EA031711B1 - Heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a power source and hydride reactor comprising a reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, a source of atomic hydrogen, a source of a hydrogen catalyst comprising a solid, liquid, or heterogeneous catalyst reaction mixture. The catalysis reaction is activated or initiated and propagated by one or more chemical other reactions. These reactions maintained on a electrically conductive support can be of several classes such as (i) exothermic reactions which provide the activation energy for the hydrino catalysis reaction, (ii) coupled reactions that provide for at least one of a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen to support the hydrino catalyst reaction, (iii) free radical reactions that serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino catalysis reaction, (iv) oxidation-reduction reactions that, in an embodiment, serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino catalysis reaction, (v) exchange reactions such as anion exchange that facilitate the action of the catalyst to become ionized as it accepts energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, and (vi) getter, support, or matrix-assisted hydrino reaction that may provide at least one of a chemical environment for the hydrino reaction, act to transfer electrons to facilitate the H catalyst function, undergoes a reversible phase or other physical change or change in its electronic state, and binds a lower-energy hydrogen product to increase at least one of the extent or rate of the hydrino reaction. The invention also relates to power and chemical plants that can be operated continuously using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions maintained in synchrony with at least one of power and lower-energy-hydrogen chemical production.

Description

The invention relates to a power source and a hydride reactor, including a reaction cell for catalyzing the conversion of atomic hydrogen and producing hydrino, a source of atomic hydrogen, a source of a hydrogen conversion catalyst, comprising a reaction mixture of a liquid, solid or heterogeneous catalyst. The activation or initiation and completion of the catalysis reaction is ensured by using one or more other chemical reactions. These reactions, supported on an electrically conductive carrier, can be assigned to several classes, such as (i) exothermic reactions that provide activation energy for the catalysis reaction to produce hydrino, (i) coupling reactions that provide at least one representative, selected from a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen, to maintain a catalyst reaction with the formation of hydrino, (iii) free radical reactions that act as electron acceptors from cat lysator during the catalysis reaction to produce hydrino, (iv) redox reactions, which in one embodiment act as an electron acceptor from the catalyst during the catalysis reaction to produce hydrino, (v) exchange reactions, such as anion exchange, that facilitate ionization catalyst, when it receives energy from atomic hydrogen in the formation of hydrino, and (vi) a reaction with the formation of hydrino involving a getter, carrier or matrix, which can provide at least at least one condition selected from creating a chemical medium for the reaction with the formation of hydrinos, electron transfer actions to facilitate the function of the H conversion catalyst, undergoing a reversible phase or other physical change or changing its electronic state and binding of a low-energy hydrogen product to improve at least one parameter selected from the degree of conversion or reaction rate to form hydrino. The invention also relates to energy and chemical plants that can continuously operate using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions synchronized with at least one operation selected from energy generation and chemical production of low-energy hydrogen.

Cross references to related applications

The application for this patent claims the benefits of priority of provisional applications US No. 61/084923 (filed July 30, 2008); 61/086316 (filed August 5, 2008); 61/088492 (filed August 13

2008); 61/094513 (filed September 5, 2008); 61/098514 (filed September 19, 2008); 61/102465 (filed October 3, 2008); 61/104534 (filed October 10, 2008); 61/105660 (filed October 15, 2008); 61/106932 (filed October 20, 2008); 61/109088 (filed October 28, 2008); 61/110253 (filed October 31, 2008); 61/112491 (filed November 7, 2008); 61/114735 (filed November 14, 2008); 61/116966 (filed November 21, 2008); 61/193543 (filed December 5, 2008); 61/139293 (filed December 19, 2008); 61/145022 (filed January 15, 2009); 61/146962 (filed January 23, 2009); 61/150571 (filed February 6

2009); 61/152500 (filed February 13, 2009); 61/156328 (filed February 27, 2009); 61/158252 (filed March 6, 2009); 61/160145 (filed March 13, 2009); 61/164151 (filed March 27, 2009); 61/166495 (filed April 3, 2009); 61/170418 (filed April 17, 2009); 61/174346 (filed April 30, 2009); 61/176675 (filed May 8, 2009); 61/178796 (filed May 15, 2009); 61/180456 (filed May 22, 2009); 61/182468 (filed May 29, 2009); 61/186660 (filed June 12, 2009); 61/218771 (filed June 19, 2009); 61/220911 (filed June 26, 2009); 61/222721 (filed July 2, 2009) and 61/226541 (filed July 17, 2009), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Disclosure of invention

The present description of the invention relates to catalyst systems containing a hydrogen conversion catalyst capable of producing a lower energy state from atomic H in its state n = 1, a source of atomic hydrogen and other structural units capable of initiating and undergoing a reaction to form low energy hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a reaction mixture comprising at least one atomic hydrogen source and a catalyst or catalyst source to support catalysis of hydrogen conversion to form hydrino. The reagents and reactions described herein for solid and liquid fuels are also reagents and reactions for heterogeneous fuels, including a mixture of phases. The reaction mixture contains at least two components selected from a hydrogen conversion catalyst or a source of a hydrogen conversion catalyst and an atomic hydrogen source, wherein at least one representative selected from atomic hydrogen and a hydrogen conversion catalyst can be obtained by carrying out a reaction for the reaction mixture . In further embodiments, the reaction mixture further comprises a carrier, which in certain embodiments can be electrically conductive, a solvent, such as an organic solvent or an inorganic solvent, including a molten salt, a getter, and at least one reagent that, due to the reaction for it, results in to catalysis activation.

Activation or initiation and completion of the reaction with the formation of hydrino can be achieved using one or more chemical reactions. These reactions can be selected from (i) exothermic reactions that provide activation energy for a hydrino reaction, (ii) coupling reactions that provide at least one representative selected from a catalyst or atomic hydrogen source to support a reaction with the formation of hydrino, (iii) free radical reactions, which in certain embodiments act as an electron acceptor of the catalyst during the reaction to form hydrino, (iv) an oxidizing agent but-reduction reactions, which in certain embodiments perform the function of a catalyst electron acceptor during the reaction with the formation of hydrino, (v) exchange reactions, such as in the case of anion exchange, including halide, sulfide, hydride, arsenide, oxide, phosphide and nitride exchange, which in one embodiment facilitate the ionization of the catalyst when it receives energy from atomic hydrogen in the formation of hydrino, and (vi) reactions with the formation of hydrino with m of getter, carrier or matrix, which can provide at least one condition selected from creating a chemical environment for the reaction with the formation of hydrinos, electron transfer actions to facilitate the function of the H conversion catalyst, undergoing a reversible phase or other physical change or changing its electronic state and binding of a low-energy hydrogen product to improve at least one parameter selected from the degree of conversion or the reaction rate with the sample mations hydrino. In certain embodiments, an activation reaction enables a conductive carrier.

In further embodiments, the present disclosure relates to an energy system comprising at least two components selected from a source of catalyst or catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reagents to obtain a source of catalyst or catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reagents for initiating catalysis of the conversion of atomic hydrogen; and a carrier for providing a catalyst, the energy system may further include any representative selected from a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, an energy converter, and systems such as separator systems, an electrolyzer, and thermal systems for

- 1 031711 exchange reaction and chemical synthesis reactors for the regeneration of fuel from reaction products.

In further embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a system for producing compounds having hydrogen in low energy states, comprising at least two components selected from a catalyst or catalyst source; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reagents to obtain a source of catalyst or catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reagents for initiating catalysis of the conversion of atomic hydrogen; and a carrier for providing a catalyst, the system for producing compounds containing hydrogen in low energy states may further include any representative selected from a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, and systems such as separator systems, an electrolyzer, thermal systems for reversing the exchange reaction, and reactors chemical synthesis for the regeneration of fuel from reaction products.

Other embodiments of the present description of the invention relate to a system of battery or fuel cells for producing compounds containing hydrogen in low energy states, containing at least two components selected from: a source of catalyst or catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reagents to obtain a source of catalyst or catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reagents for initiating catalysis of the conversion of atomic hydrogen; and a carrier for providing a catalyst, wherein the battery or fuel cell system for producing compounds containing hydrogen in low energy states may further include any representative selected from a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, and systems such as separator systems, electrolysers, and thermal treatment systems exchange reaction and chemical synthesis reactors for the regeneration of fuel from reaction products.

Brief Description of the Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a power generation reactor and power plant in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of a reactor for generating energy and a power plant for recycling or fuel regeneration in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of a power reactor in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a system for recycling or fuel recovery in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of a discharge energy and plasma cell and reactor in accordance with the present description of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of a battery and fuel cell in accordance with the present disclosure.

The implementation of the invention

The present description of the invention relates to catalyst systems for the release of energy from atomic hydrogen with the formation of lower energy states in which the electron shell is in a closer position with respect to the nucleus. The released power is used to generate electrical energy, and in addition to this, new hydrogen structural units and compounds are desirable products. These energy states are predicted by classical physical laws and require the catalyst to receive energy from hydrogen in order to ensure an appropriate transition with energy release.

Classical physics provides analytical solutions for the hydrogen atom, hydride ion, hydrogen molecular ion and hydrogen molecule and predicts the existence of the corresponding structural units having fractional principal quantum numbers. Using the Maxwell equations, the electron structure was obtained as a boundary-value problem, where the electron generates the current of the source of electromagnetic fields that change in time during transitions with the limitation that the energy cannot be emitted by a bound electron in the state n = 1. The reaction predicted by the solution for atom H involves resonant non-radiative energy transfer from otherwise stable atomic hydrogen to a catalyst capable of receiving energy to produce hydrogen in lower-energy states in comparison with those previously considered possible. Specifically, classical physics predicts the possibility of a catalytic reaction for atomic hydrogen involving certain atoms, excimers, ions, and diatomic hydrides, which ensure the passage of a reaction characterized by a resulting enthalpy equal to an integer multiple of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen E _h = 27.2 eV, where E _h is one hartree. For the catalysis in the method, the presence along with atomic hydrogen of specific structural units (for example, He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Sr ⁺ , K, Li, HO and NaH), identified on the basis of their known electronic energy levels, is required. The reaction involves radiation

- 2 031711 transfer of energy with subsequent emission of transition radiation to the continuum level q-13.6 eV or transfer q · 13.6 eV to H with the formation of H in an extremely hot, excited state and a hydrogen atom that is lower in energy in comparing with unreacted atomic hydrogen, and which corresponds to a fractional principal quantum number. That is, in the formula for the basic energy levels of a hydrogen atom:

The inscription in the equation is hereinafter eU = eV where a _H is the Bohr radius for a hydrogen atom (52.947 pm), e is the electron charge, a ε ₀ is the dielectric constant of the vacuum, fractional quantum numbers:

and = 1 ,; g der <137 is an integer. (3)

3 4 p replace the well-known parameter n = integer in the Rydberg equation for the excited states of hydrogen and represent hydrogen atoms in lower-energy states called hydrino. The state of hydrogen n = 1 and the state of hydrogen n = 1 / csln number are nonradiative, but between two nonradiative states, say, from n = 1 to n = 1/2, a transition is possible as a result of nonradiative energy transfer. Hydrogen is a special case of stable states given in equations (1) and (3), where the corresponding radius of a hydrogen atom or hydrino is as follows:

where p = 1, 2, 3, .... For energy storage, the energy must be transferred from the hydrogen atom to the catalyst in whole units of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom in the normal state n = 1 with o »transition to the radius ^{m +} P Hydrino are formed in as a result of the passage between a conventional hydrogen atom and a suitable catalyst of the reaction, characterized by the resulting enthalpy of the reaction t-27.2 eV, (5) where m is an integer. It seems that the catalysis rate increases as the resultant enthalpy of the reaction more closely matches m-27.2 eV. Catalysts have been found to be suitable for most applications, characterized by a resulting reaction enthalpy within ± 10%, preferably ± 5%, of m-21.2 eV.

Catalytic reactions include two stages of energy release: non-radiative energy transfer to the catalyst, followed by additional energy release as the radius decreases to a corresponding stable final state. Thus, the general reaction is as follows:

m-21.2eV + Cat ⁴ * + H -> Cat · '* + ge ~ + And * _P] [\ t + p) _

Ξϋ__ хГ / п-иА? - н'1.11 А / Д / '- ж') '' and if * а _н + m-27.2 eV (6) (7) (8)

The inscription in the equation

Cat ~ Cat cumulative reaction is as follows:

q, r, m and p are integers.

^a and

R * ^{+ is} characterized by the radius of the hydrogen atom (corresponding to a value of 1 in the denominator) and a central field equivalent to the central field of the proton with multiplicity

- 3 031711

represents a corresponding stable state, characterized by a radius corresponding to a radius H with a multiplicity of ( ^{t + p} ) When an electron undergoes radial acceleration upon transition from the radius of a hydrogen atom to a radius corresponding to a given distance with a multiplicity of ^+, energy is released in the form of the emission of characteristic light or in the form kinetic energy of the third body. The emission can take the form of radiation transition to a continuum level in the far ultraviolet range, having a limit in the region of ₂ 2 ( ⁹¹² ) nm) [(p + t) - p - 2t] 13.6 eV [(p + ai) -p -2t ] and extending to a range of longer waves. In addition to radiation, resonant kinetic energy transfer can occur with the formation of fast H. The subsequent excitation of these fast H atoms (n = 1) as a result of collisions with basic H ₂ followed by the subsequent emission of the corresponding fast H atoms (n = 3) leads to emission wider a-line Balmer. According to theoretical predictions, an extremely strong broadening of the Balmer α line (> 100 eV) is observed. Therefore, a suitable catalyst can provide a resulting positive enthalpy of reaction of m-27.2 eV. That is, the catalyst resonantly receives non-radiatively transferred energy from hydrogen atoms and releases energy into the environment, affecting electronic transitions at fractional quantum energy levels. As a result of non-radiative energy transfer, the hydrogen atom becomes unstable and emits additional energy until it reaches a lower-energy non-radiative state characterized by the basic energy level given in equations (1) and (3). Thus, catalysis releases energy from the hydrogen atom with a proportional decrease in the size of the hydrogen atom r _n = na _H , where n is represented in equation (3). For example, the catalysis of the transition from H (n = 1) kN (n = 1/4) releases 204 eV, and the hydrogen radius decreases from a _H to 1 / 4a _H. The catalyst product H (1 / p) can also react with an electron to form hydrino hydride ion H ^- (1 / p), or two H (1 / p) can react with the formation of the corresponding molecular hydrino Sch (1 / p) )

In particular, the catalyst product H (1 / p) can also react with an electron to form a new hydride ion H ^- (1 / p), characterized by a binding energy E _B :

(>

where p = integer> 1, s ^{= 1/2} , Й represents the Planck constant, μο represents the magnetic permeability of the vacuum, mg represents the mass of the electron, and _e represents the magnitude of _μ = ^m ^ · ^Λ / and the mass of the electron, which is the following ' ⁴ , where u, represents the mass of the proton, ao represents the Bohr radius, and the ionic radius represents ^ = - (1 + 7 - ^ + ¹ ))

R . Based on equation (10), the calculated value of the hydride ionization energy is 0.75418 eV, and the experimental value is 6082.99 ± 0.15 cm ^-1 (0.75418 eV). The NMR peaks shifted toward the strong field are direct evidence of the existence of hydrogen in the low-energy state, characterized by a lower radius than that of a conventional hydride ion, and showing an increase in the diamagnetic screening of the proton. The shift is described by the sum of the shifts for the ordinary hydride ion H ^- and the component due to the lower energy state:

= -Do ----- ===== (1 + α2πρ) = - (29.9 +1.37 p) ppm (11) ^β 12 ^ 1, ¾ (1 +, / ф + 1))

The inscription in the equation hereinafter ppm = ppm.

where for And ^- p = 0. and p = an integer> 1 for H ^- (1 / p), and α is a fine structure constant.

H (1 / p) can react with a proton to form H ₂ (1 / p) ⁺ , and two Sch1 / p) can react with the formation of H ₂ (1 / p). The hydrogen molecular ion and the functions of the molecular charge and current density, bond length and energy are obtained from the solution of the Laplacian in ellipsoidal coordinates with the limitation in the absence of radiation

- 4 031711

The total energy E _{T of the} hydrogen molecular ion, characterized by a central field + re at each focus of the elongated spheroid molecular orbital, is as follows:

one re- re ^g 2a .. 3 Ya .. 4yag - 8πε I P R \

where p is an integer, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and μ is the reduced nuclear mass. The total energy of the hydrogen molecule, characterized by a central field + re at each focus of the elongated spheroid molecular orbital, is as follows:

The bond dissociation energy ED of the hydrogen molecule H ₂ (1 / p) is the difference between the total energy of the corresponding hydrogen atoms and _ET

E _o = E (2ЩЩ \ 1p}) - E _m , (15) where ((2 // (1 / p)) = - / 27.20 eV (16)

E _{d is} described by equations (15-16) and (14):

E _D = -p ² 21.20 3B-E _T

- - / 27.20 eV - (- / 31.351 eV - / 0.326469 eV) (17) = / 4.151 eV + / 0.3 26469 eV

The calculated and experimental parameters for H ₂ , D ₂ , H ₂ ⁺ and D ₂ ^{+ are} presented in table. one.

- 5 031711

Table 1 Calculated in analytical form according to Maxwell and experimental parameters for H ₂ , D ₂ , H ₂ ⁺ and D ₂ ⁺

Parameter Estimated Experimental Binding energy d la H ₂ 4.478 eV 4.478 eV Binding energy d la D ₂ 4.556 eV 4.556 eV Binding energy d 1LLA! F ₂ 2.654 eV 2.651 eV Binding energy d [la D ₂ 2.666 eV 2.691 eV Total energy for H ₂ 31.677 eV 31.675 eV Total energy for D? 3 1.760 eV 31.760 eV Ionization energy tion for I ₂ 15.425 eV 15.426 eV Ionization energy tion for D ₂ 15.463 eV 15.466 eV Ionization energy tion for And / 16.253 eV 16.250 eV Ionization energy tion for D ₂ 16.299 eV 16.294 eV Magnetic moment for H-_ ' 9,274 ΑΊ0 ²⁴ 7G 'Garden) 7D 9,274A10- ²⁴ '(av) Absolute gas phase - 28.0 ppm - 28.0 and. d. NMR shift for. H Internuclear distance 0.748 A 0.741 A for H ₂ ^a Internuclear distance 0.748 A 0.741 A FOR Internuclear distance 1,058 A 1.06 A for ng 2ad Internuclear distance 1,058 A 1,0559 A for D / ⁴ 2ad Vibrational energy for 0.517 eV 0.516 eV H ₂ Vibrational energy for 0.371 eV 0.371 eV E> 2 for 120.4 cb ¹ 121.33 cm ' ¹ (ύ ^ FOR m> 2 60.93 cm ' ¹ 61.82 cm ¹ Vibrational energy for 0.270 eV 0.271 eV n / a Vibrational energy for 0.193 eV 0.196 eV / V Rotational energy 0.0148 eV 0.01509 eV transition from J = 1 to J - 0 for I'm ₂ ^a Rotational energy 0.00741 eV 0.00755 eV transition from J = 1 to J = 0 for ΰ ₂ ^Λ Rotational energy 0.00740 eV 0.00739 eV transition from J = 1 to J - 0 for n / a Rotational energy 0.00370 eV 0.003723 eV transition from J - 1 to J = 0 for D ₂ ^{+ d}

^J Without correction for a slight decrease in internuclear distance due to Ease NMR analysis of the gaseous catalysis product is a definitive test for the theoretically predicted chemical shift in H2 (1/4). In general, according to the prediction method in the ¹ H NMR resonance for H2 (1 / p) is shifted towards the high-field resonance of H ₂ due to the fractional radius of elliptic coordinates, when electrons are located much closer to the nucleus.

ΔΒ _Γ

The predicted shift ^β , for H ₂ (1 / p), is represented by the sum of the shift for H ₂ and the term, which depends on p = integer> 1, for H ₂ (1 / p):

The inscription in the equation ppm = ppm.

where for H ₂ p = 0. The experimental absolute gas-phase shift of the resonance for H ₂ - 28.0 ppm It is in excellent agreement with the predicted absolute gas-phase shift of 28.01 ppm. (equation (19)).

The vibrational energies E _vlb in the transition from ν = 0 to ν = 1 for hydrogen molecules of the H ₂ (1 / p) type

- 6 031711 set out as follows:

Etb = p ² 0.5 15902 eV, (20) where p is an integer. The rotational energies E _rot in the transition from J to J + 1 for hydrogen molecules of the H ₂ type (1 / p) are as follows:

where p is an integer, I is the moment of inertia.

