a getter, a support, a support, and / or a device that acts to move electrons and causes a reversible phase or other physical change or a change in its electronic state to occur and which bonds the low-energy hydrogen product to increase at least one of the range or rate of the hydrino reaction. Or a matrix-assisted hydrino reaction. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a support, preferably an electrically conductive support, to enable the activation reaction.

In one embodiment, the catalysts, such as Li, K, and NaH, accelerate the rate limiting step of removing electrons from the catalyst as it is ionized by accepting non-radiant resonant energy transfer from the donor hydrogen to form the hydrino Thereby forming hydrino at high speed. Typical metal forms of Li and K can be converted to the atomic form and NaH in ionic form can be activated carbon (AC), Pt / C, Pd / C , ≪ / RTI > TiC, or WC, or HSA material. Preferably, the support has a high surface area and conductivity in consideration of surface modification upon reaction with other species of the reaction mixture. The reaction causing the transfer of atomic hydrogen to form hydrino requires a catalyst such as Li, K or NaH, and atomic hydrogen, wherein NaH acts as a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen in the agreed reaction. The reaction step of the non-radiant energy transfer of 27.2 eV of the integer multiple of the atomic hydrogen to the catalyst forms an ionized catalyst and free electrons that quickly stop the reaction due to charge accumulation. A support such as AC may also act as a conductive electron acceptor and the final electron-acceptor reactant, including an oxidant, a free radical or a source thereof, may be reacted to ultimately trap electrons emitted from the catalytic reaction to form hydrino Is added to the mixture. In addition, the reactants may be added to the reaction mixture to promote the oxidation reaction. The negotiated electron-acceptor reaction preferably heats the reactants as an exothermic reaction and improves the rate. The activation energy and the propagation of the reaction may be provided by a rapid exothermic oxidation or by the reaction of a free radical reaction such as O ₂ or CF ₄ with Mg or Al where radicals such as CF _x and F and O ₂ and O is provided to ultimately accept electrons from the catalyst by a support such as AC. Other oxidizing agents or radicals may be used alone or in combination, such as O ₂ , O ₃ , N ₂ O, NF ₃ , M ₂ S ₂ O ₈ (where M is an alkali metal), S, CS ₂ and SO ₂ , MnI ₂ , EuBr ₂ , AgCl, and others provided in the electron acceptor reaction section.

Preferably, the oxidant contains at least two electrons. Corresponding anions _{^{O 2 2-, S 2 -,}} C 2 S 4 2 - ( tetrahydro thio oxalate anion), SO ₃ ^{2 -,} and SO ₄ ^{2 -} it may be. The two electrons can be accommodated from a catalyst that is dually ionized during catalysis such as NaH and Li (Reactions (25-27) and (37-39)). The addition of an electron acceptor to the reaction mixture or reactor can be used to remove all of the cell embodiments of the invention, such as solid fuel and heterogeneous catalyst embodiments, as well as electrolysis cells, and plasma cells, such as glow discharge, RF, Electrode plasma cell and a plasma electrolysis cell which are operated continuously or in a pulsed mode. An electronically conductive, preferably non-reactive support, such as AC, may also be added to the reactants of each of these cell embodiments. A specific example of a microwave plasma cell includes a hydrogen dissociation agent such as a metal surface inside a flume chamber to support hydrogen atoms.

In embodiments, combinations of species, compounds, or mixtures of materials of the reaction mixture, such as a source of catalyst, a source of strong reaction such as metal, and at least one of a source of oxygen, a source of halogen and a source of free radical, Can be used. The reactive elements of the compound or substance of the reaction mixture may also be used in combination. For example, the source of fluorine or chlorine may be a mixture of N _x F _y and N _x Cl _y , or the halogen may be mixed as in the compound N _x F _y Cl _r . Such combinations can be determined by routine experimentation by those skilled in the art.

a. Exothermic reaction

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a source or catalyst of a catalyst, such as at least one of NaH, K, and Li, and a source or hydrogen of hydrogen, and at least one species that causes a reaction. The reaction is preferably very exothermic and preferably has a fast kinetics to provide activation energy for the hydrino catalysis. The reaction may be an oxidation reaction. A suitable oxidation reaction is a reaction of a metal, such as at least one of Al, Ti, Be, Si, P, rare earth metals, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals with species including oxygen, such as solvent, preferably an ether solvent. More preferably, the exothermic reaction forms an alkali or alkaline earth halide, preferably MgF ₂ , or a halide of Al, Si, P and rare earth metals. A suitable halide reaction is a reaction of at least one of a species comprising a halide such as a solvent, preferably a fluorocarbon solvent, and a metal and a metal halide, such as at least one of Al, rare earth metals, alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The metal or metal hydride may be a source of catalyst or catalyst, for example NaH, K or Li. The reaction mixture may comprise a NaAlCl NaAlF ₄ or ₄ having at least NaH, NaCl and NaF and the product respectively. The reaction mixture may comprise a fluoro solvent having at least NaH and product NaF.

Generally, the product of the exothermic reaction that provides the activation energy for the hydrino reaction may be a metal oxide or metal halide, preferably fluoride. Suitable products are Al ₂ O ₃ , M ₂ O ₃ (M = rare earth metals), TiO ₂ , Ti ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , PF ₃ or PF ₅ , AlF ₃ , MgF ₂ , MF ₃ a NaF, NaHF _2, KF, KHF _2, LiF, and LiHF _2. In one embodiment in which Ti generates an exothermic reaction, the catalyst is Ti ^{2 +} with a second ionization energy of 27.2 eV (m = 1 in equation (5)). The reaction mixture may include at least two of NaH, Na, NaNH _2, NaOH, Teflon, the source of the carbon fluoride, and Ti, for example, Pt / Ti or Pd / Ti. In one embodiment in which Al produces an exothermic reaction, the catalyst is AlH as provided in Table 3. The reaction mixture contains at least two of NaH, Al, a carbon powder, a fluorocarbon, preferably a solvent such as hexafluorobenzene or perfluoroheptane, Na, NaOH, Li, LiH, K, KH, . ≪ / RTI > Preferably, the product of the exothermic reaction to provide activation energy is regenerated to form the hydrino and form reactants during another cycle to discharge the corresponding power. Preferably, the metal fluoride product is regenerated as metal and fluorine gas by electrolysis. The electrolyte may comprise an eutectic mixture. The metal may be hydrogenated, and the carbon product and any CH ₄ and hydrocarbon product may be fluorinated to form an initial metal hydride and fluorocarbon solvent, respectively.

In one embodiment of the exothermic reaction for activating the hydrino transfer reaction, at least one of the group of rare earth metals (M), Al, Ti, and Si is selected from the group consisting of M ₂ O ₃ , Al ₂ O ₃ , Ti ₂ O ₃ , respectively, it is oxidized to the corresponding oxide, such as a SiO _2. The oxidizing agent may be an ether solvent such as 1,4-benzodioxane (BDO), and a fluorocarbon such as hexafluorobenzene (HFB) or perfluoroheptane may be further added to accelerate the oxidation reaction . In a typical reaction, the mixture comprises at least one of NaH, activated carbon, Si and Ti, and at least one of BDO and HFB. In the case of Si as the reducing agent, the product SiO ₂ can be regenerated as Si by H2 reduction at a high temperature or can react with carbon to form Si, CO and CO ₂ . Particular embodiments of the reaction mixture for forming the hydrino include at least one of the sources of the catalyst or catalyst, for example, Na, NaH, K, KH, Li, and LiH, the source or exothermic reactant of the exothermic reactant, A source of exothermic reaction having a fast kinetics for activating the catalytic reaction of H to form H, or a source thereof, and a support. The exothermic reactant may include a source of oxygen and a species that reacts with oxygen to form an oxide. When x and y are integers, preferably the oxygen source is selected from the group consisting of H ₂ O, O ₂ , H ₂ O ₂ , MnO ₂ , oxides, oxides of carbon, preferably CO or CO ₂ , oxides N _x O _y , For example, an oxidizing agent such as N ₂ O and NO ₂ , a sulfur oxide S _x O _y , preferably M ₂ S _x O _y (M is an alkali metal) which may optionally be used with an oxidation catalyst, for example Cl ₂ O, and preferably, ClO _2, concentrated acid from the NaClO _2, and mixtures thereof, such as _{HNO 2, HNO 3, H 2} SO 4, H 2 SO 3, HCl, and HF, preferably in acid form nitro hydronium ions (NO ₂ ^+), NaOCl, I _x O _y, preferably I ₂ O _5, P _x O _y, S _x O _y, oxy anions of inorganic compounds, such as nitrite, nitrate, chlorate, Sulfates, phosphates, metal oxides such as cobalt oxides, and oxides or hydroxides of catalysts, such as NaOH, and perchlorates, Na, K and Li), an oxygen-containing functional group of an organic compound such as an ether, preferably dimethoxyethane, dioxane, and 1,4-benzodioxane (BDO) respectively, the reaction species is a rare earth metal (M), Al, and may include at least one of the group consisting of Ti, and Si, the corresponding oxide of the _{M 2 O 3, Al 2 O} 3, Ti 2 O 3, and SiO ₂ to be. The reactant species include Al ₂ O ₃ aluminum oxide, La ₂ O ₃ lanthanum oxide, MgO magnesium oxide, Ti ₂ O ₃ titanium oxide, Dy ₂ O ₃ dysprosium oxide, Er ₂ O ₃ erbium oxide, Eu ₂ O ₃ europium oxide, LiOH lithium hydroxide, Ho ₂ O ₃ holmium oxide, Li ₂ O lithium oxide, Lu ₂ O ₃ lutetium oxide, Nb ₂ O _5, niobium oxide, Nd ₂ O ₃ neodymium oxide, SiO ₂ silicon oxide, Pr ₂ O _3, praseodymium oxide , Sc ₂ O ₃ scandium oxide, SrSiO ₃ strontium metasilicate, Sm ₂ O ₃ samarium oxide, Tb ₂ O ₃ terbium oxide, Tm ₂ O ₃ thulium oxide, Y ₂ O ₃ yttrium oxide, and Ta ₂ O ₅ tantalum oxide, B ₂ O ₃ boron oxide, and zirconium oxide. The support may comprise carbon, preferably activated carbon. The metal or element may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, La, Mg, Ti, Dy, Er, Eu, Li, Ho, Lu, Nb, Nd, Si, Pr, Sc, Sr, Sm, Tb, S, P, C, and their hydride.

In another embodiment, the oxygen source is an oxide, such as M ₂ O, where M is an alkali metal, preferably Li ₂ O, Na ₂ O, and K ₂ O, peroxides such as M ₂ O ₂ , where M is an alkali metal, preferably Li ₂ O ₂ , Na ₂ O ₂ , and K ₂ O ₂ , and superoxide such as MO ₂ where M is an alkali metal, , Preferably at least one of Li ₂ O ₂ , Na ₂ O ₂ , and K ₂ O ₂ . The ionic peroxide may further include those of Ca, Sr, or Ba.

→

에 따라 반응하는 HNO₃ 및 P₂O₅와 같은 반응물의 혼합물의 반응으로부터 형성된다.In other embodiments, the source and the heat generating reaction of the oxygen source or a heat generating reaction, one preferably hydroxide of the heat source or the heat generating reaction of the reactants which has a rapid kinetics to enable the catalytic reaction of H to form the Reno at least the MNO _3, MNO, MNO ₂ , M ₃ N, M ₂ NH, MNH ₂ , MX, NH ₃ , MBH ₄ , MAlH ₄ , M ₃ AlH ₆ , MOH, M ₂ S, MHS, MFeSi, M ₂ CO ₃ , MHCO ₃ , _{M 2 SO 4, MHSO 4,} M 3 PO 4, M 2 HPO 4, MH 2 PO 4, M 2 MoO 4, MNbO 3, M 2 B 4 O 7 ( lithium _{tetraborate), MBO 2, M 2 WO} 4 , MgCl ₄ , MGaCl ₄ , M ₂ CrO ₄ , M ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ , M ₂ TiO ₃ , MZrO ₃ , MAlO ₂ , MCoO ₂ , MGaO ₂ , M ₂ GeO ₃ , MMn ₂ O ₄ , M ₄ SiO ₄ , M ₂ SiO ₃ , MTaO ₃ , MCuCl ₄ , MPdCl ₄ , MVO ₃ , MIO ₃ , MFeO ₂ , MIO ₄ , MClO ₄ , MScO _n , MTiO _n , MVO _n , MCrO _n , MCr ₂ O _n , MMn ₂ O _{n, n} MFeO, MCoO _{n, n} MNiO, MNi ₂ O _{n, n} MCuO, and MZnO _n (where, M is Li, Na or K, n = l, 2,3, or 4), oxyanions, strong acids Oxy anion, Agents, molecular oxidizing agent, for example, _{V 2 O 3, I 2 O} 5, MnO 2, Re 2 O 7, CrO 3, RuO 2, AgO, PdO, PdO 2, PtO, PtO 2, I 2 O 4, I _{2 O 5, I 2 O 9} , SO 2, SO 3, CO 2, N 2 O, NO, NO 2, N 2 O 3, N 2 O 4, N 2 O 5, Cl 2 O, ClO 2, Cl ₂ O ₃ , Cl ₂ O ₆ , Cl ₂ O ₇ , PO ₂ , P ₂ O ₃ , and P ₂ O ₅ , NH ₄ X where X is nitrate or other suitable anions known to those skilled in the art, ^{F -, Cl -, Br -} , I -, NO 3 -, NO 2 -, SO 4 2-, HSO 4 -, CoO 2 -, IO 3 -, IO 4 -, TiO 3 -, CrO 4 -, FeO At least one of the group of the group consisting of ₂ ^- , PO ₄ ^3- , HPO ₄ ^2- , H ₂ PO ₄ ^- , VO ₃ ^- , ClO ₄ ^- and Cr ₂ O ₇ ^2- and other anions of the reactants) . The reaction mixture may additionally contain a reducing agent. In one embodiment, N ₂ O ₅ is

→

HNO ₃ and is formed from the mixture of reaction of the reagent such as P ₂ O ₅ to react to.

,

, 및

은 각각 약 2, 4, 및 1 배 E_h의 순 엔탈피를 제공하고, 히드리노를 형성하기 위해 H로부터 이러한 에너지를 수용함으로써 히드리노를 형성하는 촉매 반응을 포함한다.In one embodiment a compound containing oxygen or oxygen to participate in the exothermic reaction, O ₂ can act as a source of catalyst or catalyst. The binding energy of the oxygen molecule is 5.165 eV, and the first, second and third ionization energies of the oxygen atom are 13.61806 eV, 35.11730 eV, and 54.9355 eV, respectively. reaction

,

, And

Comprises a catalytic reaction to provide net enthalpy of about 2, 4, and 1 times E _h , respectively, and to form hydrino by accepting this energy from H to form hydrino.

In addition, the source of the exothermic reaction for activating the hydrino reaction may be a metal alloy which preferably forms a reaction between Pd and Al, which is initiated by melting Al. The exothermic reaction preferably produces strong particles to activate the hydrino-forming reaction. The reactants may be pyrogenic compositions or pyrotechnic compositions. In other embodiments, the activation energy may be provided by operating the reactants at very high temperatures, for example in the range of about 1000-5000 C, preferably in the range of about 1500-2500C. The reaction vessel may comprise a high temperature stainless steel alloy, refractory metal or alloy, alumina, or carbon. The elevated reactant temperature can be achieved by heating the reactor or by exothermic reaction.

The exothermic reactant may comprise a halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, and a species that reacts with fluorine or chlorine to form each fluoride or chloride. Suitable fluorine sources include, but are not limited to, fluorocarbons such as CF ₄ , hexafluorobenzene, and hexadecaprooheptane, xenon fluoride such as XeF ₂ , XeF ₄ , and XeF ₆ , B _x X _y , Such as BF ₃ , B ₂ F ₄ , BCl ₃ or BBr ₃ , SF _x such as fluorosilane, nitrogen fluoride, N _x F _y , preferably NF ₃ , NF ₃ O, SbF _x , BiF _x , Preferably, BiF ₅ , N _x Cl _y , preferably NCl ₃ , S _x X _y , preferably SCl ₂ or S _x F _y where X is halogen and x and y are integers, for example SF ₄ , SF ₆ , Or S ₂ F ₁₀ , fluorinated phosphorous, M ₂ SiF ₆ where M is an alkali metal, such as Na ₂ SiF ₆ and K ₂ SiF ₆ , MSiF ₆ , where M is an alkaline earth metal Im), for example, _{MgSiF 6, GaF 3, PF 5} , MPF 6 ( wherein, M is an alkali metal Im), MHF ₂ (where, M is an alkali metal Im), for example, NaHF ₂ and KHF _2, K _{2 TaF 7, KBF 4, K} 2 MnF 6, and K ₂ ZrF ₆ (here, other similar compounds The Expected), for example as alkali metal are those having the other alkali or alkaline earth metal-substituted, such as one of Li, Na or K. Suitable sources of chlorine are Cl ₂ gas, SbCl ₅ , and chlorocarbons, such as CCl ₄ and chloroform. The reactant species may comprise at least one of the group of alkali or alkaline earth metals or hydrides, rare earth metals (M), Al, Si, Ti, and P that form the corresponding fluoride or chloride. Preferably, the reactant alkali metal corresponds to the catalyst, the alkaline to hydride is MgH ₂ , the rare earth is La, and the Al is a nano powder. The support may comprise carbon, preferably carbon, used in activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, and Li-ion batteries. The reactants may be present in any molar ratio. Preferably, the reactant species and fluorine or chlorine are present in approximately stoichiometric proportions as elements of fluorine or chlorine, and the catalyst is present in excess, preferably at about the same molar ratio as the element reacting with fluorine or chlorine, and the support is excess.

The exothermic reactant may include a source of halogen gas, preferably chlorine or bromine, or a source of halogen gas such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, preferably CF ₄ or CCl ₄ , and a species that reacts with a halogen to form a halide. have. The source of the halogen may also be a source of oxygen, for example C _x O _y X _r , where X is a halogen and x, y and r are integers, as is known in the art. The reactant species may comprise at least one of the group of alkali earth metals or hydrides, rare earth metals, Al, Si, and P that form alkali or the corresponding halide. Preferably, the reactant alkali metal corresponds to the catalyst, the alkaline to hydride is MgH ₂ , the rare earth is La, and the Al is a nano powder. The support may comprise carbon, preferably activated carbon. The reactants may be present in any molar ratio. Preferably, the reactant species and halogen are present at approximately the same stoichiometric ratio, and the catalyst is present in excess, preferably at about the same molar ratio as the element that reacts with the halogen, and the support is in excess. In one embodiment, the reactant is a source or catalyst of the catalyst, such as Na, NaH, K, KH, Li, LiH and H ₂ , a halogen gas, preferably chlorine or bromine gas, Mg, MgH ₂ , , La, Gd, or Pr, Al, and a support, preferably carbon, for example, activated carbon.

b. freedom Radical  reaction

In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is a free radical reaction, preferably a halide or oxygen free radical reaction. The source of the halide radical may be a halogen, preferably F ₂ or Cl ₂ , or a fluorocarbon, preferably CF ₄ . The source of the F-free radical is S ₂ F ₁₀ . The reaction mixture comprising the halogen gas may further comprise a free radical initiator. The reactor may comprise a source of ultraviolet light to form a free radical, preferably a halogen free radical, more preferably a chlorine or fluorine free radical. Free radical initiators include peroxides, azo compounds and sources of metal ions, such as FeSO ₄ , which is a source of CoCl ₂ or Fe ^{2 + as} a source of metal salts, preferably cobalt halides, for example Co ^{2 +} Lt; / RTI > The latter is preferably reacted with an oxygen species such as H ₂ O ₂ or O ₂ . The radical may be neutral.

The source of oxygen may comprise a source of atomic oxygen. Oxygen may be a singlet oxygen. In one embodiment, the singlet oxygen is formed from the reaction of NaOCl with H ₂ O ₂ . In one embodiment, the source of oxygen comprises O ₂ and may further comprise a free radical source or free radical initiator to propagate a free radical reaction, preferably a free radical reaction of the O atom. The source of the free radical source or oxygen may be at least one of ozone or ozonide. In one embodiment, the reactor may include an electrical discharge in an ozone source, such as oxygen, to provide ozone to the reaction mixture.

The free radical source or source of oxygen may be selected from the group consisting of peroxo compounds, peroxides, H ₂ O ₂ , compounds containing azo groups, N ₂ O, NaOCl, Fenton's reagent or similar reagents, OH radicals or sources thereof, (Na ₄ XeO ₆ ) or potassium percannate (K ₄ XeO ₆ ), xenon tetraoxide (XeO ₄ ), and the like, Peroxoic acid (H ₄ XeO ₆ ), and a source of metal ions such as metal salts. Metal salts can be _{FeSO 4, AlCl 3, TiCl 3} , and preferably from cobalt halides, for example, at least one of CoCl ₂ is the source of the Co ^{+ 2.}

In one embodiment, the free radical, such as Cl are formed from a halogen, such as Cl ₂ in the reaction mixture, such as a halogen gas such as Cl ₂ + a support such as NaH + MgH ₂ + activated carbon (AC). The free radical may be formed by the reaction of a mixture of Cl ₂ and hydrocarbons such as CH ₄ at elevated temperatures above 200 ° C. The halogens can be present in excess of the mole relative to the hydrocarbon. The chlorocarbon product and the Cl radical can react with a reducing agent to provide activation energy and pathway to form hydrino. The carbon product can be regenerated by syngas and Fischer-Tropsch reaction or by direct hydrogen reduction of carbon to methane. The reaction mixture may comprise a mixture of O ₂ and Cl ₂ at elevated temperatures above 200 ° C. The mixture may react to form Cl _x O _y where x and y are integers, for example ClO, Cl ₂ O, and ClO ₂ . The reaction mixture may contain H ₂ and Cl ₂ at elevated temperatures above 200 ° C. which can react to form HCl. The reaction mixture contains H ₂ and O ₂ with a recombiner such as Pt / Ti, Pt / C, or Pd / C at a slightly elevated temperature above 50 ° C which can react to form H ₂ O . The recombination agent can operate at elevated pressures, such as in the range of greater than 1 atmosphere, preferably from about 2 to 100 atmospheres. The reaction mixture may be non-stoichiometric to support free radical and singlet oxygen formation. The system may further comprise a source of ultraviolet light or plasma, for example RF, microwave, or glow discharge, preferably a high voltage pulsed plasma source, to form free radicals. The reactants may further comprise a catalyst to form at least one of atom free radicals such as Cl, O and H, singlet oxygen, and ozone. The catalyst may be a noble metal, for example Pt. In one embodiment for forming a Cl radical, Pt catalysts include platinum chloride, for example, each 581 ℃, 435 ℃, and PtCl having a decomposition temperature of 327 ℃ _2, PtCl _3, and PtCl a temperature above the decomposition temperature of ₄ Lt; / RTI > In one embodiment, Pt may be recovered from the product mixture comprising the metal halide by dissolving the metal halide in a suitable solvent in which Pt, Pd or their halide is not soluble and removing the solution. The solid which may comprise carbon and Pt or Pd halide may be heated to form Pt or Pd on the carbon by decomposition of the corresponding halide.

In one embodiment, N ₂ O, NO ₂ , or NO gas is added to the reaction mixture. N ₂ O and NO ₂ can serve as sources of NO radicals. In other embodiments, NO radicals are produced by the oxidation of NH ₃ and preferably in cells. The reaction may be the reaction of NH ₃ and O ₂ on platinum or platinum-rhodium at elevated temperatures. NO, NO ₂ , and N ₂ O can be regenerated by known industrial methods such as the Ostwald process after the Haber process. In one embodiment, the sequence of exemplary steps is as follows:

In detail, the harbor process can be used to produce NH ₃ from N ₂ and H ₂ at elevated temperatures and pressures using catalysts such as α-iron containing some oxides. The Oswald process can be used to oxidize NO, NO ₂ , and N ₂ O to ammonia in a catalyst such as a high temperature platinum or platinum-rhodium catalyst. Alkaline nitrates can be regenerated using the methods described herein.

The system and the reaction mixture may initiate and support a combustion reaction to provide at least one of a single oxygen free radical and a free radical. The combustion reactants may be non-stoichiometric to support free radicals and singlet oxygen formations that react with other hydrino reactants. In one embodiment, the explosion reaction is suppressed to support a prolonged steady reaction, or the explosion reaction is caused by the appropriate reactants and molar ratio to achieve the desired rate of hydrino reaction. In one embodiment, the cell comprises at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine.

c. Electron acceptor reaction

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises an electron acceptor. The electron acceptor may act as a sink for the ionized electrons from the catalyst when energy is transferred from the atomic hydrogen during the catalytic reaction to form the hydrino. Electron acceptor species containing a conductive polymer or a metal support, an oxidizing agent, for example, having a longitudinal and a high electron affinity to form a Group VI element, molecule, and a compound, a free radical, a stable free radical, for example a halogen atom, O ₂ These compounds further include Au, At, Al _x O _y , C, CF _{1 , 2, 3 or 4} , Si, S, P _x S _y , CS ₂ , S _x N _y , (x and y being an integer), preferably in one embodiment from the _{Al (OH) 3 R-Ni} , ClO, Cl 2, F 2, AlO 2, B 2 N, CrC 2, C 2 H, CuCl 2, CuBr ₂ , MnX ₃ (X = halide), MoX ₃ (X = halide), NiX ₃ (X = halide), RuF _{4 , 5 or 6} , ScX ₄ (X = halide), WO ₃ , And AlO _{2, which} is an intermediate in the reaction of other atoms and molecules having a high electron affinity as described above. In one embodiment, the support acts as an electron acceptor from the catalyst since it is ionized by accepting non-radiant resonant energy transfer from atomic hydrogen. Preferably, the support forms at least one conductive and stable free radical. A suitable such support is a conductive polymer. The support can form anions over a large structure such as the carbon of Li-ion batteries that form C ₆ ions. In another embodiment, the support is a semiconductor, preferably a doped semiconductor to improve conductivity. The reaction mixture may be a free radical or a source thereof, such as O, OH, O ₂ , O ₃ , H ₂ O ₂ , and the like, which can serve as a scavenger for the free radicals formed by the support during catalysis. F, Cl, and NO. In one embodiment, a free radical, such as NO, can form a complex with a catalyst, such as an alkali metal, or a source of catalyst. In another embodiment, the support has unpaired electrons. The support may be a paramagnetic material such as a rare-earth element or compound such as Er ₂ O ₃ . In one embodiment, a source of catalyst or catalyst, such as Li, NaH, K, Rb, or Cs, is impregnated with an electron acceptor such as a support, and other components of the reaction mixture are added. Preferably, the support is an AC with NaH or Na intercalated.

d. Oxidation-reduction reaction

In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction is activated by an oxidation-reduction reaction. In an exemplary embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least two of the group of catalysts, sources of hydrogen, oxidizing agents, reducing agents and supports. The reaction mixture may contain a Lewis acid, for example a Group 13 trihalide, preferably _{AlCl 3, BF 3, BCl 3} , and at least one of BBr _3. In certain embodiments, each reaction mixture comprises at least one species selected from the following components (i) - (iii):

(i) a catalyst selected from Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH.

(ii) H ₂ gas, the source of the H ₂ gas, or a source of hydrogen selected from hydride.

(iii) metal compounds such as halides, phosphides, borides, oxides, hydroxides, silicides, nitrides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides, antimonides, carbides, sulfides, hydrides, , Hydrogen carbonate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, permanganate, chlorate, perchlorate, chlorite, perchlorate, hypochlorite, bromate, But are not limited to, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perchlorate, perbromate, bromide, perbromide, iodate, periodate, iodide, periodide, chromate, dichromate, tellurate, , And other oxyanions such as halogen, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co, An oxidizing agent selected from one of the anions (wherein, the metal preferably comprises a transition metal, Sn, Ga, In, an alkaline metal or alkaline earth metal); Lead compounds such as lead halide, germanium compounds, such as the halide, oxide, or sulfide, for example, GeF _2, GeCl _2, GeBr _2, GeI _2, GeO, GeP, GeS, GeI _4, and GeCl _4, fluorocarbons, such as CF ₄ or ClCF _3, chlorocarbons, such as _{CCl 4, O 2, MNO 3} , MClO 4, MO 2, NF 3, N 2 O, NO, NO 2, a boron-nitrogen compound , such as B ₃ N ₃ H _6, a sulfur compound, for example, _{SF 6, S, SO 2,} SO 3, S 2 O 5 Cl 2, F 5 SOF, M 2 S 2 O 8, S x x y , for example _{S 2 Cl 2, SCl 2,} S2Br 2, or S ₂ F _2, CS _2, SO _x X _y, for example, _{SOCl 2, SOF 2, SO 2} F 2, or SOBr _2, X _x X _'y, for example, ClF _5, X _x X' _y O _z, for example, _{ClO 2 F, ClO 2 F 2} , ClOF 3, ClO 3 F, and ClO ₂ F _3, a boron-nitrogen compound, for example the _{B 3 N 3 H 6, Se} , Te, Bi, as, Sb, Bi, TeX x, preferably _{TeF 4, TeF 6, TeO x} , preferably TeO ₂ or TeO _3, SeX _x, preferably from SeF _6, SeO _x, SeO ₂ and preferably also Is SeO _3, tellurium oxide, halide, or other tellurium compounds such as _{TeO 2, TeO 3, Te (} OH) 6, TeBr 2, TeCl 2, TeBr 4, TeCl 4, TeF 4, TeI 4, TeF _6, CoTe, or NiTe, selenium oxide, halide, sulfide, or other selenium compounds, such as _{SeO 2, SeO 3, Se 2} Br 2, Se 2 Cl 2, SeBr 4, SeCl 4, SeF 4, SeF 6, SeO ₂ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₂ F ₂ , SeS ₂ , Se ₂ S ₆ , Se ₄ S ₄ or Se ₆ S ₂ , P, P ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ S ₅ , P _x X _y , for example, _{PF 3, PCl 3, PBr 3} , PI 3, PF 5, PCl 5, PBr 4 F, or _{PCl 4 F, PO x X y} , for example, POBr _3, POI _3, POCl ₃ or the POF _3, PS _x X _y where M is an alkali metal and x, y and z are integers and X and X 'are halogens such as PSBr ₃ , PSF ₃ , PSCl ₃ , phosphorous-nitrogen compounds such as P ₃ N ₅ , (Cl ₂ PN) ₃ , (Cl ₂ PN) ₄ , or (Br ₂ PN) _x , arsenic oxide, halide, sulfide, selenide or telluride or other arsenic compound, For example, _{AlAs, As 2 I 4, As} 2 Se, As 4 S 4, AsBr 3, AsCl 3, AsF 3, AsI 3, As 2 O 3, As 2 Se 3, As 2 S 3, As 2 Te 3 , AsCl ₅ , AsF ₅ , As ₂ O ₅ , As ₂ Se ₅ or As ₂ S ₅ , antimony oxide, halide, sulfide, sulfate, selenide, arsenide or other antimony compounds such as SbAs , SbBr ₃ , SbCl ₃ , SbF ₃ , SbI ₃ , Sb ₂ O ₃ , SbOCl, Sb ₂ Se ₃ , Sb ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ , Sb ₂ S ₃ , Sb ₂ Te ₃ , Sb ₂ O ₄ , SbCl ₅ , SbF _5, SbCl ₂ F _3, Sb ₂ O ₅ or Sb ₂ S _5, bismuth oxide, halide, sulfide, selenide, or other bismuth compounds, such as BiAsO _4, BiBr _3, BiCl _3, BiF _{3, BiF 5, Bi (OH) 3} , BiI 3, Bi 2 O 3, BiOBr, BiOCl, BiOI, Bi 2 Se 3, Bi 2 S 3, Bi 2 Te 3, or _{Bi 2 O 4, SiCl 4,} SiBr 4, Metal oxides, hydroxides or halides such as transition metal halides such as CrCl ₃ , ZnF ₂ , ZnBr ₂ , ZnI ₂ , MnCl ₂ , MnBr ₂ , MnI ₂ , CoBr _{2 , CoI 2, CoCl 2, NiCl} 2, NiBr 2, NiF 2, FeF 2, FeCl 2, FeBr 2, FeCl 3, TiF 3, CuBr, CuBr 2, VF 3, and CuCl _2, metal halides such as SnF ₂ , SnCl ₂ , SnBr ₂ , SnI ₂ , SnF ₄ , SnCl ₄ , SnBr ₄ , SnI ₄ , InF, InCl, InBr, InI, AgCl, AgI, AlF ₃ , AlBr ₃ , AlI ₃ , YF ₃ , CdCl ₂ , _{CdBr 2, CdI 2, InCl 3} , ZrCl 4, NbF 5, TaCl 5, MoCl 3, MoCl 5, NbCl 5, AsCl 3, TiBr 4, SeCl 2, SeCl 4, InF 3, InCl 3, PbF 4, TeI 4 , WCl ₆ , OsCl ₃ , GaCl ₃ , PtCl ₃ , ReCl ₃ , RhCl ₃ , RuCl ₃ , metal oxides or hydroxides such as Y ₂ O ₃ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ or NbO, NiO, Ni _{2 O 3, SnO, SnO 2} , Ag 2 O, AgO, Ga 2 O, As 2 O 3, SeO 2, TeO 2, In (OH) 3, Sn (OH) 2, In (OH) 3, Ga ( OH) ₃ , and Bi (OH) ₃ , CO ₂ , As ₂ Se ₃ , SF ₆ , S, SbF ₃ , CF ₄ , NF ₃ , permanganates such as KMnO ₄ and NaMnO ₄ , P ₂ O ₅ , Nitrates such as LiNO ₃ , NaNO ₃ and KNO ₃ , and boron halides such as BBr ₃ and BI ₃ , group 13 halides, Preferably, the indium halide, such as InBr ₂ , InCl ₂ , and InI, is a halide, preferably AgCl or AgI, a lead halide, a cadmium halide, a zirconium halide, preferably a transition metal oxide, a sulfide, A second or third transition thermal halide, preferably YF ₃ , an oxide, a sulfide, preferably Y ₂ S, with Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, _3, or a hydroxide, preferably Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, one of Os, e.g. NbX _3, NbX in the case of halide ₅ or TaX _5, metal sulfides, such as Li ₂ S, ZnS, FeS, NiS, MnS, Cu ₂ S, CuS, and SnS, alkaline earth halides, e.g., BaBr _2, BaCl _2, BaI _2, SrBr _2, SrI _2, CaBr _2, CaI _2, MgBr _2, or MgI _2, rare earth halides, e.g. _{EuBr 3, LaF 3, LaBr 3} , CeBr 3, GdF 3, GdBr 3, preferably in the II state, for example, CeI _2, EuF ₂ , EuC l _2, EuBr _2, EuI _2, DyI _2, NdI _2, SmI _2, YbI _2, and TmI one of the _two metal boride, such as europium boride, MB _2, boride, for example, CrB _2, TiB _2, MgB _2, ZrB _2, and GdB _2, alkali halides such as LiCl, RbCl, or CsI, and a metal phosphide, for example, Ca ₃ P _2, the noble metal halide, oxide, sulfide, for example, PtCl ₂ For example, Ce ₂ S, other suitable rare earths La and Gd, metals and anions, such as Na ₂ TeO ₄ , PdCl ₂ , PtBr ₂ , PtI ₂ , PtCl ₄ , PdCl ₂ , PbBr ₂ and PbI ₂ , Na ₂ TeO _3, Co (CN) _2, CoSb, CoAs, Co ₂ P, CoO, CoSe, CoTe, NiSb, NiAs, NiSe, Ni ₂ Si, MgSe, rare earth telluride, for example EuTe, rare earth selenide, for example EuSe, rare earth nitrides, such as EuN, metal nitrides, for example, containing at least two atoms from AlN, GdN, and Mg ₃ N _2, oxygen, and the group of different halogen atoms Compounds, for example, _{F 2 O, Cl 2 O,} ClO 2, Cl 2 O 6, Cl 2 O 7, ClF, ClF 3, ClOF 3, ClF 5, ClO 2 F, ClO 2 F 3, ClO 3 F, Or a metal second or third transition thermal halide such as OsF ₆ , PtF ₆ , or BrF ₃ , BrF ₅ , I ₂ O ₅ , IBr, ICl, ICl ₃ , IF, IF ₃ , IF ₅ , IF ₇ , IrF ₆ , an alkali metal compound such as a halide, an oxide or a sulfide, and a compound capable of forming a metal upon reduction, such as alkali, alkaline earth, transition, rare earth, group 13, Preferably a Sn, a metal hydride such as a rare earth hydride, an alkaline to hydride, or an alkali hydride, wherein the source of the catalyst or catalyst may be a metal such as an alkali metal when the oxidizing agent is a hydride, Oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of metal hydrides. Suitable oxidizing agents include, for metal halide, sulfide, oxide, hydroxide, selenide, and phosphide, such as alkaline earth halides such _{BaBr 2, BaCl 2, BaI 2} , CaBr 2, MgBr 2, or MgI _2, the rare earth halide, e.g. EuBr _2, EuBr _3, EuF _3, LaF _3, GdF _3, GdBr _3, LaF _3, LaBr _3, CeBr _3, the second or third row transition metal halides such as YF _3, metal For example, CrB ₂ or TiB ₂ , an alkali halide such as LiCl, RbCl, or CsI, a metal sulfide such as Li ₂ S, ZnS, Y ₂ S ₃ , FeS, MnS, Cu ₂ S, CuS and Sb ₂ S ₅ , metal phosphides such as Ca ₃ P ₂ , transition metal halides such as CrCl ₃ , ZnF ₂ , ZnBr ₂ , ZnI ₂ , MnCl ₂ , MnBr ₂ , MnI ₂ , CoBr _{2 , CoI 2, CoCl 2, NiBr} 2, NiF 2, FeF 2, FeCl 2, FeBr 2, TiF 3, CuBr, VF 3, and CuCl _2, metal halide, for example, SnBr _2, SnI _2, InF, InCl, InBr, InI, AgCl, AgI, alI 3, YF 3, C _{dCl 2, CdBr 2, CdI 2} , InCl 3, ZrCl 4, NbF 5, TaCl 5, MoCl 3, MoCl 5, NbCl 5, AsCl 3, TiBr 4, SeCl 2, SeCl 4, InF 3, PbF 4, and TeI _4, a metal oxide or hydroxide, for example, _{Y 2 O 3, FeO, NbO} , In (OH) 3, as 2 O 3, SeO 2, TeO 2, BI 3, CO 2, as 2 Se 3, metal For example, Mg ₃ N ₂ or AlN, a metal phosphide such as Ca ₃ P ₂ , SF ₆ , S, SbF ₃ , CF ₄ , NF ₃ , KMnO ₄ , NaMnO ₄ , P ₂ O ₅ , a _{LiNO 3, NaNO 3, KNO 3} , and a metal boride, such as BBr _3. Suitable oxidizing agents include BaBr ₂ , BaCl ₂ , EuBr ₂ , EuF ₃ , YF ₃ , CrB ₂ , TiB ₂ , LiCl, RbCl, CsI, Li ₂ S, ZnS, Y ₂ S ₃ , Ca ₃ P ₂ , MnI ₂ , CoI of the _{2, NiBr 2, ZnBr 2,} FeBr 2, SnI 2, InCl, AgCl, Y 2 O 3, TeO 2, CO 2, SF 6, S, CF 4, NaMnO 4, P 2 O 5, LiNO 3 lists At least one of them. Suitable oxidizing agent comprises at least one of a list of _{EuBr 2, BaBr 2, CrB 2} , MnI 2, and AgCl. Suitable sulfide oxidizing agents include at least one of Li ₂ S, ZnS, and Y ₂ S ₃ . In certain embodiments, the peroxide oxidizing agent is a Y ₂ O _3.