The dependence of p on rotational energies is the result of the inverse dependence of p on the internuclear distance and the corresponding effect at the moment of inertia I. The predicted internuclear distance 2c 'for H / 1 / p) is as follows:

As the data from a wide range of research methods confidently and consistently testify, hydrogen can exist in lower-energy states in comparison with those that were previously considered possible. These data confirm the existence of these low-energy states called hydrino for small hydrogen and the corresponding hydride ions and molecular hydrino. Some of the data from previous studies on this issue, justifying the possibility of a new reaction for atomic hydrogen, which provides hydrogen in fractional quantum states that have lower energies than the traditional ground state (n = 1), include extreme spectroscopy data ultraviolet range (EUV), the emission of characteristic radiation by catalysts and hydride ionic products, the emission of radiation by low-energy hydrogen, obtaining azmy by chemical method Line broadening α-Balmer lines population inversion H, enhanced electron temperature, anomalous plasma afterglow duration, energy generation and analysis of new chemical compounds.

Catalytic transitions with the formation of low-energy hydrogen of the present description of the invention require a catalyst that can take the form of an endothermic chemical reaction corresponding to an integer m of potential energy values of non-catalyzed atomic hydrogen of 27.2 eV, and which takes energy from atomic H to stimulate the transition. The endothermic catalyst reaction may be ionization for one or more electrons of a chemical structural unit, such as an atom or ion (for example, m = 3 for Li Li ²⁺ ), and may further include a combined bond cleavage reaction together with ionization of one or more electrons of one or several partners of the initial bond (for example, m = 2 for NaH Na ²⁺ + H). Not ⁺ satisfies the criterion of catalyst - a chemical or physical method, characterized by a change in enthalpy equal to an integer multiple of 27.2 eV, since it ionizes at 54.417 eV, which is 2-27.2 eV. Two hydrogen atoms can also be used as a catalyst characterized by the same enthalpy. Hydrogen atoms H (1 / p) p = 1, 2, 3, ... 137 can undergo additional transitions to lower energy states, described by equations (1) and (3), where the transition at one atom catalyzes the second, which is resonant and non-radiatively accepts m-21.2 eV with a simultaneous opposite change in its potential energy. The total general equation for the transition from H (1 / p) to H (1 / (p + m)), induced as a result of the resonant transfer of m-21.2 eV to I (1 / p '). is the following:

H {\ 1p ') + H (} 1p) ^ H + H (\ / (p + t')) + [2rt + t ^{2- rd} + 1] -13.6 eV (23)

Hydrogen atoms can act as a catalyst when m = 1 and m = 2 for one and two atoms, respectively, acting as a catalyst for the other. The speed with a diatomic 2H catalyst can be high in the case of collision of an extremely fast Н with a molecule to form 2H, where two atoms resonantly and non-radiatively receive 54.4 eV from the third hydrogen atom from the number of partners in the collision.

In the case m = 2, the product of the He ⁺ and 2H catalysts is H (1/3), which reacts rapidly to form H (1/4), and then molecular hydrino H2 (1/4) as the preferred state. In particular, in the case of a high concentration of hydrogen atoms, an additional transition from H (1/3) (p = 3) to H (1/4) (p + m = 4) with H as catalyst (p '= 1; m = 1):

/ 7 (1/3) - ^ 7 / (1/4) + 95.2 eV. (24)

The corresponding molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) and hydrino hydride ion H ^- (1/4) represent the final products that are consistent with the observation, since the quantum state p = 4 is characterized by a multipolarity greater than in the case of a quadrupole, which gives H (1 / 4) long theoretical lifetime for subsequent catalysis.

According to theoretical prediction, the nonradiative energy transfer to He ⁺ and 2H catalysts pumps the energy levels of the He ⁺ ion and increases the excitation temperature of the electron H in helium-hydrogen and hydrogen plasmas, respectively. For both catalysts, the intermediate compound L2 + 1J (equation (6) with m = 2) is characterized by the radius of the hydrogen atom (corresponding to the value 1 in the denominator) and the central field equivalent to the central field of the proton

with a multiplicity of 3, a represents the corresponding stable state, characterized by a radius corresponding to a radius H with a multiplicity of 1/3. When an electron undergoes radial acceleration during the transition from the radius of the hydrogen atom to the radius corresponding to this distance with a factor of 1/3, energy is released in the form of the emission of characteristic light or in the form of the kinetic energy of the third body. Emission can take the form of a transition to the continuum level in the far ultraviolet range, which has a limit in the region of 54.4 eV (22.8 nm) and extends into the range of longer waves. Emission can take the form of a transition to the continuum level in the far ultraviolet range, which has a limit in the region of 54.4 eV (22.8 nm) and extends into the range of longer waves. Alternatively, the production of fast H is predicted due to the resonant transfer of kinetic energy. According to the prediction of secondary band transition to the continuum level occurs due to subsequent rapid transition m] _minutes when atomic hydrogen takes

Is he .

catalysis product - ⁵ J (equations (4-7) and (23)) in state s

27.2 eV from L 3 J. For microwave and glow and pulsed discharges in the case of helium together with hydrogen and hydrogen alone, which form He ⁺ and 2H catalysts, respectively, the spectra were recorded by the methods of extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy (EUV) and spectroscopy high resolution in the visible range. When hydrogen was added, the lines of the He ⁺ ion were pumped, and the temperature of the excitation of hydrogen plasmas was very high under certain conditions. Transitions to the EUV continuum level in the region of both 22.8 nm and 40.8 nm and an extremely strong (> 50 eV) broadening of the Balmer α line were observed. H ₂ (1/4) was observed by solution NMR in the region of 1.25 ppm. for gases collected from helium-hydrogen, hydrogen plasmas and hydrogen plasmas using water vapor and dissolved in CDCl ₃ .

Similarly, the reaction with the conversion of Ar ⁺ into Ar ^{2+ is} characterized by the resulting enthalpy of the reaction of 27.63 eV, which is equivalent to the case m = 1 in equations (4-7). When using Ar as a catalyst, the transitions predicted for it to the continuum level in the regions of 91.2 nm and 45.6 nm were observed, as well as other characteristic signs of hydrino transitions, pumping of excited states of the catalyst, the presence of fast H and the predicted gaseous hydrino product H2 (1/4), which was observed by the method of solution NMR in the region of 1.25 ppm Taking into account these results and the results for helium plasmas, transitions to the q-3.6 eV continuum level were observed with thresholds in the regions of 54.4 eV (q = 4) and 40.8 eV (q = 3) for the He ⁺ catalyst and in the regions of 27.2 eV (q = 2) and 13.6 eV (q = 1) for the Ar ⁺ catalyst. Much larger q values are possible during transitions of hydrino to lower energy states, which leads to the appearance of high energy radiation from the transition to the continuum level in a wide spectral range.

In recent studies on energy production and product characterization, the function of the catalysts was atomic lithium and molecular NaH, since they satisfy the criterion of a catalyst — a chemical or physical method characterized by a change in enthalpy equal to an integer multiple of 27.2 eV of atomic hydrogen potential energy (for example, m = 3 for Li and m = 2 for NaH). Using chemically prepared catalysis reagents, specific theoretical predictions were tested based on the equations in the analytical form for the energy levels of the corresponding hydrino hydride ions H ^- (1/4) new hydrino hydride compounds based on alkali metal halide (MH-X; M = Li or Na, X = halide) and molecular hydrino H2 (1/4).

First, a Li catalyst was tested. As a source of atomic lithium and hydrogen atoms, Li and LiNH _{2 were used} . As established by using water-jet periodic calorimetry, the measured power from 1 g of Li, 0.5 g of LiNH ₂ , 10 g of LiBr and 15 g of Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ was approximately 160 W with an energy balance of DN = -19.1 kJ. The observed energy balance corresponded to a theoretical maximum with a multiplicity of 4.4 based on the well-known concepts in chemistry. After that, the function of the dissociator was performed by Raney nickel (R-Ni) when using an energy reaction mixture in chemical synthesis, where LiBr played the role of a getter of the catalysis product H (1/4) to obtain LiH-X, as well as trapping H ₂ (1/4) in the crystal. The method of time-of-flight mass spectroscopy of secondary ions demonstrated the presence of LiH-X peaks. The 'H NMR method with the rotation of the sample at a magic angle for LiH-Br and LiH-1 showed a large distinct resonance biased towards approximately 2.5 ppm, which corresponded to H ^- (1/4) in

- 8 031711 matrix LiX. The NMR peak in the 1.13 ppm region corresponded to the incorporation of H ₂ (1/4), and in the spectrum obtained by the IR method with the Fourier transform, in the region of 1989 cm ⁻¹ , a rotation frequency # 2 (1/4) was observed corresponding to the rotation frequency of ordinary H ₂ with a multiplicity of 4 ² . The XPS spectrum recorded for LiH-Br crystals showed peaks in the regions of approximately 9.5 eV and 12.3 eV, which could not be attributed to any known elements due to the absence of any other primary element peaks, but which corresponded to binding energies H ^- (1/4) in two chemical environments. One additional feature of the energy method was to observe the formation of a plasma, called resonance transfer plasma or RP plasma, at low temperatures (for example, "10 ³ K) and at very low field intensities of approximately 1-2 V / cm, in the presence of atomic Li together with atomic hydrogen. For the Balmer α-line at H, a time-dependent broadening of the line was observed, corresponding to extremely fast H (> 40 eV).

The function of a hydrogen source and a catalyst source for producing hydrino was performed by a compound of the present description of the invention, such as MH containing hydrogen and at least one element M other than hydrogen. The catalytic reaction is obtained by splitting the M – H bond plus the ionization of t electrons of the M atom in each case with their transition to the energy level of the continuum, so that the sum of the binding energy and ionization energies of t electrons is approximately m-27.2 eV, where m represents is an integer. One such catalytic system includes sodium. The binding energy of NaH is 1.9245 eV, and the energies of the first and second stages of Na ionization are 5.13908 eV and 47.2864 eV, respectively. Based on these energies, the NaH molecule can act as a catalyst and a source of H, since the NaH binding energy plus double ionization (t = 2) during the transition from Na to Na ²⁺ is 54.35 eV (2-27.2 eV). Catalyst reactions are as follows:

And the cumulative reaction is as follows:

(25) (26)

(27)

Product H (1/3) quickly reacts to form H (1/4), and then molecular hydrino H2 (1/4) as the preferred state (equation (24)). The catalyst reactions for NaH can be combined, since the sum of the NaH binding energy, double ionization (t = 2) upon transition from Na to Na ²⁺ and potential energy H is 81.56 eV (3-27.2 eV). Catalyst reactions are as follows:

(28) (29)

And the cumulative reaction is as follows:

/ 7- »i | ^ -] + [4 ³ -1 ¹ ] -13.6еК (30) where H ' _fast represents a fast hydrogen atom characterized by a kinetic energy of at least 13.6 eV. H ^- (1/4) forms stable halides and is the preferred product together with the corresponding molecule formed by the reactions 2H (1/4) H2 (1/4) and H ^- (1/4) + II 'H2 (1 / four).

Sodium hydride is usually present in the form of an ionic crystalline compound formed by the reaction between gaseous hydrogen and metallic sodium. And in the gaseous state, sodium contains covalent molecules of Na ₂ , characterized by a binding energy of 74.8048 kJ / mol. It was found that if A'i ^ iwe is heated) at a very low rate of linear temperature change (0.1 ° C / min) in a helium atmosphere to produce NaH (r), the predicted exothermic reaction described by equations (25-27), observed at high temperature by the method of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). To achieve high power, a chemical system was developed that significantly increased the degree and rate of formation of NaH ^). The reaction between NaOH and Na to produce Na ₂ O and NaH (me), calculated from the heats of formation, releases AH = -44.7 kJ / mol NaOH:

NaOH + ΊΝα -> Na ^ O + NaH (_mo) ΔΗ = -44.7 kJ / mol NaOH (31)

This exothermic reaction can stimulate the formation of No. 1I (g) and was used to stimulate the passage of a very exothermic reaction, described by equations (25-27). The regenerative reaction in the presence of atomic hydrogen is as follows:

- 9 031711 ^ i ₂ O + / ^ -> ^ αOЯ + ^ <JΔЯ = -ll, 6κJ / mol ^ йОЯ (32)

NaH -> Na + // (1/3) Af / = - 10500 kJ / mol Η (33)

Ya // -> No. + // (1/4) ΔΗ = - 19700 kJ / mol Η (34)

NaH uniquely ensures high kinetics, since the catalyst reaction is based on the release of intrinsic H, which simultaneously undergoes a transition with the formation of H (1/3), which additionally reacts with the formation of H (1/4). For ionic NaH, analysis was performed by the method of high temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in a helium atmosphere at an extremely low rate of linear temperature change (0.1 ° C / min) to increase the degree of formation of molecular NaH. In the temperature range from 640 to 825 ° С, a new exothermic effect was observed — 177 kJ / mol NaH. In order to achieve high power, an R-Ni surface having a specific surface area of approximately 100 m ² / g was coated with NaOH and this material was reacted with metallic Na to produce NaH. It was found when using water-jet periodic calorimetry that the measured power from 15 g of R-Ni was approximately 0.5 kW with an energy balance of DN = -36 kJ in comparison with DN »0 kJ of the starting material R-Ni - R-NiAl alloy at carrying out the reaction with metallic Na. The observed energy balance for the NaH reaction was 1.6 × 10 ⁴ kJ / mol H ₂ , which corresponds to a combustion enthalpy of 241.8 kJ / mol H ₂ with a ratio greater than 66. With an increase in the degree of doping with the NaOH compound to 0.5 wt. % Al in the R-Ni intermetallic composite performed the function of replacing metallic Na as a reducing agent to obtain a NaH catalyst. When heated to 60 ° C, 15 g of the composite catalyst material did not require the use of any additive to release 11.7 kJ of excess energy and develop a power of 0.25 kW. The solution NMR method for gaseous products dissolved in DMF-Y7 demonstrated the presence of H ₂ (1/4) in the region of 1.2 ppm.

The method of time-of-flight mass spectroscopy of secondary ions demonstrated the presence of sodium hydride peaks based on hydrino NaH _x . The 'H NMR spectra with the rotation of the sample at a magic angle for NaH-Br and NaH-Cl showed a large, distinctly shifted toward a strong field resonance in the regions of 3.6 ppm and - 4 ppm respectively, which corresponded to H ^- (1/4), and the NMR peak in the 1.1 ppm region corresponding to H ^- (1/4). NaH-Cl from the reaction between NaCl and solid acid KHSO4 as the only source of hydrogen included two fractional states of hydrogen. The NMR peak for H ^- (1/4) was observed in the region of 3.97 ppm, and the peak of H ^- (1/3) in the region of 3.15 ppm was also present. The corresponding peaks of H2 (1/4) and H ₂ (1/3) were observed in the regions of 1.15 ppm. and 1.7 ppm respectively. The 'H NMR method for NaH-F dissolved in DMF-J7 demonstrated the presence of isolated H ₂ (1/4) and H ^- (1/4) in 1.2 ppm regions. and -3.86 ppm, respectively, where the absence of any effect of a solid matrix or possibly alternative assignments confirmed the assignment of solid-state NMR. The XPS spectrum recorded for NaH-Br showed the presence of H ^- (1/4) peaks in the regions of approximately 9.5 and 12.3 eV, which corresponded to the results for LiH-Br and KH-I; while hydrino-based sodium hydride showed two fractional states of hydrogen, additionally characterized by an RFU peak for H ^- (1/3) in the region of 6 eV in the absence of a halide peak. For H ₂ (1/4), which was excited using an electron beam at 12 keV, the predicted rotational transitions were also observed, characterized by energies corresponding to the energy of ordinary H2 with a multiplicity of 4 ² .

These data, such as NMR shifts, masses from time-of-flight mass spectroscopy of secondary ions, binding energies at XPS, IR spectrum with Fourier transform and emission spectrum, are characteristic and identifying for products of hydrino catalyst systems that include one aspect of the present description of the invention.

I. Hydrino.

A hydrogen atom characterized by a binding energy of the following:

Binding Energy = (35)

Labels in the equation Binding Energy = Binding Energy.

where p is an integer greater than 1, preferably in the range from 2 to 137, is the product of the catalysis reaction of conversion H of the present description of the invention. The binding energy for an atom, ion, or molecule, also known as ionization energy, is the energy needed to remove one electron from an atom, ion, or molecule. A hydrogen atom characterized by a binding energy described by equation (35) is hereinafter referred to as a hydrino or hydrino atom.

"I am

Designation for hydrino, characterized by a radius of P, where a _H represents the radius

- 10 031711

ordinary hydrogen atom, and p is an integer, is. A hydrogen atom having a radius a _H is hereinafter referred to as a normal hydrogen atom or a normal hydrogen atom. Ordinary atomic hydrogen is characterized by its binding energy of 13.6 eV. Hydrino is obtained by carrying out a reaction between an ordinary hydrogen atom and a suitable catalyst, characterized by the resulting enthalpy of the reaction t-27.2 eV, (36) where m is an integer. It seems that the catalysis rate increases as the resultant enthalpy of the reaction more closely matches m-21.2 eV. Catalysts have been found to be suitable for most applications, characterized by a resulting reaction enthalpy within ± 10%, preferably ± 5%, of m-21.2 eV.

This catalysis releases energy from a hydrogen atom with a proportional decrease in the size of the hydrogen atom r _n = na _H. For example, catalysis with a transition from H (n = 1) to H (n = 1/2) releases

40.8 eV, and the radius of hydrogen decreases from. The catalytic system is obtained by ionizing the t electrons of an atom in each case with their transition to the energy level of the continuum, so that the sum of the ionization energies of t electrons is approximately m-21.2 eV, where m is an integer. One additional example of such catalytic systems described above (equations (6-9)) includes lithium metal. The energies of the first and second stages of lithium ionization are 5.39172 and 75.64018 eV, respectively. Thus, the double ionization reaction (t = 2) with the transition from Li to Li ^{2+ is} characterized by the resulting enthalpy of the reaction of 81.0319 eV, which is equivalent to the case m = 3 in equation (36).

And the cumulative reaction is as follows:

In yet another embodiment, the catalyst system includes cesium. The energies of the first and second stages of cesium ionization are 3.89390 and 23.15745 eV, respectively. Thus, the double ionization reaction (t = 2) with the transition from Cs to Cs ^{1+ is} characterized by the resulting enthalpy of the reaction 27.05135 eV, which is equivalent to the case m = 1 in equation (36).

And the cumulative reaction is as follows:

One additional catalytic system includes potassium metal. The energies of the first, second, and third stages of potassium ionization are 4.34066, 31.63, 45.806 eV, respectively. Thus, the triple ionization reaction (t = 3) with the transition from K to K ^{3+ is} characterized by the resulting enthalpy of the reaction of 81.7767 eV, which is equivalent to the case m = 3 in equation (36).

And the cumulative reaction is as follows:

As part of the energy source, the energy released during catalysis is much greater than the energy spent on the catalyst. The energy released is great in comparison with what is the case for ordinary chemical reactions. For example, in the case of passage for gaseous

- 11 031711 of hydrogen and oxygen of combustion with the formation of water tf ₅ (g) + | a (g) -> n ₂ о (g> (46)

The inscriptions in the equation are n ₂ (k) = / A (r).

o ₂ (k) -o _g (E

H _: O (1) = H _; Oh (.zh).

the known enthalpy of water formation will be AH _t = -286 kJ / mol or 1.48 eV per hydrogen atom. In contrast, each (n = 1) ordinary hydrogen atom undergoing catalysis releases 40.8 eV as a result. In addition, additional catalytic 111111 p —--> -, ->-,> - transitions can occur: 2 3 3 4 4 ⁵ , etc. Immediately after the start of catalysis, hydrinos are additionally autocatalyzed by a method called disproportionation. This mechanism is similar to inorganic ion catalysis. But catalysis with the formation of hydrino should be characterized by a higher reaction rate in comparison with what takes place for an inorganic ion catalyst, due to a better correspondence of the enthalpy to the value of m-27.2 eV.

The hydrino hydride ion of the present description of the invention can be obtained by carrying out a reaction between an electron source and a hydrino, i.e. a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of approximately 13.6 eV / n ² , where n = 1 / p and p is an integer greater than 1. The hydrino hydride ion is represented as H ^- (n = 1 / p) or H ^- (1 / p):

n . R _ n £ a_ . R .

The hydrino hydride ion is different from the ordinary hydride ion, which contains a regular hydrogen nucleus and two electrons and has a binding energy of approximately 0.8 eV. The latter is hereinafter referred to as the ordinary hydride ion or normal hydride ion. The hydrino hydride ion contains a hydrogen nucleus, including protium, deuterium, or tritium, and two indistinguishable electrons with a binding energy corresponding to equations (49-50).

The binding energy of hydrino hydride ion can be represented by the following formula:

f X

Binding energy =

8¼¾ ι + 7φ + ~ ϊ)

R

2 ² (49)

The inscription in the equation

Binding Energy = where the p is an integer greater than one, s = 1/2, π is the number pi, is the symbol of the Planck constant, μ _Ν is the magnetic permeability of the vacuum, me is the mass of the electron, p _e represents the reduced mass of the electron, - m representing the following ' ⁴ , where m _p represents the mass of the proton, a _H represents the radius of the hydrogen atom, a ₀ represents the Bohr radius, and e represents the elementary charge. Radii are as follows:

The binding energies of hydrino hydride ion H ^- (n = 1 / p) depending on p, where p is an integer, are shown in table. 2.

- 12 031711

table 2

Representative binding energy of hydrino hydride ion H ^- (n = 1 / p) depending on p (equation (49))

Hydride ion G1 Binding Energy (eV) ^s Wavelength (nm) 1.8660 0.7542 1644 H ~ (n = '/ g) 0.9330 3,047 406.9 H ~ (n = 1/3) 0.6220 6,610 187.6 H ~ (n = 1/4) 0.4665 11.23 110,4 / G (n = 1/5) 0.3732 16.70 74.23 / G (u = 1/6) 0.3110 22.81 54.35 H ~ (n = 1/7) 0.2666 29.34 42.25 H ~ (n = 1/8) 0.2333 36.09 34.46 / G (u = 1/9) 0,2073 42.84 28.94 / G (p - 1/10) 0.1866 49.38 25.11 = 1/11) 0.1696 55.50 22.34 / GN = 1/12) 0.1555 60.98 20.33 = 1/13) 0.1435 65.63 18.89 H ~ (n = 1/14) 0.1333 69.22 17.91 N \ n = 1/15) 0.1244 71.55 17.33 / G (u = 1/16) 0.1166 72.40 17.12 / G (u = 1/17) 0.1098 71.56 17.33 / GO = 1/18) 0.1037 68.83 18.01 / GO = 1/19) 0.0982 63.98 19.38 / G (u = 1/20) 0.0933 56.81 21.82 / GO = 1/21) 0,0889 47.11 26.32 NG (n = 1/22) 0.0848 34.66 35.76 / G (u = 1/23) 0.0811 19.26 64.36 / GO = 1/24) 0,0778 0.6945 1785 a Equation (50) b Equation (49)

In accordance with the present description of the invention, there is provided a hydrino hydride ion (H ^- ), characterized by a binding energy corresponding to equations (49-50), which is greater than the binding energy of a conventional hydride ion (approximately 0.75 eV) for p = from 2 up up to 23 and less for p = 24 (H ^- ). For the range from p = 2 to p = 24 equations (49-50), the binding energies of the hydride ion are, respectively, 3, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2, 71.6, 72.4, 71.6, 68.8, 64.0, 56.8, 47, 1, 34.7, 19.3 and 0.69 eV. Examples of compositions comprising a new hydride ion are also provided herein.

Examples of compounds containing one or more hydrino hydride ions and one or more other elements are also provided. Such a compound is called a hydrino hydride compound.

Conventional hydrogen chemical structural units are characterized by the following binding energies: (a) hydride ion 0.754 eV (ordinary hydride ion); (b) a hydrogen atom (ordinary hydrogen atom) of 13.6 eV; (c) diatomic hydrogen molecule 15.3 eV (ordinary hydrogen molecule); (d) a hydrogen molecular ion of 16.3 eV (ordinary hydrogen molecular ion); and (e) H ₃ ⁺ 22.6 eV (ordinary trihydrogen molecular ion). In this document, when referring to forms of hydrogen, the terms normal and ordinary are synonymous.

In accordance with one additional embodiment of the present description of the invention, there is provided a compound containing at least one hydrogen structural unit characterized by an increased binding energy, such as (a) a hydrogen atom characterized by 13. energy sv_ equal .. as co_

6 eG n xP>, with a multiplicity in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1, where p is an integer in the range of 2 to 137; (b) a hydride ion (H ^- ), characterized by a binding energy of approximately

Hereinafter

The inscription in the equation

Binding Energy = Binding Energy

- 13 031711 such as the corresponding value

with a multiplicity in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1, where p is an integer in the range of 2 to 24; (c) H ₄ ⁺ (1 / p); (d) a molecular ion of trihydrino H ₃ ⁺ (1 / p), characterized by an energy of 22.6

---- eV giya binding, equal to approximately, such as the corresponding value with a multiplicity in the range from approximately 0.9 to 1.1, where p is an integer in the range from 2 to 15 3 _v

--- 7 eV ( ¹ }

137; (e) dihydrino, characterized by a binding energy equal to approximately, such as

i.z _v

--- g eV

R corresponds to a value with a multiplicity in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1, where p is an integer in the range of 2 to 137; (f) a dihydrino molecular ion characterized _by 16.3 A having a binding energy of approximately equal to that corresponding to (4 \ P1 with a multiplicity in the range of from about 0.9 to 1.1, where p is an integer, preferably an integer a number in the range from 2 to 137.

In accordance with one additional embodiment of the present description of the invention, there is provided a compound containing at least one hydrogen structural unit characterized by increased binding energy, such as (a) a molecular dihydrino ion having a total energy of approximately

E, = 0

1 2e ² 2nd ^ 4zh „(2nd _and ) ^{3 1 +} / ή m _t c ²

such as corresponding to

2a „f Over, f four". . P j State of emergency

= - / 16.13392 eK- / 0.1 18755 eV with a multiplicity in the range from approximately 0.9 to 1.1, where p is an integer, is a symbol of Planck's constant, m _e is the mass of an electron, s is the speed of light in vacuum , and μ represents the reduced nuclear mass, and (b) a dihydrino molecule characterized by a total energy of approximately

- 14 031711

such as corresponding to

re ¹ re ¹ 8 ^ ¼ 1 . R , 3

R ^e ' ί V ( ^{, +} AB P. 3

with a multiplicity in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1, where p is an integer and ₀ is a Bohr radius.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present description of the invention, where the compound contains a negatively charged hydrogen structural unit, characterized by increased binding energy, the compound further comprises one or more cations, such as proton, ordinary H ₂ ⁺ or ordinary H ₃ ⁺ .

This document provides a method for producing compounds containing at least one hydrino hydride ion. Such compounds are hereinafter referred to as hydrino hydride compounds. The method includes conducting between atomic hydrogen and a catalyst a reaction characterized by a resulting enthalpy of reaction of approximately (m / 2) -27 eV, where m is an integer greater than 1, preferably an integer less than 400, to obtain a hydrogen atom, characterized by increased binding energy, namely, a binding energy of approximately 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² , where p is an integer, preferably an integer in the range from 2 to 137. One additional catalysis product is It is energy. A hydrogen atom characterized by an increased binding energy can be reacted with an electron source to produce a hydride ion having an increased binding energy. A hydride ion having a high binding energy can be reacted with one or more cations to produce a compound containing at least one hydride ion having a high binding energy.

New hydrogen compositions may contain:

(a) at least one neutral, positively or negatively charged hydrogen structural unit (hereinafter, a hydrogen structural unit, characterized by an increased binding energy), characterized by a binding energy, (i) greater than the binding energy of the corresponding ordinary hydrogen structural unit , or (ii) greater than the binding energy of any hydrogen structural unit for which the corresponding ordinary hydrogen structural unit is unstable or not observable it is possible because the binding energy of a conventional hydrogen structural unit is less than thermal energy at ambient conditions (at standard temperature and pressure, STD) or is negative; and (b) at least one other element. Compounds of the present description of the invention hereinafter referred to as hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy.

By another element in this context is meant an element other than a hydrogen structural unit, characterized by increased binding energy. Thus, the other element may be an ordinary hydrogen structural unit or any element other than hydrogen. In one group of compounds, another element and a hydrogen structural unit,

- 15 031711 characterized by increased binding energy, are neutral. In another group of compounds, the other element and the hydrogen structural unit, characterized by increased binding energy, are charged, so that the other element will have a compensating charge to obtain a neutral compound. The first group of compounds is characterized by molecular and coordination binding; the last group is characterized by ionic binding. Also proposed are new compounds and molecular ions containing (a) at least one neutral, positively or negatively charged hydrogen structural unit (hereinafter, the hydrogen structural unit, characterized by an increased binding energy), characterized by a total energy, (i) greater than the total energy of the corresponding ordinary hydrogen structural unit, or (ii) greater than the total energy of any hydrogen structural unit for which the corresponding ordinary hydrogen structural unit is unstable or is not observed because the total energy of ordinary hydrogen structural unit is less thermal energy at ambient conditions or is negative; and (b) at least one other element.

The total energy of a hydrogen structural unit is the sum of the energy of removal of all electrons of the hydrogen structural unit. The hydrogen structural unit corresponding to the present description of the invention is characterized by a total energy greater than the total energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen structural unit. The hydrogen structural unit, characterized by increased total energy, in accordance with the present description of the invention is also called the hydrogen structural unit, characterized by increased binding energy even though some embodiments may have a hydrogen structural unit, characterized by increased total energy, lower than the binding energy of the first electron in comparison with the binding energy of the first electron in the corresponding ordinary hydrogen structural unit nice. For example, the hydride ion from equations (49-50) for p = 24 is characterized by the first binding energy, which is lower than the first binding energy of a conventional hydride ion, while the total energy of the hydride ion from equations (49-50) for p = 24 is much larger than the total energy of the corresponding ordinary hydride ion.

Also provided herein are new compounds and molecular ions containing:

(a) a plurality of neutral, positively or negatively charged hydrogen structural units (hereinafter, hydrogen structural units characterized by increased binding energy) characterized by a binding energy (i) greater than the binding energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen structural unit, or ( ii) greater than the binding energy of any hydrogen structural unit for which the corresponding ordinary hydrogen structural unit is unstable or not observed, after nly binding energy hydrogen conventional structural unit is less heat energy at ambient conditions or is negative; and (b) if necessary, one other element.

Compounds of the present description of the invention hereinafter referred to as hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy.

A hydrogen structural unit, characterized by increased binding energy, can be obtained by carrying out a reaction between one or more hydrino atoms and one or more representatives selected from an electron, a hydrino atom, a compound containing at least one of the aforementioned hydrogen structural units, characterized by increased binding energy, and at least one other representative selected from an atom, molecule or ion other than a hydrogen structural unit, ized by an increased binding energy.

Also proposed are new compounds and molecular ions containing:

(a) a plurality of neutral, positively or negatively charged hydrogen structural units (hereinafter, hydrogen structural units characterized by increased binding energy) characterized by a total energy (i) greater than the total energy of ordinary molecular hydrogen, or (ii) greater than the total energy of any hydrogen structural unit for which the corresponding ordinary hydrogen structural unit is unstable or not observed, since the total energy of ordinary hydrogen hydrochloric structural unit is less heat energy at ambient conditions or is negative; and (b) if necessary, one other element. Compounds of the present description of the invention hereinafter referred to as hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy.

In one embodiment, a compound is provided comprising at least one hydrogen structural unit having an increased binding energy selected

- 16 031711 of (a) a hydride ion, characterized by a binding energy corresponding to equations (49-50), which is greater than the binding energy of a conventional hydrogen ion (approximately 0.8 eV) for p = from 2 up to 23 and less for p = 24 (hydride ion characterized by increased binding energy or hydrino hydride ion); (b) a hydrogen atom characterized by a binding energy greater than the binding energy of a conventional hydrogen atom (approximately 13.6 eV), (a hydrogen atom characterized by an increased binding energy or hydrino); (c) a hydrogen molecule characterized by a first binding energy greater than 15.3 eV (a hydrogen molecule characterized by an increased binding energy or dihydrino); and (d) a molecular hydrogen ion having a binding energy greater than about 16.3 eV (molecular hydrogen ion having a high binding energy or molecular dihydrino ion).

II. Power reactor and system.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present description of the invention, there is provided a reactor comprising a hydrogen conversion catalyst for generating energy and producing low energy hydrogen structural units. As shown in FIG. 1, a reactor 70 containing a hydrogen conversion catalyst includes a vessel 72 that contains an energy reaction mixture 74, a heat exchanger 80, and an energy converter, such as a steam generator 82 and a turbine 90. In one embodiment, the catalysis comprises carrying out a reaction between atomic hydrogen from a source 76 and a catalyst 78 for producing low energy hydrogen hydrino and generating energy. During the reaction for the reaction mixture, composed of hydrogen and a catalyst, with the formation of lower-energy hydrogen, the heat released as a result of the catalysis reaction absorbs the heat exchanger 80. The heat exchanger exchanges heat with a steam generator 82, which removes heat from the heat exchanger 80 and generates water vapor. The power generation reactor 70 further includes a turbine 90, which receives water vapor from the steam generator 82 and supplies mechanical power to the electric generator 100, which converts the energy of the water vapor into electrical energy, which can be received at the load 110 to obtain work or to dissipate energy.

In one embodiment, the energy reaction mixture 74 comprises energy releasing material 76, such as fuel, supplied through a supply passage 62. The reaction mixture may contain a source of hydrogen isotope atoms or a source of molecular hydrogen isotope and a source of catalyst 78, which resonantly removes approximately m-27.2 eV to produce lower energy atomic hydrogen, where m is an integer, preferably an integer less than 400, where the reaction with the formation of low-energy states of hydrogen proceeds as a result of contact of hydrogen with the catalyst. The catalyst may be in a molten, liquid, gaseous or solid state. Catalysis releases energy in a form, such as heat, and results in at least one representative selected from low-energy hydrogen isotopic atoms, low-energy hydrogen molecules, hydride ions, and low-energy hydrogen compounds. Thus, the energy cell also includes a chemical reactor for producing low energy hydrogen.

The hydrogen source may be hydrogen gas, water dissociation, including thermal dissociation, water electrolysis, hydrogen from hydrides, or hydrogen from metal-hydrogen solutions. In yet another embodiment, the molecular hydrogen of the energy-releasing material 76 dissociates into atomic hydrogen through a molecular hydrogen dissociating catalyst from mixture 74. Such dissociating catalysts or dissociators can also absorb hydrogen, deuterium or tritium atoms and / or molecules and include, for example , element, compound, alloy or mixture of noble metals such as palladium and platinum, refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten, transition metals such as nickel titanium, and internal transition metals such as niobium and zirconium. Preferably, the dissociator is characterized by a large specific surface area, since in the case of a noble metal such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir, Re or Rh, or Ni on Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO _2, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the catalyst is characterized by the ionization of t electrons of an atom or ion with their transition to the energy level of the continuum, so that the sum of the ionization energies of t electrons is approximately m-27.2 eV, where each t and m is an integer. The catalyst can also be characterized by the transfer of t electrons between the ions involved in the transfer. The transfer of t electrons from one ion to another ion forms the resulting enthalpy of reaction, while the sum of t ionization energies of the electron donor ion minus the ionization energy t electrons of the electron accepting ion is approximately m-27.2 eV, where each t and m is an integer. In yet another embodiment, the catalyst comprises MH, such as NaH, containing an M atom bound to hydrogen, and the enthalpy m-27.2 eV is formed by the sum of the M-H bond energy and the ionization energies t electrons.

In one embodiment, the catalyst source includes catalytic material 78,

- 17 031711 supplied through the channel 61 of the catalyst supply, which usually provides a resulting enthalpy of approximately m / 2-27.2 eV plus or minus 1 eV. Catalysts include atoms, ions, molecules, and hydrinos that take energy from atomic hydrogen and hydrino. In embodiments, the catalyst may comprise at least one structural unit selected from AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO molecules _2, NO ₂ and NO ₃ and the atoms or ions of Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn , Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo , Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K ⁺ , He ⁺ , Ti ²⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Sr ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ^{2 +} , Mo ⁴⁺ , In ³⁺ , He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Xe ⁺ , Ar ²⁴ and H ^- and Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ .

In one embodiment of the energy system, heat is removed by using a heat exchanger containing a heat exchange medium. The heat exchanger may be a water screen, and the medium may be water. Heat can be directly transferred for space heating and process heating. Alternatively, a heat transfer medium, such as water, undergoes a phase transition, such as conversion to water vapor. This conversion may occur in a steam generator. Water vapor can be used to generate electricity in a heat engine, such as a steam turbine and generator.

One embodiment of a reactor 5 comprising a hydrogen conversion catalyst and generating energy and lower energy hydrogen units for recycling or fuel regeneration in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated in FIG. 2 and includes a boiler 10, which contains the fuel reaction mixture 11, which may be a mixture of a hydrogen source, a catalyst source and, if necessary, a solvent that can be evaporated, a hydrogen supply 12, steam pipes and a steam generator 13, an energy converter such as a turbine , 14, a water condenser 16, a source of make-up water 17, a plant 18 for sending fuel for recycling, and a hydrogen dihydrogen gas separator 19. In step 1, a fuel, such as a fuel that is gaseous, liquid, solid or is a heterogeneous mixture containing several phases, including a catalyst source and a hydrogen source, reacts with the formation of hydrino and low-energy hydrogen products. At stage 2, the spent fuel is reprocessed for re-supply to the boiler 10 and to maintain the generation of thermal energy. The heat generated in the boiler 10 generates water vapor in the pipes and the steam generator 13, which is supplied to the turbine 14, which, in turn, generates electricity as a result of driving the generator. In step 3, water is condensed using a water condenser 16. Any water loss can be compensated by using a water source 17 to complete the cycle of maintaining the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy. In step 4, low-energy hydrogen products such as hydrino hydride compounds and dihydrino gas can be removed, and unreacted hydrogen can be returned to unit 18 to send fuel for recycling or hydrogen supply 12 to re-add to the spent fuel and receive the fuel sent for recycling. Gaseous products and unreacted hydrogen can be separated using a hydrogen dihydrino gas separator 19. Any hydrino hydride compounds as products can be separated and removed using unit 18 to send fuel for recycling. Processing can be carried out in the boiler or outside the boiler when returning fuel. Thus, the system may further include at least one representative selected from gas and mass conveyors to remove reagents and products and ensure removal, regeneration and re-supply of spent fuel. During the reprocessing of the fuel from the source 12, make-up hydrogen is added to replenish the hydrogen spent in the production of the hydrino, and it may include unused hydrogen sent for recycling. The fuel sent for recycling supports the generation of thermal energy to power an electric power generation plant.

The reactor can operate continuously with the addition of hydrogen and with the separation and addition or substitution to counteract the minimal decomposition of the products. Alternatively, the reacted fuel is continuously regenerated from the products. In one embodiment of the latter scheme, the reaction mixture contains structural units that can generate atomic or molecular catalyst reagents and atomic hydrogen, which additionally react to form hydrino, and product structural units formed by the preparation of the catalyst and atomic hydrogen can be regenerated at least at the stage of the reaction between the products and hydrogen. In one embodiment, the reactor includes a moving bed reactor, which may further include a fluidized bed reactor section, where the reactants are continuously fed and removed, and by-products are regenerated and returned to the reactor. In one embodiment, low-energy hydrogen products, such as hydrino hydride compounds or dihydrino molecules, are collected as reactants and regenerated. In addition, hydrino hydride ions can be converted to other compounds or converted to dihydrino molecules during the regeneration of reagents.

- 18 031711

The reactor may further include a separator for separating the components of the product mixture, such as by evaporation of the solvent, if any. The separator may, for example, include sieves for mechanical separation due to differences in physical properties, such as size. The separator may also be a separator that uses differences in the density of the components of the mixture, such as a cyclone separator. For example, at least two groups selected from carbon, a metal, such as Eu, and an inorganic product, such as KBr, can be separated based on differences in density in a suitable medium, such as a forced inert gas, as well as using centrifugal forces . Separation of components can also be based on the difference in dielectric constant and polarizability. For example, carbon can be separated from a metal based on the effect of an electrostatic charge on the former when removed from the mixture by an electric field. If one or more components of the mixture have magnetic properties, the separation can be carried out using magnets. The mixture may be mixed over a sequence of strong magnets individually or in combination with one or more sieves to stimulate separation based on at least one of the properties selected from a stronger adherence or attraction of magnetic particles to the magnet and the difference in size between the two classes of particles. In one embodiment of the use of the sieves and the applied magnetic field, the latter gives additional gravity to pull the smaller magnetic particles through the sieve while holding the other particles of the mixture on the sieve due to their larger size.