In a further embodiment, each reaction mixture comprises at least one species selected from components (i) - (iii) described above and is selected from the group consisting of metals such as alkali, alkaline earth, transition, At least one reducing agent (iv) selected from rare earth metals and aluminum. Preferably, the reducing agent is selected from Al, Mg, MgH _2, Si, La, B, Zr, and Ti powder, the group of H _2.

In another embodiment, each reaction mixture comprises at least one species selected from components (i) - (iv) described above and is selected from the group consisting of AC, 1% Pt on carbon or Pd (Pt / C, Pd / C) Carbide, preferably a conductive support selected from TiC or WC.

The reactants may be present in any molar ratio, but preferably these are present at approximately the same molar ratio.

A suitable reaction system comprising (i) a source of catalyst or catalyst, (ii) a source of hydrogen, (iii) an oxidant, (iv) a reducing agent, and (v) KH and BaBr ₂ , BaCl ₂ , MgBr ₂ , MgI ₂ , CaBr ₂ , EuBr ₂ , EuF ₃ , YF ₃ , CrB ₂ , TiB ₂ , LiCl, RbCl, CsI, Li ₂ S, ZnS, Y ₂ S _{3 , Ca 3 P 2, MnI 2} , CoI 2, NiBr 2, ZnBr 2, FeBr 2, SnI 2, InCl, AgCl, Y 2 O 3, TeO 2, CO 2, SF 6, S, CF 4, NaMnO 4, P ₂ O ₅ , LiNO ₃ , Mg or MgH ₂ as a reducing agent (where MgH ₂ can also serve as a source of H), and AC, TiC, or WC as a support. If the tin halide is an oxidizing agent, the Sn product may serve as at least one of a reducing agent and a conductive support in the catalytic mechanism.

In another embodiment, a suitable reaction system comprising (i) a source of catalyst or catalyst, (ii) a source of hydrogen, (iii) an oxidant, and (iv) _{EuBr 2, BaBr 2, CrB 2} , MnI 2, and one of the AgCl as the oxidizing agent, and an AC, TiC, or WC as a support. The reactants may be present in any ratio, but preferably these are present at approximately the same molar ratios.

The catalyst, the source of hydrogen, the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent, and the support may be present in any desired molar ratio. Reaction, a catalyst comprising KH or NaH, CrB _2, AgCl _2, and an alkali, for Saturday and transition metals, and rare-earth halide, preferably bromide or metal from the iodide group halides such EuBr _2, BaBr _2, and MnI _2, in one embodiment having a support comprising a reducing agent, and AC, TiC, or WC containing Mg or MgH _2, the molar ratio is approximately equal. The rare earth halide can be formed by the direct reaction of a corresponding halide with a metal or a hydrogen halide such as HBr. The dihalide may be formed from a trihalide by H ₂ reduction.

The additional oxidant is an oxidant that has a high dipole moment or forms an intermediate with a high dipole moment. Preferably, the species having a high dipole moment readily accepts electrons from the catalyst during the catalytic reaction. Species can have a high electron affinity. In one embodiment, the electron acceptor has half-filled or approximately half-filled electronic shells such as Sn, Mn and Gd or Eu compounds each having half-filled sp ³ , 3d, and 4f shells. Typical oxidizing agents of the latter type of _{LaF 3, LaBr 3, GdF 3} , GdCl 3, GdBr 3, EuBr 2, EuI 2, EuCl 2, EuF 2, EuBr 3, EuI 3, EuCl 3, and a metal for the EuF ₃ . In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a nonmetal such as at least one of P, S, Si, and C, further comprising an atom having a high oxidation state and having a high electronegativity, such as at least one of F, ≪ / RTI > In another embodiment, the oxidizing agent comprises a compound of a metal, such as at least one of Sn and Fe, further comprising an atom having a low oxidation state such as II and having a low electronegativity, such as at least one of Br or I. Ion negative ions such as MnO ₄ ^- , ClO ₄ ^- , or NO ₃ ^- are advantageous compared to dually negatively charged ions such as CO ₃ ^{2 -} or SO ₄ ^{2 -} . In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent comprises a compound such as a metal halide corresponding to a metal having a low melting point that can be melted as a reaction product and removed from the cell. Suitable oxidants of the low melting point metal are halides of In, Ga, Ag, and Sn. The reactants may be present in any molar ratio, but preferably these are present in approximately the same molar ratio.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises (i) a source of a catalyst or catalyst comprising a metal or hydride from a Group I element, (ii) a source of hydrogen, such as a source of H ₂ gas or H ₂ gas, or Hydride, (iii) an oxidant comprising an atom or an ion or a compound comprising at least one of the elements from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17; (Iv) an oxidizing agent comprising an atom or an ion or compound selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se, At least one element or hydride selected from the group consisting of Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metals La, and (v) other compounds which are preferably conductive and preferably have other species of the reaction mixture Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > a < / RTI > Suitable supports include preferably carbon, for example AC, graphene, metal impregnated carbon, such as Pt or Pd / C, and carbide, preferably TiC or WC.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises (i) a source of a catalyst or catalyst comprising a metal or hydride from a Group I element, (ii) a source of hydrogen, such as a source of H ₂ gas or H ₂ gas, or (Iii) a halide, an oxide, or a sulfide compound, preferably a metal halide, an oxide, or a sulfide, more preferably IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, , and the lanthanide element from the Id-group halide, and most preferably the transition metal halide or a lanthanide oxidizing agent comprising a halide, (iv) Mg, MgH _2, Al, Si, B, Zr, and contains a rare earth metal, for example, Reacting to form an element selected from La or a hydride, preferably a reducing agent comprising at least one element or hydride, and (v) other compounds preferably having a conductive and preferably different species of reaction mixture Non-support. Suitable supports include preferably carbon, for example AC, metal impregnated carbon, such as Pt or Pd / C, and carbide, preferably TiC or WC.

e. Exchange reaction, thermoreversible reaction, and regeneration

In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent, and at least one of the reducing agent, the source of the catalyst, and the catalyst can cause a reversible reaction. In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent is at least one of a halide, preferably a metal halide, more preferably a transition metal, tin, indium, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal and a rare earth halide, most preferably a rare earth halide. The reversible reaction is preferably a halide exchange reaction. Preferably, the energy of the reaction can be reversibly exchanged between the oxidizing agent and at least one of the reducing agent, the source of the catalyst and the catalyst at a temperature of from ambient temperature to 3000 占 폚, preferably ambient temperature to 1000 占 폚. The reaction equilibrium can be shifted to induce the hydrino reaction. This shift may be due to a change in temperature or a change in reaction concentration or ratio. The reaction can be delayed by the addition of hydrogen. In a typical reaction, the exchange is as follows:

_Wherein X 1 is a halide, M _ox is a metal of an oxidizing agent, and M _{red / cat} is a metal of at least one of a reducing agent, a source of a catalyst, and a catalyst, wherein n ₁ , n ₂ , x and y are integers. In one embodiment, the at least one reactant is a hydride, and the reaction further involves a reversible hydride exchange in addition to the halide exchange. Reversible reactions can be controlled by adjusting the hydrogen pressure in addition to other reaction conditions such as the temperature and concentration of the reactants. Representative reactions are as follows:

In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent, for example alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, and rare-earth halide, preferably RbCl, BaBr _2, BaCl _2, EuX ₂ or GdX ₃ (wherein, X is a halide or sulfide Im), the Preferably, EuBr ₂ is a source of catalyst or catalyst, preferably NaH or KH, and optionally a reducing agent, preferably Mg or MgH ₂ , to form a halide or sulfide of the catalyst such as MO _x or MO _x H ₂ and Na _x or K _{x. 2} < / RTI > The rare earth halide can be regenerated by selectively removing the catalyst or the source of the catalyst or catalyst and optionally the reducing agent. In one embodiment, MO _x H ₂ can be thermally decomposed and the hydrogen gas is removed by a method such as pumping. Halide exchange (scheme (54-55)) forms the metal of the catalyst. The metal may be removed as a molten liquid or as a vapor or sublimed gas to retain a metal halide such as an alkaline earth or rare earth halide. The liquid may be removed, for example, by a method such as centrifugation or by a pressurized inert gas stream. The source of the catalyst or catalyst may be re-hydrogenated to regenerate the original reactant, if appropriate, recombined into the original mixture with the rare earth halide and support. When Mg or MgH ₂ is used as a reducing agent, Mg may be removed by first forming a hydride with addition of H ₂ , melting the hydride, and removing the liquid. In a specific example, X = F, MgF ₂ product can be converted to MgH ₂ by the exchange of the F and rare earth such as EuH _2, wherein the molten MgH ₂ is continuously removed. The reaction may be carried out under high pressure H ₂ to support the formation and selective removal of MgH ₂ . The reducing agent may be re-hydrogenated to form the original reaction mixture and added to the other regenerated reactants. In another embodiment, the exchange reaction takes place between the metal sulfide or oxide of the oxidizing agent and at least one of the reducing agent, the source of the catalyst and the catalyst. A representative system of each type is 1.66 g KH + 1 g Mg + 2.74 g Y ₂ S ₃ + 4 g AC and 1 g NaH + 1 g Mg + 2.26 g Y ₂ O ₃ + 4 g AC.

The selective removal of the catalyst, the source of the catalyst or the reducing agent may be continuous, wherein the catalyst, the source of the catalyst or the reducing agent may be at least partially recycled in the reactor. The reactor may further comprise a steel or reflux component to remove a catalyst, such as still 34 in FIG. 4, a source of catalyst or a reducing agent, or to return it to the cell. Optionally, it can be hydrogenated or reacted further, and such product can be returned. The reaction temperature is circulated between two extremes to continuously recycle the reactants by equilibrium transfer. In one embodiment, the system heat exchanger has the ability to rapidly change the cell temperature between high and low values to move the equilibrium back and forth to propagate the hydrino reaction.

The regeneration reaction may involve a catalytic reaction with an added species such as hydrogen. In one embodiment, the source of catalyst is KH, and H, an oxidizing agent is EuBr _2. The thermally driven regeneration reaction may be as follows:

or

Alternatively, H ₂ can serve as a source of catalyst or catalyst and as a regenerating catalyst for oxidizing agents, for example KH and EuBr ₂ :

Subsequently, EuBr ₂ is formed from EuBr ₃ by H ₂ reduction. The possible paths are:

HBr can be recycled:

The overall reaction is as follows:

The rate of the thermally driven regeneration reaction can be increased by using a different path with a lower energy known to those skilled in the art:

The reaction afforded by scheme (62) is possible because the equilibrium is between the metal and the corresponding hydride in the presence of H ₂ as follows:

The reaction pathway may comprise a low energy intermediate step known to those skilled in the art, as follows:

The KH or K metal may be removed as a molten liquid or as a vapor or sublimed gas to leave a metal halide, such as an alkaline earth or rare earth halide. The liquid may be removed by a method such as centrifugation or by a pressurized inert gas stream. In other embodiments, other catalysts or catalyst sources, such as NaH, LiH, RbH, CsH, Na, Li, Rb, Cs may replace KH or K and the oxidant may be another rare earth halide or alkaline earth halide, it may include other metal halide such as BaCl ₂ or BaBr _2.

In another embodiment, the thermoreversible reaction further comprises a possible exchange reaction between the two species comprising at least one metal atom. Such exchange may occur between the metal of the catalyst, such as an alkali metal, and the metal of the exchange partner, such as an oxidizing agent. Exchange can also occur between the oxidizer and the reducing agent. The exchanged species may include anions such as halides, hydrides, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, borides, carbides, silicides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides, phosphides, nitrates, hydrogen sulfides, , Hydrogen sulfates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, perchlorates, chromates, dichromates, cobalt oxides, and other oxyanions and anions known to those skilled in the art. At least one of the exchange-partners comprises an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a second heat transfer metal, a third heat transfer metal, a noble metal, a rare earth metal, Al, Ga, In, Sn, As, Se, can do. Suitable exchanged anions are halides, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, phosphides, and borides. Suitable metals for the exchange are alkali, preferably Na or K, alkaline earth metals, preferably Mg or Ba, and rare earth metals, preferably Eu or Dy, e.g. metals or hydrides. Representative catalyst reactants and exemplary exchange reactions are provided below. These reactions are not all described, and other examples will be known to those skilled in the art.

The theoretical value was 1.89 kJ, the increase was 3.22 times, and the increase of the theoretical value was 2.9 kJ.

Ema: 185.1 kJ, dE: 8.0 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 463 deg. C, the theoretical value was 1.69 kJ, the increase was 4.73 times,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + CrB2 3.7 gm, Ein: 317 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 ° C, theoretical energy is endothermic 0.05 kJ,

■ was treated with 0.70 g of TiB _2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-300 III of activated carbon powder (AC3-4). The energy increase was 5.1 kJ, however, no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 431 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.

0.42 g of LiCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4 were treated. The energy increase was 5.4 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 412 ° C, the theoretical value is 0, and the increase is infinite.

1.21 g of RbCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4, energy increase of 6.0 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 442 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 0.87 g LiBr; Ein: 146.0 kJ; dE: 6.24 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 439 DEG C, the theoretical value is endothermic,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + YF ₃ 7.3 gm; Ein: 320 kJ; dE: 17 kJ; No TSC, Tmax ~ 340 ° C; Energy increase ~ 4.5 X (X ~ 0.74 kJ * 5 = 3.7 kJ),

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaBr ₂ 14.85 gm (dried); Ein: 328 kJ; dE: 16 kJ; No TSC, Tmax ~ 320 ° C; Energy increase 160X (X ~ 0.02 kJ * 5 = 0.1 kJ),

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaCl 2 10.4 gm; Ein: 331 kJ; dE: 18 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 320 ° C. Energy increase ~ 6.9X (X ~ 0.52x5 = 2.6 kJ)

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MgI ₂ 13.9 gm; Ein: 315 kJ; dE: 16 kJ TSC absent, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.8X (X ~ 1.75x5 = 8.75 kJ)

4 g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.97 g ZnS; Ein: 132.1 kJ; dE: 7.5 kJ; TSC: None; Tmax: 370 DEG C, the theoretical value 1.4 kJ, the increase 5.33 times,

2.74 g of Y ₂ S ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 5.2 kJ, Not available. The maximum cell temperature was 444 ° C, the theoretical value was 0.41 kJ, the increase was 12.64 times,

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.82 g Ca ₃ P ₂ ; Ein: 133.0 kJ; dE: 5.8 kJ; TSC: None; Tmax: 407 캜, the theoretical value is endothermic, and the increase is infinite.

2 0 g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 9.1 g Ca ₃ P ₂ , Ein: 282.1 kJ, dE: 18.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 320 ° C .; the theoretical value is endothermic and the increase is infinite.

In one embodiment, the thermal regeneration reaction system comprises:

(i) a source of at least one catalyst or catalyst selected from NaH and KH;

(ii) NaH, KH, and at least one source of hydrogen selected from MgH _2;

(iii) alkaline earth halides, e.g., _{BaBr 2, BaCl 2, BaI 2} , CaBr 2, MgBr 2, or MgI _2, rare earth halides, e.g. _{EuBr 2, EuBr 3, EuF 3} , DyI 2, LaF 3, or GdF _3, second row or third row transition metal halides such as YF _3, a metal boride, such as CrB ₂ or TiB _2, alkali halides such as LiCl, RbCl, or CsI, metal sulfides, At least one oxidizing agent selected from Li ₂ S, ZnS or Y ₂ S ₃ , a metal oxide, for example Y ₂ O ₃ , and a metal phosphide, for example Ca ₃ P ₂ ;

(iv) at least one reducing agent selected from Mg and MgH ₂ ; And

(v) a support selected from AC, TiC, and WC.

f, Getter , Support, or matrix-assisted Hydrino  reaction

In another embodiment, the exchange reaction is an endothermic reaction. In such embodiments, the metal compound may serve as at least one of the desired support for the hydrino reaction or a getter for the matrix or product to enhance the rate of hydrino reaction. Representative catalyst reactants and exemplary supports, matrices, or getters are provided below. All of these reactions are not technically intended, and other examples will be known to those skilled in the art.

■ 4g AC3-5 + 1g Mg + 1.66g KH + 2.23g Mg 3 As 2, Ein: 139.0 kJ, dE: 6.5 kJ, TSC: No, Tmax: 393 ℃, theoretical values endothermic small, increase is infinite.

2Og AC3-5 + 5g Mg + 8.3g KH + 11.2g Mg ₃ As ₂ , Ein: 298.6 kJ, dE: 21.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 315 ° C. The theoretical value is endothermic and the increase is infinite.

In a 1 "strong cell (middle duty cell), 1.01 g of Mg ₃ N ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4, an energy increase of 5.2 kJ, The maximum cell temperature is 401 ℃, the theoretical value is 0, and the increase is infinity.

In a 1 "robust cell, 0.41 g of AlN, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-5, an energy increase of 4.9 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 407 ℃, theoretical value is endothermic.

In one embodiment, the thermal regeneration reaction system comprises at least two components selected from (i) - (v):

(i) a source of at least one catalyst or catalyst selected from NaH, KH, and MgH ₂ ;

(ii) a source of at least one hydrogen selected from NaH and KH;

(iii) at least one oxidizer, matrix, second support, or getter selected from metal arsenides, such as Mg ₃ As ₂ and metal nitrides, such as Mg ₃ N ₂ or AlN;

(iv) at least one reducing agent selected from Mg and MgH ₂ ; And

(v) at least one support selected from AC, TiC, or WC.

D. Liquid Fuel: Organic and Molten Solvent Systems

Other embodiments include molten solids contained in the chamber 200, such as molten salts or liquid solvents. The liquid solvent may be vaporized by operating the cell at a temperature above the boiling point of the solvent. The reactants, such as catalysts, may be dissolved or suspended in the solvent or reactants forming the catalyst, and H may be suspended or dissolved in the solvent. The vaporized solvent may act as a gas with a catalyst to increase the rate of the hydrogen catalytic reaction to form the hydrino. The molten solid or vaporized solvent can be maintained by applying heat to the heater 230. The reaction mixture may further comprise a solid support such as an HSA material. The reaction can take place at the surface due to the interaction of the molten solid, liquid or gaseous solvent with the catalyst and hydrogen, such as K or Li plus H or NaH. In one embodiment using a heterogeneous catalyst, the solvent of the mixture may increase the rate of the catalytic reaction.

In embodiments involving hydrogen gas, H ₂ may be bubbled through the solution. In another embodiment, the cell is pressurized to increase the concentration of dissolved H ₂ . In another embodiment, the reactants are stirred at a high temperature preferably at a temperature which is approximately the boiling point of the organic solvent and approximately the melting point of the inorganic solvent.

The organic solvent reaction mixture may preferably be heated to a temperature in the range of about 26 DEG C to 400 DEG C, more preferably in the range of about 100 DEG C to 300 DEG C. [ The inorganic solvent mixture may be heated to a temperature below the temperature at which the solvent is liquid and causes a total decomposition of the NaH molecules.

a. Organic solvent

The organic solvent may comprise one or more moieties that can be modified into additional solvents by the addition of functional groups. The moiety may be a hydrocarbon, an ether, a halogenated hydrocarbon (fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodohydrocarbons) such as an alkane, a cyclic alkane, an alkene, a cyclic alkene, an alkyne, an aromatic, a heterocyclic, Preferably at least one of a fluorinated amine, sulfide, nitrile, phosphoramid (e.g., OP (N (CH ₃ ) ₂ ) ₃ , and aminophosphazene. Wherein said group is selected from the group consisting of at least one alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, carbamoyl, heterocyclic ring containing C, O, N, S, sulfo, sulfamoyl, alkoxysulfonyl, phosphono, Wherein the substituent is selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkoxy, alkylthiol, acyloxy, aryl, alkenyl, aliphatic, acyl, carboxyl, amino, cyanoalkoxy, diazonium, carboxyalkylcarboxamido, alkenylthio, cyanoalkoxycarbonyl, Alkylsulfamoylalkylamino, oxido, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyanoalkyl, carboxyalkylthio, aryl, alkoxycarbonylamino, Amino, heteroarylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, cyanoalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, carbamoylalkoxy, carbamoylalkylcarbonyloxy, sulfoalkoxy, nitro, alkoxyaryl, halogenoaryl, amino Aryloxy, aryloxy, aryloxy, aryl, alkylaminoaryl, tolyl, alkenylaryl, allyl aryl, alkenyloxyaryl, allyloxyaryl, cyanoaryl, carbamoylaryl, carboxyaryl, alkoxycarbonylaryl, alkylcarbonyloxyaryl, Sulfamoyl, sulfoaryl, sulfamoyl, and nitroaryl. Preferably the group is a heterocyclic ring containing at least one alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cyano, C, O, N, S, sulfo, phosphono, halogen, alkoxy, alkylthiol, aryl, alkenyl Alkylaminoaryl, alkenylaryl, allyloaryl, alkenyloxyaryl, allyloxyaryl, and cyanoaryl groups which are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, .

The catalyst may be at least one NaH molecule, Li, and K. In the latter case, LiH and KH can act as a source of catalyst. Solvents can be organic daily. The solvent may preferably be substantially evaporated at the working temperature of the cell above the boiling point of the solvent. Preferably, the solvent is polar. The solvent may be an aprotic solvent. The polar aprotic solvent is a solvent that shares ionic solubility with protic solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, and ammonia, but lacks acidic hydrogen. These solvents generally have a high dielectric constant and a high polarity. Examples are dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, and hexamethylphosphoramide.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, trioxane, acetylacetaldehyde dimethylacetal, 1,4-benzodioxane, Dimethyl-1, 3-dioxolane, 1,2-dimethoethane, NN-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal, NN-dimethylformamide ethylene acetal, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, Butyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, allyl ethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ether, sec- Dicyclohexyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, 3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran, 2,2'-dimethoxybiphenyl, 1,6-dimethoxyhexane, Methoxy toluene, 2,5-dimethoxy toluene, diphenoxy benzene such as 1,4-diphenoxy benzene, allylphenyl Dibenzyl ether, benzyl phenyl ether, n-butyl phenyl ether, trimethoxytoluene such as 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene, 2,2'-dinaphthyl ether, 2- [2- ) Ethyl] -5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane, 1,3-benzodioxole, veratrol (1,2-dimethoxybenzene), anisole, bis Dione, dibenzodioxine or dibenzo [1,4] dioxine, divinyl ether, crown ethers such as dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, dibenzo-18- crown- , And bis [2- (vinyloxy) ethyl] ether, and 18- crown-6, bis (4- methylphenyl) ether, bis (2- cyanoethyl) ether, bis And at least one ether selected from the group consisting of ethers. In one embodiment comprising Na and a hydrogen source, the ether is an exemplary solvent because Na is somewhat soluble in the ether and stabilizes the sodium ion. These features favor a hydriono reaction. In addition to NaH, K or Li may act as a catalyst in the reaction mixture further comprising an ether solvent.

In one embodiment, the solvent or HSA material comprises a functional group having a high bonding moment, such as CO, C = O, C? N, and CF. The molecules of the solvent or HSA material may have a high dipole moment. Preferably, the solvent or HSA comprises at least one ether, a nitrile, or a halogenated hydrocarbon, preferably a polar fluorinated hydrocarbon, preferably having a very stable bond. Preferably, the fluorocarbon solvent has the formula C _n F _{2n + 2 and} may have a certain degree of H instead of F, or may be aromatic. In another embodiment, the solvent or HSA comprises at least one of the group consisting of fluorinated organic molecules, fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated alkoxy compounds, and fluorinated ethers. Exemplary fluorinated solvents include 1,2-dimethoxy-4-fluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, perfluoroheptane, octafluoronaphthalene, octafluorotoluene, 2H-perfluoro- 11,14-tetramethyl-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaoctadecane, perfluoro-5,8,11,14-tetramethyl-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaocta Decane, perfluoro (tetradecahydrophenanthrene), and perfluoro-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. Exemplary fluorinated HSAs include TEFLON ^™ , Teflon ^™ -PFA, polyvinyl fluoride, PVF, poly (vinylidene fluoride), poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), and perfluoroalkoxy Polymer. Suitable reaction mixtures include octafluoronaphthalene, NaH, and supports such as Ac, TiC, WC, or R-Ni. The reactants may be present in any desired ratio, such as octafluoronaphthalene (45 wt%), NaH (10 wt%), and R-Ni (45 wt%).

Other exemplary solvents are fluorocarbon, such as a solvent having the formula C _n F _{2n + 2} , and may have a certain degree of H instead of F, or may be aromatic. In one embodiment, the fluorinated solvent is selected from the group consisting of perfluoro-methane, perfluoro-ethane, perfluoro-propane, perfluoro-heptane, perfluoro-pentane, perfluoro- -Cyclohexane as well as other straight and branched chain perfluoro-alkanes and partially F-substituted alkanes, bis (difluoromethyl) ether, 1,3-bis (trifluoromethyl) benzene, (Trifluoromethyl) benzene, 2,2 ', 3,3', 4,4 ', 5,5', 6,6'-decafluoro-1,1'-biphenyl, o-difluoro Benzene, m-difluorobenzene, p-difluorobenzene, 4,4'-difluoro-1,1'-biphenyl, 1,1-difluorocyclohexane, 1,1-difluoro Ethane, 1,2-difluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethene, cis-1,2-difluoroethene, trans-1,2-difluoroethene, difluoromethane, 2 - (difluoromethoxy) -1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 2,2-difluoropropane, fluorobenzene, 2-fluoro-1,1'-biophenyl, 4- Fluorohexane, 1-fluorocyclohexene, 1-fluorodecane, fluoroethane, fluoroethene, fluoroheptane, Fluorohexane, fluoromethane, 1-fluoro-2-methoxybenzene, 1-fluoro-3-methoxybenzene, 1-fluoro-4- Fluoromethoxy) benzene, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropane, 1-fluoronaphthalene, 2-fluoronaphthalene, 1-fluorooctane, 1-fluoropentane, Propane, cis-1-fluoropropene, trans-1-fluoropropene, 2-fluoropropene, 3-fluoropropene, 2-fluoropyridine, 3-fluoropyridine, Fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 1-fluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 1-fluoro-4- - (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro Propane, hexafluorobenzene, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butyne, hexa Fluorocyclobutene, hexafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, methylpentafluoroethyl ether, pentafluorobenzene, pentafluoroethane, pentafluoromethoxybenzene, 1 , 1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorotoluene, 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl ) -1,3-butadiene, perfluorobutane, perfluoro-2-butene, perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran, perfluorocyclobutane, perfluorocyclohexane, perfluorocyclohexene, Perfluorodecane, perfluorodecane, perfluorodimethoxymethane, perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane, perfluoroethylethyl ether, perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether , Perfluoroheptane, perfluoro-1-heptane, perfluoro Perfluoro-1-hexene, perfluoroisobutane, perfluoroisobutene, perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluoro-2-methylpentane, perfluoro- Perfluorohexane, perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride, perfluorooxetane, perfluoropentane, perfluoropropane, perfluoropropane, perfluorohexane, perfluorohexane, perfluorohexane, , Perfluoropropyl methyl ether, perfluoropyridine, perfluorotoluene, perfluorotripropylamine, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether, tetrafluoromethane, triflumizole, triflouoperazine, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, 1,3,5-tri Fluorobenzene, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,2-trifluoroethane, trifluoroethene, 2,2,2-trifluoro Trifluoromethyl ether, trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, 1,1,1-trifluoropropane, 3, 4-trifluoromethyl ether, 3,3-trifluoro-1-propyne, trifluropromazine, undecafluorocyclohexane, pentafluorobenzonitrile, trifluoroacetonitrile, (tri (Trifluoromethyl) benzenitrile, trifluoromethyl) benzenitrile, trifluoromethyl) oxirane, and tris (perfluorobutyl) amine. Group and at least one of the derivatives.

In another embodiment, the solvent includes hydrocarbons such as those having straight and branched chain alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and functional groups for aromatics. The hydrocarbon solvent is selected from the group consisting of acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, allylbenzene, allylcyclohexene, allylcyclopentane, anthracene, benz [a] anthracene, benzene, benzo [c] Benzo [b] fluoro, benzo [g] perylene, benzo [c] phenanthrene, benzo [a] fluoroaniline, benzo [ b] triphenylene, 9,9'-nonanthracene, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane, bicyclo [4.1.0] heptane, bicyclo [2,2 , 1] hept-2-ene, 1,1'-bicyclopentyl, 1,1'-binaphthalene, 2,2'-binaphthalene, biphenyl, 1,3-bis (1-methylethenyl) , (Trans) -1,3-butadienylbenzene, 1,3-butadiene, butane, -Butenylbenzene, 3-butenylbenzene, 1-butene-3-yne, butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, (±) , Butylcyclohexane, sec-butyl Butylcyclohexane, 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 5-butyldodecanoic acid, 11-butyldodecanoic acid, 1-tert- methylbenzene, 1-tert-butyl-4-methylbenzene, 1-butylnaphthalene, 2-butylnaphthalene, 5-butylnonane, camphene, Carotene,?,? -Carotene,?,? -Carotene-16-ol, cholestane,? -Carotene, (5α), cholestane, (5β), cyclobutane, cyclobutene, cyclodecane, cyclododecane, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, cis-cyclododecene, trans-cyclododecene, 1,3 Cycloheptadiene, cycloheptadiene, cycloheptane, 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, cycloheptene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, - benzene, cyclohexylbenzene, cyclohexane cyclohexane, cyclononane, 1,4-cyclooctadiene, cis, cis-1,5-cycloocta Cyclooctane, cyclooctane, cyclooctane, cyclopentadecane, 1,3-cyclooctatriene, 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene, cis-cyclooctene, trans- Cyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cyclopentylbenzene, 1,3-decadiene, 1,9-decadiene, cis-decahydronaphthalene, trans-decahydronaphthalene, decane, Decene, 5-decene, 5-decene, decene, decene, decene, decene, decene, trans-2-decene, cis-5-decene, trans- A, e] pyrene, dibenz [a, h] anthracene, dibenz [a, j] anthracene, dibenzo [b, Benzo [a, i] pyrene, dibenzo [a, l] pyrene, o-diethylbenzene, m- diethylbenzene, p- diethylbenzene, 1,1-diethylcyclohexane, Benz [j] asanthrylene, 9,10-dihydro-9,10 [1 ', 2'] -benzenothianthracene, 16,17-dihydro-15H-cyclopenta [a] 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,4-dihydronaphthalene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2,3-dihydro-1 3-phenyl-1H-indene, 1,2-diisopropylbenzene, 1,3-diisopropylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene , 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene, 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3- Butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne, 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane, cis-1,3 Dimethyl cyclohexane, trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene, , 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane, cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane, trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane, cis-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane, trans-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane, , 2-dimethylsilyl Pentene, 1,5-dimethylcyclopentene, 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene, 2,2-dimethylheptane, 2,3- Dimethylheptane, 2,5-dimethylheptane, 2,6-dimethylheptane, 3,3-dimethylheptane, 3,4-dimethylheptane, 3,5-dimethylheptane, Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2,2-dimethylhexane, 2,3-dimethylhexane, 2,4-dimethylhexane, 2,5-dimethylhexane, 3 , 3-dimethylhexane, 3,4-dimethylhexane, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexene, 5,5-dimethyl-1-hexene, 2,3- Hexene, cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexene, trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexene, 1- (1,5- Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene, 2,4-dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane, 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene, 1, 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,7-dimethylnaphthalene, , 8-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene, 2,2- Dimethyloctane, 2,4-dimethyloctane, 2,5-dimethyloctane, 2,6-dimethyloctane, 2,7-dimethyloctane, 3,4-dimethyloctane, 3,6- Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene, trans-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octalene, 3,7-dimethyl- Dimethyl-2,4,6-octalene, trans, trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octalene, 3,7-dimethyl- 1,3-pentadiene, 2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, 3,3-dimethylpentane, 2,3- Pentene, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene, Dimethyl-2-pentene, trans-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene, trans-4,4-dimethyl- Pentene, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyne, 4,4- Dimethyl-2-pentyne, (1,1- dimethylpropyl) benzene, (2,2-dimethylpropyl) benzene, 2,7-dimethylpyrrole, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, trans, trans- 1,3-butadiene, 1,1-diphenylbutane, 1,2-diphenylbutane, 1,4-diphenylbutane, 1,3- Diphenyl ethane, 1,1-diphenylethene, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, di Di (p-tolyl) ethane, o-divinylbenzene, m (meth) acrylate, Dodecane, dodecane, dodecane, dicyclohexane, dodecane, dodecane, dodecane, dodecane, 6-dodecyne, Ethyl cyclohexene, ethyl cyclopentane, 1-ethylcyclopentene, 1-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl (1-ethyl) Benzene, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 3-ethyl- Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane, 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane, 3-ethylheptane, 4-ethylheptane, 3-ethylhexane, ethyl 1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane, 1-ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane, cis-1,4-methylcyclohexane, 1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane, trans-1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane, trans- Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene, 1-ethyl naphthalene, 2-ethylhexyl naphthalene, 2-methyl- Ethyl naphthalene, 3-ethyl octane, 4-ethyl octane, 3-ethyl pentane, Ethylstyrene, 4-ethylstyrene, 2-ethyltoluene, 3-ethyltoluene, 4-ethyltoluene, 1-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,5-trimethylbenzene, fluorene anthane, fulvene, hennaeko Heptadecene, 1-heptadecene, heptadecylbenzene, 1,6-heptadiene, 1,6-heptadine, 2,2,4,4,6,8, Heptene, heptylcyclohexane, heptylcyclopentane, 1-heptyne, 2-heptene, trans-2-heptene, Hexadecene, hexadecene, hexadecylbenzene, 1-hexadecyne, cis-1,3-hexadiene, trans-1,3-hexadiene, cis-1 , Trans-1,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, cis, cis-2,4-hexadiene, trans cis-2,4-hexadiene, Hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene-3-in, 1,5-hexadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, hexaethylbenzene, cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a- Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1S), hexamethylbenzene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetrakoc acid, hexane, hexatriacotan, , 3,5-hexatriene, trans-1,3,5-hexatriene, 1-hexene, cis-2-hexene, Trans-2-hexene, cis-3-hexene, trans-3-hexene, hexylbenzene, hexylchlohexane, hexylcyclopentane, 1-hexylnaphthalene, 1-hexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro Naphthalene, 1-hexyne, 2-hexyne, 3-hexyne, indan, indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene, isobutane, isobutene, isobutylbenzene, isobutylcyclohexane, isobutylcyclopentane, iso Isopropenylbenzene, isopropenylbenzene, p-isopropenylisopropylbenzene, p-isopropenylstyrene, isopropylcyclohexane, 4-isopropylheptane, 1-isopropyl- (R), 1-isopropyl naphthalene, 2-isopropyl naphthalene, 2-isopropyl naphthalene, a] anthracene, 8-methylbenz [a] anthracene, 8-methylbenz [a] anthracene, , 9-methylbenz [a] anthracene, 10-methylbenz [ a] anthracene, 1-methyl-2-benzylbenzene, 1-methyl-4-benzylbenzene, 2-methylbiphenyl, 3-methylbiphenyl, 4- Butene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl- 3-cyclohexadiene, 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, Methyl cyclopentene, 1-methylcyclopentene, 3-methylcyclopentene, 4-methylcyclopentene, 2-methylcyclopentene, 2-methylcyclohexene, Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene, 5-methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene, 5-methylene- Methyl-9H-fluorene, 9-methyl-9H-fluorene, 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, 4-methylheptane , 2-methyl-1-heptene, 6-methyl-1-heptene, Methyl-1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-hexene, 5-methyl-1-hexene, 3-methyl- Hexene, trans-4-methyl-2-hexene, cis-5-methyl-2-hexene, Hexene, trans-2-methyl-3-hexene, trans-3-methyl-3-hexene, trans- Methyl-3-hexyne, cis-1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane, trans-1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane, Methyl-4-methylene-4- (5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl ) Methylene naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnonane, 3-methylnonane, 4-methylnonane, 5-methyl 2-norbornene, 2-methyloctane, 3-methyloctane, 4-methyloctane, 2-methyl-1-octene, 7-methyl- Methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2 Pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl- Pentene, 4-methyl-2-pentene, 4-methyl-2-pentene, (1-methyl-1-propenyl) benzene, trans- (1-methyl-1-propenyl) Methyl-2-propylbenzene, 1-methyl-3-propylbenzene, But are not limited to, methyl undecane, 3-methyl undecane, 1-methyl-4-vinylcyclohexane,? -Myrcene, naphthacene, naphthalene, nonadecane, 1,8-nonadiene, 1-nonene, nonylbenzene, nonylcyclohexane, nonylcyclopentane, 1-nonylnaphthalene, 1-nonyne, octacosane, Octadecene, octadecylbenzene, octadecyclohexane, 1,7-octadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,6, Octahydroindene, octahydroindene, 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,8-octahydrophenanthrene, octane, 1,3,5,7-octatetraene, 1- Octene, oct-2-octene, cis-3-octene, trans-3-octene, cis-4-octene, trans- , 1-octene, 2-octene, 3-octene, 4-octene, 1,3-pentadiene, pentaethylbenzene, pentamethylbenzene, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, 2,2 , 4,6,6-pentamethyl-3-heptene, 2,2,3,3,4-pentamethylpentane, 2,2,3,4,4-pentamethylpentane, pentane, 1-pentene, 1-pentene, 1-pentene, cis-2-pentene, 1-pentene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, perylene,? -Pellandrene,? -Phelane, Phenyl-1-butene, 1-phenyl-1H-indene, 1-phenylnaphthalene, 2-phenylnaphthalene, 5 Phenyl-1,1 ': 3', 1 "-terphenyl, picene, propane, propene, cis-1-propenylbenzene, trans- Propane naphthalene, pyrene, 1,1 ': 4', 1 ": 4", 1 "" -quaterphenyl, spiro [5.5] undecane, squalene, cis-stilbene, trans -Styrene, styrene, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl,? -Terpinene,? -Terpinene, tetracholanic acid, tetradecahydrophenanthrene, tetradecane, tetradecylbenzene, Tetrahydro-1, 5-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methylnaphthalene, 1, , 2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-methylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene , 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2, 3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclohexane, 1,1,3 , 3-tetramethylcyclopentane, 1,1,2,2-tetramethylcyclopropane, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylhexane, 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane, 3,3,4 , 4-tetramethylhexane, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane, 2,2,3,4-tetramethylpentane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane, 2,3,3,4 -Tetramethylpentane, 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane, 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene, tetraphenylmethane , 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene, triacotan, tricoic acid, tricyclo [3.3.1 ³ ' ⁷ ] decane, tridecane, 1-tridecene, tridecylbenzene, tridecylclohexane , 1-tridecyne, 1,2,3-triethylbenzene, 1,2,4-triethylbenzene, 1,3,5-triethylbenzene, 1,2,4-triisopropyl Benzene, 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [ 2.2.1] heptane, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-ene, 2,2,3-trimethylbutane, 2,3,3-trimethyl- , 2-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,1,3-trimethylcyclopentane, 1α, 2α, 4β-1,2,4-trimethylcyclopentane, 2,2,6-trimethylheptane, 2,5,5- , 3,3,5-trimethylheptane, 3,4,5-trimethylheptane, 2,2,3-trimethylhexane, 2,2,4-trimethylhexane, 2,3,3-trimethylpentane, 4-trimethylpentene, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentene, 1,1,2-triphenylethane , 1,1,2-triphenylethene, triphenylmethane, trytriacotane, 1,10-undecadiene, undecane, 1-undecane, cis-2-undecane, Cis-4-undecane, trans-4-undecane, cis-5-undecane, trans-5-undecane, undecylbenzene, Vinyl cyclohexane, vinyl cyclohexane, vinyl cyclopentane, 6-vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-1- (1-methylethylidene) cyclohexene, (S ), At least one or a derivative from the group consisting of 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinyl-5-norbornene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene.