The reactor may further include a separator for separating one or more components based on differences in phase change or reaction. In one embodiment, the phase change involves melting using a heater, and the liquid is separated from the solid by methods known in the art, such as gravity filtration, filtration using auxiliary compressed gas, centrifugation, and exposure to vacuum. The reaction may include decomposition, such as hydride decomposition, or a hydride reaction, and separation can be achieved by melting the corresponding metal, followed by its separation and mechanical separation of the powdered hydride, respectively. The latter can be achieved by sieving. In one embodiment, a phase change or reaction can result in the desired reagent or intermediate. In certain embodiments, regeneration, including any desired separation steps, may take place inside or outside the reactor.

When performing standard experiments at the separation stage of the present description of the invention, other methods known to those skilled in the art can be used. In general, mechanical separation methods can be divided into four groups: precipitation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. In one embodiment, separation of the structural units can be achieved by using at least one operation selected from screening and using sorting plants. To achieve the desired separation of products from the starting materials, the size and shape of the structural unit can be selected.

The energy system may further include a catalyst condenser to maintain the vapor pressure of the catalyst through temperature control, which provides a controlled surface temperature at a lower value in comparison with the temperature of the reaction cell. The surface temperature is maintained at the required level, which provides the required vapor pressure of the catalyst. In one embodiment, the catalyst condenser is a tube sheet in a cell. In one embodiment with a heat exchanger, the flow rate of the heat transfer medium can be controlled at a flow rate that maintains the desired lower temperature in the condenser compared to the temperature of the main heat exchanger. In one embodiment, the working medium is water, and the flow rate is greater in the condenser than in the water screen, so that the condenser has a lower desired temperature. Separate flows of working media can be re-combined and transferred for space heating and process heating or for conversion to water vapor.

Cells of the present description of the invention include catalysts, reaction mixtures, methods and systems described herein, wherein a particular cell acts as a reactor and at least one component to enable activation, initiation, passage and / or maintenance of a reaction and regeneration of reactants. In accordance with the present description of the invention, the cells include at least one catalyst or catalyst source, at least one atomic hydrogen source, and a vessel. Cells and systems for their functioning are known to those skilled in the art. A reactor for generating energy with an electrolyte cell, such as an eutectic salt electrolysis cell, a plasma electrolysis reactor, a barrier electrode reactor, a high-frequency plasma reactor, a compressed gas energy generating reactor, a gas discharge reactor for generating energy, preferably with a pulse discharge, and more before

- 19 031711 respectfully with a pulsed self-sustaining plasma discharge, a microwave power generation reactor and a combination of a glow discharge cell and a microwave and / or microwave plasma reactor of the present description of the invention include: a hydrogen source; one of the solid, molten, liquid, gaseous and heterogeneous sources of catalyst or reagents in any of those conditions that stimulate the passage of the reaction with the formation of hydrino in the form of a reaction between the reactants; a container containing reagents, or at least containing hydrogen and a catalyst, where the reaction occurs with the formation of low-energy hydrogen as a result of introducing hydrogen into contact with the catalyst or as a result of the reaction for the catalyst MN; and optionally a component for removing the low energy hydrogen product. In one embodiment, the reaction to form hydrogen in the low energy state is facilitated by the passage of the oxidation reaction. The reaction rate with the formation of hydrino can increase the oxidation reaction due to at least one mechanism selected from accepting the catalyst electrons and neutralizing the highly charged cation formed as a result of the reception of energy from atomic hydrogen. Thus, these cells can function according to a method that provides for the passage of such an oxidation reaction. In one embodiment, the electrolysis or plasma cell can provide an oxidation reaction at the anode, where the hydrogen produced by a method such as purging and the catalyst react with the formation of hydrino by participating in the oxidation reaction.

In an embodiment using liquid fuel, the cell operates at a temperature when the solvent decomposition rate is negligible based on a comparison of the power spent on its regeneration and the cell power. In the case where the temperature is lower than that at which a satisfactory energy conversion efficiency can be obtained by more conventional methods, such as those using a steam cycle, a lower boiling medium can be used. In yet another embodiment, the temperature of the working medium can be increased by using a heat pump. Thus, space heating and process heating can be provided by using a fuel cell operating at a temperature higher than the ambient temperature, where the temperature of the working medium is increased by using a component such as a heat pump. With a sufficient increase in temperature, a phase transition of the liquid into gas can occur, and the gas can be used to work in pressure-volume coordinates (PV). Work in PV coordinates may include driving a generator to generate electricity. After this, the medium can be condensed, and the condensed working medium can be returned to the reactor cell for re-heating and recycling to the energy circuit.

In one embodiment of the reactor, a heterogeneous mixture of catalyst containing liquid and solid phases flows through the reactor. The flow can be achieved by pumping. The mixture may be a suspension. The mixture can be heated in a hot zone to stimulate the catalysis of the conversion of hydrogen to hydrino while releasing heat and maintaining the existence of a hot zone. Products can flow from the hot zone, and a mixture of reagents can be regenerated from the products. In yet another embodiment, at least one solid of the heterogeneous mixture may flow into the reactor by gravity feed. The solvent may flow into the reactor separately or in combination with one or more solids. The mixture of reagents may contain at least one representative selected from the group of a dissociator, a material characterized by a large specific surface area (BPUP), R-Ni, Ni, NaH, Na, NaOH and a solvent.

In one embodiment, one or more reactants are injected into a mixture of other reactants, preferably a halogen source, halogen gas, an oxygen source, or a solvent. The injection is adjusted to optimize the excess energy and power from the reaction to form hydrino. To achieve optimization, it is possible to control the cell temperature during injection and the injection rate. For additional optimization, other technological parameters and mixing can be controlled using methods known to specialists in the relevant field of organization technology.

To convert energy, each type of cell can be coupled to any known converters of thermal energy or plasma into mechanical or electrical energy, which include, for example, a heat engine, a steam or gas turbine system, a Stirling engine, or thermionic or thermoelectric converters. In addition, plasma converters include a magnetohydrodynamic energy converter with a magnetic mirror, a plasma-dynamic energy converter, a gyrotron, a photon group microwave energy converter, a charge drift energy converter, or a photoelectric converter. In one embodiment, the cell includes at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine.

III. Hydrogen gas cell and solid, liquid and heterogeneous fuel reactor.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, a reactor for producing hydrino and generating energy may take the form of a reactor cell. Reactor of the present

- 20 031711 of the description of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. Hydrino formed from the reactants is obtained by a catalytic reaction with a catalyst. Catalysis can occur in the gas phase or in a solid or liquid state.

The reactor of FIG. 3 includes a reaction vessel 207 including a chamber 200 capable of withstanding the effects of vacuum or pressures greater than atmospheric. A hydrogen supply source 221 in communication with the chamber 200 feeds hydrogen into the chamber through a hydrogen supply channel 242. To regulate the pressure and flow rate of hydrogen when fed into the tank through the channel 242 of hydrogen supply, a regulator 222 is placed. A pressure sensor 223 monitors the pressure in the tank. A vacuum pump 256 is used to evacuate the chamber through a vacuum line 257.

In one embodiment, catalysis occurs in the gas phase. The catalyst can be obtained gaseous as a result of keeping the cell temperature at an elevated temperature, which, in turn, determines the vapor pressure of the catalyst. The atomic and / or molecular hydrogen reagent is also maintained at the required pressure, which can be in any pressure range. In one embodiment, the pressure is less than atmospheric, preferably in the range of from about 10 millitorr to about 100 torr. In yet another embodiment, the pressure is determined by holding a mixture of a catalyst source, such as a metal source, and a corresponding hydride, such as a metal hydride, in a cell maintained at the desired operating temperature.

A source of a suitable hydrino atom catalyst 250 may be located in catalyst reservoir 295, and gaseous catalyst may be obtained by heating. The reaction vessel 207 has a catalyst feed channel 241 for passing the gaseous catalyst from the catalyst reservoir 295 to the reaction chamber 200. Alternatively, the catalyst may be placed in a chemically resistant open container, such as a boat, inside the reaction vessel.

The hydrogen source may be hydrogen gas and molecular hydrogen. Hydrogen can dissociate into atomic hydrogen under the influence of a molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst. Such dissociation catalysts or dissociators include, for example, Raney nickel (R-Ni), precious or noble metals, and a precious or noble metal on the support. The precious or noble metal may be Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir and Rh, and the support may be at least one representative selected from Ti, Nb, Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO _2, and combinations thereof. Additional dissociators are Pt or Pd on carbon, which may include a catalyst with interphase diffusion of adsorbed hydrogen, a nickel fiber mat, a Pd sheet, a Ti, Pt or Pd sponge, electrodeposited on a Ti or Ni, TiH, Pt black sponge or mat and Pd black, refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten, transition metals such as nickel and titanium, internal transition metals such as niobium and zirconium, and other such materials known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, hydrogen dissociates into Pt or Pd. Pt or Pd can be coated onto a support material such as titanium or Al ₂ O ₃ . In yet another embodiment, the dissociator is a refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum, and the dissociating material can be held at elevated temperature using a temperature control component 230, which may take the form of a heating coil, as shown in cross section in FIG. 3. The heating coil is energized from a power source 225. Preferably, the dissociating material is maintained at the operating temperature of the cell. For more efficient dissociation, the dissociator can optionally function at a temperature higher than the cell temperature, and an elevated temperature can prevent condensation of the catalyst on the dissociator. The hydrogen dissociator may also be provided with a filament, such as 280, fed from a power source 285.

In one embodiment, hydrogen dissociation occurs so that the dissociated hydrogen atoms come into contact with a gaseous catalyst to produce hydrino atoms. The vapor pressure of the catalyst is maintained at the level of the required pressure as a result of controlling the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 295 when using a heater of the catalyst reservoir 298, fed from a power source 272. When the catalyst is placed in a boat inside the reactor, the vapor pressure of the catalyst is maintained at the required value as a result of the temperature control of the catalyst boat thanks to the regulation of the power source for the boat. The cell temperature can be controlled to be kept at the required operating temperature level by using a heating coil 230, which is fed from a power source 225. The cell (called the permeability cell) may further include an internal reaction chamber 200 and an external hydrogen tank 290 so that hydrogen can be fed into the cell as a result of diffusion of hydrogen through the wall 291 separating the two chambers. To control the diffusion rate, the wall temperature can be controlled using a heater. The diffusion rate can be further controlled by adjusting the pressure of hydrogen in the hydrogen reservoir.

To withstand the pressure of the catalyst at the required level, characterized by permeable

- 21 031711 a cell serving as a source of hydrogen can be sealed. Alternatively, the cell further includes high temperature valves at each inlet or outlet, so that the contact gas valve is maintained at the desired temperature. The cell may further comprise a getter or trap 255 for selectively collecting low energy hydrogen structural units and / or hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy, and may further include a selective valve 206 to release the gaseous product in the form of dihydrino.

In one embodiment, reagents, such as solid fuel or a heterogeneous catalyst-fuel mixture 260, are reacted in a vessel 200 by heating using heaters 230. An additional added reagent stream may be supplied to the cell 200 through a control valve 232 and a connection 233, such as at least one representative selected from exothermic reagents, preferably characterized by rapid kinetics. The added reagent may be a halogen source, a halogen, an oxygen source, or a solvent. Reagent 260 may contain a structural unit that reacts with the added reagent. For example, a halogen may be added to produce a halide with reagent 260, or an oxygen source may be added to reagent 260 to produce an oxide.

The catalyst may be at least one representative selected from the group consisting of atomic lithium, potassium or cesium, a NaH, 2H molecule and hydrino atoms, where the catalysis includes a disproportionation reaction. The lithium catalyst can be made gaseous as a result of maintaining the temperature of the cell in the range of approximately 500-1000 ° C. Preferably, the cell is maintained in the range of approximately 500-750 ° C. The pressure of the cell can be maintained at a level lower than atmospheric pressure, preferably in the range of from about 10 millitorr to about 100 torr. Most preferably, at least one representative selected from catalyst and hydrogen pressures is determined by maintaining a mixture of the catalyst metal and the corresponding hydride, such as lithium and lithium hydride, potassium and potassium hydride, sodium and sodium hydride, and cesium and cesium hydride, in a cell, maintained at the required working temperature. The gas phase catalyst may contain lithium atoms from a metal or a lithium metal source. Preferably, the lithium catalyst is maintained at a pressure determined by a mixture of lithium metal and lithium hydride in an operating temperature range of approximately 500-1000 ° C, and the pressure for the cell in an operating temperature range of approximately 500-750 ° C is most preferred. In other embodiments, K, Cs and Na are in place of Li, and the catalyst is atomic K, atomic Cs, and molecular NaH.

In one embodiment, a gas cell reactor comprising a catalyst reservoir or boat, a gaseous Na, NaH catalyst, or a gaseous catalyst, such as Li, K, and Cs vapors, is kept superheated in the cell relative to what occurs for vapors in a tank or boat that is the source of the vapor in the cell. In one embodiment, superheated steam reduces the condensation of the catalyst on a hydrogen dissociator or a dissociator of at least one representative described below selected from metal molecules or metal hydride. In one embodiment, comprising Li as a catalyst from a tank or boat, the tank or boat is held at a temperature at which Li is converted to steam. H2 can be maintained at a pressure that is less than the pressure that forms a significant molar fraction of LiH at the tank temperature. The pressures and temperatures that ensure this state can be achieved can be determined from graphs with data on the pressure of Н ₂ depending on the molar fraction of LiH for given isotherms, which are known in the art. In one embodiment, the cell reaction chamber containing the dissociator operates at an elevated temperature such that Li does not condense on the walls or the dissociator. H ₂ may flow from the reservoir into the cell to increase the rate of transport of the catalyst. The flow, such as from the catalyst reservoir into the cell, and then from the cell, is a method of removing the hydrino product to prevent inhibition of the reaction by the hydrino product. In other embodiments, K, Cs and Na are in place of Li, and the catalyst is atomic K, atomic Cs, and molecular NaH.

Hydrogen is fed into the reaction from a hydrogen source. For example, hydrogen is supplied from a hydrogen reservoir due to permeability. The pressure of the hydrogen reservoir may be in the range from 10 to 10,000 torr, preferably from 100 to 1000 torr, and most preferably equal to about atmospheric pressure. The cell may function at a temperature in the range of from about 100 to 3000 ° C, preferably at a temperature of from about 100 to 1500 ° C, and most preferably at a temperature of from about 500 to 800 ° C.

The hydrogen source may be a decomposition of the added hydride. The design of the cell, which provides the supply of H ₂ due to permeability, is one that internally contains metal hydride, located in a sealed container, where atomic H enters due to permeability at high temperature. The container may contain Pd, Ni, Ti or Nb. In od

- 22 031711 In this embodiment, the hydride is placed in a sealed tube, such as an Nb tube, containing hydride and sealed at both ends with sealants such as Swagelock. In the case of hydride sealing, the hydride could be an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride. Alternatively, in this case, as well as in the case of an internal hydride reagent, the hydride could be at least one representative selected from the group of salt hydrides, titanium hydride, vanadium, niobium and tantalum hydrides, zirconium and hafnium hydrides, rare earth hydrides, yttrium and scandium hydrides, transition element hydrides, intermetallic hydrides and their alloys.

In one embodiment, the hydride and the operating temperature of ± 200 ° C, based on the decomposition temperature of each hydride, are selected from at least one representative from the list: rare-earth metal hydride with an operating temperature of approximately 800 ° C; lanthanum hydride with an operating temperature of approximately 700 ° C; gadolinium hydride with an operating temperature of approximately 750 ° C; neodymium hydride with an operating temperature of approximately 750 ° C; yttrium hydride with a working temperature of approximately 800 ° C; scandium hydride with an operating temperature of approximately 800 ° C; ytterbium hydride with a working temperature of approximately 850900 ° C; titanium hydride with an operating temperature of approximately 450 ° C; cerium hydride with an operating temperature of approximately 950 ° C; praseodymium hydride with a working temperature of approximately 700 ° C; zirconium titanium hydride (50% / 50%) with a working temperature of approximately 600 ° C; and an alkali metal / alkali metal hydride mixture, such as Rb / RbH or K / KH, with an operating temperature of approximately 450 ° C; and an alkaline earth metal / alkaline earth metal hydride mixture, such as Ba / BaH2, with an operating temperature of about 900-1000 ° C.

Metals in a gaseous state may contain diatomic covalent molecules. One purpose of the present description of the invention is to propose an atomic catalyst such as Li, as well as K and Cs. Thus, the reactor may further comprise a dissociator of at least one representative selected from metal molecules (MM) and metal hydride molecules (MH). Preferably, the source of the catalyst, the source of H ₂ and the dissociator MM, MH and NN, where M is an atomic catalyst, are matched for operation under the required conditions in the cell, for example, temperature and concentration of reagents. In the case of using a hydride source of H2 in one embodiment of its decomposition, the temperature is in the temperature range that provides the required vapor pressure of the catalyst. In the case of a hydrogen source in the form of permeability from the hydrogen reservoir to the reaction chamber, the preferred catalyst sources for continuous operation are Sr and Li metals, since each of their vapor pressures can be in the desired range from 0.01 to 100 torr at temperatures for which it has permeability site. In other embodiments, the implementation of the cell permeability, the cell operates at a high temperature, allowing to realize the permeability, then the temperature of the cell is reduced to a temperature that keeps the vapor pressure of the volatile catalyst at the level of the desired pressure.

In one embodiment of the gas cell, the dissociator comprises a component generating catalyst and H from sources. The role of a molecular dissociator in the form of combinations of catalyst atoms and hydrogen can also be played by surface catalysts, such as Pt on Ti or Pd, iridium or rhodium individually or on a substrate, such as Ti. Preferably, the dissociator is characterized by a large specific surface area, such as in the case of Pt / Al ₂ O ₃ or Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ .

The H2 source may also be gaseous H2. In this embodiment, pressure can be monitored and adjusted. This is possible in the case of a catalyst and catalyst sources such as metal K or Cs and LiNH ₂ , respectively, since they are volatile at low temperature, which allows the use of a high temperature valve. LiNH ₂ also reduces the required operating temperature of the cell containing Li, and is less corrosive, which allows for long-term operation when using feed-through in the case of plasma cells and cells with a filament, where the filament acts as a hydrogen dissociator.

Additional embodiments of a gas cell hydrogen reactor containing NaH as a catalyst include a filament with a dissociator in the reactor cell and Na in the tank. The H2 stream can be bypassed through the tank to the main chamber. Power can be adjusted by adjusting the gas flow rate, H ₂ pressure and Na vapor pressure. The latter can be adjusted by controlling the temperature of the tank. In yet another embodiment, the hydrino reaction is initiated by heating using an external heater, and atomic H is obtained using a dissociator.

The reaction mixture can be mixed by methods known in the art, such as mechanical mixing or stirring. The mixing system may include one or more piezoelectric transducers. Each piezoelectric transducer can provide ultrasonic mixing. The reaction cell may vibrate and further include stirring elements, such as stainless steel or tungsten balls, that vibrate to stir the reaction mixture. In yet another embodiment, mechanical agitation comprises grinding in a ball mill. The reagent can also be mixed using these methods, preferably by milling in a ball mill.

In one embodiment, the catalyst is obtained by mechanical mixing, such as, for example, at least one embodiment selected from vibration using mixing elements, ultrasonic mixing, and grinding in a ball mill. Mechanical shock or compression by sound waves, such as ultrasound, can lead to the passage of a reaction or the appearance of a physical change in the reagents, which causes the preparation of a catalyst, preferably NaH molecules. The mixture of reagents may or may not contain a solvent. The reagents may be solids, such as solid NaH, which is mechanically mixed to form NaH molecules. Alternatively, the reaction mixture may contain a liquid. The mixture may contain at least one structural unit in the form of Na. The structural unit in the form of Na may be a component of the liquid mixture, or it may be in solution. In one embodiment, sodium metal is dispersed by high-speed mixing of a suspension of the metal in a solvent, such as ether, hydrocarbon, fluorinated hydrocarbon, aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic solvent. The temperature of the solvent can be maintained at a level directly above the melting point of the metal.

IV. Types of fuels.

One embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a fuel comprising a reaction mixture of at least a hydrogen source and a catalyst source to support catalysis of hydrogen conversion to form hydrino in at least one of the phases selected from the gas, liquid and solid phases of a possible mixture of phases . The reagents and reactions described herein for solid and liquid fuels are also reagents and reactions for heterogeneous fuels containing a mixture of phases.

One objective of the present description of the invention is to propose atomic catalysts such as Li, as well as K and Cs, and a molecular catalyst NaH. Metals form diatomic covalent molecules. Thus, in embodiments of solid fuels, liquid fuels and heterogeneous fuels, the reagents include alloys, complexes, complex sources, mixtures, suspensions and solutions that can be reversibly formed with the metal catalyst M and decompose or react to form a catalyst such as Li or NaH. In yet another embodiment, the at least one representative selected from the catalyst source and the atomic hydrogen source further includes at least one reactant that reacts to form at least one representative selected from the catalyst and atomic hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst or a source of NaH catalyst or another catalyst, such as Li or K, which may be formed by reaction for one or more representatives selected from reactants or structural units of the reaction mixture, or may form the result of physical transformation. The conversion may be solvation with a suitable solvent.