In another embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of tributylamine, triethylamine, triisopropylamine, N, N-dimethylaniline, tris (N, N-dimethylaniline), allyldiethylamine, allyldimethylamine, Amines such as quinoline, bis [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] methane, 4,4'-bis- (dimethylamino) triphenylmethane, butyldimethylamine; Alkanes such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, dipentene, methylcyclohexane, 2-methylpentane, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), pinene, styrene, terpinene, And hydrocarbon solvents of alkyne; (1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene), mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene ), Propylbenzene, pseudocumene (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene), naphthalene, decalin (cis and trans decahydronaphthalene), tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) Furan, 2,5-diphenyl furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, acridine, 1,2-dimethylindole, 9,9'- , 2,6-lutidine (2,6-dimethylpyridine), 2-picoline (2-methylpyridine), and the like; And nitriles such as acetonitrile and propanenitrile. In one embodiment, the amino group is attached to an aryl. Suitable amino solvents include N, N-dimethylaniline analogs such as N-benzyl-N-ethyl aniline, preferably alkylsulfonylated with aryl alkyls such as 1,3,5-tris- (N, N- dimethylamino) Lt; / RTI >

In another embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), hexamethylphosphoramide HMPA), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, acetone, dimethylacetone-1,3-dicarboxylate, 3'4'-dimethylacetophenone, dimethylmethylphosphonate , Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, hexamethylphosphorus triamide, tributylphosphite, tributylborate, triethylborate, tri-n-butylborate, triphenylboron, triethylphosphite, triethylphosphine, tri -n-butylphosphine, trimethylborate, trimethyleneborate, trimethylphosphite, triphenylphosphite, tris (phenyl) phosphine; Organic metals such as ferrocene, nickelocene; But are not limited to, organometallic, dimethyl selenium, dimethyl telluride, tetraethyl lead, ethyl trimethyl lead, tetra-n-butyl lead, phenylthiobenzene, and diphenyl selenide, trimethylstibene, tetra- Tetrabutyl titanate, tributyl aluminate, tributyl aluminum, triethyl stibine, trimethyl arsine, trimethyl indium, and triphenyl stibine; Alkyl sulfides such as diethyl sulfide and bis (phenyl) sulfide; Alkyl selenides such as diethyl selenide; Alkyltellurides such as diethylstilide; Diethyl sulfoxide, allyl ethyl ether, aluminum ethanolate, aluminum ethoxide, aluminum sec-butoxide, trimethyl borate, triethyl borate, tripropyl borate, tributyl borate, trihexyl borate, triphenyl stibine, 1,3 Benzothiazole, benzooxazole, N-benzyl-N-ethyl aniline, benzyl ethyl ether, benzyl methyl ether, benzyl phenyl ether Bis (4-methylphenyl) sulfide, bis (4-methylphenyl) sulfide, bis Bis (2-butoxyethoxy) -2-propanol, 1-butoxy-4, Butyl ethyl ether, t-butyl ethyl ether, butyl ethyl sulfide, t-butyl ethyl sulfide, t-butyl ethyl sulfide, Butyl isobutyl ether, t-butyl isopropyl ether, 1-t-butyl-4-methoxybenzene, butyl methyl ether, sec-butyl methyl ether, butyl phenyl ether, Butyl ether, t-butyl vinyl ether, dibenzyl ether, 1,4-dibutoxybenzene, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, dibutoxymethane, dibutyl ether, di-sec- Di-tert-butyl ether, dicyclomine hydrochloride, diethyl ether, dicyclopentyl ether, 1,2-diethoxybenzene, 1,4-diethoxybenzene, 1,1-diethoxy-N, N Diethoxyethane, 1,1-diethoxyethane, diethoxymethane, 2- (diethoxymethyl) furan, 1,1-diethoxypentane, 1,1-diethoxypropane, Diethoxypropane, 3,3-diethoxy-1-propene, 3,3-diethoxy-1-propyne, N, N-diethylaniline, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol Diethyl ether Diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, diethyltelluride, difurfuryl ether, diheptyl ether, dihexyl ether, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran, 2,5-dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran, 2,3-dihydro- Dioxin, 3,6-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran, 4,5-dihydro-2-methylthiazole, 3,4- Dihydro-2H-pyran, diisopentyl ether, diisopropyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, , 8-dimethoxyfuro [2,3-b] quinoline, dimethoxymethane, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene, 1,3-dimethoxy- Dimethyl-1H-indole, dimethyl-selenide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxepane, 1,3-dioxolane , 1,2-diphenoxyethane, diphenyl selenide, 1,2-dipropoxyethane, Propyl methane, dipropyl ether, divinyl ether, divinyl sulfide, 3-ethoxy-N, N-diethylaniline, 2-ethoxy-3,4-dihydro- Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene, 1-methyl-4- (phenylthio) benzene, methyltriethoxysilane, (IV) n-butoxide, tetrapropyl titanate, tributyl aluminate, tributyl aluminum, tributyl (2-ethylhexyl) Borate, tributylphosphite, 1,3,5-triethoxybenzene, triethylborate, triethylphosphine, triethylphosphite, triethylstibine, trimethylindium, trimethylphosphite, trimethylstibene, triphenyl Stibine, N- (1-cyclopenten-1-yl) pyrrolidine, cyclopentylmethylsulfide, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, Dibenzofuran, benzo [b] thiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzyl sulfide, N, N-dibutyl aniline, 2, Di-tert-butylpyridine, dibutyl sulfide, di-sec-butyl sulfide, di-tert-butyl sulfide, N, N-diethyl-1-naphthaleneamine, N, N-diethyl-10H-phenothiazine- a-phenylbenzene methane amine, diethyl sulfide, diheptyl sulfide, dihexyl sulfide, 2,3-dihydrofuran, 2,5-dihydrofuran, 2,3-dihydro- Dihydrothiophene, 2,5-dihydrothiophene, diisobutylsulfide, diisopentylsulfide, diisopropylsulfide, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene, 4 Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole, 4,4'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl, 1,1-dimethoxydodecane, (2,2- Ethyl) benzene, 1,1-dimethoxyhexadecane, 1,2-di Dimethoxy-4- (1-propenyl) benzene, 4,5-dimethoxy-6- (dimethylaminostyryl) benzothiazole, 2,6-dimethyl anisole, 3,5-dimethyl anisole, 2,5-dimethyl benzoxazole, Benzyl-N'-2-pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine, 4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, dimethyldecylamine, dimethyl ether, (1,1-dimethylethoxy) N, N-dimethyl-2-naphthylamine, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 1,4- Dimethylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylpiperidine, N, N-dimethyl-1-propanamine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, Pyridine, N, N-dimethyl-4-pyridineamine, 2,3-dimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,5-dimethylpyridine, 2 , 6-dimethylpyridine, 3,4-dimethylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, 1 Dimethylpyrrolidone, 2,4-dimethylquinoline, 2,6-dimethylquinoline, 2,7-dimethylquinoline, 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline, dimethylsulfide, dimethyltelluride, 2,5- Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,7-dimethylthianthrene, 2,4-dimethylthiazole, 4,5-dimethylthiazole, 2,3-dimethylthiophene, 2,4- Dimethylthiophene, 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine, dinonyl ether, dioctyl ether, dioctyl sulfide, dipentyl ether, dipentyl (4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl) benzene, di (3,3-diphenylpropyl) piperidine, Phenyl sulfide, N, N-dipropyl aniline, dipropyl sulfide, 1,3-dithiane, 1,4-dithiane, 1,3-dithiolane, 1-dodecylpiperidine, Ethoxy naphthalene, 2-ethoxy naphthalene, 2-ethoxy naphthalene, 2-ethoxy naphthalene, 2-ethoxy naphthalene, -1H-benzimidazole, 9-ethyl- Ethylhexyl ether, 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole, ethyl isopentyl ether, ethyl isopropyl ether, N-methylpyrrolidone, N- Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene, N-ethyl-N-methylaniline, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole Ethyl-2-methylpyridine, 4-ethyl-2-methylpyridine, ethylmethylsulfuric acid, Ethyl propyl ether, 2- (1-ethylpropyl) pyridine, 4- (1-ethylpropyl) pyridine, ethyl propyl sulfide, 2-ethyl pyrazine, 2 (Ethylthio) benzene, ethyl thiocyanate, 1- (ethylthio) -4-methylpyridine Benzene, 2-ethylthiophene, ethyl vinyl ether, hexabutyldistarnose , Hexadecyldimethylamine, hexadecylvinylether, 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydropyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrimidine, hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl- , Isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, Methoxy-1,1'-biphenyl, 4-methoxy-1,1'-biphenyl, 1-methoxy-1,3-butadiene, 2- Methoxy-1-butene-3-in, methoxycyclohexane, (2-methoxyethoxy) ethene, 2- (2-methoxyethyl) (Methoxymethyl) furan, 1-methoxynaphthalene, 2-methoxynaphthalene, trans-2-methoxyphenyl, Propene, trans-1-methoxy-4- (1-propenyl) benzene, 2-methoxy- benzene, (2-methoxyphenyl) benzene, 1-methoxy-4-propylbenzene, 2- methoxypyridine, 3- methoxypyridine, 3- methoxypyridine, Benzene, benzene, 2-methylbenzothiazole, 2-methylbenzoxazole, 4-methylbenzothiazole, 4-methylbenzylamine, Methyl-N, N-bis (4-methylphenyl) aniline, [(3- methylbutoxy) methyl] benzene, 1- [2- (3-methylbutoxy) -2- phenylethyl] pyrrolidine, methyl-N, N-dimethylaniline, 3-methyl-9H-carbazole, 9-methyl-9H-carbazole, Methyl-1, 3-dioxolane, methyldiphenylamine, 1- (1-methylethoxy) butane, 2-methyl- 1-methylimidazole, 1-methyl-1H-indole (hereinafter referred to as 1-methyl-1-methylimidazolyl) , 1-methylisoquinoline, 3-methylisoquinoline, 4-methylisoxazole, 5-methyliso 4-methyloxazole, 5-methyloxazole, 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, 3- (4-methyl 3-pentenyl) furan, methylpentyl ether, methylpentyl sulfide, methyl tert-pentyl sulfide, 10-methyl-1OH-phenothiazine, N-methyl- Methyl-5-phenylpyridine, 1-methylpiperidine, 4- (2-methylpropenyl) morpholine, methylpropyl ether, 1-methyl- 2-propylpiperidine, (S), methylpropyl sulfide, N-methyl-N-2-propinylbenzene methanamine, 2-methylpyrazine, Methylpyrrolidone, 3- (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine, (2-methylpyrimidine) Methyl quinoline, 8-methyl quinoline, 2-methyl quinoxaline, 2-methyl quinoline, 3-methyl quinoline, 5-methyl quinoline, [(Methylthio) methyl] benzene, 2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, - (methylthio) -1-propene, methistissin, 2- (4-morpholinothio) benzothiazole, myristidine, 1,5-naphthyridine, 1,6-naphthyridine, Phenyl ether, or a derivative thereof such as phenadrine, papaverine, 2- (3-pentenyl) pyridine, ferrazine, phenanthridine, 1,7-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline, Phenyl-N-benzylbenzenemethanamine, 2- (2-phenylethyl) pyridine, 2-phenylfuran, 1-phenyl- Imidazole, 4-phenylmorpholine, 1-phenylpiperidine, phenylpropyl ether, 4- (3-phenylpropyl) pyridine, 2-phenylpyridine, 3-phenylpyridine, Phenylpyrrolidine, 2-phenylquinoline, phenylvinyl ether, fiprotal, promazin, promethazine, trans-5- (1- (Propylthio) benzene, propylvinyl ether, 4H-pyran, pyranthrone, 4,4'-bipyridyl, But are not limited to, amines such as pyridine, pyridine, pyridine, pyridine, pyridine, pyridine, quinazoline, safol, 2,2 ': 6', 2 " N, N ', N'-tetraethyl-1,2-ethanediamine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, ), 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylbenzofuran, cis-tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-methoxy- Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-triphenyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-6- N, N, N ', N ' -tetramethyl-1-ene, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, , 4-benzenediamine, N, N, N ', N'-tetra Methyl- [1,1'-biphenyl] -4,4'-diamine, N, N, N ', N'-tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamine, N, N, N' Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N, N, N ', N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, Thiazole, thiepane, thiethylferrazine, thioridazine, 9H-thioxanthene, tipepidine, tributylamine, 1,1,1-triethoxyethane, triethoxymethane, 1,1 , Triethoxypropane, triethylaluminum, triethylamine, triethylarsine, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triphenmorph, trihexylamine, trihexylborate, triisobutylaluminate, triisobutylaluminum , Triisobutylamine, triisopentylamine, triisopropoxymethane, triisopropylborate, triisopropylphosphite, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, trimethoxyboroxine, 1,1,1 - trimethoxyethane, trimethoxy methane, trimethyl Aluminum, trimethylamine, trimethylarsine, trimethylborane, trimethylborate, 1,2,4-trimethylpiperazine, trimethylpyrazine, 2,3,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, N, N, 2-trimethyl-6-quinolineamine, triphenylarsine, triphenylphosphite, 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, tri (Ethylthio) methane, tris (2-methylphenyl) phosphine, tris (3-methylphenyl) phosphine, tris -Methylphenyl) phosphine, tris (4-methylphenyl) phosphine, 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridinyl) -1,3,5-thiazine, tris (o-tolyl) phosphite, 2-methoxybenzene, 1-vinyl-3-methoxybenzene, 1-vinyl-4-methoxybenzene, 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine , 4-vinylpyridine, 9H-xanthene, dibenzofuran, 3,4-di Benzylpyridine, 4-benzylpyridine, 1-benzyl-1 H-pyrrole, 2-benzylpiperidine, (Benzylthio) benzene, 2,2'-bipyridine, 2,3'-bipyridine, 2,4'-bipyridine, 3,3'-bipyridine, 4,4'- Butylmethylsulfide, 4-butylmorpholine, 4-t-butylpyridine, 2-butyl (1-methyl-4-piperidyl) propane, For example, a silane, a disilane, a siloxane, and a silane-based solvent, such as, for example, thiophene, coumarin, cyclolin, 4- (3-cyclohexen-1-yl) pyridine, cyclohexyldiethylamine, cyclohexyldimethylamine, disil dioxane, preferably hexamethyl disil _{dioxane, (CH 3) 3 SiOCH 2} CH 2 CH 3 and _{(CH 3) 2 Si (OCHCH} 2 CH 3) 2, halogenated silane, siloxane, and disil dioxane, preferably Are fluorinated, and ionic liquids such as imidazolium and alkyl imidazolium salts, preferably < RTI ID = 0.0 > Methyl imidazolium chloride, and other similar compounds. Further fluoro solvents or sources thereof include tetrafluorosilane, hexafluorodisilane, Si _n F _{2n + 2} such as Si ₁₆ F ₃₄ , M ₂ SiF _{6 where} M is an alkali metal such as Na ₂ SiF ₆ and K ₂ SiF ₆ , MSiF _{6 where} M is an alkaline earth metal such as MgSiF ₆ , GaF ₃ , PF ₅ , and MPF _{6, where} M is an alkali metal.

The solvent may comprise a polymer. The polymer solvent can provide a low vapor pressure at the working temperature of the cell, preferably the polymer is liquid at the working temperature of the cell. One such polymeric solvent is polypropylene glycol or polypropylene oxide.

Other solvents are solvents known in the art that have the property of solubilizing NaH molecules. The mixture of solvents may be in a molar ratio. Suitable solvents are toluene, naphthalene, hexafluorobenzene, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, trioxane, 1,4-benzodioxane, 1,2- dimethoethane, and N, Aniline, bis (phenyl) ether, 1,4-dioxin, dibenzodioxin or dibenzo [1,4] dioxin, and divinyl ether groups.

In one embodiment comprising a liquid solvent, the catalyst NaH is at least one component of the reaction mixture and is formed from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is NaH, Na, NH _3, NaNH _2, Na ₂ NH, Na ₃ N, H ₂ O, NaOH, NaX (X is an anion, preferably a halide Im), NaBH _4, NaAlH _4, Ni, Pt Ni, HSA support, getter, dispersant, hydrogen source such as H ₂ , and hydrogen dissociator doped with Na species such as black, Pd black, R-Ni, at least one Na, NaOH, And at least one of the groups. Preferably, the support does not form oxides with components of a mixture of solvents such as NaOH and an ether, preferably BDO. In this case, the support may be at least one noble metal such as Pt, Pd, Au, Ir, and Rh or a supported noble metal such as Pt or Pd (Pt or Pd / Ti) on titanium.

Exemplary reaction mixtures include a NaH or NaH source, at least one high surface area nickel powder, a high surface area cobalt powder, and a rare earth metal powder, preferably La, and an ether solvent, preferably 1,4-benzodioxane (BDO ).

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH + solvent + support, wherein (1) the support comprises reduced high surface area Ni powder, La powder, and carbon such as nanotubes, preferably single wall graphite, Such as carbon, carbon or fluorinated carbon with other metals such as diamond-like carbon (D1C), hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HDLC), diamond powder, graphitic carbon, vitreous carbon, and Pd or Pt / At least one support selected from dopants, preferably fluorinated graphite or fluorinated diamonds; And (2) the solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethers such as 1,4-dibenzodioxane (BDO), dimethoethane (DME), 1,4-dioxane and biphenyl ether, N, N-dimethylaniline Perfluorinated alkanes or aryls such as hexafluorobenzene, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), protic amine, and toluene. In another embodiment, at least one Na, K, KH, Li, and LiH substitute NaH. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises Na, NaH, NaF, a solvent, preferably a fluorinated carbon-based solvent, and a species selected from the HSA material such as carbon, preferably a single walled nanotube.

Suitable reaction mixtures include (1) mesoporous carbon or equivalent carbide doped with NaH, hexafluorobenzene, and at least one single-walled nanotube, Pr powder, activated carbon, and Al, La, Y, (2) NaH or KH, 1,4-dibenzodioxane (BDO), and at least one La powder, Nd powder, and carbides of Al, La, Y and Ni, (3) NaH, dioxane, and Co or Nd powder, (4) NaH, NaOH, BDO, and Teflon powder. The percentages by weight are arbitrary proportions, preferably they are about equivalent. In another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises Na, NaH, a solvent, preferably an ether solvent, and a species selected from HSA materials such as metals, preferably rare earths. Suitable reaction mixtures include NaH, 1,4-dibenzodioxane (BDO), and La. The weight percentages can be any percentages, and preferably they are each about 10/45/45 weight percent. As another exemplary power cell embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises NaH, R-Ni or high surface area Ni powder, and an ether solvent. As a particular chemical cell embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises a hydrinohydride ion and a getter for the molecular hydrinos, such as an alkali halide, preferably a sodium halide, such as at least one NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI.

In one embodiment, the solvent contains a halogen functionality, preferably fluorine. Suitable reaction mixtures include at least one hexafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene added to a catalyst such as NaH and mixed with a support such as activated carbon, fluoropolymer or R-Ni. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least one species selected from the group consisting of Na, NaH, a solvent, preferably a fluorinated solvent, and an HSA material. The HSA material comprises at least one metal or an alloy coated with carbon, at least one Co, Ni, Fe, Mn with preferably 1 to 10 carbon layers and more preferably 3 layers according to methods known to those skilled in the art , And other transition metal powders, preferably nano powder; Metal or carbon coated alloys, preferably nano powders, such as transition metals, preferably at least one Ni, Co, and Mn coated carbon, and fluorides, preferably metal fluorides. Preferably, the metal may be coated by a non-reactive layer of fluoride, such as steel, nickel, copper or monel metal. The coated metal may be a powder having a high surface area. Another suitable metal is a rare earth such as La having a fluoride coating that may include LaF _x , such as LaF ₃ . In certain embodiments, the metal fluoride is more stable than MF, where M is a catalyst or a catalyst source such as Li, Na, and K. In another embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises a fluoride, such as a metal fluoride. The fluoride may comprise a metal of a catalyst such as NaF, KF and LiF and may be a transition metal, a noble metal, an intermetallic, a rare earth, a lanthanide, preferably La or Gd, and an actinide metal, Al Ta, Sn, Pb, a metal, B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, an alkali metal, and an alkaline earth metal. The fluoride may comprise an HSA material as well as a getter. In one embodiment, the metal may comprise an alloy such as LaNi ₅ and Ni-Y alloys or preferably carbide which is inorganic fluoride-forming resistant.

Fluorinated solvents suitable for the regeneration is CF _4. A suitable support or HSA material for a fluorinated solvent with an NaH catalyst is NaF. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture includes at least NaH, CF _4, and NaF. Other fluorine-based supports or getters include M ₂ SiF ₆ , where M is an alkali metal, such as Na ₂ SiF ₆ and K ₂ SiF ₆ , MSiF _{6 where} M is an alkaline earth metal, such as MgSiF ₆ , _{GaF 3, PF 5, MPF 6} ( wherein M is an alkali metal Im), MHF ₂ (where M is an alkali metal Im), for example, NaHF ₂ and _{KHF 2, K 2 TaF 7,} KBF 4, K 2 MnF 6, and K ₂ ZrF ₆ , and other similar compounds may be expected to have other alkali or alkaline earth metal substitution, such as one of Li, Na, or K, as the alkali metal.

In one embodiment, the solvent comprises fluorine and at least one other element, and at least one other elemental fluoride is thermodynamically or mechanically stable to the NaH reaction and is preferably in the range of from 200 < 0 > C to 700 & It can be a liquid at a cell operating temperature. The other element may be Si, Te, Se, or Sb. The solvent is Si _x F _y , where x and y are integers. In another embodiment, the solvent chemistry with NaH or other reactants of the reaction mixture is a reversible chemistry, preferably by a reversible reaction of NaF and H ₂ , to produce a fluorinated solvent comprising carbon and NaH. In one embodiment comprising NaH and a fluorinated solvent, H ₂ is fed to the fluorinated solvent reaction such that NaH is less reactive than Na for CF bonds and H ₂ reduces the amount of Na.

In one embodiment, at least one fluorinated solvent and HSA material is protected from attack to form NaF. The fluorocarbon is stable to strong bases, and in one embodiment, the source of the NaH catalyst is a strong base. Source may be at least one of Na, NaH, NaNH _2, NH _3, NaOH, Na ₂ O, and a hydrogen source, for example, at least one hydride and H ₂ and the decomposition products. Exemplary reactions for forming catalytic NaH and some regenerating materials are represented by the following reaction formulas (158-161), (168), and (177-183). The cycle of NaOH forming the NaH catalyst is represented by the reaction formula (158-161). The reaction shown in Reaction (158) can limit the amount of Na reacting with the fluorocarbon solvent. A reducing agent may be added to the reaction mixture having NaOH to obtain an oxide of NaH and a reducing agent. The reactants can be regenerated by the reduction of the oxide with hydrogen, which can also afford NaOH. Hydrogen can be dissociated by dissociation. The reducing agent may be a metal having a corresponding oxide that can be reduced by hydrogen, such as Cr, Fe, Sn, and Zn. Alternatively, oxides such as ZnO can be reduced to metal by heating to a high temperature, such as 1750 ° C. In another embodiment, the fluorinated solvent comprises at least one ether, preferably dibenzodioxine, dibenzo-1,4-dioxane, dioxane, and dimethoxyethane, and hydrocarbons such as at least one toluene, Such as xylene, benzene, naphthalene, naphthacene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorene, and pyrene. The support may be a metal, preferably at least one of La, Pr, Co, and Nd.

Suitable reaction mixtures comprise a support comprising NaH or a source of NaH, a solvent, preferably fluorocarbon such as CF ₄ , hexafluorobenzene (HFB), or perfluoroheptane, a support, preferably carbon and metal, ≪ / RTI > The carbon preferably comprises activated carbon (AC), but may also include other forms such as glassy carbon, coke, graphitic carbon, and carbon with dissociation metals such as Pt or Pd, wherein the weight percent is 0.1 To 5% by weight. The metal may be in the form of at least one metal powder, hydride, or carbide, and may be, for example, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, preferably Mg as MgH ₂ , Al or a metal such as Al ₄ C ₃ , Such as La, a metal or an alloy, preferably at least one Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, and preferably 1 to 10 carbon layers and still more preferably 3 layers Carbon coated nano powder, and metal or alloy coated carbon, preferably nanopowder such as transition metal, preferably at least one Ni, Co, and Mn coated carbon. The metal may be intercalated with carbon. If the intercalated metal is Na and the catalyst is NaH, preferably the Na intercalating is saturated. (1) NaH (14 wt%), HFB (14 wt%), AC (58 wt%), and MgH ₂ (14 wt%); (2) NaH (14 wt%), HFB (14 wt%), AC (58 wt%), and Al (14 wt%); (3) NaH (14 wt%), HFB (14 wt%), AC (58 wt%), and Al ₄ C ₃ (14 wt%); (4) NaH (14 wt%), HFB (14 wt%), AC (58 wt%), and carbon-coated Co nanopowder (14 wt%); (5) NaH (14 wt%), HFB (14 wt%), AC (58 wt%), and La (14 wt%). In another embodiment, the AC (activated carbon) is replaced by a mesoporous carbon, and in other cases the solvent may be increased by 2 to 3 times for the other reactants. In another embodiment, another catalyst such as K or Li replaces the NaH catalyst.

In one general embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a component referred to as a protecting or blocking agent that at least partially inhibits one component of the mixture and the undesirable reaction of the other components. Preferably, the protecting or blocking agent is non-reactive with the solvent or support. Strong bases are unreactive to fluorocarbons, while Na is reactive. Thus, in one embodiment, at least one of H ₂ , NaOH, NaNH _2, and NH ₃ is added to the reaction mixture with a blocking agent that reacts with Na formed during the reaction to form a hydrino, which reacts with a support such as a fluorocarbon support Do not. Exemplary reaction mixtures include NaH; At least one blocking agent, such as _{NaOH, NaNH 2, NH 3,} H 2; At least one solvent such as BDO, crown ether, polypropylene oxide, CF ₄ and HFB, and a support comprising at least fluorocarbon, such as Teflon powder. Exemplary protectants are hydride and carbide. The protected reactant may be a metal support. The reaction may include a metal hydride such as NaH, and an ether solvent such as BDO, and a rare earth metal hydride, or a carbide such as at least one Al, rare earth, and transition metal carbide.

In a second general embodiment, the reaction mixture is substantially stable for a long time during the reaction in the components rather than forming the hydrino. Preferably, the solvent, such as a polar solvent, is non-reactive with the catalyst or support. For example, the ether solvent is unreactive at suitably low reaction temperatures such as less than 350 < 0 > C for the catalyst feed NaH, fluorocarbon support, or rare earth powder, hydride or carbide. Thus, exemplary reaction mixtures include ether solvents such as NaH, BDO, dioxane, or crown ethers, and rare-metal powder supports such as La powders. Other supports include the alloy to withstand the reaction solvent and the like LaNi _5.

In a third general embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a reactant which, among the components, forms a hydrino in high yield as a side reaction. The reactants can be regenerated in another cycle to form hydrino. Exemplary reaction mixture is NaH, CF _4, and a support such as carbon solvent and at least one Teflon fluoro, fluorinated graphite, activated carbon, graphene, and mesoporous carbon and at least one of Al, such as 1a, Co, Ni , Mn, Y, and Fe powders and carbides thereof. Preferably, the metal and the carbide comprise a mixture such as one of Ni, Co, Mn. The metal carbide may be in any proportion by weight. Preferably, the composition and weight percentages are about 20 to 25% Ni, 60 to 70% Co, and 5 to 15% Mn. Alternatively, the metal and carbide comprise a mixture with other elements such as one of Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, S, and Ca. The metals and carbides and other elements may be present in any weight percentages. Preferably, the composition and weight percentages are about 20 5% Ni, 65 5% Co, 10 5% Mn, 1 5% Fe, 1% ± 2 S, and 0.5 ± 2% Ca. In another embodiment, the carbon support comprises at least one carbonaceous material that forms thermodynamically less stable fluorides than NaF, such as activated carbon or mesoporous carbon and high surface area carbon and nickel, iron, iridium, vanadium, lead, molybdenum, and tungsten. Metal.

Other embodiments include reaction mixtures comprising any combination of these three general embodiments, other reaction strategies, or any combination of the routes.

In one embodiment, the source or sources providing the catalyst and atomic hydrogen include at least one amide such as LiNH ₂ , an imide such as Li ₂ NH, a nitride such as Li ₃ N, and a catalytic metal having NH ₃ do. The reaction of these species provides Li atoms and atomic hydrogen. Additionally, K, Cs, and Na can replace Li, and the catalyst is atom K, atom Cs, and molecular NaH. In another embodiment of the reaction mixture comprising a liquid solvent, the catalyst is Li. The reaction mixture is Li, LiNH _2, Li ₂ NH, Li ₃ N, LiNO _3, LiX, NH ₄ X (X is an anion, preferably a halide Im), NH _3, R-Ni, HS support, a getter, a dispersing agent, A hydrogen source such as H ₂ , and a species of the hydrogen dissociation group.

b. Inorganic solvent

In another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least one inorganic solvent. The solvent may further comprise a molten inorganic compound such as a molten salt. The inorganic solvent may be molten NaOH. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a catalyst, a hydrogen source, and an inorganic solvent for the catalyst. The catalyst may be at least one NaH molecule, Li, and K. The solvent may be at least one molten or fused salt or eutectic, such as at least one molten salt of the alkali halide and alkaline earth halide groups. The inorganic solvent of the NaH catalytic reaction mixture may comprise a low melting point europium of a mixture of alkali halides such as NaCl and KCl. The solvent is selected from the group consisting of compounds of the same type such as low melting point salts, preferably Na salts, such as at least one NaI (660 ° C), NaAlCl ₄ (160 ° C), NaAlF _4, and NaMX ₄ , Is a halide having a more stable metal halide than NaX). The reaction mixture may further comprise a support such as R-Ni.

The inorganic solvent of the Li catalytic reaction mixture may comprise a low melting point europium of a mixture of alkali halides such as LiCl and KCl. The molten salt solvent may comprise a stable fluorine-based solvent for NaH. The melting point of LaF ₃ is 1493 ° C and the melting point of NaF is 996 ° C. Optionally, the ball milled mixture in an appropriate ratio with other fluorides comprises a stable fluoride-salt solvent for NaH and is preferably melted in the range of 600 ° C-700 ° C. Molten salts As a specific example, the reaction mixture is a NaH + salt mixture such as NaF-KF-LiF (11.5-42.0-46.5) MP = 454 ° C or NaF such as LiF-KF (52% -48%) MP = + Salt mixture.

V. Regeneration System and Reaction

A schematic diagram of a system for recycling or regenerating fuel in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. In one embodiment, the by-product of the hydrino reaction comprises a metal halide MX, preferably NaX or KX. Accordingly, the fuel recirculator 18 (FIG. 2) includes a separator 21 for separating inorganic compounds such as NaX from the support. In one embodiment, the separator or components thereof include a shifter or cyclone separator 22 that performs separation based on the density difference of the species. The other separator or component thereof comprises a magnetic separator 23, wherein the magnetic particles, such as nickel or iron, are removed by a magnet and a non-magnetic material such as MX flows through the separator. In another embodiment, the separator or component thereof includes a component solvent solubilization or suspension system (24) comprising a component solvent (25) that dissolves or suspends at least one component to a greater extent than other components that can be separated. And may further include a compound recovery system 26, such as a solvent evaporator 27 and a compound collector 28. Alternatively, the recovery system includes a precipitator 29 and a compound drier and collector 30. In one embodiment, the waste heat from the turbine 14 and the water condenser 16 shown in Figure 2 is used to heat at least one of the evaporator 27 and the dryer 30 (Figure 4). The heat for any of the stages of the recirculator 18 may include waste heat.

The fuel recirculator 18 (Figure 2) further comprises an electrolyzer 31 for electrolysis of the recovered MX into metal and halogen gases or other halogenated or halide products. In one embodiment, the electrolysis occurs in the power furnace 36, preferably from a melt such as a eutectic melt. The electrolytic gas and the metal product are separately collected in the highly volatile gas collector 32 and the metal collector 33, which may additionally comprise metal steel or separator 34, respectively, in the case of a mixture of metals. If the initiating reactant is a hydride, then the metal can be pressurized to a pressure below the atmospheric pressure, higher and higher than the cell 36, the metal and hydride inlet and outlet 37, the hydrogen gas inlet 38, The hydrogen gas is supplied to the hydrogenation reactor 35 including the hydrogen gas supply source 39, the hydrogen gas supply source 40, the gas outlet 41 and its valve 42, the pump 43, the heater 44 and the pressure and temperature gauge 45 ≪ / RTI > In one embodiment, the hydrogen source 40 comprises an aqueous electrolytic cell with hydrogen and an oxygen gas separator. The separated metal product can be passed through a cell 47 where the pressure can be below, above and below atmospheric pressure, an inlet for carbon and an outlet for hydrogenated product 48, an inlet 49 for fluorine gas and its valve 50, Is at least partially halogenated in a halogenation reactor 46 comprising a source 51, a water outlet 52 and its valve 53, a pump 54, a heater 55, and a pressure and temperature gauge 56. Preferably, the reactor also contains a catalyst and other reactants to render the metal (57) as the desired oxidation state and stoichiometric halide. At least two of the metal or metal hydride, metal halide, support, and other initiating reactants are recycled to the boiler 10 after being mixed in a mixer 58 for another power-generating cycle.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, Mg, MgI ₂ , and a support, activated carbon, WC or TiC. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with MnI ₂ as follows:

KI and MgI ₂ can be electrolyzed from the molten salt to I ₂ , K, and Mg. The melt electrolysis can be performed using a Downs cell or a modified Downsell cell. Mn can be separated using a mechanical separator and an arbitrary sheave. Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂ can be separated by melting and by separation of the solid and liquid phases. The iodide for electrolysis may be due to the cleaning of the reaction product with a suitable solvent such as deoxygenated water. The solution may be filtered to remove supports such as AC and optionally transition metal. The solids can be centrifuged and dried, preferably using waste heat from a power system. Alternatively, the halide can be separated by liquid and solid phase separation after it has dissolved. In other embodiments, lighter AC can be initially separated from other reaction products by methods such as cyclone separation. K and Mg are immiscible and separated metals, such as K, can preferably be hydrogenated with H ₂ gas from the electrolysis of H ₂ O. The metal iodide may be formed by a known reaction with a separated metal or a metal that is not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Mn is reacted with HI to form MnI ₂ , and H ₂ that is recycled and reacted with I ₂ to form HI. In another embodiment, another metal, preferably a transition metal, replaces Mn. Other reducing agents, such as Al, can replace Mg. Other halides, preferably chlorides, can replace the iodide. LiH, KH, RbH, or CsH can replace NaH.

In a representative hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, Mg, AgCl, and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with AgCl as follows:

KCl and MgCl ₂ can be electrolyzed from the molten salt to Cl ₂ , K, and Mg. Molten electrolysis can be performed using a downsell or a modified downsell. The Ag can be separated using a mechanical separator and optionally a sieve. Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂ can be separated by melting and by separation of the solid and liquid phases. Chloride for electrolysis may be due to cleaning of the reaction product with a suitable solvent such as deoxygenated water. The solution may be filtered to remove support such as AC and optionally Ag metal. The solids can be centrifuged and desirably dried using waste heat from a power system. Alternatively, the halide can be separated by separation of the liquid and solid phases after melting them. In other embodiments, lighter AC can be initially separated from other reaction products by methods such as cyclone separation. K and Mg are immiscible and separated metals, for example K, can preferably be hydrogenated from the electrolysis of H ₂ O to H ₂ gas. The metal chloride may be formed by a known reaction with a separated metal or a metal not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Ag is reacted with Cl ₂ to form AgCl, and H ₂ that is re-calcined to form HI and reacted with I ₂ . In another embodiment, another metal, preferably a transition metal or In, replaces Ag. Other reducing agents, such as Al, can replace Mg. Other halides, preferably chlorides, can replace the iodide. LiH, KH, RbH, or CsH can replace NaH.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture is regenerated from the hydrino reaction product. In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises a KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH ₂ , and an alkaline earth halide, such as BaBr ₂ , and a support, activated carbon, WC, or preferably TiC. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride or metal by BaBr ₂ as follows:

The melting points of Ba, Mg, MgH ₂ , NaBr and KBr are 727 ° C, 650 ° C, 327 ° C, 747 ° C and 734 ° C, respectively. Thus, MgH ₂ can be separated from barium and any Ba-Mg intermetallic compound by maintaining MgH ₂ with optional addition of H ₂ , preferentially melting MgH ₂ , and separating the liquid from the reaction- have. Optionally, it can be thermally decomposed into Mg. Next, the remaining reaction product can be added to the electrolytic melt. The solid support and Ba are preferably precipitated to form separable layers. Alternatively, Ba may be separated as a liquid by melting. Thereafter, NaBr or KBr can be electrolyzed to form alkali metals and Br < ₂ >. The latter is reacted with Ba to form BaBr ₂ . Alternatively, Ba is the anode and BaBr ₂ is formed directly in the anode compartment. The alkali metal may be formed in the cathode compartment during electrolysis by hydrogenation after electrolysis or by bubbling H ₂ in the cathode compartment. Subsequently, MgH ₂ or Mg, NaH or KH, BaBr ₂ , and the support are returned to the reaction mixture. In another embodiment, the other alkaline earth halide replaces BaBr ₂ , preferably BaCl ₂ . In other embodiments, the regeneration reaction may occur without electrolysis due to the small energy difference between the reactants and the product. The reaction provided by scheme (90-91) can be reversed by changing reaction conditions such as temperature or hydrogen pressure. Alternatively, a molten or volatile species, such as K or Na, may be added to induce a reaction in the reverse direction to regenerate a reactant or species that may be further reacted and added back to the cell to form the original reaction mixture. As shown in FIG. In other embodiments, the volatile species can be continuously refluxed to maintain a reversible reaction between the source of the catalyst or catalyst, e.g., NaH, KH, Na, or K, and the initial oxidizing agent, such as an alkaline earth halide or rare earth halide have. In one embodiment, reflux is achieved using steel, such as steel 34, as shown in FIG. In other embodiments, the reaction conditions, such as temperature or hydrogen pressure, can be varied to reverse the reaction. In this case, the reaction is initially driven in a positive direction to form the hydrino and reaction mixture product. Thereafter, the product other than the low-energy hydrogen is converted to the initial reactant. This can be done by changing the reaction conditions and adding or removing at least some of the same or different products or reactants as initially used or formed. Accordingly, the normal reaction and the regeneration reaction are carried out in an alternating cycle. Hydrogen may be added to replace what is consumed in the formation of the hydrino. In another embodiment, the reaction conditions, such as the elevated temperature, are maintained wherein the reversible reaction is optimized to occur in such a way that the desired reaction and the reverse reaction are desired, preferably the maximum hydrinos formation rate.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, Mg, FeBr ₂ , and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with FeBr ₂ as follows:

NaBr and MgBr ₂ may be electrolyzed as Br _2, Na, and Mg from molten salt. Molten electrolysis can be performed using a downsell or a modified downsell. Fe is ferromagnetic and can be magnetically separated using mechanical separators and optionally sheaves. In another embodiment, the ferromagnetic Ni may replace Fe. Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂ can be separated by melting and by separation of the solid and liquid phases. The bromide for electrolysis can be from a suitable solvent such as deoxygenated water of the reaction product. The solution may be filtered to remove support such as AC and optionally transition metal. The solids can be centrifuged and dried, preferably using waste heat from a power system. Alternatively, the halide can be separated by liquid and solid phase separation after melting these. In other embodiments, the lighter AC may be initially separated from other reaction products by methods such as cyclone separation. Na and Mg are immiscible and discrete metals such as Na can be hydrogenated with H ₂ gas preferably from electrolysis of H ₂ O. The metal bromide can be formed by known reactions with isolated metals, or metals not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Fe is FeBr _2, and recycled and is HBr and the reaction to form the H ₂ to react with Br ₂ to form HBr. In other Guccheng, other metals, preferably transition metals, replace Fe. Other reducing agents such as Al can replace Mg. Other halides, preferably chlorides, can replace the bromide. LiH, KH, RbH, or CsH can replace NaH.

In an exemplary hydroxy Reno and regeneration, the solid fuel reaction mixture including KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH _2, SnBr _2, and a support, activated carbon, WC, or TiC. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a metal hydride or oxidation reaction of the metal with SnBr ₂ as follows:

The melting points of tin, magnesium, MgH ₂ , NaBr, and KBr are 119 ° C, 650 ° C, 327 ° C, 747 ° C, and 734 ° C, respectively. The tin-magnesium alloy will melt above a temperature such as 400 ° C for about 5 wt% Mg as provided in its alloy diagram. In one embodiment, the tin and magnesium metals and alloys are separated from the support and the halide by melting the metals and alloys and separating the liquid and solid phases. The alloy may be reacted with H ₂ at a temperature to form MgH ₂ solids and tin metal. The solid and liquid phases can be separated to provide MgH ₂ and tin. MgH ₂ can be pyrolyzed with Mg and H ₂ . Alternatively, H ₂ may be added to the in situ reaction product at a selective temperature to convert any unreacted Mg and any Sn-Mg alloy to solid MgH ₂ and liquid tin. Annotations can be selectively removed. Thereafter, MgH ₂ can be heated and removed as a liquid. Next, the halide is reacted with (1) a method of melting these and separating the phases, (2) cyclone separation based on difference in density, wherein a dense support such as WC is preferred, or (3) Can be removed from the support by a method such as sieving based on difference. Alternatively, the halide may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, and the liquid and solid phase may be filtered by a method such as filtration. The liquid can be evaporated, and the halide can then be electrolytically decomposed into Na or K and Mg metals, which are immiscible from the melt, respectively. In another embodiment, K is formed by reduction of the halide with sodium metal, which is regenerated by electrolysis of the same halide as formed in the sodium halide, preferably the hydrino reactor. Further, the halogen gas, for example, Br ₂ is reacted with a separation to form a SnBr ₂ that is collected from the electrolysis of the melt is recycled for another cycle of NaH or KH, and hydroxyl Reno reaction with Mg or MgH ₂ Sn, Wherein the hydride is formed by hydrogenating with H ₂ gas. In one embodiment, HBr is formed is Sn and react to form the SnBr _2. HBr can be formed by bubbling H ₂ in the anode which is advantageous to lower the electrolysis energy by reaction of Br ₂ and H ₂ or during electrolysis. In another embodiment, the other metal replaces Sn, preferably a transition metal, and the other halide, e.g., I, can replace Br.

In another embodiment, in the initial step, all reaction products are reacted with aqueous HBr, the solution is MgBr2 < RTI ID = 0.0 _> And it is concentrated to precipitate the SnBr ₂ from the KBr solution. Other suitable solvents and separation methods may be used to separate salts. MgBr ₂ and KBr is electrolyzed after as Mg and K. Alternatively, Mg or MgH ₂ is first removed using a mechanical device, or by an optional solvent method in which only KBr is electrolyzed. In one embodiment, Sn is removed as a melt from solid MgH _2, which may be formed by adding H ₂ during or after the hydrino reaction. MgH ₂ or Mg, KBr, and since the support is added to the electrolysis in the melt. The support precipitates in the precipitation zone due to its large particle size. MgH ₂ and KBr form molten portions and are separated based on density. Mg and K are immiscible and K also forms a separate phase such that Mg and K are separately collected. The anode may be Sn such that K, Mg and SnBr ₂ are electrolysis products. The anode can be liquid tin, or the liquid tin can be sprayed on the anode to react with bromine to form SnBr ₂ . In this case, the energy gap for regeneration is a compound gap for a higher element gap corresponding to the element product at both electrodes. In other embodiments, the reactant comprises a KH, support, and SnI ₂ or SnBr _2. Sn can be removed as a liquid and the remaining products, such as KX and the support, can be added to the electrolytic melt, where the support is separated based on density. In this case, a dense support, for example WC, is preferred.

The reactants including oxygen-containing compounds to form the oxide product, such as a reducing agent, oxides such as NaH, Li, or a catalyst or of a catalyst source oxide such as K and _{Mg, MgH 2, Al, Ti} , B, Zr, or La can do. In one embodiment, the reactants are regenerated by reacting an oxide with an acid such as a hydrogen halide acid, preferably HCl, to form the corresponding halide, such as chloride. In one embodiment, oxidized carbon species such as carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, carboxylic acid species such as oxalic acid or oxalate may be reduced by metal or metal hydride. Preferably, Li, K, Na, LiH, KH, NaH, Al, Mg, and MgH at least one of the _two will react with species containing carbon and oxygen to form the corresponding metal oxide or hydroxide and carbon . Each corresponding metal can be regenerated by electrolysis. The electrolysis may be performed using a molten salt such as a eutectic mixture. Halogen gas electrolysis products, such as chlorine gas, may be used to form the corresponding acid, such as HCl, as part of the regeneration cycle. The hydrogen halide acid HX may be formed by reacting a halogen gas with a hydrogen gas and optionally dissolving a hydrogen halide gas in water. Preferably, the hydrogen gas is formed by electrolysis of water. Oxygen may be a reactant of the hydrino reaction mixture or it may be reacted to form a source of oxygen of the hydrino reaction mixture. The step of reacting the acid hydrino reaction product with the acid comprises rinsing the product with an acid to form a solution comprising the metal salt. In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction mixture and the corresponding product mixture comprise a support such as carbon, preferably activated carbon. The metal oxide can be separated from the support by dissolving it in an aqueous acid. Thus, the product can be cleaned with acid and further filtered to separate the components of the reaction mixture. Water can be removed by heat, preferably by evaporation using waste heat from a power system, and salts such as metal chlorides can be added to the electrolysis mixture to form metal and halogen gases. In one embodiment, any methane or hydrocarbon product can be transformed into hydrogen and optionally carbon or carbon dioxide. Alternatively, methane is separated from the gaseous product mixture and sold as a commercial product. In other embodiments, methane may be formed from other hydrocarbon products by methods known in the art, such as the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The formation of methane can be suppressed by adding an interfering gas such as an inert gas and maintaining undesirable conditions such as reduced hydrogen pressure or temperature.

In another embodiment, the metal oxide is electrolyzed directly from the eutectic mixture. The oxide, for example MgO, may be reacted with water to form a hydroxide such as Mg (OH) ₂ . In one embodiment, the hydroxide is reduced. The reducing agent may be an alkali metal or a hydride, for example Na or NaH. The product hydroxide may be directly electrolyzed as a molten salt. The hydrino reaction products, such as alkali metal hydroxides, can also be used as commercial products and the corresponding halides are obtained. The halide can then be electrolyzed into hydrogen gas and metal. Halogen gas can be used as commercial industrial gas. The metal is preferably hydrogenated to hydrogen gas for electrolysis of water and may be fed to the reactor as part of the hydrino reaction mixture.

Reducing agent such as an alkali metal may be reproduced from using known methods and systems in the art, the corresponding compound, and the product which preferably comprises a NaOH or Na ₂ O to. One method involves electrolysis in a mixture such as a eutectic mixture. In other embodiments, the reducing agent product may comprise at least some of the oxides such as a reducing agent metal oxide (e.g., MgO). Hydroxide or oxide may be dissolved in weak acid, such as hydrochloric acid to form the corresponding salts, such as NaCl or MgCl _2. Treatment with acid may also be an anhydrous reaction. The gas may leak out at low pressure. The salt may be treated with a product reducing agent such as alkali or alkaline earth metal to form the original reducing agent. In one embodiment, the second reducing agent is preferably alkaline earth metals Ca, wherein the NaCl or MgCl ₂ is reduced with Na or Mg metal. Additional products of CaCl ₃ are also recovered and recycled. In another embodiment, the oxide is reduced to H ₂ at elevated temperatures.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , O ₂ , and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with O ₂ as follows:

Any MgO product can be converted to a hydroxide by reaction with water:

Other species, including sodium or magnesium carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, and carbon and oxygen, can be reduced to Na or NaH:

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to Mg using Na or NaH:

Thereafter, NOH can be directly electrolyzed from the melt into Na metal and NaH and O ₂ . A Castner process may be used. Suitable cathodes and anodes for basic solutions are nickel. The anode can also be a carbon, a noble metal such as Pt, a Ti-like support coated with a noble metal such as Pt, or a dimensionally stable anode. In another embodiment, NaOH is converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, wherein the NaCl electrolytic gas Cl ₂ can be reacted with H ₂ from the electrolysis of water to form HCl. Molten NaCl electrolysis can be performed using a downsell or a modified downsell. Alternatively, HCl can be produced by chlor-alkali electrolysis. Aqueous NaCl for such electrolysis may be due to cleaning of the reaction product with aqueous HCl. The solution is filtered to remove a support such as an AC that can be centrifuged and preferably dried using waste heat from a power system.

In one embodiment, the reaction step comprises the steps of (1) washing the product with aqueous HCl to form metal chloride from species such as hydroxide, oxide and carbonate, (2) using a water gas shift reaction and a Fischer Tropsch reaction any of the released CO ₂ by H ₂ reduction as converting with water and C, where C is in step 10 is recycled as a support stage in water may be used in step 1, 4 or 5, (3) AC and Filtering and drying the same support, wherein the drying may comprise a centrifugation step, (4) electrolyzing the water to H ₂ and O ₂ to provide step 8 to step 10, (5) ) to form a H _2, and HCl from the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl to optionally feed steps 1 and 9, the (6) separating and drying the metal chloride, (7) a melt of a metal chloride To form the HCl by the reaction of Cl ₂ and H ₂ for supplying the speed and the step of electrolyzing a chloride, 8, Step 1, (9) to form the starting reaction equivalent by reaction with hydrogen Hydrogenating any metal, and (10) adding O ₂ from step 4 or alternatively using O ₂ separated from the atmosphere to form an initial reaction mixture.

In other embodiments, magnesium oxide and magnesium, at least one of a hydroxide is electrolyzed from the melt to the Mg and O _2. The melt may be a NaOH melt, where Na can also be electrolyzed. In one embodiment, the carbon oxides, such as carbonates and hydrogen carbonates, can be decomposed into at least one of CO and CO ₂ that can be added to the reaction mixture as a source of oxygen. Alternatively, the carbon oxide species, such as CO ₂ and CO, can be reduced to carbon and water by hydrogen. CO ₂ and CO can be reduced by the gas transfer reaction and the Fischer Tropsch reaction.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , CF ₄ , and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with CF ₄ as follows:

NaF and MgF ₂ can be electrolyzed to F ₂ , Na and Mg from a molten salt that can additionally contain HF. Na and Mg are immiscible and the separated metal can preferably be hydrogenated with H ₂ gas from the electrolysis of H ₂ O. The F ₂ gas may be reacted with carbon and any CH ₄ reaction product to regenerate CF ₄ . To Alternatively and preferably, the anode of the electrolysis cell comprises carbon, current, and electrolytic conditions are maintained such that the CF ₄ anode electrolysis product.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , P ₂ O ₅ (P ₄ O ₁₀ ), and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with P2O5 as follows:

Phosphorus can be converted to P ₂ O ₅ by combustion in O ₂ :

The MgO product can be converted to a hydroxide by reaction with water:

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to Mg using Na or NaH:

Thereafter, the NaOH can be electrolyzed directly from the melt into the Na metal and NaH and O ₂ , or can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl ₂ can be converted into the water Can be reacted with H ₂ from electrolysis. In embodiments, the metals, such as Na and Mg, can preferably be converted to the corresponding hydrides by reaction with H ₂ from the electrolysis of water.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , NaNO ₃ , and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with NaNO ₃ as follows:

Other species, including sodium or magnesium carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, and carbon and oxygen, can be reduced to Na or NaH:

The carbonate can also be decomposed into hydroxide and CO ₂ from the aqueous medium:

The released CO ₂ can be reacted with water and C by H ₂ reduction using a water gas shift reaction and a Fischer-Tropsch reaction:

The MgO product can be converted to a hydroxide by reaction with water:

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to Mg using Na or NaH:

The alkaline nitrate can be regenerated using methods known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, NO ₂ can be regenerated by known industrial methods such as by the Oswald process after the harbor process. In one embodiment, the order of the representative steps is as follows:

Specifically, the harbor process utilizes a catalyst such as some iron-containing oxide to produce N ₂ And NH ₃ from H ₂ . The Oswald process may be used to oxidize ammonia to NO ₂ in a catalyst such as a high temperature platinum or platinum-rhodium catalyst. The heat may be waste heat from the power system. NO ₂ can be dissolved in water to form nitric acid, which is reacted with NaOH, Na ₂ CO ₃ , or NaHCO ₃ to form sodium nitrate. The remaining NaOH can then be electrolyzed directly into the Na metal and NaH and O ₂ from the melt or converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl ₂ forms HCl Can be reacted with H ₂ from electrolysis of the water. In embodiments, metals such as Na and Mg may preferably be converted to the corresponding hydrides by reaction with H ₂ from the electrolysis of water. In another embodiment, Li and K replace Na.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , SF ₆ , and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with SF ₆ as follows:

NaF and MgF ₂ and sulfide can additionally be electrolyzed into Na and Mg from the molten salt containing HF. The fluorine electrolytic gas can be reacted with sulfide to form SF ₆ gas which can be removed dynamically. The separation of SF ₆ from F ₂ may be by methods known in the art such as chromatography using a medium such as cold distillation, membrane separation or molecular sieves. The NaHS melts at 350 < 0 > C and can be part of the molten electrolysis mixture. Any MgS product can be reacted with Na to form NaHS, where the reaction can occur in situ during electrolysis. S and metal may be products formed during electrolysis. Alternatively, the metal can be a small amount to form a more stable fluoride, or F ₂ can be added to form fluoride:

NaF and MgF ₂ may be further electrolyzed to F ₂ , Na, and Mg from a molten salt that may include HF. Na and Mg are immiscible and the separated metal can be hydrogenated, preferably with H ₂ gas constituted from the electrolysis of H ₂ O. The F ₂ gas may be reacted with sulfur to regenerate SF ₆ .

In a representative hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , NF ₃ , and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with NF ₃ as follows:

NaF and MgF ₂ may be further electrolyzed to F ₂ , Na, and Mg from a molten salt that may include HF. The conversion of Mg ₃ N ₂ to MgF ₂ can take place in the melt. Na and Mg are immiscible and the separated metal can preferably be hydrogenated with H ₂ gas from the electrolysis of H ₂ O. The F ₂ gas may be reacted with NH ₃ , preferably in a copper-packed reactor, to form NF ₃ . Ammonia can be generated from the harbor process. Alternatively, NF ₃ can be formed by electrolysis of NH ₄ F in anhydrous HF.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , Na ₂ S ₂ O _8, and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈ as follows:

Any MgO product can be converted to a hydroxide by reaction with water:

Other species, including sodium or magnesium carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, and carbon and oxygen, can be reduced to Na or NaH:

MgS is burned in oxygen, hydrolyzed, exchanged with Na to form sodium sulfate, and electrolysis to Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈ :

Na ₂ S can be burned in oxygen, hydrolysed with sodium sulfate, and electrolyzed to form Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈ :

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to Mg using Na or NaH:

Thereafter, NaOH can be electrolyzed directly from the melt into Na metal and NaH and O ₂ , or can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl ₂ is converted to the electrical Can be reacted with H ₂ from decomposition.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , S, and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride by S as follows:

Magnesium sulphide can be converted to a hydroxide by reaction with water:

H ₂ S can be decomposed at elevated temperatures or can be used to convert SO ₂ to S. Sodium sulfide can be converted to a hydroside by combustion and hydrolysis:

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to Mg using Na or NaH:

Thereafter, NaOH can be electrolyzed directly from the melt into Na metal and NaH and O ₂ , or can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl ₂ is converted to the electrical Can be reacted with H ₂ from decomposition. SO ₂ can be reduced at elevated temperatures using H ₂ :

In one embodiment, metals such as Na and Mg are preferably converted to the corresponding hydrides by reaction with H ₂ from the electrolysis of water. In another embodiment, S and metal may be regenerated by electrolysis from the melt.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , N ₂ O, and a support, activated carbon. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with N ₂ O as follows:

The MgO product can be converted to a hydroxide by reaction with water:

Magnesium nitrides can also be hydrolyzed to magnesium hydroxides:

Other species, including sodium carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, and carbon and oxygen, can be reduced to Na or NaH:

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to Mg using Na or NaH:

Thereafter, the NaOH can be electrolyzed directly from the melt into the Na metal and NaH and O ₂ , or can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl ₂ can be converted into the water Can be reacted with H ₂ from electrolysis. The ammonia produced from the harbor process is oxidized (Scheme 124) and the temperature is adjusted to support the production of N ₂ O separated from other gases in the steady-state reaction product mixture.

In a typical hydrino and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises an NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , Cl ₂ , and a support such as activated carbon, WC or TiC. The reactor may further comprise a source of high energy light, preferably ultraviolet light, to dissociate Cl ₂ to initiate the hydrolino reaction. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is the oxidation of the metal hydride with Cl ₂ as follows:

NaCl and MgCl ₂ can be electrolyzed from the molten salt to Cl ₂ , Na, and Mg. Molten NaCl electrolysis can be performed using a downsell or a modified downsell. NaCl for such electrolysis may be due to the cleaning of the reaction product into an aqueous solution. The solution may be centrifuged and filtered to remove a support, such as AC, which can be dried, preferably using waste heat from a power system. Na and Mg are immiscible and the separated metal can preferably be hydrogenated with H ₂ gas from the electrolysis of H ₂ O. Representative results are as follows:

_{■ 4g WC + 1g MgH 2 +} 1g NaH + O.O1mol Cl 2, discloses a UV lamp in order to dissociate Cl ₂ to Cl, Ein: 162.9 kJ, dE : 16.0 kJ, TSC: 23-42 ℃, Tmax: 85 The theoretical value is 7.10 kJ, and the increase is 2.25 times.

Such as NaH, K, or Li or a hydride thereof, a reducing agent such as an alkali metal or hydride, preferably Mg, MgH ₂ , or Al, and an oxidizing agent such as NF ₃ Can be regenerated by electrolysis. Preferably, the metal fluoride product is regenerated as metal and fluorine gas by electrolysis. The electrolyte may comprise a eutectic mixture. The mixture may further comprise HF. NF ₃ can be regenerated by electrolysis of NH ₄ F in anhydrous HF. In another embodiment, NH ₃ is reacted with F ₂ in a reactor such as a copper-packed reactor. F ₂ can be produced by electrolysis using an anode or carbon anode of dimensional stability using conditions that support F ₂ production. SF ₆ can be regenerated by the reaction of S and F ₂ . Any metal nitrides that can be formed in the hydrino reaction can be formed by thermal decomposition, H ₂ reduction, oxidation to oxides or hydroxides, and electrolysis after reaction to the halide, and during the melt electrolysis of the metal halide, ≪ / RTI > NCl ₃ can be formed by the reaction of ammonia and chlorine gas or by the reaction of an ammonia salt such as NH ₄ Cl and chlorine gas. The chlorine gas may be due to the electrolysis of the chloride salt, such as from the product reaction mixture. NH ₃ can be formed using a harbor process, wherein hydrogen can preferably be attributed to the electrolysis of water. In one embodiment, NCl ₃ is formed in situ in the reactor by reaction of Cl ₂ gas with at least one of the ammonium salts such as NH ₃ and NH ₄ Cl. In one embodiment, BiF ₅ can be reproduced by the reaction of F ₂ with BiF ₃ formed from the electrolysis of the fluoride-fluoro metal.

In one embodiment in which the source of oxygen or halogen optionally acts as a reactant of the exothermic active reaction, the oxide or halide product is preferably regenerated by electrolysis. The electrolyte can be a eutectic mixture, such as Al ₂ O ₃ and Na ₃ AlF ₆ ; MgF ₂ , NaF, and HF; Na ₃ AlF ₆ ; NaF, SiF _4, and HF; And AlF _3, may comprise a mixture of NaF, and HF. The electrolysis of SiF ₄ into Si and F ₂ can be attributed to the alkali fluoride eutectic mixture. Since Mg and Na have low miscibility, they can be separated on the melt. Since Al and Na have low miscibility, they can be separated from the phase of the melt. In other embodiments, the electrolysis product may be separated by distillation. In yet another embodiment, Ti ₂ O ₃ is regenerated by reaction with C and Cl ₂ to form TiCU and CO which are further reacted with Mg to form Ti and MgCl ₂ . Mg and Cl ₂ can be regenerated by electrolysis. If MgO is the product, Mg can be regenerated by the Pidgeon process. In one embodiment, MgO is reacted with Si to form SiO ₂ Mg gas and is condensed. The product SiO ₂ can be regenerated as Si by reaction with carbon to form Si and CO and CO ₂ by H ₂ reduction at elevated temperatures. In another embodiment, Si is regenerated by electrolysis using methods such as electrolysis of solid oxides in molten calcium chloride. In one embodiment, the chlorate or perchlorate, such as alkali chlorate or perchlorate, is regenerated by electrolytic oxidation. Saline can be electrolytically oxidized to chlorate and perchlorate.

To regenerate the reactants, any oxide coating on the metal support that may be formed may be separated from the reactants or product mixture after removal by dilute acid. In another embodiment, the carbide is produced from the oxide by reaction with carbon, together with the release of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.

If the reaction mixture comprises a solvent, the solvent may be separated from other reactants or products that can be regenerated by filtration or centrifugation, either by removing the solvent using distillation or by maintaining the solid. In the presence of other volatile components such as alkali metals, these volatile components can be selectively removed by heating to elevated temperatures suitable for evaporating these. For example, metals such as Na metal are collected by distillation, and supports such as carbon remain. Na can be rehydrated with NaH and returned to carbon with the solvent added to regenerate the reaction mixture. The separated solids, for example R-Ni, can also be regenerated separately. The separated R-Ni may be hydrogenated by exposing it to hydrogen gas at a pressure in the range of 0.1 to 300 atm.

The solvent can be regenerated if it decomposes during the catalytic reaction to form the hydrino. For example, the decomposition products of DMF may be dimethylamine, carbon monoxide, formic acid, sodium formate, and formaldehyde. In one embodiment, dimethylformamide is produced by the catalyzed reaction of dimethylamine and carbon monoxide in methanol or the reaction of dimethylformamide with methylformate. It can also be prepared by the reaction of dimethylamine with formic acid.

In one embodiment, representative ether solvents can be recovered from the product of the reaction mixture. Preferably, the reaction mixture and conditions are selected so as to minimize the rate of ether reaction with respect to the rate of formation of the hydrino so that any ether degradation is not significant compared to the energy formed from the hydrino reaction. Thus, the ether can be added back to the ether decomposition product that has been removed, if necessary. Alternatively, the ether and the reaction conditions can be selected so that the ether reaction product can be separated and the ether is regenerated.

One embodiment includes at least one of the following: HSA is a fluoride, HSA is a metal, and the solvent is fluorinated. The metal fluoride may be a reaction product. Metal and fluorine gases can be generated by electrolysis. The electrolyte is NaF, MgF _2, AlF _3, or may include fluorides such as LaF _3, at least one, such as a further U.S. Patent No. HF and other salts to lower the melting point of the fluoride, such as the cost to 5,427,657 number Technology ≪ / RTI > Excess HF can dissolve LaF ₃ . The electrode can be carbon, such as graphite, and can also form a fluorocarbon as the desired decomposition product. In one embodiment, a carbon-coated metal or alloy, preferably a nanopowder such as carbon-coated Co, Ni, Fe, another transition metal powder, or alloy, and a metal coated carbon, At least one of the carbon coated with transition metal or alloy, preferably carbon coated with at least one of Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn, comprises magnetic particles. The magnetic particles can be separated from the mixture, such as a mixture of fluoride and carbon, such as NaF, using a magnet. The collected particles may be recycled as part of the reaction mixture to form the hydrino.

In one embodiment, the source of the catalyst or catalyst, such as NaH and the fluorinated solvent, is regenerated from the product containing NaF by electrolysis after separation of the product. The method of separating NaF may be by at least one of filtration and evaporation to obtain NaF solids after washing the mixture with a polar solvent having a low boiling point. The electrolysis may be a melt-salt electrolysis. The molten salt may be a mixture such as a eutectic mixture. Preferably, the mixture comprises NaF and HF as known in the art. The sodium metal and fluorine gas can be collected from the electrolysis. Na can be reacted with H to form NaH. The fluorine gas can be reacted with hydrocarbons to form fluorinated hydrocarbons that can serve as a solvent. The HF fluorinated product can be returned to the electrolysis mixture. Alternatively, the hydrocarbons and carbon products, such as benzene and graphite carbon, are each fluorinated and recovered as a reaction mixture. The carbon may be milled into smaller fluorinated fractions having a lower melting point to act as a solvent by methods known in the art. The solvent may comprise a mixture.

The degree of fluorination can be used as a method for controlling the hydrogen catalytic reaction rate. In one embodiment, CF ₄ is produced by electrolysis of a molten fluoride salt, preferably an alkali fluoride, using a carbon electrode, or by the reaction of carbon dioxide with fluorine gas. Any of CH ₄ and the hydrocarbon product may also be a carbonyl fluoride to CF ₄ and fluoro.

Suitable fluorinated HSA materials and fluorinated carbon may be formed by methods known in the art such as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,929,920, U.S. Patent No. 3,925,492, U.S. Patent No. 3,925,263, and U.S. Patent No. 4,886,921 have. Other methods are described in U.S. Patent No. poly described in 4139474-dicarboxylic manufacture of the monofluoride, U.S. Patent No. continuous fluoride method of the carbon described in 4,447,663, with the formula (C ₂ F) described in U.S. Patent No. 4,423,261 represented by _n A method for producing graphite fluoride mainly comprising polydicarbon monofluoride, a method for producing polycarbon monofluoride described in U.S. Patent No. 3,925,263, a method for producing graphite fluoride described in U.S. Patent No. 3,872,032, A process for producing the poly-dicarbon monofluoride described in U.S. Patent No. 4,243,615, a process for producing graphite fluoride by the contact reaction between carbon and fluorine gas described in U.S. Patent No. 4,438,086, a process for producing graphite fluoride described in U.S. Patent No. 3,929,918 Fluoro graphite, a process for preparing the polycarbon monofluoride described in U.S. Patent No. 3,925,492 , And a mechanism for providing a new synthesis method for graphite-fluorination as described in Lagow et al., JCS Dalton, 1268 (1974), wherein the materials described in the document include HSA materials . As a kind of reactor material, monel metal, nickel, steel, or copper can be used in consideration of corrosion by fluorine gas. The carbon material may be selected from amorphous carbon such as carbon black, crude oil coke, crude pitch cokes and charcoal, and crystalline carbon such as natural graphite, graphene, and artificial graphite, fullerenes and nanotubes, preferably single walled nanotubes . Preferably, Na is not inserted into the carbon support or forms acetylide. These carbon materials can be used in various forms. Generally, the powdered carbon material preferably has an average particle size of 50 microns or less, but larger is also suitable. In addition to the powdered carbon material, other forms are suitable. The carbon material may be in the form of blocks, spheres, bars and fibers. The reaction can be carried out in a reactor selected from a fluidized bed-type reactor, a rotating kiln-type reactor and a tray tower-type reactor.

In another embodiment, the fluorinated carbon is regenerated using an additive. Carbon can also be fluorinated outside the cell or by inorganic reactants such as in situ CoF ₃ . The reaction mixture is added to the reactor and the recoverable Co, CoF, CoF ₂ , and CoF ₃ , Or it may contain a source of an inorganic fluorinated reagent such as one of hydrogels and optionally fluorocatalyst metals such as F ₂ gas with Pt or Pd during operation of the cell from the reaction mixture to form another reagent, . Additive may be NH ₃ to form a NH ₄ F. At least one of carbon and hydrocarbons may react with the fluoride so that the NH ₄ F. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises HNaF ₂ capable of reacting with carbon to fluorinate it. Fluorocarbons can be formed on the outside for in situ or hydrino reactors. The fluorocarbon may serve as a solvent or HSA material.

In one embodiment in which at least one of the solvent, the support, or the getter comprises fluorine, the product may be carbon if the solvent or support is a fluoride of the catalyst metal as well as fluorinated organics, such as NaHF ₂ , and NaF . It is added to low-energy hydrogen products such as molecular hydrino gases that can be exhausted or collected. With F ₂ , the carbon can be etched as a CF ₄ gas that can be used as a reactant in other cycles of the reaction to generate power. The remaining product of NaF and NaHF ₂ can be electrolyzed into Na and F ₂ . Na can be reacted with hydrogen to form NaH, and F ₂ can be used to etch the carbon product. NaH, residual NaF, and CF _4, which is a power to form a hydroxyl Reno - can be combined to drive the other cycle of the production reaction. In another embodiment, Li, K, Rb, or Cs can replace Na.

VI . Other liquids and Unevenness  fuel Concrete example

The term "liquid-solvent embodiment" in the context of the present invention includes any reaction mixture, and a corresponding fuel comprising a liquid solvent such as a liquid fuel and a heterogeneous fuel.