The reaction mixture may further comprise a solid to support the catalysis reaction on the surface. The catalyst or catalyst source, such as NaH, may be coated onto the surface. The coating can be carried out by mixing the carrier, such as activated carbon, TiC, WC, R-Ni and NaH by methods such as grinding in a ball mill. The reaction mixture may contain a heterogeneous catalyst or a source of a heterogeneous catalyst. In one embodiment, a catalyst, such as NaH, is coated onto a carrier such as activated carbon, TiC, WC, or a polymer, in a manner to achieve initial moisture, preferably using an aprotic solvent such as ether. The carrier may also contain an inorganic compound, such as an alkali metal halide, preferably at least one representative selected from NaF and HNaF ₂ , where NaH acts as a catalyst, and a fluorinated solvent is used.

In an embodiment using liquid fuel, the reaction mixture comprises at least one representative selected from a catalyst source, a catalyst, a hydrogen source, and a catalyst solvent. In other embodiments, the present disclosure of solid fuels and liquid fuels further includes combinations of both fuels, and further includes gas phases. Catalysis in the case of reagents such as catalyst and atomic hydrogen and their sources in several phases is called catalysis for a heterogeneous reaction mixture, and fuel is called heterogeneous fuel. Thus, the fuel contains a reaction mixture of at least a hydrogen source that undergoes transition to hydrino states described in equations (35), and a catalyst to stimulate transitions in the presence of

- 24 031711 gents in at least one of the phases selected from the liquid, solid and gas phases. Catalysis using a catalyst in a phase other than the reactant phase is generally known in the art as heterogeneous catalysis, which is one embodiment of the present disclosure. Heterogeneous catalysts provide a surface for chemical reaction on it and include embodiments of the present description of the invention. The reagents and reactions described herein for solid and liquid fuels are also reagents and reactions for heterogeneous fuels.

For any fuel of the present disclosure, the catalyst or catalyst source, such as NaH, can be mixed with other components of the reaction mixture, such as a carrier, such as a BPC material, by methods such as mechanical mixing or grinding in a ball mill. In all cases, an additional amount of hydrogen may be added to maintain the reaction to form hydrino. Hydrogen gas may have any desired pressure, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 200 atm. Alternative hydrogen sources include at least one representative selected from the group NH ₄ X (X represents an anion, preferably a halide), NaBH ₄ , NaAlH ₄ , borane and a metal hydride such as an alkali metal hydride, an alkaline earth metal hydride, preferably MgH ₂ and a rare earth metal hydride, preferably LaH ₂ and GdH ₂ .

A. Carrier.

In certain embodiments, the solid, liquid, and heterogeneous fuels of the present disclosure comprise a carrier. The carrier has properties specific to its function. For example, in the case where the carrier functions as an electron acceptor or conductor, the carrier is preferably conductive. In addition, in the case of dispersion by the carrier of the reagents, the carrier is preferably characterized by a large specific surface area. In the first case, a carrier, such as a BPOA carrier, may include a conductive polymer, such as activated carbon, graphene, and heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which may be macromolecular. Carbon may preferably include activated carbon (AC), but may also include other forms, such as mesoporous carbon, glassy carbon, coke, graphite carbon, carbon together with a metal-containing dissociator, such as Pt or Pd, where the weight% is in the range from 0.1 to 5 wt.%, powdered transition metals having preferably from one to ten carbon layers, and more preferably three layers, and carbon having a metal or alloy coating, preferably nanopowder, such as carbon having PTFE coating of a transition metal, preferably at least one member selected from Ni, Co and Mn. The metal can be intercalated with carbon. In the case of an intercalated metal in the form of Na and a catalyst in the form of NaH, preferably the intercalation of Na is saturated. Preferably, the carrier is characterized by a large specific surface area. The usual classes of organic conductive polymers that can be used as a carrier are at least one representative selected from the group of poly (acetylenes), poly (pyrroles), poly (thiophenes), poly (anilines), poly (fluorenes), poly (Zalkylthiophenes), polytetrafiafulvalenes, polynaphthalenes, poly (p-phenylene sulfide) and poly (paraphenylene vinylenes). These polymers having a linear backbone are commonly known in the art as polyacetylene, polyaniline and the like carbon black or melanin. The carrier may be a mixed copolymer, such as one representative selected from polyacetylene, polypyrrole and polyaniline. Preferably, the conductive polymer carrier is at least one representative selected from representative derivatives of polyacetylene, polyaniline and polypyrrole. Another carrier contains elements other than carbon, since in the case of a conductive polymer, polythiazyl ((SN) _x ).

In yet another embodiment, the carrier is a semiconductor. The carrier may be an element from column IV, such as carbon, silicon, germanium and α-gray tin. In addition to element materials such as silicon and germanium, the semiconductor carrier includes a compound material such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide, or alloys such as silicon germanium or aluminum arsenide. The conductivity in materials, such as silicon and germanium crystals, in one embodiment can be improved by adding small amounts (e.g., 1-10 ppm) of dopants, such as boron or phosphorus, as the crystals grow. Doped semiconductor to perform the function of the carrier can be ground into powder.

In certain embodiments, the BPOA carrier is a metal, such as a transition metal, a noble metal, an intermetallic composite, a rare earth metal, an actinide, a lanthanide, preferably one representative selected from La, Pr, Nd and Sm, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, metalloids, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal and an alloy containing at least two metals or elements from this group, such as an alloy of lanthanides, preferably LaNi ₅ and YNi. The carrier may be a noble metal, such as at least one representative, you

25 031711 selected from Pt, Pd, Au, Ir and Rh, or a noble metal deposited on a support such as Pt or Pd on titanium (Pt or Pd / Ti).

In other embodiments, the BPMN material includes at least one representative selected from cubic boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, powdered wurtzite boron nitride, hetero diamond, nanotubes of boron nitride, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride (TiN), titanium aluminum aluminum nitride (TiAlN), tungsten nitride, metal or alloy, preferably a nanopowder, having a coating of carbon, such as at least one representative selected from powdered Co, Ni, Fe, Mn and other transition metals, having preferably one to ten carbon layers, and more preferably three layers, of carbon having a metal or alloy coating, preferably nanopowder, such as carbon having a transition metal coating, preferably at least one representative selected from Ni, Co and Mn, carbide, preferably a powder, powdered beryllium oxide (BeO), a powdered rare earth metal oxide such as La ₂ O ₃ , Zr ₂ O ₃ , Al ₂ O ₃ , sodium aluminate and carbon, such as fullerene, graphene or nanotubes, pre preferably single-walled.

Carbide may include one or more types of bonds: saline compounds such as calcium carbide (CaC ₂ ), covalent compounds such as silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B ₄ C or BC ₃ ) are isolated, and interstitial compounds such as Wolfram carbide. The carbide may be acetylide, such as Au ₂ C ₂ , ZnC ₂ and CdC ₂ , or methyl, such as Be ₂ C, aluminum carbide (Al ₄ C ₃ ) and carbides of type A ₃ MS, where A is mainly rare earth or a transition metal, such as Sc, Y, La-Na, Gd-Lu, a M is a metal or semimetal element of a basic group, such as Al, Ge, In, Tl, Sn and Pb. A carbide containing C ₂ ^2- ions may include at least one representative selected from carbides M ^I 2C2, where the cation M ^I includes an alkali metal or one of the metals for minting coins, carbides M ^II C2, where the cation M ⁿ includes an alkaline earth metal, and preferably carbides M ^^ A, where the M ^In cation includes Al, La, Pr or Tb. The carbide may contain an ion other than C2 ^2- , such as ions from the group YC2, TbC ₂ , YbC ₂ , UC ₂ , Ce ₂ C ₃ , Pr ₂ C ₃ and Tb ₂ C ₃ . The carbide may include sesquicarbide, such as Mg ₂ C ₃ , Sc ₃ C ₄ and Li ₄ C ₃ . The carbide may include triple carbide, such as those containing lanthanoid metals and transition metals, which may further comprise C ₂ units, such as L ^ M ^ A, where M is Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os and Ir, Dy ₁₂ Mn ₅ Ci ₅ , Ln ₃ , ₆₇ FeC ₆ , Ln ₃ Mn (C ₂ ) ₂ (Ln = Gd and Tb) and ScCrC ₂ . Carbide may additionally be classified as an intermediate transition metal carbide, such as iron carbide (Fe ₃ C or FeC ₂ : Fe). The carbide may be at least one representative selected from the group of lanthanide carbides (MC2 and M2C3), such as lanthanum carbide (LaC2 or La2C3), yttrium carbide, actinide carbides, transition metal carbides, such as scandium carbide, titanium carbide (TiC) , vanadium carbide, chromium carbide, manganese carbide and cobalt carbide, niobium carbide, molybdenum carbide, tantalum carbide, zirconium carbide and hafnium carbide. Additional suitable carbides include at least one representative selected from Ln ₂ FeC ₄ , SC ₃ CoC ₄ , Ln ₃ MC ₄ (= Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir), L ^ M ^ C6, Eu3 , 16NiC6, ScCrC2, Th2NiC2, Y2ReC2, Ln ^ C ^ (M = Mn, Re), YCoC, Y2ReC2 and other carbides known in the art.

In one embodiment, the support is an electrically conductive carbide such as TiC or WC and HfC, Mo ₂ C, TaC, YC ₂ , ZrC, Al ₄ C ₃ and B ₄ C. The support may be a metal boride, such as including MV2. The BPUP carrier or material may be a boride, preferably a two-dimensional boride network, which may be conductive, such as MV ₂ , where M is a metal, such as at least one representative selected from Cr, Ti, Mg, Zr and Gd ( CrB2, TiB2, MgB2, ZrB2, GdB2).

In one embodiment of the carbon material, BPAP Na does not intercalate into the carbon carrier and does not form acetylide as a result of reaction with carbon. In one embodiment, the catalyst or source of the catalyst, preferably NaH, is included within the BPC material, such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and zeolite. The BPUP material may further include graphite, graphene, diamond-like carbon (APU), hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HAPA), powdered diamond, graphite carbon, glassy carbon and carbon together with other metals, such as at least one representative selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Y, Pd and Pt, or dopants containing other elements, such as fluorinated carbon, preferably fluorinated graphite, fluorinated diamond or tetracarbon fluoride (C4F). Preferably, the metals are a mixture, such as a mixture of Co, Ni, Mn. Metals can be present in any ratio by weight.%. Preferably, the composition and weight percent (%) ratios are in the range of about 20 to 25% Ni, 60 to 70% Co, and 5 to 15% Mn. The BPOA material may be a metal or carbon passivated by a fluoride, such as having a fluoride coating, or contain fluoride, such as a metal fluoride, preferably alkali or rare earth metal fluoride.

In yet another embodiment, the support is characterized by a pore size or interlayer distance that will accommodate only one radius of the catalyst, such as the atomic radius in the case of Li or K and the molecular dimensions in the case of NaH. In the case of Li, the pore size or interlayer distance

- 26 031711 in the ideal case is in the range of about 1.35 to 3 A. In the case of K, the pore size or interlayer distance is ideally in the range of about 1.7 to 3.5 A. In the case of NaH, the pore size or interlayer the distance is ideally in the range of about 1.5 to 5 A. In one embodiment, the support provides an atomic catalyst, such as Li or K, and single catalyst molecules, such as NaH, based on sizing and sizing. One suitable carrier, characterized by a large specific surface area and an interlayer distance of approximately 3.5 A, is activated carbon. Activated carbon can be activated or re-activated using physical or chemical activation. The first activation may include carbonization or oxidation, and the second activation may include impregnation with chemicals.

The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier, such as a polymeric carrier. The polymeric carrier may be selected from poly (tetrafluoroethylene) such as TEFLON ™, polyvinylferrocene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyisoprene, poly (aminophosphazene), a polymer containing ether units such as polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide and polypropylene glycol or polypropylene oxide, preferably aryl ether, ether-based polyether polyol such as poly (tetramethylene ether) ether-based glycol (PTMEG, polytetrahydrofuran, Terathane, poly-THF), polyvinyl formal and those obtained by carrying out a reaction for epoxides such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. In one embodiment, the BPMU material contains fluorine. Examples of BPUP fluorinated materials are TEFLON ™, TEFLON ™ -PFA (perfluoroalkoxy polymer), PVF polyvinyl fluoride, poly (vinylidene fluoride), copoly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) and perfluoroalkoxy polymers.

B. Solid fuels.

The solid fuel contains a catalyst or hydrino catalyst source, such as at least one catalyst selected from LiH, Li, NaH, Na, KH, K, RbH, Rb and CsH, a source of atomic hydrogen, and other solid chemicals that realize one or several of the following functions: (i) the reactants form a catalyst or atomic hydrogen as a result of a reaction for them, such as a reaction between one or more components of a reaction mixture, or as a result of a physical or chemical change for at least one component of the reaction mixture, and (ii) the reagents initiate, undergo, and sustain a catalysis reaction to form hydrino. Many examples of solid fuels given in the present description of the invention, including reaction mixtures of liquid fuels containing a solvent when removing the solvent, do not imply exhaustion. Based on the present description of the invention, other reaction mixtures are also provided to those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment of the solid fuel, the reaction mixture comprises a catalyst, a hydrogen source, and at least one representative selected from a BPMP carrier, a getter, a dispersant, and an inert gas. The catalyst may be NaH. The inert gas may be at least one representative selected from noble gas and nitrogen. Preferably, the inert gas is a mixture of Ne and N ₂ , more preferably the mixture contains approximately 50% Ne and 50% N ₂ . The pressure may preferably be in the range of about 1 torr to 100 atmospheres. Preferably, the pressure for the Ne-N ₂ mixture is one atmosphere. The reaction temperature is preferably in the range from about 100 to 900 ° C. The reaction mixture may further comprise at least one representative selected from Na and NaOH, and additionally a reducing agent, such as NaH, Sn, Zn, Fe and an alkali metal. In case the content of NaOH in the reaction mixture is preferably also fed and H _2, a H ₂ gas comprises a mixture of in any case the content in the reaction mixture of one or more inert gases. The hydrogen source may include hydrogen or hydride and a dissociator such as Pt / Ti, hydrogenated Pt / Ti, Pd, Pt or Ru / AlO ₃ , powdered Ni, Ti or Nb. At least one representative selected from a BPUP carrier, a getter and a dispersant may include at least one representative selected from the group of powdered metal, such as powdered Ni, Ti or Nb, R-Ni, ZrO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NaX (X = F, Cl, Br, I), Na ₂ O, NaOH and Na ₂ CO ₃ . In one embodiment, the metal catalyzes the formation of NaH molecules from a source, such as a structural unit in the form of Na, and source N. The metal may be a transition, noble metal, intermetallic composite, rare earth, lanthanide and actinide metal, as well as other metals, such as aluminum and tin.

C. Activators of the reaction with the formation of hydrino.

For the reaction to form hydrino, activation or initiation and passage can be provided using one or more other chemical reactions. These reactions can belong to several classes, such as (i) exothermic reactions that provide activation energy for a hydrino reaction, (ii) coupling reactions that provide at least one representative selected from a catalyst source

- 27 031711 or atomic hydrogen, to support the reaction with the formation of hydrino, (iii) free radical reactions, which in one embodiment act as electron acceptors from the catalyst during the reaction with the formation of hydrino, (iv) redox reactions, which in one embodiment perform the function of an electron acceptor from the catalyst during the reaction with the formation of hydrino, (v) exchange reactions, such as in the case of anion exchange, including halide, sulfide, hydride, arce nitride, oxide, phosphide and nitride exchanges, which in one embodiment facilitate ionization of the catalyst when it receives energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrino, and (vi) a hydrino reaction with the participation of a getter, carrier or matrix, which can provide at least one condition selected from creating a chemical medium for the reaction with the formation of hydrino, an electron transfer action to facilitate the function of the catalyst for the conversion of H, the passage of reversible phases th or other physical change or change in its electronic state, and bonding low-energy hydrogen product to improve at least one parameter selected from the degree of conversion or reaction rate to form hydrino. In one embodiment, to enable the activation reaction to proceed, the reaction mixture comprises a carrier, preferably an electrically conductive carrier.

In one embodiment, a catalyst, such as Li, K, and NaH, is used to produce hydrino at a high rate due to the acceleration of the reaction rate limiting step of removing electrons from the catalyst when it is ionized as a result of the reception of non-radiative resonant transfer energy from atomic hydrogen to produce hydrino . A typical metal form of Li and K can be converted to an atomic form, and the ionic form of NaH can be converted to a molecular form using a carrier or a BPMU material such as activated carbon (AC), Pt / C, Pd / C, TiC or WC, for dispersing a catalyst, such as Li and K atoms and NaH molecules, respectively. Preferably, the carrier is characterized by a large specific surface area and conductivity, taking into account surface modification due to the reaction with other structural units of the reaction mixture. The reaction causing the transition for atomic hydrogen to form hydrino requires a catalyst, such as Li, K or NaH, and atomic hydrogen, where NaH acts as a catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen in a combined reaction. The reaction stage in the form of nonradiative energy transfer equal to an integer multiple of 27.2 eV from atomic hydrogen to the catalyst results in the production of an ionized catalyst and free electrons, which causes a rapid termination of the reaction due to charge accumulation. A carrier, such as an AS, can also play the role of a conducting electron acceptor, and for the final acceptance of electrons released by a catalytic reaction with the formation of hydrino, final reagents accepting electrons, including an oxidizing agent, free radicals or their source, are added to the reaction mixture. In addition, a reducing agent may be added to the reaction mixture to facilitate the progress of the oxidation reaction. The combined reaction of the electron acceptor is preferably exothermic, which leads to heating of the reactants and an increase in speed. Activation energy and reaction progress can be achieved by rapid exothermic oxidation or a free radical reaction, such as the reaction between O ₂ or CF ₄ , and Mg or Al, where radicals such as CF _x and F and O ₂ and O are used for final acceptance catalyst electrons involving a carrier such as AS. Other oxidizing agents or sources of radicals, individually or in combination, can be selected from the group O ₂ , O ₃ , N ₂ O NF ₃ , M ₂ S ₂ O ₈ (M is an alkali metal), S, CS ₂ and SO ₂ , MnI ₂ , EuBr ₂ , AgCl and other representatives described in the section Reactions of electron acceptors.

Preferably, the oxidizing agent accepts at least two electrons.

The corresponding anion may be O ₂ ^2- , S ^2- , C2S4 ^2- (tetratiooxalate anion), SO3 ^2- and SO ₄ ^2- . Two electrons of the catalyst can be accepted, which during catalysis becomes twice ionized, such as in the case of NaH and Li (equations (25-27) and (37-39)). The addition of an electron acceptor to the reaction mixture or to the reactor is used for all embodiments of the cells of the present disclosure, such as solid fuel and heterogeneous catalyst embodiments, as well as electrolysis cells and plasma cells such as glow discharge cells, high frequency, microwave plasma cells and plasma cells with a barrier electrode and plasma electrolysis cells, operating continuously or in a pulsed mode. To the reagents of each of these cell embodiments, an electronically conductive, preferably non-reactive carrier such as an AC can also be added. One embodiment of a microwave plasma cell includes a hydrogen dissociator, such as a metal surface inside the plasma chamber, to act as a carrier of hydrogen atoms.

In embodiments of a mixture of structural units, compounds, or materials of a reaction mixture, such as a catalyst source, an energy reaction source, such as a metal and at least one representative selected from an oxygen source, a halogen source and a free radical source, and a carrier can be used in combinations. In combinations can also

- 28 031711 to be used and reactive elements of the compounds or materials of the reaction mixture. For example, the fluorine or chlorine source may be a mixture of N _x F _y and N _x Cl _y , or a halogen may be admixed, such as in the compound N _x F _y Cl _r . Combinations can also be determined by those skilled in the art during standard experiments.

but. Exothermic reactions.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a catalyst source or catalyst, such as at least one representative selected from NaH, K and Li, and a hydrogen or hydrogen source and at least one structural unit that undergoes the reaction. The reaction is preferably very exothermic and is preferably characterized by rapid kinetics, so that it provides activation energy for the catalytic reaction to form hydrino. The reaction may be an oxidation reaction. Suitable oxidation reactions are the reaction between a structural unit containing oxygen, such as a solvent, preferably an ether solvent, and a metal, such as at least one representative selected from Al, Ti, Be, Si, P, rare earth metals, alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. More preferably, the exothermic reaction results in an alkali or alkaline earth metal halide, preferably MgF ₂ , or halides of Al, Si, P and rare earth metals. Suitable halide reactions are the reaction between a structural unit containing a halide, such as a solvent, preferably a fluorocarbon solvent, and at least one representative selected from metal and a metal hydride, such as at least one representative selected from Al, rare earth metals, alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The metal and metal hydride may be a catalyst or a catalyst source, such as NaH, K or Li. The reaction mixture may contain at least NaH and NaAlCl ₄ or NaAlF ₄ in the preparation of NaCl and NaF products, respectively. The reaction mixture may contain at least NaH and a fluorine-containing solvent in the preparation of the NaF product.