In another embodiment involving a liquid solvent, one of atomic sodium or molecular NaH is provided by reaction between Na in metal, ionic or molecular form and at least one other compound or element. A source of Na or NaH metal Na, inorganic compounds including Na, such as NaOH, and NaNH _2, Na ₂ CO _3, and Na ₂ O, NaX (X is a halide Im), and other suitable, such as NaH (s) Na compound. ≪ / RTI > The other element may be H, a displacing agent, or a reducing agent. The reaction mixture is (1) a solvent, (2) a source of sodium, e.g., Na (m), NaH, NaNH _2, Na ₂ CO _3, Na ₂ O, NaOH, NaOH-doped -R-Ni, NaX (X (3) at least one of NaX-doped R-Ni, (4) a source of hydrogen, such as H ₂ gas and a dissociation agent and hydride, (4) a substituent such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal , Preferably Li, and (5) a reducing agent such as a metal such as an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a lanthanide, an electric metal such as Ti, aluminum, B, a metal alloy such as AlHg, At least one of NaPb, NaAl, LiAl, and a source of a metal in combination with a metal or reducing agent, such as at least one of an alkaline earth halide, a transition metal halide, a lanthanide halide, and an aluminum halide. Preferably, the alkali metal reducing agent is Na. Other suitable reducing agents include metal hydrides, include, for example, _{LiBH 4, NaBH 4, LiAlH 4} , or NaAlH _4. Preferably, the reducing agent is a molecule NaH and Na product, for example, is reacted with NaOH to form the Na, NaH (s), and Na ₂ O. The source of NaH may be an NaH catalyst, for example an alkali or alkaline earth metal, or R-Ni containing NaOH and reactants, such as a reducing agent, to form an Al intermetallic compound of R-Ni. Other typical reducing agents are, for the alkali or alkaline earth metal and an oxidizing agent, for example, _{AlX 3, MgX 2, LaX 3} , CeX 3, and TiX _n, where X is a halide, preferably Br or I. Additionally, the reaction mixture may comprise a dispersant or other compound comprising a getter, such as at least one of Na ₂ CO ₃ , Na ₃ SO ₄ , and Na ₃ PO ₄ , which may be doped in a dissociation agent such as R-Ni . The reaction mixture may further comprise a support, wherein the support may be doped with at least one reactant of the mixture. The support may preferably have a large surface area to support the production of the NaH catalyst from the reaction mixture. The support R-Ni, Al, Sn, Al ₂ O _3, for example, gamma, beta or alpha-alumina, sodium aluminate (beta-alumina with other ions present, such as Na ⁺ ideal composition Na ₂ O · 11Al having a ₂ O _3), lanthanide oxides, for example, M ₂ O ₃ (preferably M = La, Sm, Dy, Pr, Tb, Gd, and Er), Si, silica, silicate, zeolite, lanthanide, electrical metal, a metal alloy, for example, Na, rare earth metals, SiO ₂ -Al ₂ O ₃ or SiO ₂ with a supported Ni alkali and alkaline earth metals, and other supported metal, for example, alumina-supported platinum, palladium, Or a group of ruthenium. The support has a high surface area high surface area (HSA) materials, such as R-Ni, zeolite, silicate, aluminate, alumina, alumina nano-particles, the porous Al ₂ O _3, Pt, Ru, or Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ , Carbon, Pt or Pd / C, inorganic compounds such as Na ₂ CO ₃ , silica and zeolite materials, preferably Y zeolite powders, and carbon, such as fullerenes or nanotubes. In one embodiment, the support, for example Al ₂ O ₃ (and Al ₂ O ₃ support, if present, dissociation agent) reacts with a reducing agent such as lanthanide to form a surface-modified support. In one embodiment, surface Al exchanges with lanthanide to form a lanthanide-substituted support. Such a support may be doped with a source of NaH molecules such as NaOH and reacted with a reducing agent such as lanthanide. The subsequent reaction of the lanthanide-substituted support with lanthanide does not significantly alter it, and the doped NaOH on the surface can be reduced to the NaH catalyst by reaction with the reducing agent lanthanide.

In one embodiment in which the reaction mixture comprises a source of NaH catalyst and comprises a liquid solvent, the source of NaH may be an alloy of Na and a source of hydrogen. The alloys may contain at least one of those known to those skilled in the art such as sodium metal and one or more other alkali or alkaline earth metals, transition metals, Al, Sn, Bi, Ag, In, Pb, Hg, Si, Zr, B, Pt , Pd, or other metal, and the H source may be H ₂ or hydride.

Reagents such as a source of NaH molecules, a source of sodium, a source of NaH, a source of hydrogen, substituents and reducing agents are present at any desired molar ratio. Each present in a molar ratio of greater than 0 to less than 100%. Preferably, the molar ratios are similar.

In a liquid solvent embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a solvent, a source of Na or Na, a source of NaH or NaH, a source of a metal hydride or metal hydride, a source of reactants or reactants to form a metal hydride, And a source of hydrogen. The reaction mixture may further comprise a support. The reactants for forming the metal hydride may comprise lanthanide, preferably La or Gd. In one embodiment, La can react reversibly with NaH to form LaH _n (n = 1, 2, 3). In one embodiment, the hydride exchange reaction forms an NaH catalyst. The reversible general reaction can be provided by the following scheme:

The reaction provided by Scheme (156) applies to the other MH type catalyst provided in Table 3. The reaction can proceed with the formation of hydrogen which can dissociate to form atomic hydrogen that reacts with Na to form an NaH catalyst. The dissociation agent is preferably at least one of Pt, Pd, or Ru / Al ₂ O ₃ powder, Pt / Ti, and R-Ni. First, the dissociative support, for example Al ₂ O _3, comprises at least a surface La substitution for Al or comprises Pt, Pd, or Ru / M ₂ O ₃ powder, where M is lanthanide. The dissociation agent may be separated from the remainder of the reaction mixture, where the separator passes the atom H 2.

A suitable liquid-solvent embodiment comprises a reaction mixture of a solvent, NaH, La, and Pd on an Al ₂ O ₃ powder, wherein the reaction mixture is prepared by removing the solvent, adding H ₂ , The hydride can be regenerated by separating the hydride by sieving, heating the lanthanum hydride to form La, and mixing La and NaH. Alternatively, the regeneration may include separating Na and lanthanum hydride by melting Na and removing the liquid, heating the lanthanum hydride to form La, hydrogenating Na to NaH, mixing La and NaH Step, and adding a solvent. The mixing of La and LaH can be achieved by ball milling.

In a liquid solvent embodiment, a high surface area material, such as R-Ni, is doped with NaX (X = F, Cl, Br, I). The doped R-Ni is reacted with a reagent that replaces the halide to form at least one of Na and NaH. In one embodiment, the reactants are at least one of an alkali or alkaline earth metal, preferably K, Rb, Cs. In other embodiments, the reagent is at least one of alkali or alkaline earth hydride, preferably KH, RbH, CsH, MgH ₂ and CaH _2. The reactants may be both alkali metals and alkaline earth hydrides. The reversible general reaction can be provided by the following scheme:

A. NaH  Catalyst NaOH  Catalytic reaction

The reaction of NaOH and Na with Na ₂ O and NaH is as follows:

The exothermic reaction can induce the formation of NaH (g). Accordingly, the Na metal can serve as a reducing agent to form the catalyst NaH (g). Other examples of suitable reducing agents with very similar to heat-reduction reaction with NaH source is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, such as Mg and Ca, a metal hydride, for example, LiBH _4, NaBH _4, LiAlH _4, or NaAlH _4, B, Al, a transition metal such as Ti, lanthanide such as La, Sm, Dy, Pr, Tb, Gd, and Er, preferably La, Tb and Sm. Preferably, the reaction mixture comprises a solvent, a high surface area material (HSA material) having a dopant, such as NaOH, containing a source of NaH catalyst. Preferably, conversion of the dopant to a catalyst on a material having a high surface area is achieved. This conversion can occur by a reduction reaction. In addition to Na, another preferred reducing agent is another alkali metal, Ti, lanthanide, or Al. Preferably, the reaction mixture comprises an HSA material, preferably NaOH doped to R-Ni, wherein the reducing agent is Na or intermetallic Al. The reaction mixture may further comprise a source of H, such as hydride or H ₂ gas, and a dissociation agent. In certain embodiments, the H source is hydrogenated R-Ni.

In the liquid solvent embodiment, the Na ₂ O formed as a product of the reaction to produce the NaH catalyst as provided by scheme (158) is further converted to a source of hydrogen to form NaOH, which can serve as the source of the NaH catalyst Lt; / RTI > In one embodiment, the regeneration reaction of NaOH from reaction (158) in the presence of atomic hydrogen is as follows:

Thus, a small amount of NaOH and Na having a source of elemental hydrogen or atomic hydrogen serves as a catalytic source for the NaH catalyst, which can also be catalyzed by multiple cycles of the regeneration reaction, such as provided by the reaction schemes (158-161) Yielding hydrino. In one embodiment, AZ (OH) ₃ can serve as a source of NaOH and NaH, from the reaction provided by scheme 162, wherein the reaction with Na and H, provided by scheme (158-161) Proceeds to form the hydrino: < RTI ID = 0.0 >

In a liquid solvent embodiment, the Al of the intermetallic compound serves as a reducing agent to form an NaH catalyst. The equilibrium reaction is provided by the following equation:

This exothermic reaction can lead to the formation of NaH (g) to trigger a sufficient exothermic reaction provided by the reaction (25-30), wherein the regeneration of NaH takes place from Na in the presence of atomic hydrogen.

Two suitable liquid solvent embodiments include a first reaction mixture of R-Ni and Na containing about 0.5 wt.% NaOH, wherein Na acts as a reducing agent, and R-Ni containing about 0.5 wt.% NaOH And a second reaction mixture, wherein the intermetallic Al serves as a reducing agent. The reaction mixture can be regenerated by adding NaOH and NaH which can serve as an H source and reducing agent.

In the liquid solvent embodiment of the energy reactor, the source of NaH, for example NaOH, is regenerated by the addition of a dissociation agent and at least one of a source of hydrogen, e.g. hydride and hydrogen gas. The hydride and dissociation agent may be hydrogenated R-Ni. In another embodiment, the source of NaH, for example NaOH doped R-Ni, is regenerated by at least one of rehydrogenation, addition of NaH, and addition of NaOH, where such addition can be by physical mixing. First, while removing the solvent, the mixture may be mechanically made by a method such as ball milling.

In the specific example, the liquid solvent, the reaction mixture oxide to react with NaOH or Na ₂ O to form a very stable oxide and NaH - further includes a formation reaction. This reaction is cerium, magnesium, a lanthanide, titanium, or aluminum, or combinations thereof, such as AlX _3, MgX _2, LaX _3, CeX _3, and TiX _n (where, X is a halide, preferably Br and I And a reducing compound such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal. In one embodiment, the source of the NaH catalyst comprises a sodium compound, such as R-Ni, including NaOH, on its surface. After, NaOH and peroxide-forming reaction, such as AlX _3, MgX _2, LaX _3, CeX _3, and TiX _n includes a R-Ni containing the alkali metal M is NaH, MX, and Al ₂ O ₃ , MgO, La ₂ O ₃ , Ce ₂ O ₃ , and Ti ₂ O ₃ , respectively.

In a liquid solvent embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises NaOH-doped R-Ni and an alkali or alkaline earth metal added to form at least one of Na and NaH molecules. Na can be further reacted with H from a source such as H ₂ gas or a hydride such as R-Ni to form an NaH catalyst. Subsequent catalytic reactions of NaH form the H state provided by scheme (35). Addition of an alkali or alkaline earth metal M can reduce Na ^< ^{+ >} to Na by the following reaction:

M can also react with NaOH to form Na as well as H:

Thereafter, the catalytic NaH can be formed by the following reaction by reacting with H from the source of R-Ni and any added H, as well as the reaction as provided by scheme (166): <

Na is a suitable reducing agent because it is an additional source of NaH.

Hydrogen may be added to reduce NaOH and form NaH catalysts:

H in R-Ni can reduce NaOH to Na metal, and water that can be removed by pumping. The organic solvent may be removed before the reducing or molten inorganic solvent is used.

In liquid solvent embodiments, the reaction mixture comprises at least one compound which reacts with a source of NaH to form a NaOH catalyst. The source may be NaOH. Compound may include at least one of LiNH _2, Li ₂ NH, and Li ₃ N. The reaction mixture may further comprise a source of hydrogen, such as H ₂ . In embodiments, the reaction of sodium hydroxide and lithium amide to form NaH and lithium hydroxide is as follows:

The reaction of sodium hydroxide and lithium imide to form NaH and lithium hydroxide is as follows:

The reaction of sodium hydroxide and lithium nitrides to form NaH and lithium oxide is as follows:

B. NaH  The alkaline earth for forming the catalyst Hydroxide  Catalytic reaction

In the liquid solvent embodiment, the source of H is provided at the source of Na to form the catalytic NaH. The Na source may be a metal. The source of H may be a hydroxide. The hydroxide may be at least one of alkali, alkaline hydroxides, transition metal hydroxides, and Al (OH) ₃ . In one embodiment, Na reacts with the hydroxide to form the corresponding oxide and NaH catalyst. In one embodiment where the hydroxide is Mg (OH) ₂ , the product is MgO. In one embodiment where the hydroxide is Ca (OH) ₂ , the product is CaO. The alkaline tooxide may be reacted with water to regenerate the hydroxide. The hydroxides can be collected as precipitates by methods such as filtration and centrifugation.

For example, in one embodiment, the reaction to form an NaH catalyst, and the regeneration cycle for Mg (OH) ₂ , are provided by the following reaction:

In the liquid solvent embodiment, the reaction for forming the NaH catalyst and the regeneration cycle for Ca (OH) ₂ are provided by the following reaction:

C. NaH  Catalyst Na / N alloy reaction

Alkali metal in solid and liquid state is metal. To produce an M or MH catalyst (where M is an alkali metal), the reaction mixture of liquid or heterogeneous fuel comprises an M / N alloy reactant. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture, the liquid fuel reaction, the heterogeneous fuel reaction, and the regeneration reaction comprise the reaction of the M / N system wherein the fuel produces at least one of a catalyst and an atomic hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least one compound that reacts with the source of NaH to form an NaH catalyst. The reaction mixture is Na, NaH, NaNH _2, Na ₂ NH, Na ₃ N, NH _3, dissociation agents, a hydrogen source, such as H ₂ gas or a hydride, a support, and a getter, such as NaX (X is a halide , And the like. The dissociation agent is preferably Pt, Ru, or Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ powder. The dissociation agent is Pt or Pd on a high surface area support which is suitably inert to Na. The dissociation agent may be Pt or Pd on carbon, or Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ . The latter may include a protective surface coating of a metal such as NaAlO ₂ . The reactants may be present at any weight percentages.

Suitable liquid solvent embodiments include a reaction mixture of a solvent, Na or NaH, NaNH ₂ , and Pd on an Al ₂ O ₃ powder, wherein the reaction mixture can be regenerated by the addition of H ₂ .

In one embodiment, NaNH ₂ is added to the reaction mixture. NaNH ₂ produces NaH according to the following reversible reaction:

In the hydrino reaction cycle, Na-Na and NaNH ₂ react to form NaH and Na ₂ NH, and NaH forms hydrino and Na. Accordingly, the reaction is heating according to the following reaction:

In one embodiment, NaH in Scheme (179) is a molecule to cause such a reaction to form a catalyst.

The reaction of sodium amide and hydrogen to form ammonia and sodium hydride is as follows:

In liquid solvent embodiments, this reaction is reversible. The reaction can proceed to form NaH by increasing the H ₂ concentration. Alternatively, the forward reaction can proceed by the formation of atom H using a dissociation agent. This reaction is provided by the following scheme:

The exothermic reaction can promote the formation of NaH (g).

In the specific example, the liquid solvent, the catalyst is generated from NaH, NaNH _2, and hydrogen, preferably hydrogen atoms of the reaction as presented in Scheme (181-182). The ratio of reactants can be any desired amount. Preferably, this ratio is approximately stoichiometric with respect to the ratios of scheme (181-182). The reaction for forming the catalyst is reversible with the addition of a source of H, for example H ₂ gas or hydride, to replace the reacted to form the hydrino, wherein the catalytic reaction is carried out in the reaction scheme (25-30) , And sodium amide is formed with additional NaH catalyst by the reaction of ammonia with Na:

In the specific example, the liquid solvent, HSA material is doped with NaNH _2. The doped HSA material is reacted with a reagent that replaces the amide group to form at least one of Na and NaH. In one embodiment, the reactant is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, preferably Li. In another embodiment, the reactant is an alkali or alkaline earth hydride, preferably LiH. The reactants may be both alkali metals and alkaline earth hydrides. The source of H, for example H ₂ gas, may be provided in addition to that provided by any other reagent of the reaction mixture such as hydride, HSA material, and substituent.

In liquid solvent embodiments, sodium amide reacts with lithium to form lithium amide, imide or nitrides and Na or NaH catalysts. The reaction of sodium amide and lithium to form lithium imide and NaH is as follows:

The reaction of sodium amide and lithium hydride to form lithium amide and NaH is as follows:

The reaction of sodium amide, lithium, and hydrogen to form lithium amide and NaH is as follows:

In the liquid solvent embodiment, the reaction of the mixture forms Na, and the reaction further comprises a source of H reacting with Na to form the catalytic NaH by reaction such as:

Among embodiments in a liquid solvent for example, the reactants NaNH _2, alkali or alkaline earth metal, and preferably comprises the reaction for replacing an amide group of NaNH _2, such as Li, and the source of further H, for example, MH (M = Li, Na It may include K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), H ₂ and one of the hydrogen dissociation, and hydride.

Reagent, the reaction mixture, for example a solvent, M, MH, NaH, NaNH _2, HSA material, hydride, and dissociation is present in any desired ratio. The M, MH, NaNH ₂ , and dissociation agents are each present in a molar ratio of greater than 0 to less than 100%, and preferably the molar ratios are similar.

Other embodiments of the liquid solvent system for producing the molecular catalyst NaH include Na and NaBH ₄ or NH ₄ X where X is an anion such as a halide. Molecular NaH catalysts can be produced by the reaction of Na ₂ and NaBH ₄ :

NH ₄ X can produce NaNH ₂ and H ₂ :

Thereafter, an NaH catalyst can be produced according to the reaction of the reaction formulas (177-189). In other liquid-solvent embodiments, the reaction mechanism for the Na / N system to form the hydrino-catalyzed NaH is as follows:

D. Additional MH -Type catalyst and reaction

Other catalyst systems of type MH include aluminum. The binding energy of AlH is 2.98 eV. The first and second ionization energies of Al are 5.985768 eV and 18.82855 eV, respectively. On the basis of this energy, AlH molecule may serve as a catalyst and H source, for the m = 1 double ionization (t = 2) Al to ^{2 +} the combination of AlH energy plus Al is in Scheme 36 The same 27.79 eV (27.2 eV). The catalytic reaction is provided by the following scheme:

The overall reaction is as follows:

In a liquid solvent embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least one of an AlH molecule and a source of AlH molecules. The source of the AlH molecule may comprise a source of Al metal and hydrogen, preferably atomic hydrogen. The source of hydrogen may be a hydride, preferably R-Ni. In another embodiment, the catalyst AlH is produced by the reaction of a reducing agent with an oxide or hydroxide of Al. The reducing agent comprises at least one of the NaOH reducing agents provided above. In one embodiment, the source of H is provided to the source of Al to form the catalyst AlH. The Al source may be a metal. The source of H may be a hydroxide. The hydroxide may be at least one of an alkali, an alkaline earth hydroxide, a transition metal hydroxide, and Al (OH) ₃ .

Raney nickel can be prepared by the following two reaction steps:

Na [Al (OH) ₄ ] readily dissolves in concentrated NaOH. It can be washed in deoxygenated water. The Ni produced contains Al (~ 10 wt%, may vary), is porous, and has a large surface area. It contains a large amount of H in both the Ni lattice and Ni-AlH _x (x = 1, 2, 3).

The R-Ni may be reacted with other elements to cause chemical release of the AlH molecule that performs the catalysis according to the reaction provided by the equations (193-195). In one embodiment, the AlH release is caused by a reduction reaction, an etching, or an alloy formation. This other element M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal that reacts with the Ni portion of the R-Ni to release the AlH _x component into the AlH molecule, which then performs the catalysis. In one embodiment, M may react with Al hydroxide or oxide to form an Al metal that may further react with H to form AlH. The reaction can be initiated by heating, and the rate can be adjusted by adjusting the temperature. The solvent, M (alkali or alkaline earth metal), and R-Ni are present in any desired molar ratio. Each of the solvent, M, and R-Ni is present in a molar ratio of greater than 0 and less than 100%. Preferably, the molar ratios of M and R-Ni are similar.

In a liquid solvent embodiment, the source of AlH is selected from the group consisting of R-Ni and other Ragni metals or alloys of Al known in the art, such as Ni, Cu, Si, Fe, Ru, Co, Pd, Pt, Or R-Ni or an alloy comprising at least one of the compounds. The R-Ni or alloy may further comprise an accelerator such as at least one of Zn, Mo, Fe, and Cr. The R-Ni can be at least one of W, Al, Grays Raney 2400, Raney 2800, Raney 2813, Raney 3201, Raney 4200, or an etched or Na-doped embodiment of such a material. In another liquid solvent embodiment of the AlH catalyst system, the source of the catalyst comprises a Ni / Al alloy wherein the ratio of Al to Ni is about 10-90%, preferably 10-50%, and more preferably about 10 -30%. The source of the catalyst may comprise palladium or platinum and may further comprise Al, such as Raney metal.

Other catalyst systems of type MH include chlorine. The binding energy of HCl is 4.4703 eV. The first, second and third ionization energies of Cl are 12.96764 eV, 23.814 eV, and 39.61 eV, respectively. On the basis of this energy, HCl can act as a catalyst and H source because the binding energy of HCl plus triple ionization of Cl to Cl ^{3 +} (t = 3) is m = 3 in reaction equation (36) Is the same 80.86 eV (3 · 27.2 eV). The catalytic reaction is provided by the following scheme:

The overall reaction is as follows:

In a liquid solvent embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a source of HCl or HCl. The source may be NH ₄ Cl or a solid acid and a chloride, such as an alkali or alkaline tochloride. The solid acid may be at least one of MHSO ₄ , MHCO ₃ , MH ₂ PO ₄ , and MHPO ₄ , where M is a cation, such as an alkali or alkaline earth cation. Such other solid acids are known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a strong acid such as H ₂ SO ₄ and an ionic compound, NaCl. The reaction of an acid with an ionic compound, such as NaCl, produces HCl, which acts as a hydrino catalyst and H source.

및

이다. 제 1 이온화 전위, IP₁ = 5.13908 eV, 및 제 2 이온화 전위, IP₂ = 47.2864 eV는 각각 제 2 및 제 3 컬럼에 제공된다. NaH 결합의 파괴 및 Na의 이중 이온화에 대한 반응의 순 엔탈피는 제 8 컬럼에 제공되고 제 9 컬럼에 제공된 바와 같이 반응식 (36)에서 m=2인 54.35 eV이다. 추가적으로, H는 대표적인 반응식 (23)에 의해 제공된 바와 같이 MH 단독의 촉매 반응 생성물에 비해 반응식 (35)에 의해 증가된 양자수 p를 갖는 히드리노를 형성하기 위해 표 3에 제공된 MH 분자 각각과 반응할 수 있다.Generally, provided by the ionization of t electrons destroying the MH bonds from each of the atoms M for a continuous energy level such that the sum of the binding energy and the ionization energy of t electrons is approximately m · 27.2 eV (where m is an integer) MH type hydrogen catalysts for producing hydrino are provided in Table 3. Each MH catalyst is provided in a first column, and the corresponding MH binding energy is provided in a second column. The atom M of the MH species provided in the first column is ionized to provide a net enthalpy of reaction of m · 27.2 eV with the addition of binding energy in the second column. The enthalpy of the catalyst is provided in the eighth column, where m is provided in the ninth column. The electrons participating in ionization are provided as ionization potentials (also referred to as ionization energy or binding energy). For example, the binding energy of NaH, 1.9245 eV, is provided in the second column. The ionization potential of the nth order electrons of an atom or ion is denoted by IP _n and is provided by CRC. For example,

And

to be. The first ionization potential, IP ₁ = 5.13908 eV, and the second ionization potential, IP ₂ = 47.2864 eV, are provided in the second and third columns, respectively. The net enthalpy of the breakdown of the NaH bond and the reaction to the double ionization of Na is 54.35 eV, provided in the eighth column and m = 2 in reaction (36) as provided in the ninth column. In addition, H may be reacted with each of the MH molecules provided in Table 3 to form a hydrino with an increased quantum number p by equation (35) as compared to the catalytic reaction product of MH alone as provided by the exemplary scheme (23) can do.

Table 3. MH type hydrogen catalysts capable of providing a net enthalpy of reaction of approximately m · 27.2 eV

In other liquid solvent embodiments of MH type catalysts, the reactants include SbH, SiH, SnH, and sources of InH. In embodiments providing the catalyst MH, the source comprises a source of M and H _{2 and} a source of MH _x , such as Sb, Si, Sn, and In, and H ₂ , and SbH ₃ , SiH ₄ , SnH ₄ , It includes at least one of InH _3.

The liquid solvent reaction mixture may further comprise a source of H and a source of catalyst wherein at least one of H and the source of the catalyst may be a solid acid or NH ₄ X where X is a halide, Cl < / RTI > Preferably, the reaction mixture may include a solvent, NH ₄ X, a solid acid, NaX, LiX, KX, NaH, LiH, KH, Na, Li, K, a support, a hydrogen dissociation at least one of a and H _2, Wherein X is a halide, preferably Cl. Solid acid _{NaHSO 4, KHSO 4, LiHSO 4} , NaHCO 3, KHCO 3, LiHCO 3, Na 2 HPO 4, K 2 HPO 4, Li 2 HPO 4, NaH 2 PO 4, KH 2 PO 4, and H ₂ PO ₄ Lt; / RTI > The catalyst may be at least one of NaH, Li, K and HCl. The reaction mixture may further comprise at least one of a dissociation agent and a support.

In each case of a source of MH comprising an M alloy such as AlH and Al, the alloy may be hydrogenated with a source of H ₂ , for example H ₂ gas. H ₂ may be fed to the alloy during the reaction or H ₂ may be fed to form the desired H content of the alloy with the changed H pressure during the reaction. In this case, the initial H ₂ pressure may range from about 0. The alloy may be activated by addition of a metal such as an alkali or an alkaline earth metal. In the case of a source of MH catalyst and MH, the hydrogen gas can be maintained in the range of about 1 Torr to 100 atm, preferably about 100 Torr to 10 atm, more preferably about 500 Torr to 2 atm. In another embodiment, the source of hydrogen is a hydride such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydride or a transition metal hydride.

A high density of atomic hydrogen may be subjected to a three-body-collision reaction to form the hydrino, where one H atom is replaced by an atomic hydrogen atom provided by reaction (35) when two additional H atoms are ionized Causing a transition to form a state. The reaction is provided by the following scheme:

The overall reaction is as follows:

In another embodiment, the reaction is provided by the following scheme:

The overall reaction is as follows:

In liquid solvent embodiments, the material that provides H atoms at high density is R-Ni. H atoms would be H ₂ from the H ₂ gas supply source, such as a decomposition of H, and the cell in the R-Ni, from at least one of the dissociation of H _2. The R-Ni may be reacted with an alkali or alkaline earth metal M to enhance the production of a layer of atoms H to effect catalysis. The R-Ni separated from the solvent mixture can be regenerated by evaporating the metal M and then adding hydrogen to re-hydrogenize the R-Ni.

VII . Additional H auto-catalysis

In other catalytic reactions involving only H atoms, two hot H ₂ molecules collide and dissociate so that the three H atoms act as catalysts of 3 · 27.2 eV for the fourth. Thereafter, between the four hydrogen atoms, the reaction between the three atoms thereby accommodates 81.6 eV from the fourth hydrogen atom resonantly and non-exclusively so that 3H acts as a catalyst as provided by the following equation:

The overall reaction is as follows:

중간체로 인한 극-자외선 연속 조사는 122.4 eV(10.1 nm)에서 짧은 파장 컷오프를 갖고 보다 긴 파장으로 연장하는 것으로 예측된다.In reaction (207)

The pole-ultraviolet continuous irradiation with the intermediate is expected to have a short wavelength cutoff at 122.4 eV (10.1 nm) and extend to longer wavelengths.

으로의 전이는

에 해당하는

에 의해 제공된 에너지

에서 짧은 파장 컷오프를 갖는 연속 밴드를 제공하며, 상응하는 컷오프 보다 긴 파장으로 확장한다.In general, the permittivity of H by permissible m · 27.2 eV

The transition to

Equivalent to

The energy provided by

Provides a continuous band with a short wavelength cutoff and extends to a longer wavelength than the corresponding cutoff.

There are other catalytic reactions comprising a collision of a high temperature H, and H ₂ can take place, in which each two H atoms are allowed to 13.6 eV from a third hydrogen to be ionized in order to act as a 27.2 eV catalyst for the third atom . The reaction between the hydrogen atoms is then provided by allowing two atoms from the third hydrogen atom to resonate 27.2 eV in a resonant and non-reversible manner so that 2H acts as a catalyst:

The overall reaction is as follows:

중간체에 의한 극-자외선 연속 방사선 밴드는 각각 54.4 eV(22.8 nm) 및 122.4 eV (10.1 nm)에서 짧은 파장의 컷오프를 가지고 보다 긴 파장으로 확장하는 것으로 예측된다. 다그성 및 상응하는 선택으로 인하여 법칙 H(1/4)가 선호 상태이다. 극-자외선 연속 방사선은 217.6 eV (5.7 nm)에서 짧은 파장 컷오프를 가지고 보다 긴 파장으로 확장할 것으로 예측된다.The reaction of (211)

The pole-ultraviolet continuous radiation bands by the intermediate are expected to extend to longer wavelengths with short wavelength cutoffs at 54.4 eV (22.8 nm) and 122.4 eV (10.1 nm), respectively. Due to the multiplicity and the corresponding choice, the rule H (1/4) is preferred. Polar ultraviolet continuous radiation is expected to extend to longer wavelengths with short wavelength cutoffs at 217.6 eV (5.7 nm).

The ionization potential of the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p) is as follows:

The molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p) binding energy, Ep, is as follows:

Another aspect of the invention includes a light source of EUV radiation. The light source comprises a component for exciting the molecular hydrino gas and the molecular hydrino gas to an ionization threshold value. The de-excitation energy is provided by equation (216). This may be a particle beam, preferably an electron beam. The molecular hydrinose gas may be trapped in a matrix, preferably an alkali or alkaline earth halide crystal. The crystal can then be impacted with an electron beam at a high energy, such as about 12 kV, to cause de-excitation emission thereafter. In another embodiment, the de-excitation further results in the destruction of the molecular hydrino bond. The emitted energy is then provided by the difference in energy provided by equations (216) and (217): < EMI ID =

For p = 4, the radiation is 7.3 nm (169.5 eV), which corresponds to the extreme ultraviolet (ENV). Such light may be for EUV lithography for manufacturing microelectronic devices.

In the embodiments described herein, the source of Rb ⁺ , such as Rb or hydride, or the source of Cs, such as Cs metal or hydride, can each serve as the source of the Rb ⁺ or Cs catalyst.

The hydrinohydride ion may react with an oxidizing agent such as oxygen or sulfur to form the molecular hydrino. Representative reactions are as follows:

Thus, in one embodiment of the hydrinochemical reaction, the hydrinohydride can be converted to the molecular hydrino when it is the desired product.

VIII . Hydrogen gas discharge power and plasma  Cell and reactor

The hydrogen gas discharge power and the plasma cell and the reactor of the present invention are shown in Fig. The hydrogen gas discharge power and the plasma cell and reactor of FIG. 5 include a gas discharge cell 307 that includes a hydrogen gas-filled glow discharge vacuum vessel 315 having a chamber 300. The hydrogen source 322 supplies hydrogen to the chamber 300 through the regulating valve 325 by the hydrogen supply passage 342. The catalyst is contained in the cell chamber 300. The voltage and current source 330 conducts current between the cathode 305 and the anode 320. The current may be reversible.

In one embodiment, the material of the cathode 305 may be a source of a catalyst such as Fe, Dy, Be, or Pd. In another embodiment of the hydrogen gas discharge power and plasma cell and reactor, the walls of the vessel 313 are conductive and serve as cathodes to replace the electrode 305, and the anode 320 is a hollow cathode, such as a stainless steel hollow anode. . The discharge can vaporize the catalyst source with a catalyst. Molecular hydrogen can be dissociated by discharging to form hydrogen atoms for the production of hydrino and energy. Additional dissociation may be provided by the hydrogen dissociation agent in the chamber.

Other embodiments of the hydrogen gas exhaust power and the plasma cell and reactor catalyzed by the gaseous phase utilize an adjustable gaseous catalyst. The gaseous hydrogen atoms for conversion to hydrino are provided by the discharge of molecular hydrogen gas. The gas discharge cell 307 has a catalyst supply passage 341 for passage of the gaseous catalyst 350 from the catalyst reservoir 395 to the reaction chamber 300. The catalyst reservoir 395 is heated by a catalyst reservoir heater 392 with a power supply 372 to provide a gaseous catalyst to the reaction chamber 300. The catalyst vapor pressure is regulated by controlling the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 395 by adjusting the heater 392 through its power supply 372. [ The reactor further comprises an optional exhaust valve (301). The chemical resistant open container located inside the gas discharge cell, for example a stainless steel, tungsten, or ceramic boat, may contain a catalyst. The catalyst in the catalyst boat may be heated with a boat heater using an associated power supply to provide a gaseous catalyst to the reaction chamber. Alternatively, the glow-gas discharge cell is operated at an elevated temperature such that the catalyst in the boat is sublimed into gaseous or boiled or volatilized. Catalyst vapor pressure is regulated by controlling the temperature of the boat or discharge cell by adjusting the heater to the power supply. To prevent the catalyst from condensing in the cell, the temperature is maintained above the temperature of the catalyst source, the catalyst reservoir 395, or the catalyst boat.

In one embodiment, the catalysis takes place in the gas phase, lithium is a catalyst, and the source of atomic lithium, such as a lithium metal or lithium compound, such as LiNH ₂ , is maintained at a temperature in the range of about 300-1000 & . Most preferably, the cell is maintained in the range of about 500-750 < 0 > C. The atomic and / or molecular hydrogen reactant can be maintained at a pressure below atmospheric, preferably in the range of about 10 milliTorr to about 100 Torr. Most preferably, the pressure is determined by maintaining a mixture of lithium metal and lithium hydride in the cell held at the desired operating temperature. The operating temperature range is preferably in the range of about 300-1000 < 0 > C, and the pressure is the pressure achieved in the cell at an operating temperature range of about 300-750 [deg.] C. The cell may be regulated to an operating temperature desired by a heating coil such as 380 of Figure 5 powered by power supply 385. [ The cell may further include an inner reaction chamber 300 and an outer hydrogen reservoir 390 such that hydrogen may be supplied to the cell by diffusion of hydrogen through the wall 313 separating the two chambers. The temperature of the wall can be adjusted with a heater to adjust the diffusion rate. The diffusion rate can be further controlled by adjusting the hydrogen pressure in the hydrogen reservoir.

_{Li, LiNH 2, Li 2 NH} , Li 3 N, ( the halide being _{X) LiNO 3, LiX, NH} 4 X, NH 3, LiBH 4, LiAlH 4, and a reaction mixture containing the group species of the H ₂ In at least one embodiment of the system having at least one reagent, at least one of the reactants is added by one or more reagents and regenerated by plasma regeneration. The plasma may be one of gases such as NH ₃ and H ₂ . The plasma can be maintained in situ (in the reaction cell) or in an external cell in communication with the reaction cell. In another embodiment, K, Cs, and Na replace Li, wherein the catalyst is atom K, atom Cs, and molecular NaH.

To keep the catalyst pressure at the desired level, a full cell as a hydrogen source can be sealed. Alternatively, the cell further comprises a high temperature valve at each inlet or outlet such that the valve in contact with the reaction gas mixture is maintained at the desired temperature.

The plasma cell temperature can be independently adjusted over a wide range by isolating the cell and applying a supplemental heater power to the heater 380. Thus, the catalyst vapor pressure can be adjusted independently for the plasma power.

The discharge voltage may range from about 100 to 10,000 volts. The current can be any desired range from the desired voltage. In addition, the plasma can be pulsed with any desired frequency range, offset voltage, peak voltage, peak power, and waveform.

In other embodiments, the plasma may occur in a liquid medium such as a reactant of a species that is the source of the catalyst or a solvent of the catalyst.

IX . Fuel cells and batteries

In the embodiment of the fuel cell and battery 400 shown in FIG. 6, the hydrino reactant comprising a solid fuel or a heterogeneous catalyst comprises a reactant for the corresponding half-cell reaction. During operation, the catalyst reacts with atomic hydrogen and energy transfer results in ionization of the catalyst. This reaction may occur in the anode compartment 402 so that the anode 410 will ultimately receive the ionized-electron current. At least one of Li, K, and NaH may serve as a catalyst for forming hydrino. The reaction step of non-radiant energy transfer of an integer multiple of 27.2 eV from atomic hydrogen to the catalyst results in ionized catalyst and free electrons. A support such as an AC can serve as a conductive electron acceptor in electrical contact with the anode. The final electron-acceptor reactant may be a source of a positively charged counterion that is an element of a cathode-cell reaction mixture that ultimately captures an oxidant, such as a free radical, or a source thereof, and electrons emitted from the catalytic reaction to form hydrino . The oxidant or cathode-cell reaction mixture is placed in the cathode compartment 401 with the cathode 405. Preferably, the oxidizing agent is at least one of a source of oxygen or oxygen, a halogen, preferably F ₂ or Cl ₂ , or a source of halogen, CF ₄ , SF ₆ , and NF ₃ . During operation, the counter ions, e.g., the ions of the catalyst, can preferably travel from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment through the salt bridge 420. Each cell reaction can be supplied by an additional reactant or the product can be removed as a source or reservoir of reactants for the product reservoirs 430 and 431 via passages 460 and 461. [

In certain embodiments, the power, chemical, battery, and fuel cell systems described herein that maintain the reaction to regenerate the reactants and form the low-energy hydrogen require only the hydrogen consumed to form the hydrinos to be replaced , And the hydrogen fuel consumed here can be obtained from the electrolysis of water.

X. Chemical Reactor

The present invention also relates to other reactors for producing the increased binding energy hydrogen compounds of the present invention, such as dihydrino molecules and hydrinohydride compounds. Other products of catalysis are power and optionally plasma and light depending on the cell type. Such a reactor is hereinafter referred to as a "hydrogen reactor" or "hydrogen cell ". The hydrogen reactor comprises a cell for producing the hydrino. The cell for making the hydrino may have the form of a chemical reactor or a gas fuel cell, for example a gas discharge cell, a plasma torch cell, or a microwave power cell. Representative embodiments of cells for making hydrino may take the form of liquid-fuel cells, solid-fuel cells, and non-uniform-fuel cells. Each of these cells comprises (i) a source of atomic hydrogen; (ii) at least one catalyst selected from solid catalysts for preparing hydrino, molten catalyst, liquid catalyst, gaseous catalyst, or mixtures thereof; And (iii) a catalyst for preparing hydrino and a vessel for reacting hydrogen. The term "hydrogen" as used herein and contemplated by the present invention includes deuterium ( ² H) and tritium ( ³ H) as well as proteus ( ¹ H), unless otherwise specified. In the case of the use of deuterium as a reactant of the hydrino reaction, a relatively small amount of tritium or helium product of heterogeneous fuel and solid fuel is expected.

The low-compounds, such as hydroxyl Reno in one embodiment of a chemical reactor for the synthesis of hydride compounds such as iron hydroxide Reno hydride film H by replacing the iron counterion, including energy hydrogen ^- (1 / p) Preferably ferric carbide, iron oxide, or a volatile iron salt such as FeI ₂ or FeI ₃ . The catalyst may be K, NaH, or Li. H may be from H ₂ and a dissociation agent, such as R-Ni or Pt / Al ₂ O ₃ . In other embodiments, the iron hydrino hydride may be an iron source such as iron halide, which decomposes at the reactor operating temperature, a catalyst such as NaH, Li, or K, and a hydrogen such as H ₂ gas and a dissociating agent such as R-Ni Source. Manganese hydroxide Reno hydride is manganese source, such as an organic metal such as Mn (II) 2,4- pentanedionate, which decomposed in the reactor operating temperature, NaH, Li, or a catalyst such as K, and H ₂ gas and the R-Ni Such as < RTI ID = 0.0 > a < / RTI > In one embodiment, the reactor is maintained at a temperature in the range of about 25 ° C to 800 ° C, preferably in the range of about 400 ° C to 500 ° C.

Because the alkali metal is a gaseous covalent zwitterion molecule, in one embodiment, the catalyst for forming the increased binding energy hydrogen compound is formed from the source by reaction with at least one other element. The catalyst, for example K or Li, may be produced by the dispersion of K or Li metal in an alkali halide such as KX or LiX to form KHX or LiHX, where X is a halide. The catalyst K or Li may also be produced by the reaction of the atomic H with vaporized K ₂ or Li ₂ to form KH and K or LiH and Li respectively. The increased binding energy hydrogen compound may be MHX, where M is an alkali metal, H is a hydrinohydride, and X is a monovalent negative ion, preferably X is a halide and HCO ₃ ^- . In one embodiment, the reaction mixture to form KHI or KHCl (where H is hydrinohydride) is a K metal covered with KX (X = Cl, I) and a dissociation agent, preferably a nickel metal, Nickel screens and R-Ni. The reaction is carried out with the addition of hydrogen, preferably by keeping the reaction mixture in the temperature range of 400-700 캜. Preferably, the hydrogen pressure is maintained at a gauge pressure of about 5 PSI. Accordingly, MX is dissociated for K atom halide moved through the grid, and that the halide is provided and reaction at the interface between the H from dissociation agent such as a nickel screen or R-Ni to form a KHX to disperse the K K ₂ the Lt; / RTI >

Suitable reaction mixtures for the synthesis of hydrinohydride compounds include at least two of the group of catalysts, a source of hydrogen, an oxidant, a reducing agent, and a support wherein the oxidant is at least one source of sulfur, phosphorus, and oxygen For example SF ₆ , S, SO ₂ , SO ₃ , S ₂ O ₅ Cl ₂ , F ₅ SOF, M ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , S _x X _y for example S ₂ Cl ₂ , SCl ₂ , S _{2 Br 2, S 2 F 2,} CS 2, Sb 2 S 5, SO x X y , for example _{SOCl 2, SOF 2, SO 2} F 2, SOBr 2, P, P 2 O 5, P 2 S 5, P _x x _y, for _{example, PF 3, PCl 3, PBr} 3, PI 3, PF 5, PCl 5, PBr 4 F, or PCl ₄ F, PO _x x _y, for _{example, POBr 3, POI 3, POCl} 3 or POF _3, PS _x X _y, for example, PSBr _3, PSF _3, PSCl _3, in-nitrogen compounds, such as _{P 3 N 5, (Cl 2} PN) 3, or (Cl ₂ PN) _4, ( Br ₂ PN) _{x wherein} M is an alkali metal, x and y are integers and X is a halogen, O ₂ , N ₂ O, and TeO ₂ . The oxidizing agent may further comprise halide, preferably a source of fluorine, for example CF ₄ , NF ₃ , or CrF ₂ . The mixture may also contain getters as sources of phosphorus or sulfur, such as MgS and MHS, where M is an alkali metal. Suitable getters are atoms or compounds that generate up-field shifted NMR peaks at the hydrinohydride peak, which is the normal H and the upfield of the conventional H peak. Suitable getters include compounds containing element S, P, O, Se, and Te or including S, P, O, Se, and Te. The general property of suitable getters for hydrinohydride ions is that such getters form chains, cages, or rings in elemental form, in doped elemental form, or with other elements that trap and stabilize hydrinohydride ions will be. Preferably, H ^- (1 / p) can be observed in solid or solution NMR. In another embodiment, NaH or HCl serves as a catalyst. Suitable reaction mixture comprises MX M'HSO and _4, and where M and M 'is preferably Na and K, respectively the alkali metal,, X is a halogen, preferably Cl.

(1) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , SF ₆ , and activated carbon (AC), (2) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , S, and activated carbon, (3) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂ , K ₂ S ₂ O _8, Ag, and AC, (4) KH _{catalyst, MgH 2, K 2 S 2} O 8, and AC, (5) MH catalyst (M = Li, Na, K ), Al or MgH _2, O _2, K ₂ S ₂ O ₈ and AC, (6) KH catalyst, Al, CF ₄ , and AC, (7) NaH catalyst, Al, NF ₃ and AC, (8) KH catalyst, MgH ₂ , N ₂ O , and AC, (9) NaH catalyst, MgH _2, O _2, and activated carbon (AC), (10) NaH catalyst, MgH _2, CF _4, and AC, (11) MH catalyst, MgH _2, (M = Li, Na, or K) P ₂ O ₅ (P ₄ O ₁₀ ) and AC, (12) MH catalyst, MgH ₂ , MNO ₃ , or KH catalyst, Mg, Ca, or Sr, a transition metal halide, preferably, FeCl _2, FeBr _2, NiBr _2, MnI _2, or a rare-earth halide, e.g. EuBr _2, and AC, and (14) NaH catalyst, Al, CS _2, and the reaction comprises at least one of AC mixture and to generate a low-power-system suitable for the production of energy hydrogen compound A. In another embodiment of the exemplary reaction mixture provided above, the catalytic cations comprise one of Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs and the other species of the reaction mixture is selected from reactants (1) to (14). The reactants may be present in any desired ratio.

The hydrino reaction product is at least one of hydrogen molecule and hydride ion or typical molecular hydrogen or hydrogen hydride each having up-field transferred proton NMR peak. In one embodiment, the hydrogen product is coupled to an element other than hydrogen, wherein the proton NMR peak is a conventional molecule, species, or compound having the same molecular formula as the product, or a conventional molecule, species, or compound that is not stable at room temperature Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > field < / RTI >

In one embodiment, the power, and is the binding energy hydrogen compounds increase is produced by a reaction mixture comprising two or more of the following species: LiNO _3, NaNO _3, KNO _3, LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H ₂ , a support such as carbon, for example an activated carbon, metal or metal hydride reducing agent, preferably MgH ₂ . The reactants may be present in any molar ratio. Preferably, the reaction mixture is 9.3% by mole MH, 8.6 mol% of MgH _2, 74 mole% AC, and 7.86 mol% MNO ₃ comprises a (M is Li, Na, or K Im), wherein the mol% of each species It may be varied within plus or minus 10 times the range provided for each species. The product molecule hydrino and hydrinohydride ions with the preferred quaternary conditions are observed at about 1.22 ppm and -3.85 ppm, respectively, using liquid NMR after extracting the product mixture with NMR solvent, preferably deuterated DFM . The product M ₂ CO ₃ can serve as a getter for the hydrinohydride ion to form a compound such as MHMHCO ₃ .

In other embodiments, the power and the increased binding energy hydrogen compound is produced by a reaction mixture comprising the following species state two or more: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H _2, a metal or a metal hydride reducing agent Preferably a MgH ₂ or Al powder, preferably a nanopowder, a support, for example a carbon, preferably an activated carbon, and a source of fluorine, such as fluorine gas or fluorocarbon, preferably CF ₄ or hexafluorobenzene (HFB). The reactants may be present in any molar ratio. Preferably, the reaction mixture was 9.8 mol% MH, 9.1 mol% MgH ₂ or 9 mol% Al nano-powder, 79 mole% AC, and 2.4 mol% CF ₄ or HFB including (M is Li, Na, or K Im) , Where the mole percent of each species can be varied within the range of plus or minus 10 times the mole percent provided for each species. The product molecule hydrino and hydrinohydride ions having a preferred quarter state are obtained by extracting the product mixture with an NMR solvent, preferably deuterated DFM or CDCl _3, and then using liquid NMR to produce about 1.22 ppm and -3.86 ppm ≪ / RTI >

In other embodiments, the power and the increased binding energy hydrogen compound is produced by a reaction mixture comprising two or more of the following species: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H _2, a metal or a metal hydride reducing agent Preferably a MgH ₂ or Al powder, a support, for example carbon, preferably activated carbon, and a source of fluorine, preferably SF ₆ . The reactants may be present in any molar ratio. Preferably, the reaction mixture comprises 10 mole% MH, 9.1 mol% MgH ₂ or 9 mol% Al powder, 78.8 mole% AC, and 24 mol% SF ₆ (M is Li, Na, or K Im), wherein The mole percent of each species can be varied within a range of plus or minus 10 times the mole percent provided for each species. The product molecule hydrino and hydrinohydride ions having a preferred quarter state are obtained by extracting the product mixture with an NMR solvent, preferably deuterated DFM or CDCl _3, and then using liquid NMR to produce about 1.22 ppm and -3.86 ppm ≪ / RTI >

In other embodiments, the power and the increased binding energy hydrogen compound is produced by a reaction mixture comprising two or more of the following species: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H _2, a metal or a metal hydride reducing agent , preferably MgH ₂ or Al powder, a support, such as carbon, preferably activated carbon, and sulfur, phosphorus, and at least one source of oxygen, preferably S or P powder, SF _6, CS _2, P ₂ O ₅ , and MNO ₃ (M is an alkali metal Im). The reactants may be present in any molar ratio. Preferably, the reaction mixture comprises 8.1 mol% MH, 7.5 mol% MgH ₂ or Al powder, 65 mol% AC, and 19.5 mol% S (where M is Li, Na, or K) % Can be varied within a range of plus or minus 10 times the mole percent provided for each species. Suitable reaction mixtures include NaH, MgH ₂ or Mg, AC, and S powders in their molar ratio. The product molecule hydrino and hydrinohydride ions having a preferred quarter state are obtained by extracting the product mixture with an NMR solvent, preferably deuterated DFM or CDCl _3, and then using liquid NMR to produce about 1.22 ppm and -3.86 ppm ≪ / RTI >

In another embodiment, the power and increased binding energy hydrogen compound is produced by a reaction mixture comprising NaHS. The hydrinohydride ion can be separated from NaHS. In one embodiment, the solid state reaction is H with a source of protons, such as solvents, it may be preferably reacted with H ₂ O and added to form an H ₂ (1/4) ^- form the (1/4) Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > NaHS. ≪ / RTI >

In one embodiment, the hydrinohydride compound can be purified. Such purification methods may include at least one of extraction and recrystallization with a suitable solvent. Such methods may further include chromatography and other techniques for separating inorganic compounds known to those skilled in the art.

In liquid fuel embodiments, the solvent has a halogen functionality, preferably fluorine. Suitable reaction mixtures comprise at least one of hexafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene added to a catalyst, for example NaH, and are mixed with a support, for example a halocarbon, fluoropolymer or R-Ni. The reaction mixture may comprise an energetic material that can be used in applications known to those skilled in the art. Suitable applications due to high energy balance are propellant and piston-engine fuel. In one embodiment, the desired product is at least one of the collected fullerenes and nanotubes.

In one embodiment, the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p), preferably H ₂ (1/4), is further added to form the corresponding hydride ion that can be used in applications such as hydride batteries and surface coatings It is a product to be reduced. The molecular hydrino bond can be broken by the collision method. H ₂ (1 / p) can be dissociated by a strong collision with ions or electrons in the plasma or beam. The dissociated hydrino atom may then react to form the desired hydride ion.

In other embodiments, the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p), preferably H ₂ (1/4), is the product used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. These reagents can be inhaled to image the lung, where up-field chemical shifts compared to conventional H make it distinguishable and thus selective. In another embodiment, the low-energy-hydrogen compounds and a low-energy hydrogen species, such as H ^- (1 / p) of the at least one anti-lipid-increasing drug, an anti-cholesterol drugs, contraceptives, anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressive drugs, Antihypertensive drugs, antiepileptic drugs, epinephrine blocking agents, myocardial contraction drugs, antidepressants, diuretics, antimicrobial agents, antibacterial drugs, anxiolytics, sedatives, muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, ulcers , Agents for the treatment of asthma and hypersensitivity reactions, antithrombotics, agents for the treatment of muscular atrophy, agents effective for therapeutic abortion, agents for the treatment of anemia, agents for improving allograft survival, An agent for the treatment of diseases, an agent for the treatment of ischemic heart disease, an agent for the treatment of opiate withdrawal, a second messenger of inositol triphosphate Agents, and to enable a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one of the group of antiviral agents to block spinal reflection, including formulations, and drugs for the treatment of AIDS. In naturally occurring formulations, at least one of the low-energy hydrogen compound and the low-energy hydrogen species is prepared to have a desired concentration, such as a higher concentration than naturally occurring.

XI . Experiment

A. Water-flow, batch calorimetry

The energy and power balance of the catalytic reaction mixture described on the right side of the following is approximately 130.3 cm3 volume (1.5 "inner diameter (ID), 4.5" length, and 0.2 "wall thickness) or 1988 cm3 volume (3.75" ), 11 "long, and 0.375" wall thickness) cylindrical chambers and a vacuum chamber containing each cell and an external water collection volume of 99 +% of the energy released into the cell to achieve < Is obtained using a water flow calorimeter including a cooler coil. The energy recovery was determined by combining the total output power P _T over time. The power is given by:

은 질량 유량이며, Cp는 물의 비열이며, △T는 유입구와 유출구 사이의 온도의 절대 변화이다. 반응은 외부 가열기로 정밀한 전력을 인가함으로써 개시된다. 상세하게, 100-200 W의 전력 (130.3 ㎤ 셀) 또는 800-1000 W (1988 ㎤ 셀)을 가열기에 공급하였다. 이러한 가열 기간 동안에, 시약은 히드리노 반응 문턱 온도에 도달하였으며, 여기서 반응의 개시는 통상적으로 셀 온도에서 빠른 상승에 의해 확인되었다. 셀 온도가 약 400-500℃에 도달하자 마자, 입력 전력을 0으로 셋팅하였다. 50분 후에, 전력을 0으로 프로그래밍하였다. 냉각기로의 열전달 속도를 증가시키기 위하여, 챔버를 1000 Torr의 헬륨으로 재가압하고, 물 온도의 최대 변화 (유출구 - 유입구)는 대략 1.2℃이다. 어셈블리는 유동 서미스터에서 전체 평형의 관찰에 의해 확인되는 바와 같이, 24 시간에 걸쳐 평형상태에 완전히 도달할 수 있다.In this formula,

Is the mass flow rate, Cp is the specific heat of water, and [Delta] T is the absolute change in temperature between the inlet and outlet. The reaction is initiated by applying precise power to the external heater. In detail, a power of 100-200 W (130.3 cm3 cell) or 800-1000 W (1988 cm3 cell) was supplied to the heater. During this heating period, the reagent reached a hydrino reaction threshold temperature, where the initiation of the reaction was typically confirmed by a rapid rise in cell temperature. As soon as the cell temperature reached about 400-500 ° C, the input power was set to zero. After 50 minutes, the power was programmed to zero. To increase the heat transfer rate to the chiller, the chamber is repressurized to 1000 Torr of helium and the maximum change in water temperature (outlet-inlet) is approximately 1.2 ° C. The assembly can reach the equilibrium state completely over a period of 24 hours, as can be seen by observing the full equilibrium in the flow thermistor.

In each test, the energy input and the energy output were calculated by the integration of the corresponding power. The thermal energy in the cooler flow at each time increment is calculated by multiplying the volume flow rate (0.998 kg / liter) of water by water density at 19 ° C, the specific heat of water (4.181 kJ / kg ° C), the corrected temperature difference, (221), respectively. The values were summed over the entire experiment to obtain the total energy output. The total energy from the cell E _T must be equal to the energy input E _in and any total energy E _net . Thus, the total energy is provided by the following equation:

From the energy balance, any excess heat E _ex was determined for the maximum theoretical E _mt by the following equation:

The calibration test results showed a thermal coupling greater than 98% of the resistive input to the output cooler and zero excess thermal control, with the application of a calibration correction, . These results are provided as follows, where Tmax is the maximum cell temperature, Ein is the input energy, and dE is the output energy measured at the excess of the input energy. All energy is pyrogenic. The value of the quantity given is the magnitude of the energy.

metal Halide , Oxide , And Sulfide

2Og AC3-5 + 5g Mg + 8.3g KH + 11.2g Mg3As2, 298.6U, dE: 21.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 315 ° C. The theoretical value is endothermic, and the increase is infinite.

2Og AC3-5 + 5g Mg + 8.3g KH + 9.1g Ca3P2, Ein: 282.1 kJ, dE: 18.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 320 占 The theoretical value is endothermic and the increase is infinite.

Rowan Validation KH 7.47 gm + Mg 4.5 gm + TiC 18.0 gm + EuBr 2 14.04 gm, Ein 321.1 kJ, dE 40.5 kJ, Tmax 340 ° C, energy increase ~ 6.5X (1.37 kJ x 4.5 = 6.16 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + TiB2 3.5 gm, Ein: 299 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ X (X ~ O kJ; 1 "cell: excess energy ~ 5.1 kJ).

X = O kJ; 1 "cell &lt; / RTI &gt; &lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; : Excess energy ~ 6.0 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + Li2S 2.3 gm, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 占 폚. Energy increase ~ X (X ~ O kJ; 1 "cell: excess energy ~ 5.0 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + Mg3N2 5.05 gm, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 330 占 폚. Energy increase ~ (X ~ O kJ; 1 "cell: excess energy ~ 5.2 kJ).

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.55 g PtBr2, Ein: 95.0 kJ, dE: 15.7 kJ, TSC: 108-327 캜, Tmax: 346 캜, theoretical value 6.66 kJ,

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.55 g PtBr2, Ein: 94.0 kJ, dE: 14.3 kJ, TSC: 100-256 占 폚, Tmax: 326 占 폚, theoretical value 6.03 kJ,

■ 4 g WC + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + O.Olmol Cl2, initiated with UV lamp to dissociate Cl2 into Cl Ein: 162.9 kJ, dE: 16.0 kJ, TSC: 23-42 ℃, Tmax: 7.10 kJ, increase is 2.25 times.

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.66 g PdBr2, Ein: 113.0 kJ, dE: 11.7 kJ, TSC: 133-276 캜, Tmax: 370 캜, theoretical value 6.43 kJ,

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.66 g PdBr2, Ein: 116.0 kJ, dE: 9.4 kJ, TSC: 110-217 캜, Tmax: 361 캜, theoretical value 5.81 kJ,

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.6 O g Pd 2, Ein: 142.0 kJ, dE: 7.8 kJ, TSC: 177-342 캜, T max: 403 캜, theoretical value 5.53 kJ,

The cell temperature rise was not observed, however, the energy increase was 4.9 kJ. However, no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature was set at &lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 4070C, theoretical value is endothermic.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + CrB2 3.7 gm, Ein: 317 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 340 ° C, theoretical energy is endothermic 0.05 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + NEW Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + AgCl_9.36 gm, Ein: 99 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.3X (X = 18.88 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + NEW TiC (G06U055) 20.0 gm + AgCl 7.2 gm, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.72X (X = 14.52 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + Y2O3 11.3 gm (increased to TiC to 4X), Ein: 353 kJ, dE: 23 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 4X (X ~ 1.18kJ * 5 = 5.9kJ).

KH 4.15 gm + Mg 2.5 gm + CAII-300 lO.Ogm + EuBr3 9.8 gm, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.26 X (X = 11.93 kJ).

133.0 kJ, dE: 5.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 371 캜, the theoretical value is endothermic, and the increase is infinite.

The theoretical value is endothermic, and the increase is infinite. In this case, it is necessary to set the temperature at a constant value.

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.82 g Ca3P2, Ein: 133.0 kJ, dE: 5.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 407 占 The theoretical value is endothermic and the increase is infinite.

4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.97 g WC16; Ein: 99.0 kJ; dE: 21.84 kJ; TSC: 100-342 0C; Tmax: 375 ° C, theoretical value 16.7, increase 1.3 times.

2.60 g of CsI, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4, 1 "of the duty cell were treated with an energy increase of 4.9 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The cell temperature is 406 ° C, the theoretical value is 0, and the increase is infinity.

0.42 g of LiCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4 were treated. The energy increase was 5.4 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 412 ° C, the theoretical value is 0, and the increase is infinite.

4 g AC3-4 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.21 g RbCl, Ein: 136.0 kJ, dE: 5.2 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 372 ° C, theoretical value 0 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + CaBr2 10.0 gm, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 3.0 X (X ~ 1.71 kJ * 5 = 8.55 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + YF 3 7.3 gm, Ein: 320 kJ, dE: 17 kJ, no TSC, T max ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 4.5 X (X ~ 0.74 kJ * 5 = 3.7 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + dried SnBr 2 14.0 gm, Ein 299 kJ, dE 36 kJ, small TSC at ~ 130 ° C, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.23X (X ~ 5.85kJx5 = 29.25 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + EuBr 2 15.6 gm, Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, small TSC at ~ 50 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 32X (X ~ 0.28kJx5 = 1.4kJ) and increase ~ 6.5X (1.37kJx5 = 6.85kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + dried ZnBr 2 11.25 gm, Ein: 288 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, small TSC at ~ 200 ° C, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.1X (X ~ 4.19kJx5 = 20.9kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + SF6, Ein: 77.7 kJ, dE: 105 kJ, Tmax to 400 占 폚. Energy increase ~ 1.43X (X, ~ 73 kJ for 0.03 mole SF6).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + SF6, Ein: 217 kJ, dE: 84 kJ, Tmax to 400 占 폚. Energy increase ~ 1.15X (X, ~ 73 kJ for 0.03 mole SF6).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + AgCl 7.2 gm, Ein 357 kJ, dE 25 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.72X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + AgCl 7.2 gm, Ein: 487 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.34X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

2Og AC3-4 + 8.3 g Ca + 5 g NaH + 15.5 g MnI2, Ein: 181.5 kJ, dE: 61.3 kJ, TSC: 159-233 占 폚, Tmax: 283 占 폚, theoretical value 29.5 kJ,

4 g AC3-4 + 1.66 g Ca + 1.66 g KH + 3.09 g MnI2, Ein: 113.0 kJ, dE: 15.8 kJ, TSC: 228-384 占 폚, Tmax: 395 占 폚, theoretical value 6.68 kJ,

4 g AC3-4 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 0.46 g Li2S, Ein: 144.0 kJ, dE: 5.0 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 419 deg.

No increase in cell temperature was observed. 1.01 g of Mg3N2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4, 1 "of duty cell, energy increase of 5.2 kJ, 401 ℃, the theoretical value is 0.

1.21 g of RbCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4, energy increase of 6.0 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 442 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.

2.24 g of Zn3N2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4 were treated. The energy increase was 5.5 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 410 ℃, the theoretical value is 4.41 kJ, and the increase is 1.25 times.

4 g AC3-4 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.77 g PdC12, Ein: 89.OkJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, TSC: 83-204 占 폚, Tmax: 306 占 theoretical value 6.14 kJ,

0.74 g of CrB2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-4), 1 "duty cycle, energy increase of 4.3 kJ, The maximum cell temperature is 404 ° C and the theoretical value is 0 ° C.

0.70 g of TiB2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-4) were treated. The energy increase was 5.1 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 431 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaBr2 14.85 gm (dried), Ein: 328 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 320 ° C. Energy increase 160X (X ~ 0.02kJ * 5 = 0.1 kJ).

NaH 1.0 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + CAII-300 4.0 gm + BaBr2 2.97 gm (dried), Ein: 140 kJ, dE: 3 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 360 ° C. Energy increase ~ 150X (X ~ 0.02kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MgI 2 13.9 gm, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.8X (X ~ 1.75x5 = 8.75 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MgBr 2 9.2 gm, Ein: 334 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.1X (X ~ 2.23x5 = 11.5 kJ).

2Og AC3-3 + 8.3 g KH + 7.2 g AgCl, Ein: 286.6 kJ, dE: 29.5 kJ, TSC: 327-391 캜, Tmax: 394 캜, theoretical value 13.57 kJ, increase 2.17 times.

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g MgH2 + 1.66 g KH + 1.44 g AgCl, Ein: 151.0 kJ, dE: 4.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 397 ° C, theoretical value 2.53 kJ,

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.48 g Ca3N2, Ein: 140.0 kJ, dE: 4.9 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 392 캜, theoretical value 2.01 kJ,

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.86 g InC12, Ein: 125.0 kJ, dE: 7.9 kJ, TSC: 163-259 占 폚, Tmax: 374 占 폚, theoretical value 4.22 kJ,

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.86 g InC12, Ein: 105.0 kJ, dE: 7.5 kJ, TSC: 186-302 占 폚, Tmax: 370 占 Theoretical value is 4.7 kJ and the increase is 1.59 times.

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.5 g DyI2, Ein: 135.0 kJ, dE: 6.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 403 DEG C, theoretical value 1.89 kJ,

3.92 g of EuBr3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-3), 1 "duty cycle, energy increase of 10.5 kJ, The maximum cell temperature was 429 ° C, the theoretical value was 3.4 kJ, and the increase was 3 times.

4.6 g of AsI3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-3), energy increase of 13.5 kJ, cell temperature burst of 166 &lt; ). The maximum cell temperature is 425 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.65 kJ, and the increase is 1.56 times.

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.09 g EuF3, Ein: 185.1 kJ, dE: 8.0 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 463 DEG C, theoretical value 1.69 kJ,

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.27 g AgF; Ein: 127.0 kJ; dE: 6.04 kJ; TSC: 84-190 캜; Tmax: 369 ° C, theoretical value is 3.58 kJ, and the increase is 1.69 times.

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.92 g EuBr3; Ein: 162.5 kJ; dE: 7.54 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 471 ° C, theoretical value is 3.41 kJ, and the increase is 2.21 times.

2.09 g of EuF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-3), 1 "duty cell, energy increase of 5.5 kJ, The maximum cell temperature was 417 ° C, the theoretical value was 1.71 kJ, and the increase was 3.25 times.

3.29 g of YBr3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-3), energy increase of 7.0 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 441 ℃, the theoretical value is 4.16 kJ, and the increase is 1.68 times.

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaI2 19.5 gm, Ein: 334 kJ, dE: 13 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.95 X (X ~ 0.88 kJ x5 = 4.4 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaC12 10.4 gm, Ein: 331 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 6.9X (X ~ 0.52x5 = 2.6 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + LaF3 9.8 gm, Ein: 338 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.9X (X ~ 3.65 kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaBr2 14.85 gm (dried), Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 3200C. Energy increase ~ 100 X (X ~ 0.01 = 0.02x5 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaBr2 14.85 gm (dried), Ein: 267 kJ, dE: 8 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 360 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.5 X (X ~ 3.2 kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + ZnS 4.85 gm, Ein: 319 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 占 폚. Energy increase ~ 1.5 X (X ~ 8.0 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + AgCl 7.2 gm (dried on 070109), Ein: 219 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.8X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + Y2O3 11.3 gm, Ein: 339 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, small TSC at ~ 300 ° C, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 4.0 X (X ~ 5.9 kJ with NaH).

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.95 g YC13, Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 7.IkJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 384 deg. C, theoretical value 3.3 kJ, increase 2.15 times.

4.70 g of YI3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), 1 "duty cell, energy increase of 6.9 kJ, The maximum cell temperature was 426 ° C, the theoretical value was 3.37 kJ, and the increase was 2.04 times.

1.51 g of SnO2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) with an energy increase of 9.4 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 460 ℃, the theoretical value is 7.06 kJ, and the increase is 1.33 times.

[0051] 4.56 g of AsI3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy increase of 11.5 kJ, cell temperature burst of 144 DEG C (221 DEG C to 365 DEG C ). The maximum cell temperature is 463 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.65 kJ, and the increase is 1.33 times.

1.33 g of MnI2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of STiC-I (TiC, Sigma Aldrich), energy increase of 9.6 kJ and cell temperature burst of 137 DEG C (38-175 DEG C). The maximum cell temperature is 396 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.73 kJ, and the increase is 2.57 times.

3.99 g of SeBr4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy increase of 20.9 kJ, cell temperature burst of 224 ° C (47-271 ° C ). The maximum cell temperature is 383 ° C, the theoretical value is 16.93 kJ, and the increase is 1.23 times.

The theoretical value was 12.3 kJ, and the increase was 2.57 times. The results are shown in Table 1. &lt; tb &gt; &lt; TABLE &gt; Id = Table 2 Columns = 3 &lt; tb &gt;

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 0.91 g CoS, Ein: 145.1 kJ, dE: 8.7 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 420 deg. C, theoretical value 2.63 kJ,

4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.84 g MgBr2; Ein: 134.1 kJ; dE: 5.75 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 400 DEG C, theoretical value is 2.23 kJ, and the increase is 2.58 times.

(5.0 g) of SbB, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) with an energy increase of 12.2 kJ and a cell temperature burst of 154 ° C ). The maximum cell temperature was 379 ° C, the theoretical value was 9.71 kJ, and the increase was 1.26 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + AgCl 7.2 gm, Ein: 304 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, small TSC at -275 ° C, Tmax to 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.1X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

Kb 1.66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + TiC 5.0 gm + BaBr2 2.97 gm, loaded BaBr2-KH-Mg-TiC, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 2 kJ, without TSC, theoretical value of 0.64 kJ, The increase is three times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + CuS 4.8 gm, Ein: 318 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 360 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.1X (X ~ 14.4 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + MnS 4.35 gm, Ein: 326 kJ, dE: 14 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 350 占 폚. Energy increase ~ 2.2X (X ~ 6.3 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + GdF3 10.7 gm, Ein: 339 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 360 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.54X (X ~ 2.75 kJ).

2Og AC3-2 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 7.2 g AgCl, Ein: 327.1 kJ, dE: 40.4 kJ, TSC: 288-318 캜, Tmax: 326 캜, theoretical value 14.52,

2Og AC 3-2 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 7.2 g CuBr, Ein: 205.1 kJ, dE: 22.5 kJ, TSC: 216-268 캜, T max: 280 캜, theoretical value 13.46,

4 g AC 3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.46 g YF 3, Ein: 157.0 kJ, dE: 4.3 kJ, TSC: none, T max: 405 캜, theoretical value 0.77,

4.6 g, dE: 5.6 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 398 캜, the theoretical value 0.74, and the increase 7.54 times.

Duty cell of 11.3 g of Y2O3, 5 g of NaH, 5 g of Mg powder and 20 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-2) in a 2 ", energy increase of 24.5 kJ, but no cell temperature The maximum cell temperature was 386 ° C, the theoretical value was 5.9, and the increase was 4.2 times.

3 g + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.91 g BaI 2, Ein: 135.0 kJ, dE: 5.3 kJ, TSC: none, T max: 378 캜, theoretical value 0.1 kJ,

4 g AC 3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.91 g BaI 2, Ein: 123.1 kJ, dE: 3.3 kJ, TSC: none, T max: 390 캜, theoretical value 0.88 kJ,

4 g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.08 g BaC12, Ein: 141.0 kJ, dE: 5.5 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 403 deg. C, theoretical value 0.52 kJ,

4 g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.42 g SrI2; Ein: 128.2 kJ; dE: 4.35 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 383 ° C, theoretical value is 1.62 kJ, and the increase is 3.3 times.

4.04 g of Sb2S5, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-2) were treated. The energy increase is 18.0 kJ and the cell temperature burst is 251 ° C (224 - 475 ° C). The maximum cell temperature is 481 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.7 kJ, and the increase is 1.4 times.

4 g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.97 g ZnS, Ein: 132.1 kJ, dE: 7.5 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 370 캜, theoretical value 1.4 kJ,

The theoretical value is +0.35 kJ, and the increase is infinite. In the case of the above-mentioned method,

4 g AC 3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.12 g EuBr 2, Ein: 122.0 kJ, dE: 9.4 kJ, TSC: 73-135 캜, T max: 385 캜, theoretical value 0.28 kJ,

4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.67 g PbBr2; Ein: 126.0 kJ; dE: 6.98 kJ; TSC: 270-408 캜; Tmax: 421 캜, the theoretical value is 5.17 kJ, and the increase is 1.35 times.

4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.27 g AgF; Ein: 125.0 kJ; dE: 7.21 kJ; TSC: 74-175 0C; Tmax: 372 캜, theoretical value 3.58 kJ, increase 2 times.

1.80 g of GdBr3 (3.97 g of 0.01 mol GdBr3, but not enough of GdBr3), 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) Was 2.8 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 431 ° C, the theoretical value is 1.84 kJ, and the increase is 1.52 times.

0.97 g of ZnS, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy increase of 4.0 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 444 ℃, the theoretical value is 1.61 kJ, and the increase is 2.49 times.

3.92 g of BI3 (in PP vial), 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy increase of 13.2 kJ, cell temperature gradient change of 87 (152-239 &lt; 0 &gt; C). The maximum cell temperature is 465 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.7 kJ, and the increase is 1.36 times.

4 g AC 3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.2 g HfCl 4, Ein: 131.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, TSC: 277-439 ° C, Tmax: 440 ° C, theoretical value 8.1 kJ,

4 g AC 3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.2 g HfCl 4, Ein: 125.0 kJ, dE: 11.5 kJ, TSC: 254-357 캜, T max: 405 캜, theoretical value 9.06 kJ,

4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.97 g BaBr2; Ein: 132.1 kJ; dE: 4.65 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 361 ° C, theoretical value 0.64 kJ, increase 7.24 times.

4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.35 g AgI; Ein: 142.9 kJ; dE: 7.32 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 420 DEG C, theoretical value is 2.46 kJ, and the increase is 2.98 times.

4.12 g of PI3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) were treated. The energy increase is 13.8 kJ and the cell temperature burst is 189 ℃ (184 - 373 ℃). The maximum cell temperature is 438 ° C, the theoretical value is 11.1 kJ, and the increase is 1.24 times.

(1.53 g) of SnF2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), the energy increase was 7.9 kJ and the cell temperature slope change was 72 ° C ° C). The maximum cell temperature is 407 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.28 kJ, and the increase is 1.5 times.

1.96 g of LaF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy increase of 4.2 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 442 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.68 kJ, and the increase is 6.16 times.

MgCl 2, Ein: 129.0 kJ, dE: 6.6 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 371 캜, theoretical value 1.75 kJ, and the increase 3.8 times.