In the General case, the product of an exothermic reaction, providing activation energy for the reaction with the formation of hydrino, may be a metal oxide or a metal halide, preferably fluoride. Suitable products are Al ₂ O ₃ , M ₂ O ₃ (M = rare earth metal), TiO ₂ , TiO ₃ , SiO ₂ , PF ₃ or PF ₅ , AlF ₃ , MgF ₂ , MF ₃ (M = rare earth metal) NaF, NaHF ₂ , KF, KHF ₂ , LiF and LiHF ₂ . In one embodiment, where Ti undergoes an exothermic reaction, the catalyst is Ti ²⁺ characterized by a second ionization energy of 27.2 eV (m = 1 in equation (5)). The reaction mixture may contain at least two representatives selected from NaH, Na, NaNH ₂ , NaOH, Teflon, fluorinated carbon, and a Ti source such as Pt / Ti or Pd / Ti. In one embodiment, where Al undergoes an exothermic reaction, the catalyst is AlH, as shown in table. 3. The reaction mixture may contain at least two representatives selected from NaH, Al, carbon powder, fluorocarbon, preferably a solvent such as hexafluorobenzene or perfluoroheptane, Na, NaOH, Li, LiH, K, KH and R-Ni. Preferably, the products of an exothermic reaction providing activation energy are regenerated to produce reagents for conducting another hydrino production cycle and releasing an appropriate power. Preferably, the metal fluoride products are regenerated by electrolysis to produce metals and fluorine gas. The electrolyte may include a eutectic mixture. The metal can be hydrogenated, and the carbon product and any products in the form of CH ₄ and hydrocarbons can be fluorinated to produce the initial metal hydride and fluorocarbon solvent, respectively.

In one embodiment of an exothermic reaction, to activate the hydrino reaction of at least one representative selected from the group of rare-earth metal (M), Al, Ti and Si are oxidized to produce the corresponding oxide, such as M ₂ O ₃ , Al ₂ O ₃ , Ti ₂ O ₃ and SiO _2, respectively. The oxidizing agent may be an ether solvent such as 1,4benzodioxane (BDO), and may further include fluorocarbon such as hexafluorobenzene (HPS) or perfluoroheptane to accelerate the oxidation reaction. In one example of the reaction, the mixture contains NaH, activated carbon of at least one representative selected from Si and Ti, and at least one representative selected from BDO and HPS. In the case of Si as a reducing agent, the SiO ₂ product can be regenerated by reduction under the influence of H ₂ at high temperature to obtain Si or by reaction with carbon to obtain Si and CO and CO ₂ . One particular embodiment of a hydrino reaction mixture includes a catalyst or catalyst source, such as at least one representative selected from Na, NaH, K, KH, Li and LiH, a source of exothermic reagents, or exothermic reagents, preferably characterized by fast kinetics, which activate the passage of the catalysis reaction of H conversion to form hydrino, and the carrier. Exothermic reagents may include an oxygen source and a structural unit that reacts with oxygen to form an oxide. For x and y being integers, preferably the oxygen source is H2O, O2, H2O2, MnO2, oxide, carbon monoxide, preferably CO or CO2, nitric oxide NxOy, such as N2O and NO2, sulfur oxide SxOy, preferably an oxidizing agent, such like M2SxOy (M is an alkali metal)

- 29 031711 which, if necessary, can be used in conjunction with an oxidation catalyst, such as silver ion, Cl _x O _y , such as Cl ₂ O and ClO ₂ , preferably from NaClO ₂ , concentrated acids and mixtures thereof, such as HNO ₂ , HNO ₃ , H ₂ SO ₄ , H ₂ SO ₃ , HCl and HF, preferably acidic forms of nitronium ion (NO ₂ ⁺ ), NaOCl, I _x O _y , preferably I ₂ O ₃ , P _x O _y , S _x O _y , the oxyanion of an inorganic compound such as one representative selected from nitrite, nitrate, chlorate, sulfate, phosphate, a metal oxide such as cobalt oxide, and a catalyst oxide or hydroxide that such as NaOH, and perchlorate, where the cation is a source of catalyst, such as Na, K and Li, an oxygen-containing functional group of an organic compound such as an ether, preferably one representative selected from dimethoxyethane, dioxane and 1,4-benzodioxane (BDO ), and structural units in the form of reagents can contain at least one representative selected from the group of rare-earth metal (M), Al, Ti, and Si, and the corresponding oxide is M ₂ O ₃ , Al ₂ O ₃ , Ti ₂ O ₃ and SiO _2, respectively. The structural unit in the form of a reagent may include a metal or an element of oxide products of at least one representative selected from the group of alumina Al ₂ O ₃ , lanthanum oxide La ₂ O ₃ , magnesium oxide MgO, titanium oxide Ti ₂ O ₃ , dysprosium oxide Dy ₂ O ₃ , erbium oxide Er ₂ O ₃ , europium oxide Eu ₂ O ₃ , lithium hydroxide LiOH, holmium oxide Ho ₂ O ₃ , lithium oxide Li ₂ O, lutetium oxide Lu ₂ O ₃ , niobium oxide Mb ₂ O ₅ , neodymium oxide Nd ₂ O _3, silica SiO _2, praseodymium oxide, Pr ₂ O _3, scandium oxide Sc ₂ O _3, SrSiO ₃ strontium metasilicate, samarium oxide Sm ₂ O ₃ oxide, those bii Tb ₂ O _3, an oxide of thulium Tm ₂ O _3, yttrium oxide Y ₂ O ₃ and tantalum oxide Ta ₂ O _5, boron oxide B ₂ O ₃ and zirconia. The carrier may include carbon, preferably activated carbon. The metal or element may be at least one representative selected from Al, La, Mg, Ti, Dy, Er, Eu, Li, Ho, Lu, Nb, Nd, Si, Pr, Sc, Sr, Sm, Tb, Tm , Y, Ta, B, Zr, S, P, C and their hydrides.

In yet another embodiment, the oxygen source may be at least one representative selected from an oxide, such as M2O, where M is an alkali metal, preferably Li2O, Na2O and K2O, a peroxide, such as M2O2, where M is an alkali metal preferably Li2O2, Na2O2 and K2O2, and a peroxide such as MO2, where M is an alkali metal, preferably Li ₂ O ₂ , Na ₂ O ₂ and K ₂ O ₂ . Ionic peroxides may further include compounds of Ca, Sr or Ba.

In yet another embodiment, at least one representative selected from an oxygen source and a source of exothermic reagents or exothermic reagents, preferably characterized by rapid kinetics, which activate the catalysis reaction of H conversion to form hydrino, includes one or more representatives selected from the group MNO ₃ , MNO, MNO ₂ , M ₃ N, M ₂ NH, MNH ₂ , MX, NH ₃ , MBH ₄ , MAlH ₄ , M ₃ AlH ₆ , MOH, M ₂ S, MHS, MFeSi, M ₂ CO ₃ , MHCO ₃ , M ₂ SO ₄ , MHSO ₄ , M ₃ PO ₄ , M ₂ HPO ₄ , MH ₂ PO ₄ , M ₂ MoO ₄ , MNbO ₃ , M ₂ B ₄ O ₇ (lithium tetraborate), MBO ₂ , M ₂ WO ₄ , MAlCl ₄ , MGaCl ₄ , M ₂ CrO ₄ , M ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ , M ₂ TiO ₃ , MZrO ₃ , MAlO ₂ , MCoO ₂ , MGaO ₂ , M ₂ GeO ₃ , MMn2O4, M4SiO4, M2SiO3, MTaO ₃ , MCuCL, MPdCL, MVO ₃ , MIO _3, MFeO2, MIO4, MClO. · ,, MScOn, MTiOn, MVO n, MCrO n, MCr ₂ O _n, MMn _{2 O n, MFeOn, MCoO n,} MNiO n, MNi ₂ O _n, MCuO _n and MZnO _n, where M represents Li, Na or K, and n = 1, 2, 3 or 4, an oxyanion, a strong acid oxyanion, an oxidizing agent, a molecular oxidizing agent such as V ₂ O ₃ , I ₂ O ₅ , MnO ₂ , Re ₂ O _7, CrO _3, RuO _2, AgO, PdO, PdO _2, PtO, PtO _2, I ₂ O _4, I ₂ O _5, I ₂ O _9, SO _2, SO _3, CO _2, N ₂ O, NO, no ₂ , n ₂ o ₃ , N ₂ O ₄ , N ₂ O ₅ , Cl ₂ O, ClO ₂ , Cl ₂ O ₃ , Cl ₂ O ₆ , Cl ₂ O ₇ , PO ₂ , P ₂ O ₃ and P ₂ O ₅ , NH ₄ X, where X is a nitrate or other suitable anion known to those skilled in the art the art, such as one member selected from the group consisting of ^{F -, Cl -, Br -} , I -, NO3 -, NO2 -, SO4 2-, HSO4 -, CoO2 -, IO3 -, IO4 -, TiO3 -, CrO4 ^- , FeO2 ^- , PO4 ^3- , HPO4 ^2- , H2PO4 ^- , VO3 ^- , ClO4 ^- and Cr2O7 ^2- and other reagent anions. The reaction mixture may further comprise a reducing agent. In one embodiment, N2O _{5 is} obtained by performing a reaction for a mixture of reagents, such as HNO ₃ and P ₂ O ₅ , which react in accordance with the equation 2P ₂ O ₅ + 12HNO ₃ = 4H ₃ PO ₄ + 6N ₂ O ₅ .

In one embodiment, where oxygen or an oxygen-containing compound is involved in an exothermic reaction, O ₂ can act as a catalyst or catalyst source. The binding energy of the oxygen molecule is 5.165 eV, and the ionization energies of the oxygen atom of the first, second and third steps are 13.61806, 35.11730 and 54.9355 eV, respectively. The reactions О ₂ О + О ²⁺ , О2 О + О ^{3 +} and 2O 2О ⁺ provide the resulting enthalpy corresponding to the value of Eh with a multiplicity of approximately 2, 4, and 1, respectively, and include catalytic reactions to produce hydrino as a result of administration these energies from H to stimulate the formation of hydrino.

In addition, the source of the exothermic reaction for activating the hydrino-forming reaction may be a metal alloy formation reaction, preferably between Pd and Al, initiated by melting Al.

The exothermic reaction preferably results in energetic structural units for activating the hydrino formation reaction. The reagents may be a pyrogenic or pyrotechnic composition. In yet another embodiment, activation energy can be obtained by working with reagents at a very high temperature, such as

- 30 031711 walking in the range of about 1000-5000 ° C, preferably in the range of about 1500-2500 ° C. The reaction vessel may include high temperature stainless steel, a refractory metal or alloy, alumina, or carbon. The increased temperature of the reagent can be achieved by heating the reactor or by conducting an exothermic reaction.

Exothermic reagents may include halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, and a structural unit that reacts with fluorine or chlorine to form fluoride or chloride, respectively. Suitable fluorine sources are fluorocarbons such as CF ₄ , hexafluorobenzene and hexadecafluoroheptane, xenon fluorides such as XeF ₂ , XeF ₄ and XeF ₆ , B _X X _U , preferably BF ₃ , B ₂ F ₄ , BCl ₃ or BBr ₃ , SF _X such as fluorosilanes, fluorinated nitrogen, N _x F _y , preferably NF ₃ , NF ₃ O, SbFx, BIFx, preferably BIF ₅ , N _x Cl _y , preferably NCl ₃ , S _x X _y , preferably SCl ₂ or S _x F _{y (x} is halogen; x and y are integers), such as SF _4, SF ₆ or s ₂ Fi _0, fluorinated phosphorus, M ₂ SIF _6, wherein M represents an alkali metal, as in the cases of e Na ₂ SIF ₆ and K ₂ SIF _6, MSIF _6, wherein M represents an alkaline earth metal, as in the case MgSIF _6, GaF _3, PF _5, MPF _6, where M is an alkali metal, MHF _2, wherein M is an alkali metal, as in the case of NaHF ₂ and KHF _2, K ₂ TaF _7, KBF _4, K ₂ MnF _6, and K ₂ ZrF _6, where contemplated and similar compounds such as those having different substitution alkali or alkaline earth metals, such as in the case of one representative selected from Li, Na or K, as the alkali metal. Suitable sources of chlorine are gaseous Cl ₂ , SbCl _5, and chlorocarbons such as CCl ₄ and chloroform. The structural unit in the form of a reagent may contain at least one representative selected from the group of alkali or alkaline earth metal or their hydride, rare earth metal (M), Al, Si, Ti and P, which form the corresponding fluoride or chloride. Preferably, the alkali metal of the reactant corresponds to the alkali metal of the catalyst, the alkaline earth metal hydride is MgH2, the rare earth metal is La, and Al is a nanopowder. The carrier may include carbon, preferably activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, and carbon used in lithium-ion batteries. Reagents may be present with any molar fractions. Preferably, the structural units in the form of reagents and fluorine or chlorine are present with an approximately stoichiometric ratio in terms of fluorine or chlorine elements, the catalyst is present in excess, preferably with approximately the same molar fraction as the element that reacts with fluorine or chlorine, and the carrier is present in excess.

Exothermic reagents may include halogen gas, preferably chlorine or bromine, or a source of halogen gas such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, preferably CF ₄ or CCl ₄ , and a structural unit that reacts with the halogen to form a halide. The halogen source may also be an oxygen source, such as C _x O _y X _r , where X is halogen, and x, y and r are integers and are known in the art. The structural unit in the form of a reagent may include at least one representative selected from the group of alkali or alkaline earth metal or their hydride, rare earth metal, Al, Si and P, which form the corresponding halide. Preferably, the alkali metal of the reactant corresponds to the alkali metal of the catalyst, the alkaline earth metal hydride is MgH2, the rare earth metal is La, and Al is a nanopowder. The carrier may include carbon, preferably activated carbon. Reagents may be present with any molar fractions. Preferably, the structural units in the form of reagents and halogen are present with an approximately equal stoichiometric ratio, the catalyst is present in excess, preferably with approximately the same molar fraction as the element that reacts with the halogen, and the carrier is present in excess. In one embodiment, the reagents include a catalyst source or catalyst, such as Na, NaH, K, KH, Li, LiH and H2, halogen gas, preferably chlorine or bromine gas of at least one member selected from Mg, MgH ₂ , rare earth metal preferably La, Gd or Pr, Al and a carrier, preferably carbon, such as activated carbon.

b. Free radical reactions.

In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is a free radical reaction, preferably a halide or oxygen free radical reaction. The source of halide radicals may be halogen, preferably F ₂ or Cl ₂ , or fluorocarbon, preferably CF ₄ . The free radical source F is S ₂ F ₁₀ . The reaction mixture containing halogen gas may further comprise a free radical initiator. The reactor may include an ultraviolet light source to produce free radicals, preferably halogen free radicals, and more preferably free chlorine or fluorine radicals. Free radical initiators are those that are widely known in the art, such as peroxides, azo compounds, and a source of metal ions, such as a metal salt, preferably cobalt halide, such as CoCl ₂ , which is a source of Co ²⁺ , or FeSO ₄ , which is a source of Fe ²⁺ . Last preferably

- 31 031711 reacts with an oxygen-containing structural unit, such as H ₂ O ₂ or O ₂ . The radical may be neutral.

The oxygen source may include an atomic oxygen source. Oxygen may be singlet oxygen. In one embodiment, singlet oxygen is obtained by the reaction between NaOCl and H ₂ O ₂ . In one embodiment, the oxygen source includes O ₂ and may include a free radical source or a free radical initiator to provide a free radical reaction, preferably a free radical reaction of O atoms. The free radical source or oxygen source may be at least one representative selected from ozone or ozonide . In one embodiment, the reactor includes an ozone source, such as an electrical discharge in oxygen, to supply ozone to the reaction mixture.

The free radical source or oxygen source may further include at least one representative selected from a peroxo compound, peroxide, H2O2, a compound having an azo group, N ₂ O, NaOCl, Fenton's reagent or similar reagent, OH radical or its source, perxenate ion or a source thereof, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal perxenate, preferably sodium perxenate (Na ₄ XeO ₆ ) or potassium perxenate (K ₄ XeO ₆ ), xenon tetraoxide (XeO ₄ ) and perxenonic acid (H ₄ XeO ₆ ), and a metal source ions such as metal salt. The metal salt may be at least one representative selected from FeSO ₄ , AlCl ₃ , TiCl ₃ , and preferably cobalt halide, such as CoCl ₂ , which is a source of Co ²⁺ .

In one embodiment, free radicals such as Cl are obtained from halogen, such as Cl ₂ , in a reaction mixture, such as NaH + MgH ₂ + support, such as activated carbon (AC) + halogen gas, such as Cl2. Free radicals can be obtained by reacting a mixture of Cl2 and a hydrocarbon, such as CH4, at an elevated temperature, such as greater than 200 ° C. Halogen may be present with a molar excess with respect to the hydrocarbon. The chlorocarbon product and Cl radicals can be reacted with a reducing agent to provide activation energy and pathways for hydrino formation. The carbon product can be regenerated using synthetic gas (synthesis gas) and Fischer-Tropsch reactions or by direct hydrogen reduction of carbon to form methane. The reaction mixture may include a mixture of O2 and Cl2 at an elevated temperature, such as greater than 200 ° C. The mixture may react to form Cl _x O _y (x and y are integers) such as ClO, Cl2O and ClO2. The reaction mixture at elevated temperatures, such as greater than 200 ° C, may contain H ₂ and Cl ₂ , which can react with the formation of HCl. The reaction mixture at a slightly elevated temperature, such as greater than 50 ° C, may contain H ₂ and O ₂ with a recombinant such as Pt / Ti, Pt / C or Pd / C, which can react with the formation of H ₂ O. The recombinant may function at elevated pressures, such as those in the range greater than one atmosphere, preferably in the range of about 2 to 100 atmospheres. The reaction mixture may be non-stoichiometric to favor the formation of free radicals and singlet oxygen. The system may further include an ultraviolet light or plasma source for generating free radicals, such as a high frequency, microwave plasma source or glow discharge plasma source, preferably a high voltage pulsed plasma source. The reagents may further include a catalyst to produce at least one representative selected from atomic free radicals such as Cl, O and H, singlet oxygen and ozone. The catalyst may be a noble metal such as Pt. In one embodiment, to produce Cl radicals, the Pt catalyst is maintained at a temperature higher than the decomposition temperature of platinum chlorides, such as PtCl ₂ , PtCl ₃ and PtCl ₄ , which are characterized by decomposition temperatures of 581, 435 and 327 ° C, respectively. In one embodiment, Pt can be removed from a mixture of metal halide products by dissolving the metal halides in a suitable solvent in which Pt, Pd or their halides are insoluble and removing the solution. A solid, which may include carbon and a Pt or Pd halide, can be heated to produce Pt or Pd on carbon by decomposition of the corresponding halide. In one embodiment, gaseous N2O, NO2 or NO is added to the reaction mixture. N2O and NO2 can serve as a source of the NO radical. In yet another embodiment, the NO radical is produced in a cell, preferably by oxidation of NH3. The reaction may be the reaction between NH3 and O2 on platinum or platinum-rhodium at elevated temperature. NO, NO2 and N2O can be obtained by known industrial methods, such as in the case of the Haber process followed by the Ostwald process. In one embodiment, an example of a sequence of steps is:

- 32 031711

Hater

+ NO, N ₂ O, NO ₂ .

(53)

The inscriptions in the equation

Haber process = Haber process.

Ostwald process - Ostwald process.

Specifically, the Haber process can be used to produce NH3 from N2 and H2 at elevated temperature and pressure using a catalyst such as α-iron containing a certain amount of oxide. The Ostwald process can be used in the oxidation of ammonia to produce NO, NO2 and N2O on a catalyst such as a hot platinum or platinum-rhodium catalyst. Alkali metal nitrates can be regenerated using the methods described above.

The system and reaction mixture can initiate and maintain a combustion reaction to produce at least one representative selected from singlet oxygen and free radicals. The combustion reagents may be present with non-stoichiometric ratios to favor the formation of free radicals and singlet oxygen, which react with other reaction reagents to form hydrino. In one embodiment, the explosive reaction is suppressed to favor a continuous, stationary reaction, or the explosive reaction is triggered using reagents and mole fractions suitable to achieve the desired reaction rate to form hydrino. In one embodiment, the cell includes at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine.

c. Reactions of electron acceptors.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises an electron acceptor. The electron acceptor can act as a receiver for electrons ionized from the catalyst during energy transfer to it from atomic hydrogen during the catalytic reaction to produce hydrino. The electron acceptor may be at least one representative selected from a conductive polymer or metal carrier, an oxidizing agent, such as elements, molecules and compounds of group VI, a free radical, a structural unit that forms a stable free radical, and a structural unit characterized by high affinity electron, such as halogen atoms, O ₂ C, CF _{1, 2, 3 or 4, Si, S, P x S} y, CS _2, S _x N _y and compounds additionally including G and H, Au, At, Al _x O _y (x and y are integers), preferably AlO2 which, in one embodiment, is an intermediate in the reaction between Al (OH) s and Al, from R-Ni, ClO, Cl ₂ , F ₂ , AlO ₂ , B ₂ N, CrC ₂ , C ₂ H, CuCl ₂ , CuBr ₂ , MnX ₃ (K = halide), MoX ₃ (X = halide), NiX ₃ (X = halide), RuF ₄ , _{5 or 6} , ScX ₄ (X = halide), WO ₃ and other atoms and molecules characterized by high electron affinity and known to specialists in the relevant field of technology. In one embodiment, the carrier acts as an electron acceptor of the catalyst because it is ionized as a result of the reception of energy of nonradiative resonant transfer from atomic hydrogen. Preferably, the carrier is at least one representative selected from a conductor that forms stable free radicals. Suitable carriers are conductive polymers. The carrier can form a negatively charged ion on the macrostructure, since in the case of carbon from lithium-ion batteries, which forms C6 ions. In yet another embodiment, the carrier is a semiconductor, preferably doped to improve conductivity. The reaction mixture additionally contains free radicals or their source, such as O, OH, O2, O3, H2O2, F, Cl and NO, which can act as an acceptor for free radicals formed by the carrier during catalysis. In one embodiment, a free radical, such as NO, may complex with a catalyst or catalyst source, such as an alkali metal. In yet another embodiment, the carrier has unpaired electrons. The carrier may be paramagnetic, such as a rare earth element or a compound thereof, such as Er ₂ O ₃ . In one embodiment, a catalyst or catalyst source, such as Li, NaH, K, Rb or Cs, is impregnated into an electron acceptor, such as a carrier, and other components of the reaction mixture are added. Preferably, the carrier is an AC with intercalated NaH or Na.

d. Redox reactions.

In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction is activated using a redox reaction. In one example embodiment, the reaction mixture contains at least two structural units selected from the group of catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and carrier. The reaction mixture may also contain a Lewis acid, such as a trihalide of an element from group 13, preferably at least one representative selected from AlCl ₃ , BF ₃ , BCl ₃ and BBr ₃ . In certain embodiments, each reaction mixture contains at least one structural unit selected from the following class of components (i) to (iii).

(i) A catalyst selected from Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH.

(ii) A hydrogen source selected from gaseous H2, a source of gaseous H2, or hydride.

- 33 031711 (iii) And an oxidizing agent selected from a metal compound, such as one representative selected from halides, phosphides, borides, oxides, hydroxides, silicides, nitrides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides, antimonides, carbides, sulfides, hydrides, carbonate , bicarbonate, sulfates, hydrosulfates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, permanganates, chlorates, perchlorates, chlorites, perchlorites, hypochlorites, bromates, perbromates, bromites, perbromites, iodates, periods, iodites, periodites, iodites, periods omates, tellurides, selenates, arsenates, silicates, borates, cobalt oxides, tellurium oxides and other oxyanions, such as halogen oxyanions, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co and Those where the metal preferably includes a transition metal, Sn, Ga, In, an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal; an oxidizing agent, further comprising a lead compound such as lead halide, a germanium compound such as a halide, oxide or sulfide such as GeF ₂ , GeCl ₂ , GeBr ₂ , GeI ₂ , GeO, GeP, GeS, GeI ₄ and GeCl ₄ , fluorocarbon such as CF ₄ or ClCF ₃ , chlorocarbon such as CCl ₄ , O ₂ , MNO ₃ , MClO ₄ , MO ₂ , NF ₃ , N ₂ O, NO, NO ₂ , boron-nitrogen compound, such as B ₃ N ₃ H ₆ , a sulfur compound such as SF ₆ , S, SO ₂ , SO ₃ , S ₂ O ₅ Cl ₂ , F ₅ SOF, M ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , S _x X _y , such as S ₂ Cl ₂ , SCl ₂ , S ₂ Br ₂ or S ₂ F ₂ , CS ₂ , SO _x X _y , such as SOCl ₂ , SOF ₂ , SO ₂ F ₂ or SOBr ₂ , X _x X ' _y , such as ClF ₅ , X _x X ' _y O _z such as ClO ₂ F, ClO ₂ F ₂ , ClOF ₃ , ClO ₃ F and ClO ₂ F ₃ , compound more p-nitrogen, such as B ₃ N ₃ H ₆ , Se, Te, Bi, As, Sb, Bi, TeX _x , preferably TeF ₄ , TeF ₆ , TeO _x , preferably TeO ₂ or TeO ₃ , SeX _x , preferably SeF6 , SeOx, preferably SeO2 or SeO3, an oxide, tellurium halide or other tellurium compound such as TeO2, TeO3, Te (OH) 6, TeBr2, TeCl2, TeBr4, TeCl4, TeF4, TeI4, TeF6, CoTe or NiTe, oxide, halide , selenium sulfide or other selenium compound, such as SeO2, SeO3, Se2Br2, Se2Cl2, SeBr4, SeCl4, SeF4, SeF6, SeOBr2, SeOCl2, SeOF2, SeO2F2, SeS2, Se2S6, Se4S4 or Se6S2, P, P2O5, P2, S5, P2 such as PF3, PCl3, PBr3, PI3, PF5, PCl5, PBr4F or PCl4F, POxXy, such as POBr3, POI3, POCl3 and POF3, PS _{x x y} (M represents an alkali metal, x, y and z are integers, X and X 'are halogen) such as PSBr3, PSF3, PSCl3, a phosphorus-nitrogen compound such as P3N5, (Cl2PN) 3, (Cl2PN) 4 or (Br2PN) x, oxide, halide, arsenic sulfide, selenide or telluride or other arsenic compound such as AlAs, As2I4, As2Se, As4S4, AsBr3, AsCl3, AsF3, AsI3, As2O3, As2Se3, As2S3, As2Te3, AsCl5, AsFs, As2O5, As2Se5 or As2Se5 , sulfide, sulfate, selenide, antimony arsenide or other antimony compound, such as SbAs, SbBr3, SbCl3, SbF3, SbI3, Sb2O3, SbOCl, Sb2Se3, Sb2 (SO4) 3, Sb2S3, Sb2Te3, Sb2, Sb2, Sb2, Sb2, Sb5, Sb2, Sb2, Sb5 Sb2O5 or Sb2S5, oxide, halide, sulfide, bismuth selenide or other bismate compound one such as BiAsO _4, BiBr _3, BiCl _3, BiF _3, BiF _5, Bi (OH) _3, BiI _3, Bi ₂ O _3, BiOBr, BiOCl, BiOI, Bi2Se3 , Bi2S3, Bi2Te3 or Bi2O4, SiCl4, SiBr4 metal oxide, hydroxide or halide such as transition metal halide such as CrCl ₃ , ZnF ₂ , ZnBr ₂ , ZnI ₂ , MnCl ₂ , MnBr ₂ , MnI ₂ , CoBr ₂ , CoI ₂ , CoCl ₂ , NiCl ₂ , NiBr ₂ , NiF ₂ , FeF ₂ , FeCl ₂ , FeBr ₂ , FeCl ₃ , TiF ₃ , CuBr, CuBr ₂ , VF ₃ and CuCl ₂ , a metal halide such as SnF2, SnCl2, SnBr2, Snb, SnFY SnCR SnBr4, SnB, InF, InCl, InBr, InI, AgCl, AgI, AlF ₃ , AlBr3, AlI ₃ , YF ₃ , CdCl2, CdBr2, CdI2, InCl3, ZrCl4, NbF5, TaCl5, MoCl3, MoCl5, NbCl5, AsCl3, TiBr4, SeCl2, SeCl2, , InF3, InCl3, PbF ₄ , TeI ₄ , WCl ₆ , OsCl ₃ , GaCl ₃ , PtCl ₃ , ReCl ₃ , RhCl ₃ , RuCl ₃ , metal oxide or hydroxide, such as Y ₂ O ₃ , FeO, Fe2O3 or NbO, NiO, Ni2O3, SnO, SnO2, Ag 2O, AgO, Ga2O, As2O3, SeO2, TeO2, In (OH) 3, Sn (OH) 2, In (OH) 3, Ga (OH) 3 and Bi (OH) 3, CO2, As2Se3, SF6, S, SbF3, CF4, NF3, permanganate, such as KMnO4 and NaMnO ₄ , P ₂ O ₅ , nitrate, such as LiNO ₃ , NaNO ₃ and KNO ₃ , and boron halide, such as BBr ₃ and BI ₃ , a halide of an element from group 13 preferably indium halide such as InBr ₂ , InCl ₂ and InI ₃ , silver halide, preferably AgCl or AgI, lead halide, cadmium halide, zirconium halide, preferably a transition metal oxide, sulfide or halide (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn together with F, Cl, Br or I), compounds of transition metals of the second or third in series minute, such as a halide, preferably YF3, oxide, sulfide, preferably Y2S3, or hydroxide, preferably Y compound, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Os, such as NbX _3, NbX ₅ or TaX ₅ in the case of halides, a metal sulfide such as Li2S, ZnS, FeS, NiS, MnS, Cu2S, CuS and SnS, an alkaline earth metal halide such as BaBr2, BaCl2, BaI2, SrBr2, SrI2, CaBr2, CaI2, MgBr2 or MgI2, a rare-earth metal halide such as EuBr3, LaF3, LaBr3, CeBr3, GdF3, GdBr3, preferably in degree II, such as a compound selected from CeI ₂ , EuF ₂ , EuCl ₂ , EuBr ₂ , EuI ₂ , DyI ₂ , NdI _2, SmI _2, YbI ₂ and Tm2 _2, boride, metal boride such as europium Boride CF ₂ such as CrB _2, TiB _2, MgB _2, ZrB ₂ and GdB _2, an alkali metal halide such as LiCl, RbCl or CsI, and a metal phosphide, such as Sa3R2, halide, oxide, sulfide noble metal, such as PtCl _2, PtBr _2, PtI _2, PtCl _4, PdCl _2, PbBr ₂ and PbI _2, sulfide, rare-earth metal such as CeS, other suitable rare earth elements such as La and Gd, a metal and an anion such as Na2TeO4, Na2TeO3, Co (CN) 2, CoSb, CoAs, Co2P, CoO, CoSe, CoTe, NiSb, NiAs, NiSe, Ni2Si, MgSe, a rare earth metal telluride such as EuTe, a rare earth metal selenide, such as EuSe, a rare earth metal nitride, such as EuN nor metal chloride, such as AlN, GdN and Mg3N2, a compound containing at least two atoms from the group oxygen atoms and the various halogens, such as F ₂ O, Cl ₂ O, ClO _2, Cl ₂ O _6, Cl ₂ O _7, ClF, C1F ₃ , C1Of ₃ , ClF ₅ , ClO ₂ F, ClO ₂ F ₃ , ClO ₃ F, BrF ₃ , BrF ₅ , I ₂ O ₅ , IBr, ICl, ICl ₃ , IF, IF ₃ , IF ₅ , IF ₇ , and a transition metal halide of the second or third sequence, such as OsF6, PtF6 or IrF6, an alkali metal compound, such as a halide, oxide or sulfide, and a compound that can form a metal upon reduction, such as alkaline, alkaline earth, transition, rare earth metal Ferrous materials of group 13, preferably In, and the group 14, preferably Sn, metal hydride such as sodium hydride rare earth IU

- 34 031711 tall, an alkaline earth metal hydride or an alkali metal hydride, where the catalyst or catalyst source may be a metal, such as an alkali metal in the case of an oxidizing agent in the form of a hydride, preferably a metal hydride. Suitable oxidizing agents are metal halides, sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, selenides and phosphides such as alkaline earth metal halides such as BaBr ₂ , BaCl ₂ , BaI ₂ , CaBr ₂ , MgBr ₂ or MgI ₂ , a rare earth metal halide such as EuBr ₂ , EuBr ₃ , EuF ₃ , LaF ₃ , GdF ₃ , GdBr ₃ , LaF ₃ , LaBr ₃ , CeBr ₃ , a transition metal halide of the second or third sequence, such as YF ₃ , a metal boride, such as CrB ₂ or TiB ₂ , alkali metal halide such as LiCl, RbCl or CsI, metal sulfide such as Li ₂ S, ZnS, Y ₂ S _3, FeS, MnS, Cu ₂ S, CuS and Sb ₂ S _5, a metal phosphide, a ak Ca ₃ P _2, a transition metal halide, such as CrCl _3, ZnF2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, MnCl2 , MnBr2, MnI2, CoBr2, CoI2, CoCl2, NiBr2, NiF2, FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, TiF3, CuBr, VF3 and CuCl ₂ , a metal halide such as SnBr ₂ , SnI ₂ , InF, InCl, InBr, InI, AgCl, AgI, AlI ₃ , YF ₃ , CdCl ₂ , CdBr ₂ , CdI2, InCl3, ZrC4, NbF5, TaCF, MoCb, MoCF , NbCk AsCl3, TiBr4, SeCb, SeCk InF3, PbF4 and Tek metal oxide or hydroxide such as Y ₂ O ₃ , FeO, NbO, In (OH) ₃ , As ₂ O ₃ , SeO ₂ , TeO ₂ , BI ₃ , CO ₂ , As ₂ Se ₃ , a metal nitride such as Mg ₃ N ₂ or AlN, a metal phosphide such as Ca ₃ P ₂ , SF ₆ , S, SbF ₃ , CF ₄ , NF ₃ , KMnO ₄ , NaMnO ₄ , P ₂ O ₅ , LiNO ₃ , NaNO ₃ , KNO ₃ , and a metal boride such as BBr ₃ . Suitable oxidizing agents include at least one representative selected from the list of BaBr ₂ , BaCl ₂ , EuBr ₂ , EuF ₃ , YF ₃ , CrB ₂ , TiB2, LiCl, RbCl, CsI, Li2S, ZnS, Y2S3, Ca3P2, MnI2, CoI2, NiBr2, ZnBr2, FeBr2, SnI2, InCl, AgCl, Y2O3, TeO2, CO2, SF6, S, CF4, NaMnO4, P2O5, LiNO3. Suitable oxidizing agents include at least one representative selected from the list of EuBr ₂ , BaBr ₂ , CrB ₂ , MnI ₂ and AgCl. Suitable sulfide oxidizing agents include at least one representative selected from Li ₂ S, ZnS and Y ₂ S ₃ . In certain embodiments, the oxidizing oxidant is Y2O3.

In further embodiments, each reaction mixture contains at least one structural unit selected from the following class of the above described components (i) to (iii), and further comprises (iv) at least one reducing agent selected from a metal, such as alkaline , alkaline earth, transition metals, transition metals of the second and third sequences and rare earth metals and aluminum. Preferably, the reducing agent is one representative selected from the group of powdered Al, Mg, MgH ₂ , Si, La, B, Zr and Ti and H2.

In further embodiments, each reaction mixture contains at least one structural unit selected from the following class of the above described components (i) to (iv), and further comprises (v) a carrier, such as a conductive carrier selected from AC, 1% Pt or Pd on carbon (Pt / C, Pd / C) and carbide, preferably TiC or WC.

Reagents may be present with any molar fraction, but preferably they are present with approximately equal molar fractions.

A suitable reaction system comprising (i) a catalyst or catalyst source, (ii) a hydrogen source, (iii) an oxidizing agent, (iv) a reducing agent and (v) a carrier, contains NaH or KH as a catalyst or catalyst source and a source of H, one representative selected from BaBr2, BaCl2, MgBr2, MgI2, CaBr2, EuBr2, EuF3, YF3, CrB2, TiB2, LiCl, RbCl, CsI, Li2S, ZnS, Y2S3, Ca3P2, MnI2, CoI2, NiBr2, ZnBr2, Fe, , AgCl, Y2O3, TeO2, CO2, SF6, S, CF4, NaMnO4, P2O5, LiNO3 as an oxidizing agent, Mg or MgH ₂ as a reducing agent, where MgH ₂ can also act as a source of H and AC, TiC or WC in as a carrier. In the case of an oxidizing agent in the form of tin halide, the Sn product in the catalysis mechanism can function as at least one representative selected from a reducing agent and a conductive carrier.

In another suitable reaction system comprising (i) a catalyst or catalyst source, (ii) a hydrogen source, (iii) an oxidizing agent and (iv) a carrier, it contains NaH or KH as a catalyst or catalyst source and a source of H, one representative, selected from EuBr2, BaBr2, CrB2, MnI2 and AgCl as an oxidizing agent and AC, TiC or WC as a carrier. Reagents may be present with any molar fraction, but preferably they are present with approximately equal molar fractions.

A catalyst, a hydrogen source, an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, and a carrier can be present with any desired molar fraction. In one embodiment, comprising reagents — a catalyst comprising KH or NaH, an oxidizing agent comprising at least one representative selected from CrB ₂ , AgCl ₂ and a metal halide from the group of alkaline earth, transition or rare earth halides, preferably bromide or iodide, such such as EuBr ₂ , BaBr ₂ and MnI ₂ , a reducing agent comprising Mg or MgH2, and a carrier comprising AC, TiC or WC, the molar fractions are approximately identical. Rare earth metal halides can be obtained by direct reaction between the corresponding halogen and a metal or hydrogen halide such as HBr. As a result of reduction under the action of H2, a dihalide can be obtained from a trihalide.

Additional oxidizing agents are those which are characterized by a high dipole moment or form an intermediate compound characterized by a high dipole moment. Preferably, a structural unit characterized by a high dipole moment is easily ac

- 35 031711 catches the electrons of the catalyst during the catalysis reaction. The structural unit can be characterized by high electron affinity. In one embodiment, the electron acceptors have a half-filled or approximately half-filled electron shell, such as in the case of Sn, Mn and Gd or Eu compounds having half-filled sp ³ , 3d and 4f shells, respectively. Examples of the latter type of oxidizing agents are metals corresponding to LaF3, LaBr3, GdF3, GdCl3, GdBr3, EuB2, EuI2, EuCl2, EuF2, EuBr3, EuI3, EuCl3 and EuF3. In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent comprises a non-metal compound, such as at least one representative selected from P, S, Si and C, which is preferably highly oxidized, and further includes highly electronegative atoms, such as at least one representative selected from F, C1 or O. In yet another embodiment, the oxidizing agent comprises a metal compound, such as at least one representative selected from Sn and Fe, which is characterized by a low degree of by oxidation, such as II, and further includes atoms characterized by low electronegativity, such as at least one representative selected from Br or I. A single negatively charged ion, such as MnO4 ^- , ClO4 ^- or NO3 ^- , is preferred in comparison with a doubly negatively charged ion, such as СО3 ² and SO ₄ ^2- . In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent comprises a compound, such as a metal halide, corresponding to a metal having a low melting point so that it can be melted as a reaction product and removed from the cell. Suitable oxidizing agents in the case of low melting metals are In, Ga, Ag and Sn halides. Reagents may be present with any molar fraction, but preferably they are present with approximately equal molar fractions.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises (i) a catalyst or catalyst source comprising a metal or hydride for elements of group I, (ii) a hydrogen source such as H2 gas or an H2 gas source or hydride, (iii) an oxidizing agent comprising an atom or an ion or compound comprising at least one representative selected from elements from groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17; preferably selected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se and Those, (iv) a reducing agent comprising an element or hydride, preferably one or more elements or hydrides, selected from Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Si, B, Zr and a rare earth metal such as La, and (v) a carrier that is preferably conductive and preferably does not react with other structural units of the reaction mixture to form another compound. Suitable carriers preferably include carbon, as in the case of AC, graphene, impregnated carbon, such as Pt or Pd / C, and carbide, preferably TiC or WC.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises (i) a catalyst or catalyst source comprising a metal or hydride for elements of group I, (ii) a hydrogen source such as H2 gas or an H2 gas source or hydride, (iii) an oxidizing agent including a halide, an oxide or sulfide compound, preferably a metal halide, oxide or sulfide, more preferably a halide of elements from groups IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, 12d and lanthanides, and most preferably a transition halide metal or halide lanthanide, (iv) a reducing agent comprising an element or hydride, preferably one or more elements or hydrides selected from Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Si, B, Zr and a rare earth metal such as La, and (v) a carrier, which is preferably is conductive and preferably does not react with other structural units of the reaction mixture to form another compound. Suitable carriers preferably include carbon, as in the case of AC, graphene, impregnated carbon, such as Pt or Pd / C, and carbide, preferably TiC or WC.

e. Exchange reactions, thermoreversible reactions and regeneration.