The following values were obtained: 1 g of CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.48 g SrBr2, Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 6.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 402 占 theoretical value 1.35 kJ;

4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.Og CaBr2; Ein: 147.0 kJ; dE: 6.33 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 445 ° C, theoretical value is 1.71 kJ, and the increase is 3.7 times.

4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.97 g BaBr2; Ein: 140.1 kJ; dE: 8.01 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 405 캜, theoretical value 0.02 kJ, increase 483 times.

0.90 g of CrF2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) were treated. The energy increase was 4.7 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 415 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.46 kJ, and the increase is 1.36 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + InCl 7.5 gm, Ein 275 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.2 X (X ~ 11.45 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + InI 12.1 gm, Ein 320 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.25 X (X ~ 9.6 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + InBr 9.75 gm, Ein 323 kJ, dE: 17 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.7X (X ~ 10 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + MnI 2 15.45 gm Dr. Peter Jansson evaluation test Ein 292 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, small TSC at ~ 30 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.43X (X ~ 18.5 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + FeBr2 10.8 gm (FeBr2, from STREM Chemicals) Evaluation by Dr. Peter Jansson Ein: 308 kJ, dE: 46 kJ, small TSC at ~ 220 ° C, Tmax ~ 330 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.84X (X ~ 25 kJ).

■ KH_8.3 gm + Mg_ 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + CoI2_15.65 gm, Ein: 243 kJ, dE: 55 kJ, small TSC at ~ 170 ° C, Tmax ~ 3300 C, theoretical value 26.35 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + NiBr2 ll.Ogm, Ein: 270 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, TSC at ~ 220 캜, Tmax ~ 340 캜, theoretical value 23 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + FeBr2 10.8 gm (FeBr2, STREM Chemicals), Ein 291 kJ, dE 38 kJ, small TSC at ~ 200 ° C, Tmax ~ The increase is 1.52 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + ZnBr 2 11.25 gm, Ein 302 kJ, dE: 42 kJ, small TSC at ~ 200 ° C, Tmax ~ 375 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2X (X ~ 20.9 kJ).

KH 8.30 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + GdBr3 19.85 gm, Ein: 308 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, TSC at 250 占 폚, Tmax ~ 340 占 폚. Energy increase ~ 1.3X (X ~ 20.3 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MnS 4.35 gm, Ein: 349 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, TSC at 260 占 폚, Tmax? 350 占 폚. Energy increase ~ 3.6 X (X ~ 6.6 kJ).

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.79 g LaBr3, Ein: 143.0 kJ, dE: 4.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 392 캜, theoretical value 2.46 kJ,

CeOr3, Ein: 145.0 kJ, dE: 7.6 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 413 DEG C, theoretical value 3.84 kJ, and increase 1.97 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.44 g AgCl; Ein: 136.2 kJ; dE: 7.14 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 420 캜, the theoretical value is 2.90 kJ, and the increase is 2.46 times.

1.5 g of Cu2S, Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 5.5 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 405 占 Theoretical value is 2.67 kJ, and the increase is 2.06 times.

1.25 g of TeI4 (0.01 mol TeI4 is 6.35 g, but TeI4 is not sufficient), 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) 8.3 kJ, and the cell temperature burst is 113 ° C (202 - 315 ° C). The maximum cell temperature is 395 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.61 kJ, and the increase is 1.48 times.

2.51 g of BBr3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy increase of 12.4 kJ. The cell temperature slope change is 52 ° C (77 - 129 ° C) and the cell temperature burst is 88 ° C (245 - 333 ° C). The maximum cell temperature is 438 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.28 kJ, and the increase is 1.34 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.0 g NaH + 3.59 g TaC15, Ein: 102.0 kJ, dE: 16.9 kJ, TSC: 80-293 占 폚, Tmax: 366 占 폚, theoretical value 11.89 kJ,

(2.25 kG) of CdBr2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 6.6 kJ, cell temperature burst of 56 DEG C 309 C). The maximum cell temperature is 414 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.31 kJ, and the increase is 1.53 times.

(2) A mixture of 2.73 g of MoCl5, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 20.1 kJ, 307C). The maximum cell temperature is 511 ℃, the theoretical value is 15.04 kJ, and the increase is 1.34 times.

2.75 g of InBr2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 7.3 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 481 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.46 kJ, and the increase is 1.64 times.

1.88 g of NbF5, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 15.5 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed . The maximum cell temperature is 448 ℃, the theoretical value is 11.36 kJ, and the increase is 1.36 times.

1.33 g of ZrC14, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 12.9 kJ, cell temperature burst of 156 캜 (311 - 467 C). The maximum cell temperature is 472 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.82 kJ, and the increase is 1.46 times.

3.66 g of CdI 2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 6.7 kJ, cell temperature gradient change of 74 ° C - 199 [deg.] C). The maximum cell temperature is 417 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.12 kJ, and the increase is 1.62 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.64 g GdCB; Ein: 127.0 kJ; dE: 4.82 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 395 DEG C, theoretical value is 3.54 kJ, and the increase is 1.36 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAli-300 20.0 gm + InCl 7 5 gm, Ein: 305 kJ, dE: 32 kJ, small TSC at ~ 150 ° C, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 2.8X (X ~ 11.5 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + CoI 2 15.65 gm, Ein: 306 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, small TSC at ~ 200C, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Energy increase ~ 1.55 X (X ~ 26.4 kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + GdBr 3 19.85 gm, Ein 309 kJ, dE: 28 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. Energy increase - 1.8X (X ~ 15.6 kJ).

■ KH_4.98 gm + Mg_ 3.0 gm + CAII-300_12.0 gm + InBr_5.85 gm 3X system, Ein: 297 kJ, dE: 13 kJ, small TSC at ~ 200 ° C, Tmax ~ 3300C. Energy increase ~ 1.3X (X ~ 10 kJ).

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.26 g Y2O3, Ein: 133. IkJ, dE: 5.2 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 384 deg. C, theoretical value 1.18 kJ,

4.11 g of ZrBr4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 11.2 kJ, cell temperature burst of 154 DEG C 434 C). The maximum cell temperature is 444 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.31 kJ, and the increase is 1.2 times.

(5.8 g) of ZrI4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 11.3 kJ, cell temperature burst of 200 캜 414 C). The maximum cell temperature is 454 ℃, the theoretical value is 9.4 kJ, and the increase is 1.2 times.

(2) 70 g of NbC15, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 16.4 kJ, cell temperature burst of 213 DEG C 350 [deg.] C). The maximum cell temperature is 395 ° C, the theoretical value is 13.40 kJ, and the increase is 1.22 times.

2.02 g of MoCB, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 12.1 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 536 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.48 kJ, and the increase is 1.43 times.

(3.1 g) of NiI2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 8.0 kJ, cell temperature burst of 33 캜, 368 C). The maximum cell temperature is 438 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.89 kJ, and the increase is 1.36 times.

3.87 g of As2Se3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 12.3 kJ, cell temperature burst of 241 캜 (195 - 436 C). The maximum cell temperature is 446 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.4 kJ, and the increase is 1.46 times.

2.74 g of Y2S3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 5.2 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 444 ℃, the theoretical value is 0.41 kJ, and the increase is 12.64 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.79 g LaBr3, Ein: 147.1 kJ, dE: 7.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 443 ° C, theoretical value 3.39 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.15 g MnBr2; Ein: 124.0 kJ; dE: 5.55 kJ; TSC: 360 - 405 캜; Tmax: 411 DEG C, theoretical value 3.63 kJ, increase 1.53 times.

1.60 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 14.8 kJ, cell temperature burst of 173 ℃ (202 - 375 ℃). The maximum cell temperature is 452 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.23 kJ, and the increase is 1.2 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + SnI 2 18.5 gm Strem, Ein: 244 kJ, dE: 53 kJ, TSC at ~ 150 ° C, Tmax ~ 3300 C, theoretical value 28.1 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + FeBr2 10.8 gm, Ein: 335 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, TSC at 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 375 ° C, theoretical value 22 kJ,

KC 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + FeBr2 10.8 gm, Ein: 335 kJ, dE: 32 kJ, TSC at 230 ° C, Tmax ~ 360 ° C, theoretical value 22 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + MnI 2 15.45 gm Strem, Ein: 269 kJ, dE: 49 kJ, small TSC at ~ 500C, Tmax ~ 350 ° C. Increase energy - 3.4X (X ~ 14.8kJ).

4 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g Ca + 1 g NaH + 3.09 g MnI2; Ein: 112.0 kJ; dE: 9.98 kJ; TSC: 178-3740C; Tmax: 383 DEG C, theoretical value 5.90 kJ, increase 1.69 times.

0.96 g of CuS, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 5.5 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 4090 C, the theoretical value is 2.93 kJ, and the increase is 1.88 times.

[0064] 0.87 g of MnS, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 4.7 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 4120 C, the theoretical value is 1.32 kJ, and the increase is 3.57 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + MnI 2 15.45 gm, Ein: 269 kJ, dE: 49 kJ, small TSC at ~ 50 ° C, Tmax ~ 350 ° C, theoretical value 18.65 kJ,

■ NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + NiBr2 11.0 gm, Ein: 245 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, TSC at ~ 200 C, Tmax ~ 3100 C, theoretical value 26 kJ,

KC 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MnC12 6.3 gm, Ein: 333 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, ~ 250 C TSC, Tmax ~ 340 캜, theoretical value 17.6 kJ,

2.42 g of InI, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 4.4 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 438 ° C, the theoretical value is 1.92 kJ, and the increase is 2.3 times.

1.72 g of InF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 9.2 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 446 ° C, the theoretical value is 5 kJ, and the increase is 1.85 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.98 g As2O3, Ein: 110.5 kJ, dE: 17.1 kJ, TSC: 325-452 占 폚, Tmax: 471 占 The theoretical value is 11.48 kJ, the increase is 1.49 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.66 g Bi2O3, Ein: 152.0 kJ, dE: 17.7 kJ, TSC: 185-403 占 폚, Tmax: 481 占 폚, theoretical value 13.8 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.02 g MoCB; Ein: 118.0 kJ; dE: 11.10 kJ; TSC: 342-496 0C; Tmax: 496C, theoretical value is 7.76, and the increase is 1.43 times.

(2.8 g) of PbF4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 13.9 kJ, cell temperature burst of 245 C 462 C). The maximum cell temperature is 464 C, the theoretical value is 13.38 kJ, and the increase is 1.32 times.

2.78 g of PbC12, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 6.8 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed . The maximum cell temperature is 488 C, the theoretical value is 5.22 kJ, and the increase is 1.3 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g KH + 2.19 g NiBr2, Ein: 136.0 kJ, dE: 7.5 kJ, TSC: 275-350C, Tmax: 385C, theoretical value 4.6 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.74 g MoCl5, Ein: 96.0 kJ, dE: 19.0 kJ, TSC: 86-334C, Tmax: 373C, theoretical value 14.06 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g Ca + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr2; Ein: 127.1 kJ; dE: 10.69 kJ; TSC: 300- 420C; Tmax: 10.69 C, theoretical value 7.67 kJ, increase 1.39 times.

5.90 g of BiI3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 10.9 kJ, cell temperature gradient change of 70 C - 287 C). The maximum cell temperature is 458 C, the theoretical value is 8.87 kJ, and the increase is 1.23 times.

1.79 g of SbF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 11.7 kJ, cell temperature burst of 169 C (138 - 307 C). The maximum cell temperature is 454 C, the theoretical value is 9.21 kJ, and the increase is 1.27 times.

4g CAIII-300 + 1.66g Ca + 1g NaH + 3.09g MnI2, Ein: 111.0 kJ, dE: 12.6 kJ, TSC 178-340C, Tmax: 373C, theoretical value 5.9 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g Ca + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl 2; Ein: 135.2 kJ; dE: 12.26 kJ; TSC: 250- 390C; Tmax: 437C, theoretical value is 8.55 kJ, and the increase is 1.43 times.

1.50 g of InCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 5.1 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 410 C, the theoretical value is 2.29 kJ, and the increase is 2.22 times.

2.21 g of InCB, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 10.9 kJ cell temperature bursts of 191 C (235 -426 C). The maximum cell temperature is 431 C, the theoretical value is 7.11 kJ, and the increase is 1.5 times.

1.95 g of InBr, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 6.0 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 435 C, the theoretical value is 2 kJ, and the increase is 3 times.

3.55 g of InBr3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 9.1 kJ, cell temperature burst of 152 C (156 - 308 C). The maximum cell temperature is 386 C, the theoretical value is 6.92 kJ, and the increase is 1.3 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g KH + 3.79 g SnI 2, Ein: 169.1 kJ, dE: 6.0 kJ, TSC: 200-289C, Tmax: 431C, theoretical value 4.03 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + MnBr2 10.75 gm, Ein: 309 kJ, dE: 35 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 335C. Energy increase ~ 1.9X (X ~ 18.1 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MnBr2 10.75 gm, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, ~ 280C TSC, Tmax ~ 350C. Energy increase ~ 2.2 X (X ~ 18.1 kJ).

KH 1.66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + TiF3 1.05 gm 5X Cell # 1086, CAII-300, Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 6 kJ, TSC absent, Tmax ~ 280C, theoretical value 2.5 kJ, ship.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + FeF2 4.7 gm, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 40 kJ, TSC at 260C, Tmax ~ 340C, theoretical value 20.65 kJ, increase 1.93 times.

KC 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + CuF 2 5.1 gm, Ein: 203 kJ, dE: 57 kJ, TSC at 125 C, Tmax ~ 280 C, theoretical value 29 kJ,

KH 83.0 gm + Mg 50.0 gm + WC 200.0 gm + SnI 2 185 gm URS, Ein: 1310 kJ, dE: 428 kJ, TSC at 140C, Tmax ~ 350C, theoretical value 200 kJ, increase 2.14 times.

NaCl 1.0 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + WC 4.0 gm + GdBr 3 - 3.97 gm, Ein: 148 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, small TSC at ~ 300C, Tmax ~ 420C. Increase energy ~ 3.5 X (X ~ 2 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + FeO 3.6 gm, Ein: 355 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, small TSC at ~ 260C, Tmax ~ 360C. Energy increase ~ 1.45 X (X ~ 16.6 kJ).

KH 83.0 gm + Mg 50.0 gm + WC 200.0 gm + SnI 2 185 gm ROWAN, Ein: 1379 kJ, dE: 416 kJ, TSC at 140C, Tmax ~ 350C, theoretical value 200 kJ,

KI 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + CoI 2 15.65 gm, Ein 361 kJ, dE 69 kJ, ~ 200 C TSC, Tmax ~ 410 C, theoretical value 26.35 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + 5.0 gm + CAII 300 20.0 gm + FeS 4.4 gm, Ein: 312 kJ, dE: 22 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 350C. Energy increase ~ 1.7 X (X ~ 12.3 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + WC 40.0 gm + SnI 2 18.5 gm, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, small TSC at 140C, Tmax ~ 340C. Energy increase ~ 1.35 X (X ~ 20 kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + MnI 2 15.45 gm, Ein: 108 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, TSC at ~ 70C, Tmax ~ 170C, theoretical value 14.8 kJ,

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + NiBr 2 11.0 gm, Ein: 248 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, ~ 170 ° C TSC, Tmax ~ 300C. The energy increase is ~ 1.7 X (X ~ 20 kJ), the theoretical value is 26.25 kJ, and the increase is 1.3 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + NiBr2 11.0 gm, Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, small TSC at ~ 250 ° C, Tmax ~ 340 ° C. The energy increase is ~ 1.5 X (X ~ 20 kJ), the theoretical value is 26.25 kJ, and the increase is 1.14 times.

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + NiBr 2 11.0 gm Repeat of Cell # 1105, Ein: 242 kJ, dE: 33 kJ, TSC at ~ 70 ° C, Tmax ~ 280C. Energy increase ~ 1.65 X (X ~ 20 kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + InCB 11.1 gm, Ein: 189 kJ, dE: 48 kJ, small TSC at 80 占 폚, Tmax? 260 占 폚. Energy increase ~ 1.5X (X ~ 31 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MnI 2 15.45 gm, Ein: 248 kJ, dE: 46 kJ, small TSC at ~ 200 ° C, Tmax ~ 325C. Energy increase ~ 3 X (X ~ 14.8 kJ).

(2.9 g of FeBr 3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 12.5 kJ, cell temperature burst of 77 ° C 149 [deg.] C). The maximum cell temperature is 418 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.35 kJ, and the increase is 1.5 times.

0.72 g of FeO, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 6.7 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 448 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.3 kJ, and the increase is twice.

1.26 g of MnC12, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 8.6 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 437 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.52 kJ, and the increase is 2.45 times.

1.13 g of FeF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 12.6 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed . The maximum cell temperature is 618 ℃, the theoretical value is 6.44 kJ, and the energy increase is 1.96 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.97 g GdBr3, Ein: 143.1 kJ, dE: 5.4 kJ, TSG: none, Tmax: 403 캜, theoretical value 1.99 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.57 g SnF2; Ein: 139.0 kJ; dE: 7.24 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 413 DEG C, theoretical value 5.28 kJ, increase 1.37 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.04 g Sb2S5, Ein: 125.0 kJ, dE: 19.3 kJ, TSC: 421-651 占 폚, Tmax: 651 占 폚, theoretical value is 12.37 kJ, and the increase is 1.56 times.

1.36 g of ZnC12, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 6.6 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 402 ℃, the theoretical value is 4.34 kJ, and the increase is 1.52 times.

[0053] The following conditions were observed: 1.03 g of ZnF2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 6.5 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 427 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.76 kJ, and the increase is 1.73 times.

(C) + 3NaH (c) = 3NaCl (c) + In (c) + 3NaH (c) + 4g CAIII-300 + 1g Mg + 1g NaH + 2.22g InCB, ) + 1.5MgH2 (c) Q = - 640.45kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -6.4kJ, excess heat: -6.2kJ, 2.0X excess heat.

1.8 g of VF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 9.5 kJ, but no cell temperature rise was observed . The maximum cell temperature is 447 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.9 kJ, and the increase is 1.94 times.

8.3 g KH + 5.0 g Mg + 20.Og AC (11-300) + 5.4 g VF3, Ein: 286 kJ, dE: 58 kJ, theoretical value 24.5 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.72 g InF3, Ein: 134.0 kJ, dE: 8.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 391 ° C, theoretical value 5 kJ,

Mg (c) = MgF2 (c) + Cu (c) Q = -581.5 (c) + 4g CAIII-300 + 1g Mg + 1.66g KH + 1.02g CuF2, Experiment dE: -9.4 kJ Considered reaction: CuF2 kJ / Reaction Theoretical Chemical Reaction Energy: -5.82kJ, Excess Heat: -3.59kJ, 1.6X Excess Heat.

(C) + 4NaH (c) = 2MgH2 (c) + 4NaF (c) PbF4, Experiment dE: -17.6 kJ Considered reaction: PbF4 (c) + 2 Mg (c) + 4 NaH + + Pb (c) Q = - 1290.0kJ / Reaction Theoretical Chemical Reaction Energy: -12.9kJ, Excess Heat: -4.7kJ 1.4X Excess Heat.

KCH 1.66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + SnI4 6.26 gm, Ein 97 kJ, dE 17 kJ, TSC at ~ 15 ° C, Tmax ~ 370 C, theoretical value 10.1 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.7 g TiBr4, Experimental dE: -16.IkJ Considered reaction: TiBr4 (c) + 4KH (c) + 2Mg (c) + C c) + TiC (c) + 2MgH2 (c) Q = - 1062.3kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -10.7kJ, excess heat: -5.4kJ 1.5X excess heat.

BI3

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.4 g BI3, Ein: 128.1 kJ, dE: 7.9 kJ, TSC: 180-263C, Tmax: 365C, theoretical value 5.55 kJ,

MnBr2

(C) + 2KH (c) + Mg (c) = 2KBr (c) + Mn (c) + 4G CAIII-300 + 1g Mg + 1.66g KH + 2.15g MnBr2, Experiment dE: -7.OkJ Considered reaction: MnBr2 c) + MgH2 (c) Q = - 362.6 kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -3.63 kJ, excess heat: -3.4 kJ 1.9 X Excess heat.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + MnBr2 10.75 gm, Ein: 309 kJ, dE: 35 kJ, no TSC, Tmax to 335C. Energy increase ~ 1.9X (X ~ 18.1 kJ).

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MnBr2 10.75 gm, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, ~ 280C TSC, Tmax ~ 350C. Energy increase ~ 2.2 X (X ~ 18.1 kJ).

FeF2

Mg (c) = MgF2 (c) + Fe (c) Q = -412.9 (c) + 4g CAIII-300 + 1g Mg + 1.66g KH + 0.94g FeF2, Experiment dE: -9.8kJ Considered reaction: FeF2 kJ / Reaction Theoretical Chemical Reaction Energy: -4.13kJ, Excess Heat: -5.67kJ, 2.4X Excess Heat.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + FeF2 4.7 gm, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 40 kJ, TSC at 260C, Tmax ~ 340C, theoretical value 20.65 kJ, increase 1.94 times.

TiF3

KH 1.66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + TiF 3 1.05 gm (5X Cell # 1086, CAII-300), Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 6 kJ, TSC absent, Tmax ~ 2.4 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + TiF 3 5.25 gm, Ein: 268 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 280C. No Energy increase (X ~ 21.7 IJ).

CuF2

KC 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + CuF 2 5.1 gm, Ein: 203 kJ, dE: 57 kJ, ~ 125C TSC, Tmax ~ 280C, theoretical value 29.1 kJ,

MnI2

(4X Scale up), Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 300 C, theoretical value 11.8 kJ, and 2.5 times increase in NaH 4.0 gm + Mg 4.0 gm + CAII-300 16.0 gm + MnI 2 12.36 gm .

The thermal measurement, 3.09 g of MnI2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 8.8 kJ, and cell temperature burst of 92 C (172-264 C). The maximum cell temperature is 410 C, the theoretical value is 2.96 kJ, and the increase is 3 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.09 g MnI 2, Ein: 126.1 kJ, dE: 8.0 kJ, TSG 157-241C, Tmax: 385C, theoretical value 2.96 kJ,

ZnBr2

1.25 g of ZnBr2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 占 폚), energy increase of 10.3 kJ, cell temperature burst of 82 C 335 C). The maximum cell temperature is 456 C, the theoretical value is 3.56 kJ, and the increase is 2.9 times.

NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + ZnBr2 11.25 gm, Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 330C, theoretical value 17.8 kJ,

CoCl2

1.3 g of CoCl 2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 10.4 kJ, cell temperature gradient change of 105 ° C - 421 C). The maximum cell temperature is 450 C, the theoretical value is 5.2 kJ, and the increase is 2 times.

1.3 g of CoCl 2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 9.6 kJ, cell temperature burst of 181 C (295 - 476 C). The maximum cell temperature is 478 C, the theoretical value is 5.2 kJ, and the increase is 1.89 times.

SnBr2

(2.8 g of SnBr2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 14.2 kJ, and temperature burst of 148 C 296 C). The maximum cell temperature is 376 C, the theoretical value is 3.75 kJ, and the increase is 3.78 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.79 g SnBr2, Ein: 116.0 kJ, dE: 7.7 kJ, TSQ135-236C, Tmax: 370C, theoretical value 3.75 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + CAII 300 20.0 gm + SnBr 2 11.4 gm, Ein: 211 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, ~ 170C TSC, Tmax ~ 300C; The theoretical value is 15.5 kJ, and the increase is 2.6 times.

(A) KC 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + SnBr 2 14.0 gm, Ein 229 kJ, dE 46 kJ, TSC at 150 C, Tmax ~ The increase is 2.4 times.

■ KH 1.66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + WC 4.0 gm + SnBr2 2.8 gm, Ein 101 kJ, dE 10 kJ, ~ 150 C TSC, Tmax ~ 350 C, theoretical value 3.75 kJ,

4 g CALII-300 + 1.66 g KH + 2.79 g SnBr 2, Ein: 132.0 kJ, dE: 9.6 kJ, TSG 168-263, Tmax: 381C, theoretical value 4.29 kJ,

1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.79 g SnBr2; Ein: 123.0 kJ; dE: 7.82 kJ; TSC: 125-220C; Tmax: 386 C, theoretical value is 5.85 kJ, and the increase is 1.33 times.

SnI2

■ KH 6.64 gm + Mg powder 4.0 gm + TiC 18.0 gm + SnI 2 14.8 gm, Ein 232 kJ, dE 47 kJ, ~ 150C TSC, Tmax ~ 280C. The energy increase is ~ 3.6X (X ~ 12.8 kJ), the theoretical value is 12.6 kJ, and the increase is 3.7 times.

3.7 g of SnI 2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 11.9 kJ, but no temperature burst was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 455 C, the theoretical value is 3.2 kJ, and the increase is 3.7 times.

KH 1.6 gm + Mg powder 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + SnI2 3.7 gm, Ein: 162 kJ, dE: 13 kJ; TSC at 100C, Tmax ~ 490C; The theoretical value is 3.2 kJ, and the increase is 4 times.

■ KH 8.3 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + CAII 300 20.0 gm + SnI 2 18.5 gm, Ein: 221 kJ, dE: 47 kJ, ~ 170 C TSC, Tmax ~ 300 C, theoretical value 15.9 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.73 g SnI2; Ein: 121.9 kJ; dE: 7.56 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 391 C, theoretical value of 3.2 U, increase of 2.36 times.

1.16 g KH + 3.79 g SnI2, Ein: 114.0 kJ, dE: 8.8 kJ, TSC: 161-259C, Tmax: 359C, theoretical value 4 kJ, increase 2.17 times.

SnCl2

■ NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + SnCl 2 9.6 gm, Ein: 181 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, ~ 140 C TSC, Tmax ~ 280 C, theoretical value 19 kJ,

NiBr2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr2; Ein: 126.0 kJ; dE: 12.01 kJ; TSC: 290- 370C; Tmax: 417C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, and the increase is 3 times.

NaH 1.0 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm) Mix + NiBr2_2.2 gm, Ein: 121 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, Temp, slope jump at 260C, Tmax ~ 390C, theoretical value 4 kJ, ship.

4 g CA III-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr 2; Ein: 122.0 kJ; dE: 7.78 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 392 C, theoretical value 4 kJ, increase 1.95 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 0.33 g LiH + 2.19 g NiBr2; Ein: 128.0 kJ; dE: 10.72 kJ; TSC: 270- 436C; Tmax: 440 C, theoretical value 4 kJ, increase 2.68 times

4 g CA III-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.19 g NiBr 2; Ein: 126.0 kJ; dE: 10.45 kJ; TSC: 285-423C; Tmax: 423C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, and the increase is 2.6 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr2; Ein: 138.1 kJ; dE: 8.12 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 425C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, and the increase is 2 times.

(NaH 5.0 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 gm) Mix + NiBr 2 11.0 gm (theoretical value 23.6 kJ), Ein 224 kJ, dE 53 kJ, Temp, slope jump at 160C, Tmax ~ The theoretical value is 20 kJ, and the increase is 2.65 times.

NaH 1.0 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + WC 4.0 gm + NiBr 2 2.2 gm, Ein: 197 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, small TSC at ~ 200 C, Tmax ~ 500 C; The theoretical value is 4 kJ, and the increase is 2.75 times.

NaH 50.0 gm + Mg 50.0 gm + CAII 300 300.0 gm + NiBr 2 109.5 gm, Ein: 1990 kJ, dE: 577 kJ, TSC at 140C, Tmax ~ 980C, theoretical value 199 kJ, increase 2.9 times.

Mg not controlled: 4 g CA III-300 + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr 2; Ein: 134.0 kJ; dE: 5.37 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 375 C, theoretical value 3.98 kJ, increase 1.35 times.

Control: 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr2; Ein: 129.0 kJ; dE: 5.13 kJ; TSC: 195-310C; Tmax: 416 C, theoretical value is 5.25 kJ.

Control: 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr2; Ein: 138.2 kJ; dE: -0.18 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 377 C, theoretical value 3.98 kJ.

CuCl2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl 2, Ein: 119.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, TSC: 250-381 C, Tmax: 393 C, theoretical value 4.9 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl 2, Ein: 126.0 kJ, dE: 7.4 kJ, TSC 229-354C, Tmax: 418C, theoretical value 4.9 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl2, Ein: 144.0 kJ, dE: 8.3 kJ, TSQ229-314C, Tmax: 409C, theoretical value 4.9 kJ,

(NaH 5.0 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + active carbon CAII 300 20.0 gm) Mix + CuCl 2 10.75 gm (theoretical value 45 kJ), Ein 268 kJ, dE 80 kJ, Temp, slope jump at 210C, Tmax ~ The theoretical value is 39 kJ, and the increase is 2 times.

1.4 g of CuCl2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), 1 inches of duty cell, energy increase of 14.6 kJ, 190 C (188 - 378 C). The maximum cell temperature is 437 C, the theoretical value is 4.9 kJ, and the increase is 3 times.

■ KH 8.3 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + CuCl 2 6.7 gm, Ein: 255 kJ, dE 55 kJ, ~ 200 C TSC, Tmax ~ 320 C, theoretical value 24.5 kJ,

CuCl

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1 g CuCl; Ein: 128.1 kJ; dE: 4.94 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 395 C, theoretical value 2.18 kJ, increase 2.26 times.

CoI2

4c CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.13 g CoI2, Ein: 141.1 kJ, dE: 9.7 kJ, TSC: absent, Tmax: 411C Considered reaction: 2NaH (c) + CoI2 ) = 2NaI (c) + Co (c) + MgH2 (c) Q = - 449.8 kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.5OkJ, excess heat: -5.18 kJ, increase 1.9 times.

3.13 g of CoI2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 10.7 kJ, cell temperature burst of 117 C 365 C). The maximum cell temperature is 438 C, the theoretical value is 5.27 kJ, and the increase is 2.03 times.

ZnI2

(C) + ZnI2 (c) + Mg (c) + 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.19 g ZnI2, Ein: 157.1 kJ, dE: 5.8 kJ, TSC: ) = 2NaI (c) + Zn (c) + MgH2 (c) Q = - 330.47 kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -3.3OkJ, excess heat: -2.5OkJ, increase 1.75 times.

1.19 g of ZnI2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), energy increase of 5.9 kJ and cell temperature gradient change of 79 C - 259 C). The maximum cell temperature is 423 C, the theoretical value is 4.29 kJ, and the increase is 1.38 times.

NiF2

NiF2, Ein: 135.0 kJ, dE: 7.9 kJ, TSQ253-335C, Tmax: 385C Considered reaction: 2NaH (c) + NiF2 (c) + Mg ) = 2NaF (c) + Ni (c) + MgH2 (c) Q = -464.4 kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.64 U, excess heat: -3.24 kJ,

(0.97 g NiF2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase was 8.7 kJ, cell temperature gradient change was 63 C - 319 C). The maximum cell temperature was 410 C, the theoretical value was 5.25 kJ, and the increase was 1.66 times.

CoBr2

(C) + Mg (c) = 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g CoBr2, Ein: 140.0 kJ, dE: 7.6 kJ, TSCnone, Tmax: 461C Considered reaction: 2NaH 2NaBr (c) + Co (c) + MgH2 (c) Q = -464 kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.64 kJ, excess heat: - 2.9 kJ,

2.19 g of CoBr 2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 10.4 kJ, cell temperature burst of 110 ° C 416 C). The maximum cell temperature is 450 C, the theoretical value is 5.27 kJ, and the increase is 1.97 times.

2.19 g of CoBr 2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 10.2 kJ, . The maximum cell temperature is 446 C, the theoretical value is 5.27 kJ, and the increase is 1.94 times.

FeCl2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.27 g FeC12, Ein: 155.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 450C, theoretical value 3.68 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 1.27 g FeC12, Ein: 141.7 kJ, dE: 7.0 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 440C, theoretical value 3.68 kJ,

1.3 g of FeCl2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), 1 inches duty cycle, energy increase of 11.5 kJ, 142 C (287 - 429 C). The maximum cell temperature is 448 C, the theoretical value is 4.1 kJ, and the increase is 2.8 times.

Theoretical values were 18.4 kJ, Tmax ~ 330C, and the theoretical value was 18.4 kJ, and the theoretical value was 18.4 kJ, The increase is double.

FeCl3

(2.7 g of FeCl3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 21.3 kJ, cell temperature burst of 205 C 352 C) The maximum cell temperature is 445 C, the theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, and the increase is 1.97 times.

NaH 1.0 gm + Mg powder 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + FeCl 3 1.6 gm, Ein: 88 kJ, dE: 14 kJ; At 80C, TSC, Tmax ~ 350C, theoretical value is 6.65 kJ, and the increase is 2.1 times.

KH 8.3 gm + MgH2 powder 5.0 gm + CAII 300 20.0 gm + FeCB 8.1 gm, Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 52 kJ /; No TSC, Tmax ~ 300C, theoretical value 33 kJ, increase 1.56 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + FeCl 2 6.5 gm, Ein 299 kJ, dE 44 kJ, no TSC, Tmax ~ 350 C, theoretical value 18.9 kJ,

FeBr2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.16 g FeBr2; Ein: 144.0 kJ; dE: 9.90 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 455C, theoretical value 3.6 kJ, increase 2.75 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 2.16 g FeBr2; Ein: 142.0 kJ; dE: 8.81 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 428 C, theoretical value is 3.6 kJ, and the increase is 2.44 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 0.33 g LiH + 2.16 g FeBr2; Ein: 164.0 kJ; dE: 8.68 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 450 C, theoretical value 3.6 kJ, increase 2.4 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1.66 g KH + 2.16 g FeBr2; Ein: 159.8 kJ; dE: 9.07 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 459 C, theoretical value is 3.6 kJ, and the increase is 2.5 times.

(C) + FeBr2 (c) + Mg (c) = 2NaBr (c) + Fe (c) &lt; tb &gt; &lt; tb &gt; + MgH2 (c) Q = - 435.1 kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.35 kJ, excess heat: -2.35 kJ, 1.54X excess heat.

NiCl2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.30 g NiCl2, Ein: 112.0 kJ, dE: 9.7 kJ, TSC: 230-368C, Tmax: 376C, theoretical value 4 kJ,

1.3 g of NiCl2, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 占 폚), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 9.2 kJ, The change is 100 C (205 - 305 C). The maximum cell temperature is 432 C, the theoretical value is 4 kJ, and the increase is 2.3 times.

1.3 g of NiCl2, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of Al powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), a duty cycle of 1 inch, an energy increase of 8.0 kJ, and a temperature gradient The change is 85 C (206 - 291 C). The maximum cell temperature is 447 C, the theoretical value is 4 kJ, and the increase is 2 times.

CuBr

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.44 g CuBr; Ein: 125.0 kJ; dE: 4.67 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 382 C, theoretical value is 2 kJ, and the increase is 2.33 times.

(C) + KH (c) + 0.5 Mg (c) = KBr (c) + Cu (c) + 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.44 g CuBr, c) + 0.5MgH2 (c) Q = - 269.2kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -2.7OkJ, excess heat: -4.9OkJ 2.8X excess heat.

CuBr2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.23 g CuBr2; Ein: 118.1 kJ; dE: 8.04 kJ; TSC: 108-180C; Tmax: 369 C, theoretical value is 4.68 kJ, and the increase is 1.7 times.

SnF4

2.0 g of SnF 4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 18.4 kJ, but no temperature burst was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 576 C, the theoretical value is 9.3 kJ, and the increase is 1.98 times.

AlI3

4.1 g of AlI 3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy increase of 10.1 kJ, but no temperature burst was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 412 C, the theoretical value is 6.68 kJ, and the increase is 1.51 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + AID 20.5 gm, Ein 318 kJ, dE 48 kJ, theoretical value 33.4 kJ,

SiCl4

1.7 g of SiC14, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 12.6 kJ, and temperature burst of 68 C (366 - 434 C. The maximum cell temperature is 473 C, theoretical value is 7.32 kJ, and the increase is 1.72 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.01 mol SiC14 (1.15 cc); Ein: 114.0 kJ; dE: 14.19 kJ; TSC: 260-410C; Tmax: 423C, theoretical value is 7.32 kJ, and the increase is 1.94 times.

AlBr3

2.7 g of AlBr 3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), an energy increase of 7.5 kJ, but no temperature burst was observed. The maximum cell temperature is 412 C, the theoretical value is 4.46 kJ, and the increase is 1.68 times.

FeCl3

(2.7 g of FeCB, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 21.3 kJ, cell temperature burst of 205 C 352 C) The maximum cell temperature is 445 C, the theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, and the increase is 1.97 times.

SeBr4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.99 g SeBr4; Ein: 112.0 kJ; dE: 23.40 kJ; TSC: 132-448C; Tmax: 448 C, theoretical value 15.7 kJ, increase 1.5 times.

SnBr4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.38 g SnBr4; Ein: 98.0 kJ; dE: 12.44 kJ; TSC: 120-270C; Tmax: 359 C, theoretical value 8.4 kJ, increase 1.48 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + CAII 300 20.0 gm + SnBr4 22.0 gm, Ein: 163 kJ, dE: 78 kJ; At 60C, TSC, Tmax ~ 290C, theoretical value is 42 kJ, and the increase is 1.86 times.

SiBr4

3.5 g of SiBr4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), energy increase of 11.9 kJ, and temperature burst of 99 C (304 - 403 C). The maximum cell temperature is 449 C, the theoretical value is 7.62 kJ, and the increase is 1.56 times.

TeBr4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.47 g TeBr4, Ein: 99.0 kJ, dE: 18.4 kJ, TSC: 186-411C, Tmax: 418C, theoretical value 11.3 kJ,

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 4.47 g TeBr4, Ein: 101.0 kJ, dE: 14.7 kJ, TSC: 144-305C, Tmax: 374C, theoretical value 11.4 kJ,

4.5 grams of TeBr4, 1.66 grams of KH, 1 gram of MgH2 powder and 4 grams of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 占 폚), duty cycle in 1 inch, energy increase of 19.1 kJ, 218 C (172 - 390 C). The maximum cell temperature is 410 C, the theoretical value is 12.65 kJ, and the increase is 1.5 times.

4.5 g of TeBr4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 占 폚), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 23.5 kJ, 247 C (184 - 431 C). The maximum cell temperature is 12.4 kJ at 436 C and the increase is 1.89 times.

(KJ 6.64 gm + Mg powder 4.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 16 gm) + TeBr4 18 gm (kJ Theoretical) (80% of 5X scaleup), Ein: 213 kJ, dE: 77 kJ, Temp, ~ 320C, the theoretical value is 48.4 kJ, the increase is 1.59 times.

TeCl4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.7 g TeCl4; Ein: 99.0 kJ; dE: 16.76 kJ; TSC: 114-300C; Tmax: 385 C, theoretical value 13 kJ, increase 1.29 times.

(2.7 g) of TeCl4, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of MgH2 powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), a duty cycle of 1 inch, an energy increase of 20.4 kJ, 140 C (138 - 278 C). The maximum cell temperature is 399 C, the theoretical value is 12.1 kJ, and the increase is 1.69 times.

(2.7 g) of TeCl4, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), 1 inches of duty cell, energy increase of 17.2 kJ, 240 C (137 - 377 C). The maximum cell temperature is 398 C, the theoretical value is 12.8 kJ, and the increase is 1.34 times.

(2.7 g of TeCl4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of MgH2 powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), duty cycle in 1 inch, energy increase of 15.6 kJ, 216 C (139 - 355 C). The maximum cell temperature is 358 C, the theoretical value is 12.1 kJ, and the increase is 1.29 times.

(2.7 g) of TeCl4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Al powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 19.4 kJ, 202 C (89 - 291 C). The maximum cell temperature is 543 C, the theoretical value is 10.9 kJ, and the increase is 1.78 times.

(2.7 g) of TeCl 4, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of Al powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 19.0 kJ, 288 C (155 - 443 C). The maximum cell temperature is 443 C, the theoretical value is 10.9 kJ, and the increase is 1.74 times.

[0031] A mixture of 2.7 g of TeCl4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), 1 inches of duty cell, energy increase of 17.7 kJ, 208 C (84 - 292 C). The maximum cell temperature is 396 C, the theoretical value is 13 kJ, and the increase is 1.36 times.

(2.7 g) of TeCl 4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Al powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 18.7 kJ, 224 C (112 - 336 C). The maximum cell temperature is 398 C, the theoretical value is 12 kJ, and the increase is 1.56 times.

SeCl4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.21 g SeC14; Ein: 93.0; dE: 22.14 kJ; TSC: 141- 435C; Tmax: 435 C, theoretical value 15 kJ, increase 1.48 times.

4c CAIII-300 + 1g Mg + 1.66g KH + 2.2Og SeC14, Experiment dE: -25.2kJ Considered reaction: SeC14 (c) + 4KH (c) + 3Mg (c) = 4KCl ) + 2MgH2 (c) Q = -1750.4 kJ / Reaction Theoretical Chemical Reaction Energy: -17.5 kJ, Excess Heat: -7.7 kJ, 1.44 X Excess heat.

CF4

■ NaH 50 gm + Al 50 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 200 gm + CF 4 0.3 mole; 45 PSIG storage cell volume: 2221.8CC, Ein: 2190 kJ, dE: 482 kJ, Temp, jump at 200C, Tmax ~ 760C, theoretical value 345 kJ,

■ NaH 50.0 gm + Mg powder 50 gm + activated carbon CAII-300 200 gm + CF4_75-9.9 PSIG after evaluation. The volume of the reservoir is 1800 CC and for this pressure drop n = 0.356 mole and the theoretical energy is ~ 392 kJ, Ein: 1810 kJ, dE: 765 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 170 C, Tmax- 392 = 1.95 X.

■ NaH 1.0 gm + (Mg powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + CF4 0.0123 mole and theoretical energy ~ 13.6 kJ), Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 250 C, Tmax ~ 500C and energy increase ~ 1.8 X.

Ball Mill + CF4 -0.01 mole Theoretical energy -10.2 kJ, Ein: 121 kJ, dE: Temperature gradient jump at 18 kJ, 260C, Tmax ~ 500C and energy increase ~ 1.7 X.

Emin: 133 kJ, dE: Temperature gradient jump at 15 kJ, 300 C, Tmax (at 300 kPa), NaH 1.0 gm + (Mg powder 1.0 gm + ctivated Carbon CAII- 300 4 gm 4 gm Ball Mill + CF4 0.006 mole and theoretical energy -7.2 kJ) ~ 440C and energy increase ~ 2.0 X.

4 g CA III-300 + 1 g MgH 2 + 3.55 g Rb + 0.0082 mol CF 4 + 0.0063 mol H 2; Ein: 76.0 kJ; dE: 20.72 kJ; TSC: 30-200C; Tmax: 348C, theoretical value is 10 kJ, and the increase is 2 times.

SF6

■ NaH 50 gm + MgH 2 50 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 200 gm + SF 6 0.29 mole; 43 PSIG storage cell volume: 2221.8CC, Ein: 1760 kJ, dE: 920 kJ, ~ 140C temperature slope jump, Tmax ~ 1100 C, theoretical value 638 kJ, increase 1.44 times.

4 g CA III-300 + 1 g MgH 2 + 1 g NaH + 0.0094 mol SF 6; Ein: 96.7 kJ; dE: 33.14 kJ; TSC: 110-455C; Tmax: 455 C, theoretical value 20.65 kJ, excess 12.5 kJ, increase 1.6 times.

■ NaH 1.0 gm + Al powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + SF6 0.01 mole and theoretical energy ~ 20 kJ), Ein: 95 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, temperature slope change at ~ The theoretical value is 20.4 kJ, the excess is 9.6 kJ, and the increase is 1.47 times.

(1) NaH 1.0 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + SF6 0.01 mole and theoretical energy ~ 22 kJ), Ein 85 kJ, dE 28 kJ, ~ 110C, Tmax ~ The theoretical value is 22 kJ, the excess is 6 kJ, and the increase is 1.27 times.

(A) NaH 1.0 gm + Al nano powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Temperature gradient change at Tmax ~ 380C, theoretical value 10.2 kJ, and a temperature gradient at Ball Mill + SF6 0.005 mole, Ein: 107 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, The increase is double.

■ NaH 1.0 gm + Mg powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + SF6 0.005 mole, Ein: 104 kJ, dE: Temperature gradient change at 18 kJ, ~ 150C, Tmax ~ 370C, theoretical value 12.5 kJ, 5.5 kJ, the increase is 1.44 times.

(1) NaH 1.0 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + SF6 0.0025 mole and theoretical energy ~ 5.5 kJ), Ein: 100 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, ~ 160C, Tmax ~ , The theoretical value is 5.5 kJ, and the increase is 1.8 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 0.5 g B + 1 g NaH + 0.0047 mol SF6; Ein: 112.0 kJ; dE: 15.14 kJ; TSC: 210-350C; Tmax: 409 C, theoretical value 10.12 kJ, excess 5 kJ, increase 1.49 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1.66 g KH + 0.00929 mol SF6 (cell temperature increased to 26 C when SF6 was charged); Ein: 66.0 kJ; dE: 26.11 kJ; TSC: 37-375C; Tmax: 375C, theoretical value is 20.4 kJ, and the increase is 1.28 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 0.33 g LiH + 0.00929 mol SF6 (cell temperature increased to 26 C when SF6 was charged); Ein: 128.0 kJ; dE: 32.45 kJ; TSC: 275-540C; Tmax: 550 C, theoretical value is 23.2 kJ, and the increase is 1.4 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g S + 1 g NaH + 0.0106 mol SF6 (online), Ein: 86.OkJ, dE: 18.1 kJ, TSC: 51-313C, Tmax: 354C, theoretical value 11.2 kJ,

■ NaH 5.0 gm + MgH2 5.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 gm) Ball Mill + SF6 40 PSIG; 0.026 mole ON LINE (theoretical value Energy ~ 57kJ) 2 "cell, Ein: 224 kJ, dE: 86 kJ, temperature jump at 150C, Tmax ~ 350C, theoretical value 57 kJ, increase 1.5 times.

TeO2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 1.6 g TeO2; Ein: 325.1 kJ; dE: 18.46 kJ; TSC: 210-440C; Tmax: 440C, theoretical value 9.67 kJ, excess 8.8 kJ, increase 1.9 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 2 g MgH 2 + 2 g NaH + 3.2 g TeO 2, Ein: 103.OkJ, dE: 31.6 kJ, TSC: 185-491 C, Tmax: 498 C, theoretical value 17.28 U,

1.6 g of TeO2, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of Al powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 占 폚), duty cycle in 1 inch, energy increase of 18.1 kJ, Were not observed. The maximum cell temperature is 637 C, theoretical value is 8.66 kJ, and the increase is 2.1 times.

1. 1.6 g of TeO2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of MgH2 powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 DEG C), 1 inches of duty cell, energy increase of 22.0 kJ, 233 C (316 - 549 C). The maximum cell temperature is 554 C, theoretical value is 8.64 kJ, and the increase is 2.55 times.

1 1.6 g of TeO2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 占 폚), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 20.3 kJ, 274 C (268 - 542 C). The maximum cell temperature was 549 C, the theoretical value was 10.9 kJ, and the increase was 1.86.

■ NaH 5.0 gm + MgH2 powder 5.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm) Ball Mill + TeO2 8-Ogm, Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 77 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 200 C, Tmax ~ 400 C, theoretical value 48.35 kJ, 1.6 times.

■ NaH 1.0 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 gm) Ball Mill + TeO2 1.6 gm, Ein: 110 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 190 C, Tmax ~ 400 C, theoretical value 9.67 kJ, 1.65 times.

KH 1.66 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 gm) Ball Mill + TeO2 1.6 gm, Ein: 119 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 340C, Tmax ~ 570 C, theoretical value 9.67 kJ, 2 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g NaH + 1.6 g TeO2, Ein: 116.0 kJ, dE: 11. OkJ, TSC: 207-352C, Tmax: 381C, theoretical value 6.6 kJ,

KH 1.66 gm + MgH 2 powder 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + TeO 2 1.6 gm, Ein 133 kJ, dE 15 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 280 C, Tmax ~ 460 C, theoretical value 8.64 kJ,

(C) + 3Mg (c) + 2NaH (c) = 2MgO (c) + Na2Te (c) &lt; tb &gt; &lt; SEP &gt; ) + MgH2 (c) Q = - 1192.7 kJ / reaction Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -11.9 kJ, excess heat: -5.1 kJ.1.43X Excess heat.

P2O5

(1.25 g), 1.25 g KH, 2 g of P2O5 and 1 g of MgH2 and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 21.2 kJ, C (299- 541 C). The maximum cell temperature is 549 C, the theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, the excess is 10.35 kJ, and the increase is 1.96 times.

032609GC4: 031909RCWF4 / 1.66 g KH + 2 g P2O5 + 1 g MgH2 + 4 g CA III-300, DMF-d7 (as received)

2 g of P2O5, Ein: 138.0 kJ, dE: 21.6 kJ, TSG320- 616C, Tmax: 616C, theoretical value 11.5 kJ, excess 10.1 kJ, increase 1.9 times.

KH 8.3 gm + MgH 2 powder 5.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm) Ball Mill + P2O5 10.0 gm, Ein: 272 kJ, dE: 98 kJ, jump at 250 C, Tmax ~ 450 C, theoretical value 54 kJ, ship.

KH 1.66 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + P2O5 2.0 gm, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, 300C jump, Tmax ~ 550C, theoretical value 10.8 kJ, .

■ KH 1.66 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + P2O5 2.0 gm, Ein: 129 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 270C, Tmax ~ 600C Theoretical value 10.8 kJ, 1.95 times increase.

NaMnO4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Si + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO4; Ein: 123.0 kJ; dE: 26.25 kJ; TSC: 45- 330C; Tmax: 465C, theoretical value 17.6 kJ, excess 8.7 kJ, increase 1.5 times.

4 g CA III-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO4; Ein: 120.0 kJ; dE: 32.41 kJ; TSC: 44-373C; Tmax: 433C, the theoretical value is 20.5 kJ, the excess is 7.7 kJ, and the increase is 1.58 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO4; Ein: 66.0 kJ; dE: 32.27 kJ; TSC: 74- 430C; Tmax: 430C, theoretical value 17.4 kJ, excess 14.9 kJ, increase 1.85 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO4, Ein: 72.0 kJ, dE: 34.1 kJ, TSC: 49-362C, Tmax: 364C, theoretical value 17.4 kJ, excess 16.7 kJ,

KH 8.3 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm) Ball Mill + NaMnO 4 17.5 gm, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 160 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 7OC, Tmax ~ 350C, theoretical value 87 kJ, 1.84 times.

KH 8.3 gm + Al powder 5.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm) Ball Mill + NaMnO 4 17.5 gm, Ein: 134 kJ, dE: 171 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 5OC, Tmax to 350C, theoretical value 102.5 kJ, 1.66 times.

NaH 1.0 gm + Mg powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 gm) Ball Mill + NaMnO 4 3.5 gm (theoretical value -17.4 kJ), Ein 54 kJ, dE 32 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 6OC, Tmax ~ , The theoretical value is 17.4 kJ, and the increase is 1.8 times.

KH 1.66 gm + Mg powder 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + NaMnO 4 3.5 gm, Ein 65 kJ, dE 30 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 7 ° C, Tmax ~ 410 C, theoretical value 17.4 kJ,

Nitrate

A mixture of 2 g NaH, 3 g NaNO ₃ and 1 g Ti powder and 4 g active C powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increase was 33.2 kJ, and the temperature burst 418 C (110 - 528 C). The maximum cell temperature is 530 C, the theoretical value is 24.8 kJ, the excess is 8.4 kJ, and the increase is 1.3 times.

A mixture of 3 g of NaH, 3 g of NaNO3 and 1 g of Al nano powder and 4 g of active C powder (dried at 300 캜), the energy increase was 42.3 kJ, the temperature burst was 384 C (150-534 C). The maximum cell temperature was 540 C, the theoretical value was 33.3 kJ, the excess was 9 kJ, and the increase was 1.27 times.

A mixture of 2.1 grams of NaH, 3 grams of NaNO3 and 1 gram of MgH2 and 4 grams of active C powder (dried at 300 占 폚), the energy increase was 43.4 kJ, the thermal burst was 382 C (67 -449 C). The maximum cell temperature is 451 C, the theoretical value is 28.6 kJ, the excess is 14.8 kJ, and the increase is 1.52 times.

A mixture of 0.33 g of LiH, 1.7 g of LiNO3 and 1 g of MgH2 and 4 g of active C powder (dried at 300 캜), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 40.1 kJ, temperature burst of 337 C 92 - 429 C). The maximum cell temperature is 431 C, the theoretical value is 21.6 kJ, the excess is 18.5 kJ, and the increase is 1.86 times.

A mixture of 0.33 g LiH, 1.7 g LiNO3 and 1 g of Ti and 4 g of active C powder (dried at 300 캜), the energy increase was 36.5 kJ and the temperature burst was 319 C -402 C). The maximum cell temperature is 450 C, the theoretical value is 18.4 kJ, the excess is 18 kJ, and the increase is 2 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 2.42 g LiNO3; Ein: 75.0 kJ; dE: 39.01 kJ; TSC: 57-492C; Tmax: 492C, the theoretical value is 28.5 kJ, the excess is 10.5 kJ, and the increase is 1.37 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 2.42 g LiNC3; Ein: 81.2 kJ; dE: 41.89 kJ; TSC: 73-528C; Tmax: 528C, the theoretical value is 34.6 kJ, the excess is 7.3 kJ, and the increase is 1.21 times.

ClO4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH 2 + 2 g NaClO 4 + 1 g NaH; Ein: 86.0 kJ; dE: 38.88 kJ; TSC: 130-551C; Tmax: 551C, the theoretical value is 30.7 kJ, the excess is 8.2 kJ, and the increase is 1.27 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 4.29 g NaClO4; Ein: 88.0 kJ; dE: 58.24 kJ; TSC: 119- 615C; Tmax: 615C, the theoretical value is 47.1 kJ, the excess is 11.14 kJ, and the increase is 1.23 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 4.29 g NaClO4; Ein: 98.0 kJ; dE: 56.26 kJ; TSC: 113-571C; Tmax: 571C, the theoretical value is 36.2 kJ, the excess is 20.1 kJ, and the increase is 1.55 times.

K2S2O8

The theoretical value was 19.6 kJ, the excess was 7.8 kJ, the increase was 1.40 kJ, and the increase was 1.40 kJ. The results are shown in Table 1. &lt; tb &gt; &lt; SEP &gt; ship.

SO2

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 0.0146 mol SO2, Ein: 58.0 kJ, dE: 20.7 kJ, TSC: 42-287C, Tmax: 309C, theoretical value 15 kJ, excess 5.7 kJ,

S

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 3.2 g S, Ein: 67.0 kJ, dE: 22.7 kJ, TSC: 49-356C, Tmax: 366C, theoretical value 17.9 kJ, excess 4.8 kJ, .

1.3 g of S powder, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Si powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), 1 inch of duty cell, energy increase of 13.7 kJ, The burst is 129 C (66 - 195 C). The maximum cell temperature is 415 C, the theoretical value is 7.5 kJ, and the excess is 1.82 times.

3.2 g of S powder, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of Al powder and 4 g of CA-IV 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 占 폚), duty cycle in 1 inch, energy increase of 27.1 kJ, The burst is 301 C (163 - 464 C). The maximum cell temperature is 484 C, the theoretical value is 20.9 kJ, the excess is 6.2 kJ, and the increase is 1.3 times.

3.2 g of S powder, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of Si powder and 4 g of CA-IV 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 캜), duty cycle in 1 inch, energy increase of 17.7 kJ, Burst is 233 C (212 - 445 C). The maximum cell temperature is 451 C, the theoretical value is 13.7 kJ, the excess is 4 kJ, and the increase is 1.3 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Si + 1.66 g KH + 1.3 g S, Ein: 81.0 kJ, dE: 10.8 kJ, TSC: 52-196C, Tmax: 326C, theoretical value 7.4 kJ,

SnF4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.95 g SnF4; Ein: 130.2 kJ; dE: 13.89 kJ; TSC: 375- 520C; Tmax: 525C, the theoretical value is 9.3 kJ, and the increase is 1.5 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.95 g SnF4; Ein: 130.2 kJ; dE: 13.89 kJ; TSC: 375- 520C; Tmax: 525C, the theoretical value is 9.3 kJ, and the increase is 1.5 times.

SeO2

2 g NaH + 2.2 g SeO2, Ein: 82.OkJ, dE: 29.5 kJ, TSQ99-388C, Tmax: 393C, the theoretical value is 20.5 kJ, and the increase is 1.4 times.

CS2

■ NaH 1.0 gm + (Al powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + CS2 1.2 ml, PP in vial, Ein: 72 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 8OC, Tmax ~ The value is 11.4 kJ, the increase is 1.58 times.

■ NaH 1.0 gm + MgH2 powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + CS2 1.2 ml, PP in vial Ein 82 kJ, dE 18 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 8OC, Tmax ~ 12.6 kJ, increase 1.4 times.

CO2

■ 4g CAIII-300 + 1g MgH2 + 1g NaH + 0.00953 mol CO2 (cell temperature rising to 45C during CO2 charging); Ein: 188.4 kJ; dE: 10.37 kJ; TSC: 80-120C; Tmax: 508 C, theoretical value is 6.3 kJ, and the increase is 1.65 times.

PF5

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 0.010 mol PF5; Ein: 127.0 kJ; dE: 15.65 kJ; TSC: 210-371C; Tmax: 371C, the theoretical value is 10 kJ, the excess is 6.45 kJ, and the increase is 1.57 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 0.01 mol PF5, Ein: 101.0 kJ, dE: 15.7 kJ, TSC: 178-370 C, Tmax: 391 C, theoretical value 10 kJ,

NF3

(NaH 1.Ogm + (Mg powder 1.0 gm + active carbon CAII-300 4 gm) Ball Mill + NF 3 0.011 mole and theoretical energy ~ kJ), Ein: 136 kJ, dE: 28 kJ, temperature gradient jump at 70 C, Tmax ~ 470C, the theoretical value is 19.6 kJ, and the increase is 1.4 times.

PCl5

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 2.08 g PCl5 + 1 g NaH; Ein: 90.0 kJ; dE: 20.29 kJ; TSC: 180-379C; Tmax: 391 C, theoretical value 13.92 kJ, increase 1.45 times.

P2S5

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2 + 1 g NaH + 2.22 g P2S5; Ein: 105.0 kJ; dE: 13.79 kJ; TSC: 150-363C; Tmax: 398C, the theoretical value is 10.5 kJ, the excess is 3.3 kJ, and the increase is 1.3 times.

(A) NaH 1.0 gm + Al powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) Ball Mill + P2S5 2.22 gm), Ein: 110 kJ, dE: temperature gradient jump at 14 kJ to 170C, Tmax to 425C, theoretical value 10.1 kJ, The increase is 1.39 times.

Oxide

KH, dE: 21.0 kJ, TSC: 157-408C, Tmax: 416C, a theoretical value of 15.4 kJ, and an increase of 1.36 times.

MnO4

4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g MnO2; Ein: 108.0 kJ; dE: 22.11 kJ; TSC: 170-498C; Tmax: 498 C, theoretical value 18.4 kJ, excess 3.7 kJ, and increase 1.2 times.

N2O

4 g Pt / C + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.0198 mol N2O, Ein: 72.0 kJ, dE: 22.2 kJ, TSC: 73-346C, Tmax: 361C, theoretical value 16.2 kJ,

HFB

■ NaH 1.0 gm + (aluminum nano powder lgm + activated carbon (AC) 5 gm) Ball Milled + HFB 1 ml, Ein: 108 kJ, dE 35 kJ, temperature jump from 90 ° C to 450 ° C.

■ NaH 1.0 gm + (La 5 gm + 5 g of activated carbon) Ballmilled + HexaFluoro Benzene 1 ml, Ein: 109 kJ, dE: 38 kJ, Temp, Temperature jump from 90 ° C to 400 ° C.

(4 g activated carbon (AC) + 1 g MgH 2) Ball Milled + 1 ml HFB + 1 g NaH, Ein: 150.0 kJ, dE: 45.1 kJ, TSC: ~ 50-240, Tmax to 25O0C.

Blend (4 g AC + 1 g MgH 2) + 1 ml HFB + 1 g NaH, Ein: 150.0 kJ, dE: 35.0 kJ, TSC: 54-255 ° C, 45-241 ° C, 48-199 ° C; Tmax: 258 캜, 247 캜, 206 캜 (three series cells).

A mixture of 1.66 g of KH, 1 ml of hexadecafluoroheptane (HDFH), and 4 g of active C powder and 1 g of MgH2 in a 1 inch cell, dE: 34.3 kJ, and a burst of 419 & - 564 &lt; 0 &gt; C), Tmax ~ 575 [deg.] C.

B. Solution NMR

Typical reaction mixture to form a hydroxide Reno is (i) at least one catalyst, such as LiH, KH, and a catalyst selected from NaH, (ii) at least one oxidizing agent, for example, NiBr _2, MnI _2, AgCl, EuBr _2, SF _6, S, CF4, NF _3, LiNO _3, with the Ag M ₂ S ₂ O _8, and P is selected oxidant from ₂ O, (iii) at least one reducing agent, for example, Mg powder, or MgH _2, Al powder, and aluminum nano-containing powder (Al NP), Sr, and a reducing agent selected from Ca, and (iv) at least one of the support, for example, comprises a support selected from the AC and TiC. The reaction product of the glass of 50 mg in a sealed vial to the TEFLON ™ valve reaction mixture was digested in 1.5 ml and the median N, N- dimethylformamide _{-d7 (DCON (CD 3) 2} , DMF-d7, (99.5% Cambridge Isotope The solution without any solids was placed in an NMR tube (5 mm OD, 23 &lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; The NMR spectra were recorded with a deuterated 500 MHz Bruker NMR spectrometer Chemical shifts were based on solvent frequencies such as DMF-d7 at 8.03 ppm for tetramethylsilane (TMS).

The hydrinohydride ion H ^- (1/4) was expected to be observed at about -3.86 ppm, and the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) was expected to be observed at 1.25 ppm for TMS. The locations of occurrence of these peaks with migration and intensity for a particular reaction mixture are given in Table 4 below.

(I) a catalyst such as LiH, KH or NaH, (ii) a reducing agent such as Al, Al NP, Mg or MgH ₂ , and (iii) an oxidizing agent such as CF ₄ , N _{2 O, NF 3, K 2} S 2 O 8, Fe S O 4, O 2, LiNO 3, P 2 O 5, SF 6, S, CS 2, NiBr 2, TeO 2, NaMNO 4, SnF 4, and ¹ H solution NMR after extraction of DMF-d7 solvent in the production of a heterogeneous hydrino catalyst system comprising SnI ₄ , and (iv) mixed reactants of, for example, AC or Pt / C.

Claims (31)

A reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form a composition of matter comprising hydrino and hydrino;
A reaction vessel;
A vacuum pump;
A source of atomic hydrogen in communication with the reaction vessel;
A source of catalyst in communication with the reaction vessel,
One or more other reactants to effect catalysis by performing one or more functions of activating and propagating catalysis; And
Initiating the formation of at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the catalyst in the reaction vessel and initiating a reaction to effect catalysis whereby the catalytic action of the atomic hydrogen releases an amount of energy greater than 40.8 eV per hydrogen atom during the catalysis And a heater for the reaction vessel,
Source and one or more of the atom source of hydrogen the catalyst is a solid fuel reaction mixture, and the solid fuel reaction mixture including the Li, Na, K, N, H, LiNH _2, Li ₂ NH, NaNH _2, Na ₂ NH and An alloy including two or more of KNH ₂ and R-Ni,
Wherein said hydrino is formed by reacting atomic hydrogen using a catalyst having a net enthalpy of reaction of mx 27.2 eV and m is an integer. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction for causing the catalytic reaction
(i) an exothermic reaction that provides activation energy for the catalytic reaction;
(ii) a coupling reaction to provide at least one of a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen to support the catalytic reaction;
(iii) a free radical reaction that acts as a receptor of electrons from the catalyst during the catalytic reaction;
(iv) oxidation-reduction reactions which serve as acceptors of electrons from the catalyst during the catalytic reaction;
(v) an exchange reaction promoting the reaction of the catalyst to ionize as it receives energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrino, and
(vi) a power source comprising a reaction selected from a getter, a support, or a matrix-assisted catalytic reaction. The power source of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprises an electrically conductive substrate for enabling a catalytic reaction. 2. The power source of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprises a solid, liquid or heterogeneous catalytic reaction mixture. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the reaction mixture comprising an oxidation-reduction reaction for causing a catalytic reaction
(i) at least one catalyst selected from Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs, and CsH;
(ii) a source of H ₂ gas, H ₂ gas, or hydride;
(iii) at least one selected from the group consisting of halogens, transition metals, lanthanides, alkali metals, alkaline earths B, Ga, In, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, C, O, S, Se, Te, Si, Ge, At least one oxidizing agent selected from metal compounds including at least one of:
(iv) metal, an alkaline, alkaline earth, transition, second and third heat transfer, and rare earth metals, Al, Mg, MgH _2, Si, La, B, Zr, and Ti powder, and at least one group selected from H ₂ Reducing agent, and
(v) a power source comprising at least one electrically conductive substrate selected from AC, 1% Pt on carbon or Pd (Pt / C, Pd / C), and carbide. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the reaction mixture comprising an oxidation-reduction reaction for causing a catalytic reaction
(i) a source of at least one catalyst or catalyst comprising a metal or hydride from a Group 1 element;
(ii) a source of hydrogen comprising at least one source of H ₂ gas or H ₂ gas, or a hydride;
(iii) at least one element selected from the group consisting of 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 elements selected from F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, At least one oxidizing agent comprising an atom or an ion or a compound comprising;
(iv) at least one reducing agent comprising an element or hydride selected from Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Si, B, Zr, and rare earth metals; And
(v) a power source comprising at least one electrically conductive substrate selected from AC, graphene, Pt / C, Pd / C, TiC, and WC. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the reaction mixture comprising an oxidation-reduction reaction for causing a catalytic reaction
(i) a source of at least one catalyst or catalyst comprising a metal or hydride from a Group 1 element;
(ii) a source of hydrogen comprising at least one source of H ₂ gas or H ₂ gas, or a hydride;
(iii) one or more oxidizing agents comprising a halide, oxide, or sulfide compound of an element selected from IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, 12d and lanthanides;
(iv) at least one reducing agent comprising an element or hydride selected from Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Si, B, Zr, and rare earth metals; And
(v) a power source comprising at least one electrically conductive substrate selected from AC, graphene, Pt / C, Pd / C, TiC, and WC. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the exchange reaction to effect the catalytic reaction comprises anion exchange between two or more of the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent, and the catalyst, wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of halides, hydrides, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, borides, The present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a catalyst for the catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide in the presence of at least one catalyst selected from the group consisting of carbides, silicides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides, phosphides, nitrates, hydrogen sulfides, carbonates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, phosphates, hydrogenphosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, Oxides, and oxy anions. 9. The power source of claim 8, wherein the exchange reaction to cause catalysis is thermally reversible to regenerate the initial exchange reactant. 10. The method of claim 9,
(i) a source of at least one catalyst or catalyst selected from NaH and KH;
(ii) a source of hydrogen selected from NaH, KH, and MgH _2;
(iii) at least one oxidizing agent selected from (a) to (i);
(a) an alkaline earth halide selected from BaBr ₂ , BaCl ₂ , BaI ₂ , CaBr ₂ , MgBr ₂ , and MgI ₂ ;
_{(b) EuBr 2, EuBr 3} , EuF 3, DyI 2, LaF 3, GdF ₃ and a rare earth halide selected from;
(c) a second or third heat transfer metal halide selected from YF ₃ ;
(d) a metal boride selected from TiB _2, and CrB _2;
(e) an alkali halide selected from LiCl, RbCl, and CsI;
(f) metal sulfides selected from Li ₂ S, ZnS and Y ₂ S ₃ ;
(h) a metal oxide selected from Y ₂ O ₃ ; And
(i) a metal phosphide selected from Ca ₃ P ₂ ;
(iv) at least one reducing agent selected from Mg and MgH ₂ ; And
(v) a power source comprising at least one support selected from AC, TiC, and WC. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the getter, support, or matrix-assisted catalytic reaction to effect a catalytic reaction provides at least one chemical environment for the catalytic reaction, H transfers the electrons to promote catalytic function, A power source comprising a hydrogen species product coupled to cause another physical change or a change in an electronic state and to increase one or more of a range or rate of catalysis. 12. The power source of claim 11, wherein the getter, support, or matrix-assisted catalytic reaction can be thermally reversed to regenerate the initial exchange reactant. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the getter, support, or matrix-
(i) a source of at least one catalyst or catalyst selected from NaH and KH;
(ii) a source of hydrogen selected from NaH, KH, and MgH _2;
(iii) one or more oxidizing agents selected from (a) and (b)
(a) a metal arsenide selected from Mg ₃ As ₂ , and
(b) metal nitrides selected from Mg ₃ N ₂ and AlN;
(iv) at least one reducing agent selected from Mg and MgH ₂ ; And
(v) a power source comprising at least one support selected from AC, TiC, and WC. The power source of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture for causing a catalytic reaction comprising a catalyst comprising an alkali metal is regenerated from the product by separating one or more components and regenerating the alkali metal by electrolysis. A reaction cell for catalyzing atomic hydrogen to a composition of matter comprising hydrino and hydrino;
A reaction vessel;
A vacuum pump;
A source of atomic hydrogen in communication with the reaction vessel;
A source of a catalyst in communication with the reaction vessel;
One or more other reactants to effect catalysis by performing one or more functions of activating and propagating catalysis; And
Initiating the formation of at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the catalyst in the reaction vessel and initiating a reaction to effect catalysis whereby the catalytic action of the atomic hydrogen releases an amount of energy greater than 40.8 eV per hydrogen atom during the catalysis And a heater for the reaction vessel,
One or more of the source of the source and a catalyst of atomic hydrogen is a solid fuel reaction mixture, and the solid fuel reaction mixture including the Li, Na, K, N, H, LiNH _2, Li ₂ NH, NaNH _2, Na ₂ NH and KNH include alloys and R-Ni containing two or more of _2, wherein the hydroxyl Reno is formed by reacting an atom of hydrogen with a catalyst having a net enthalpy of 27.2 eV reaction mx, m is an integer, hydride reactor .
16. The process of claim 15, wherein the reaction mixture for the synthesis of the compound comprises a hydra (s) comprising at least two species selected from (i) a catalyst, (ii) a source of hydrogen, (iii) an oxidizing agent, Id reactor. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the oxidizing agent is _{SF 6, S, SO 2,} SO 3, S 2 O 5 Cl 2, F 5 SOF, M 2 S 2 O 8, S x X y, SO x X y, P, P _{2 O 5, P 2 S 5} , P x X y, PBr 4 F, PCl 4 F, PO x X y, PS x X y, P 3 N 5, (Cl 2 PN) 3, (Cl 2 PN) 4 (Br ₂ PN) _x , O ₂ , N ₂ O and TeO ₂ , CF ₄ , NF ₃ , CrF ₂ , MgS, MHS wherein M is an alkali metal, x and y are integers, &Lt; / RTI &gt; The process according to claim 17, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a catalyzed hydrogen getter selected from compounds comprising elements S, P, O, Se, and Te, and S, P, O, Se, Id reactor. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is selected from atomic hydrogen

or

A power source capable of accepting an integer unit of energy. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises an atom or an ion M,
The ionization of t electrons from each atom or ion M to a continuous energy level results in the sum of the ionization energies of t electrons

or

(Where m is an integer). 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a dicarboxylic acid molecule,
The ionization of t electrons from each atom or ion M to a continuous energy level with the breakage of the MH bond is the sum of the binding energy and the ionization energy of t electrons

or

(Where m is an integer). The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C _2, N _2, O _2, CO _2, NO _2, NO _3, Ce, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K +, He +, Ti 2+, Na +, Rb +, Sr +, Fe 3+, Mo 2+, Mo 4+, In 3+, He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Xe ⁺ , Ar2 ⁺ , H ⁺ , Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ . 2. The power source of claim 1, wherein the power source is operated continuously as power production and regeneration is maintained simultaneously using an electrolysis or thermal regeneration reaction. The power source of claim 1, further comprising a power converter. 25. The power source of claim 24, wherein the conversion device comprises a steam generator in communication with the reaction vessel, a steam turbine in communication with the steam generator, and a generator in communication with the steam turbine.
The method of claim 1 wherein the solid fuel reaction mixture is O, O _2, O _3, H ₂ O, NaOCl, peroxides, oxides, hydroxide and oxygen in the organic compound-sources of O comprising at least one of the contained functional groups &Lt; / RTI &gt;
The method of claim 1 wherein the solid fuel reaction mixture is a metal-oxide, O, including nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, Cl _x O _y, I _x O _y, oxy anions of inorganic compounds, and metals at least one of hydroxides Source, where x and y are integers.
The method of claim 1 wherein the solid fuel reaction mixture was _{N 2 O, M 2 S 2} O 8 (M = alkali _{metal), SO 2, NaOH, H} 2 O 2, MnO 2, CO, CO 2, N 2 O, _{NO 2, Cl 2 O, ClO} 2 HNO 2, HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, H 2 SO 3, I 2 O 5, P x O y, Al 2 O 3, Ti 2 O 3, and SiO _2, you (BDO), Li ₂ O, Na ₂ O, K ₂ O, Li ₂ O ₂ , K ₂ O, K ₂ O, K ₂ O, _{Na 2 O 2, K 2 O} 2, Li 2 O 2, Na 2 O 2, and K ₂ O or the source of O comprising at least one of the _second and, x and y are integers, the electric power source.
The power source of claim 1, wherein the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises a source of H comprising at least one of hydrogen, hydroxide, and hydride.
2. The power source of claim 1 wherein the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises a source of H comprising a metal hydride or metal hydroxide.
The method of claim 1 wherein the solid fuel reaction mixture is a power source comprising a source of _{NaNH 2, LiH, KH, R} -Ni, NaOH, AlH, H including the Al (OH) one or more of the _three.

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