In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent and at least one representative selected from a reducing agent, a catalyst source, and a catalyst may undergo a reversible reaction. In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a halide, preferably a metal halide, more preferably at least one representative selected from a transition metal halide, tin, indium, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal, most preferably a rare earth halide. The reversible reaction is preferably a halide exchange reaction. Preferably, the reaction energy is small, so that the halide can be reversibly exchanged between the oxidizing agent and at least one representative selected from a reducing agent, a catalyst source and a catalyst, at a temperature in the range from ambient temperature to 3000 ° C, preferably from ambient temperature to 1000 ° C. The equilibrium of the reaction can be shifted to stimulate the passage of the reaction with the formation of hydrino. This shift may be due to a temperature change or a change in concentrations or their ratio in the reaction. The reaction can be supported by the addition of hydrogen. In one representative reaction, the exchange is as follows:

η \ Μ _α χΧχ +) n] .x + M _o (54) where n _1, n _2, x and y are integers, X is a halide, and M _ox representation

- 36 031711 is an oxidizing metal, M _{red / cat} is a metal of at least one representative selected from a reducing agent, a catalyst source and a catalyst. In one embodiment, one or more of the reactants is a hydride, and the reaction, in addition to the halide exchange, further includes a reversible hydride exchange. A reversible reaction can be controlled by adjusting the pressure of hydrogen in addition to controlling other conditions of the reaction, such as temperature and concentration of reactants. One example of a reaction is as follows:

N \ MohH _x + niMcabmifi Π} Μΐ). \ Η + rtlMeat'reiXy ( 55)

In one embodiment, an oxidizing agent, such as an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide or a rare earth halide, preferably RbCl, BaBr ₂ , BaCl ₂ , EuX ₂ or GdX ₃ , where X is a halide or sulfide, most preferably EuBr ₂ , is introduced into reaction with a catalyst or catalyst source, preferably NaH or KH, and optionally a reducing agent, preferably Mg or MgH ₂ , to produce M _ox or M _ox H ₂ and a halide or sulfide catalyst such as NaX or KX. The rare earth metal halide can be regenerated by selectively removing the catalyst or catalyst source and, if necessary, a reducing agent. In one embodiment, M _oh H ₂ can be thermally decomposed, and hydrogen gas can be removed by methods such as pumping out. Halide exchange (equations (54-55)) results in a catalyst metal. The metal may be removed as a molten liquid or as a vaporized or sublimated gas leaving a metal halide, such as an alkaline earth or rare earth metal halide. The liquid can be removed, for example, by methods such as centrifugation or using a stream of compressed inert gas. The catalyst or catalyst source can be re-hydrogenated as needed to regenerate the initial reagents, which are re-combined with the rare-earth metal halide and carrier to form the initial mixture. When Mg or MgH ₂ is used as a reducing agent, Mg can be first removed by hydride production by adding H2, melting the hydride and removing the liquid. In one embodiment, where X = F, the MgF ₂ product can be converted to MgbH ₂ by exchanging F with a rare earth compound such as EuH ₂ , the molten MgH _{2 being} continuously removed. The reaction can be carried out at high pressure H2 to stimulate the formation and selective removal of MgH2. The reducing agent may be re-hydrogenated and added to other regenerated reagents to obtain the initial reaction mixture. In yet another embodiment, the exchange reaction proceeds between the sulfides or metal oxides of the oxidizing agent and at least one representative selected from a reducing agent, a catalyst source, and a catalyst. One example of each type of system is 1.66 g KH + 1 g Mg + 2.74 g Y ₂ S ₃ + 4 g AC and 1 g NaH + 1 g Mg + 2.26 g Y ₂ O ₃ + 4 g AC .

The selective removal of the catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent may be continuous, where the catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent may be recycled to the reactor at least partially. The reactor may further include a distillation cube or reflux condenser component to remove the catalyst, for example as in the case of distillation cube 34 of FIG. 4, the source of the catalyst or reducing agent and returning them to the cell. If necessary, they can be subjected to hydrogenation or introduced into an additional reaction, and this product can be returned. The reaction temperature may cyclically vary between two limit values for continuous reagent recycling as a result of an equilibrium shift. In one embodiment, the system heat exchanger has the ability to quickly change the cell temperature between high and low values to shift the equilibrium back and forth and allow the reaction to form hydrino.

The regeneration reaction may include a catalytic reaction with an added structural unit, such as hydrogen. In one embodiment, the catalyst source and H is KH, and the oxidizing agent is EuBr2. Thermostimulated regeneration reaction may be as follows:

or

Alternatively, H2 may act as a catalyst regeneration catalyst or a catalyst source and an oxidizing agent such as KH and EuBr _2, respectively

ЗКВг + 1 / 2Н ₂ + EuHj Э EuBrj + ЗК.Н (58)

After that, EuBr _{2 is} obtained from EuBr ₃ by reduction under the action of H ₂ . A possible reaction equation is as follows:

EuBrj + 1 / 2H ₂ -> EuBr ₂ + HBg (59)

HBr can be recycled:

- 37 031711 wherein the resulting reaction is as follows: 2K.Br + EuH ₂ -> EuBr ₃ + 2KN (61)

The reaction rate of thermally stimulated regeneration can be increased by using a different reaction chain characterized by reduced energy, as is known to specialists in the relevant field of technology:

2KBr + H ₂ + Eu -> EuBr ₂ + 2KN (62)

ЗКВг + 3 / 2Н ₃ + Ей-Э ЕВВз + ЗКН or (63)

EuWs + 1 / 2Ha -> EuWg ₂ + HBg (64)

A reaction described by equation (62) is possible since an equilibrium exists between the metal and the corresponding hydride in the presence of H ₂ , such as the following

Eu + H ₂ <-> EuH ₂ (65)

The reaction chain may include intermediate stages characterized by reduced energy, as is known to specialists in the relevant field of technology, such as the following 2KBr + Mg + H ₂ -> MgBr ₂ + 2KN and (66)

MgBr ₃ + Eu + Η ₂ -> EuBr ₂ + MgH ₂ (67)

KH or metallic K can be removed as molten liquid or as a vaporized or sublimated gas leaving a metal halide, such as an alkaline earth or rare earth metal halide. The fluid may be removed by methods such as centrifugation or the use of a compressed inert gas stream. In other embodiments, KH or K may be replaced by other catalyst or catalyst source, such as NaH, LiH, RbH, CsH, Na, Li, Rb, Cs, and the oxidizing agent may include another metal halide, such as other rare earth halide or halide alkaline earth metal, preferably BaCl ₂ or BaBr ₂ .

In other embodiments, the thermally reversible reaction comprises further exchange reactions, preferably between two structural units, each of which contains at least one metal atom. An exchange can be carried out between a catalyst metal, such as an alkali metal, and a metal of an exchange partner, such as an oxidizing agent. An exchange can also be carried out between the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. The exchangeable unit may be an anion, such as the anion of a halide, hydride, oxide, sulfide, nitride, boride, carbide, silicide, arsenide, selenide, telluride, phosphide, nitrate, hydrosulfide, carbonate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate , perchlorate, chromate, dichromate, cobalt oxide, and other hydroxyanions and anions known to those skilled in the art. At least one of the exchange partners may comprise an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a second sequence transition metal, a third sequence transition metal, a noble metal, a rare earth metal, Al, Ga, In, Sn, As, Se, and Te. Suitable exchangeable anions are anions of halide, oxide, sulfide, nitride, phosphide and boride. Suitable exchange metals are an alkali metal, preferably Na or K, an alkaline earth metal, preferably Mg or Ba, and a rare earth metal, preferably Eu or Dy, in each case as a metal or hydride. An example of a catalyst reagent and an example of an exchange reaction are presented below. These reactions are not intended to be exhaustive, and further examples should be known to those skilled in the art.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.5 g DyI ₂ , Ein: 135.0 kJ, dE: 6.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 403 ° С, theoretical the value is 1.89 kJ, an increment of 3.22 times,

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.09 g EuF3, Ein: 185.1 kJ, dE: 8.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 463 ° С, theoretical value is 1 , 69 kJ, an increment of 4.73 times,

EuF ₃ + l, 5Mg <—> l, 5MgF ₂ + Eu (69)

EuF ₃ + 3NaH 3NaF + EuH ₂ (70)

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + CrBr ₂ 3.7 g, Ein: 317 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С, theoretical energy is 0.05 kJ endothermic, increment is infinity,

CrBr ₂ + Mg MgBr ₂ (71)

The operation was performed for 0.70 g of TiB2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-4). The energy increment was 5.1 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 431 ° C; the theoretical value is 0.

The operation was carried out for 0.42 g of LiCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4. The energy increment was 5.4 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. Maxi

- 38 031711 the maximum temperature of the cell was 412 ° С, the theoretical value is 0, the increment is infinity.

LiCl + KH <--> KC1 + LiH (73)

1.21 g of RbCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4, the energy increment was

6.0 kJ, but no spike in cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 442 ° C; the theoretical value is 0.

RbCl + KH <—E KC1 + RbH (74) g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 0.87 g LiBr; Ein: 146.0 kJ; dE: 6.24 kJ; change in steepness depending on temperature: not observed; Tmax: 439 ° C, theoretical value is endothermic,

LiBr + KH KBr + LiH (75)

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + YF ₃ 7.3 g; Ein: 320 kj; dE: 17 kJ; the absence of a change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at Tmax ~ 340 ° C; energy increment ~ 4.5 X (X ~ 0.74 kJ · 5 = 3.7 kJ),

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + BaBr ₂ 14.85 g (dried); Ein: 328 kj; dE: 16 kJ; the absence of a change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at Tmax ~ 320 ° C; energy increment 160 X (X ~ 0.02 kJ · 5 = 0.1 kJ),

BaBr ₂ + 2NaH 2NaBr + BaH ₂ (77)

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + BaCl ₂ 10.4 g; Ein: 331 kJ; dE: 18 kj. No change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at Tmax ~ 320 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 6.9 X (X ~ 0.52 x 5 = 2.6 kJ),

BaS1 ₂ + 2KN + + 2KS1 + BaN ₂ (78)

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + MgI2 13.9 g; Ein: 315 kj; dE: 16 kJ. The absence of a change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 1.8X (X ~ 1.75 x 5 = 8.75 kJ),

4 g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.97 g ZnS; Ein: 132.1 kJ; dE: 7.5 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: none; Tmax: 370 ° C, theoretical value is 1.4 kJ, an increment of 5.33 times,

ZnS + 2NaH 2NaHS + Zn (80)

ZnS + Mg MgS + Zn (81)

2.74 g of Y ₂ S ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 5.2 kJ, but there was no surge in cell temperature not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 444 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.41 kJ, the increment is 12.64 times,

Y ₂ S ₃ + ZKN + Ά 3KHS + 2Y (82)

Y ₂ + S ₃ + 3Mg 3K 6kN ₂ S + 2Y + 3 MgH ₂ (83)

Y ₂ S ₃ + 3Mg <--> 3MgS + 2Y (84) g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.82 g Ca ₃ P ₂ ; Ein: 133.0 kJ; dE: 5.8 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: none; Tmax: 407 ° C, theoretical value is endothermic, increment is infinity.

g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 9.1 g Ca3P2, Ein: 282.1 kJ, dE: 18.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 320 ° С, theoretical the magnitude is endothermic, the increment is infinity.

Ca ₂ P ₃ + 3Mg Mg ₃ P ₂ + ZSa (85)

In one embodiment, the thermal regeneration reaction system comprises:

(i) at least one catalyst or catalyst source selected from NaH and KH;

(ii) at least one hydrogen source selected from NaH, KH and MgH2;

(iii) at least one oxidizing agent selected from an alkaline earth metal halide such as BaBr2, BaCl2, BaI2, CaBr2, MgBr2 or MgI2, a rare earth metal halide such as EuBr ₂ , EuBr ₃ , EuF ₃ , DyI ₂ , LaF ₃ or GdF ₃ , a transition metal halide of the second or third sequence, such as YF ₃ , a metal boride such as CrB ₂ or TiB ₂ , an alkali metal halide such as LiCl, RbCl or CsI, a metal sulfide such as LiaS, ZnS or Y ₂ S ₃ , a metal oxide, such as Y2O3, and a metal phosphide, such as Ca3P2;

(iv) at least one reducing agent selected from Mg and MgH ₂ ; and (v) a carrier selected from AC, TiC, and WC.

- 39 031711

f. The reaction with the formation of hydrino with the participation of a getter, carrier or matrix.

In yet another embodiment, the metabolic reaction is endothermic. In such an embodiment, the metal compound may function as at least one representative selected from a carrier or matrix suitable for the reaction to form hydrino or getter for the product in order to improve the reaction rate to form hydrino. Examples of catalyst reagents and examples of a carrier, matrix or getter are presented below. These reactions are not intended to be exhaustive, and further examples should be known to those skilled in the art.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.23 g Mg ₃ As ₂ , Ein: 139.0 kJ, dE: 6.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 393 ° С , the theoretical value is endothermic, the increment is infinity.

g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 11.2 g Mg ₃ As ₂ , Ein: 298.6 kJ, dE: 21.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 315 ° С , the theoretical value is endothermic, the increment is infinity.

1.01 g of Mg ₃ N ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4 in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 5.2 kJ, but there was no burst of cell temperature watched. The maximum cell temperature was 401 ° C, the theoretical value is 0, the increment is infinity.

0.41 g of AlN, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-5 in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 4.9 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 407 ° C; the theoretical value is endothermic.

In one embodiment, the thermal regeneration reaction system comprises at least two components selected from (i) to (v):

(i) at least one catalyst or catalyst source selected from NaH, KH and MgH ₂ ;

(ii) at least one hydrogen source selected from NaH and KH;

(iii) at least one representative selected from an oxidizing agent, a matrix, a second carrier and a getter selected from a metal arsenide such as Mg3As2 and a metal nitride such as Mg3N2 or AlN;

(iv) at least one reducing agent selected from Mg and MgH2; and (v) at least one carrier selected from AC, TiC or WC.

D. Liquid fuels: organic and molten solvent systems.

Additional embodiments include a molten solid, such as a molten salt or a liquid solvent, contained in chamber 200. The liquid solvent can be evaporated by operating the cell at a temperature higher than the boiling point of the solvent. Reagents such as a catalyst can be dissolved or suspended in a solvent, or reagents that form a catalyst and H can be suspended or dissolved in a solvent. The evaporated solvent can act as a gas containing a catalyst to increase the rate of the catalytic hydrogen conversion reaction to produce hydrino. The molten solid or the evaporated solvent can be maintained in this state as a result of heat addition using a heater 230. The reaction mixture may further comprise a solid carrier, such as an BPMU material. The reaction can proceed on the surface due to the interaction between the molten solid, liquid or gaseous solvent and the catalyst and hydrogen, such as K or Li plus H or NaH. In one embodiment using a heterogeneous catalyst, the solvent of the mixture may increase the rate of the catalytic reaction.

In embodiments containing hydrogen gas, H ₂ can be bubbled through the solution. In yet another embodiment, increased pressure is created in the cell to increase the concentration of dissolved H ₂ . In one additional embodiment, the reactants are mixed, preferably at a high speed and at a temperature that is approximately equal to the boiling point of the organic solvent and approximately the melting point of the inorganic solvent.

The reaction mixture containing the organic solvent can be heated, preferably in the temperature range of about 26 to 400 ° C, more preferably in the range of about 100 to 300 ° C. A mixture containing an inorganic solvent can be heated to a temperature greater than that at which the solvent is liquid, and lower than the temperature that causes the complete decomposition of NaH molecules.

but. Organic solvents.

An organic solvent may include one or more components that can be modified by addition of functional groups to produce other solvents. Components may include at least one representative selected from a hydrocarbon,

- 40 031711 such as alkane, cyclic alkane, alkene, cyclic alkene, alkine, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds and combinations thereof, ether, halogenated hydrocarbon (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodohydrocarbons), preferably fluorinated, amine, sulfide , nitrile, phosphoramide (e.g., OP (N (CH ₃ ) ₂ ) ₃ ) and aminophosphazene. Groups may include at least one representative selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, carbamoyl, heterocyclic rings containing C, O, N, S, sulfo, sulfamoyl, alkoxysulfonyl, phosphono, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy, alkylthiol, acyloxy , aryl, alkenyl, aliphatic groups, acyl, carboxyl, amino, cyanoalkoxy, diazonium, carboxyalkylcarboxamido, alkenylthio, cyanoalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoylalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, cyanoalkylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylamines alkylsulfamoylalkylamino, oxide, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyanoalkyl, carboxyalkylthio, arylamino, heteroarylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, cyanoalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, carbamoylalkoxy, carbamoylalkoxy

1,4-benzodioxane, 3-dimethylaminoanisole,

N, N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal, ether, diisopropyl ether,

2,2N, Nmetikoksi, nitro, alkoxyaryl, haloaryl, aminoaryl, alkilaminoarila, tolyl, alkenyl, allilarila, alkeniloksiarila, alliloksiarila, cyanoaryl, karbamoilarila, carboxyaryl, alkoksikarbonilarila, alkilkarboniloksiarila, sulfoarila, alkoksisulfoarila, and sulfamoilarila nitroarene. Preferably, the groups include at least one representative selected from the groups of alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cyano, heterocyclic rings containing C, O, N, S, sulfo, phosphono, halogen, alkoxy, alkylthiol, aryl, alkenyl, aliphatic, acyl, alkylamino, alkenylthio, arylamino, heteroarylamino, halogenaryl, aminoaryl, alkylaminoaryl, alkenylaryl, allylaryl, alkenyloxyaryl, allyloxyaryl and cyanoaryl.

The catalyst may be at least one representative selected from NaH, Li, and K. In the latter case, LiH and KH may act as a catalyst source. The solvent may be an organic solvent. The solvent can be substantially evaporated at the operating temperature of the cell, which is preferably greater than the boiling point of the solvent. Preferably, the solvent is polar. The solvent may be an aprotic solvent. Polar aprotic solvents are those that have the same ion dissolution ability as protic solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride and ammonia, but do not contain acid hydrogen. These solvents are generally characterized by high dielectric constants and high polarity. Examples are dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane and hexamethylphosphoramide.

In one embodiment of the present description of the invention, the solvent includes an ether, such as at least one representative selected from the group of 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, trioxane, acetylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,2 -dimethoxyethane, dimethylformamidethylene acetal, diethyl lal (dimethoxymethane), tetrahydropyran dibenzodioxane, n-butyl ethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, allyl ethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, bis-ethyl-2-ethyl-2-ethyl-2-ethyl clohexyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, 3,4dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran, 2,2'-dimethoxybiphenyl, 1,6-dimethoxyhexane, substituted aromatic ethers such as methoxybenzene, methoxytoluene, 2,5-dimethoxytoluene, diphenoxybenzene 1,4-diphenoxybenzene, allylphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, benzylphenyl ether, nbutylphenyl ether, three methoxytoluene such as 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene, 2,2'-dinaphthyl ether, 2- [2- (benzyloxy) ethyl] - 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane, 1,3-benzodioxole, veratrol (1,2-dimethoxybenzene), anisole, bis- (phenyl) Fir, 1,4-dioxin, dibenzodioxin or dibenzo [1,4] dioxin, divinyl ether, crown ethers such as dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, 15-crown-5 and 18 crown6, bis- (4-methylphenyl) ether, bis- (2-cyanoethyl) ether, bis- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether and bis [2- (vinyloxy) ethyl] ether. In one embodiment, including Na and a hydrogen source, an example of a solvent is ether, since Na is slightly soluble in ether, and the latter also stabilizes sodium ions. These signs favor the passage of the reaction with the formation of hydrino. In addition to NaH, the function of a catalyst in the reaction mixture, optionally containing an ether solvent, can be performed by K or Li.

In one embodiment, the BPUP solvent or material has functional groups characterized by a high dipole bond moment, such as C — O, C = O, CAN, and CF. Molecules of the solvent or BPUP material may have a high dipole moment. Preferably, the BPUP solvent or material includes at least one representative selected from ether, nitrile, or halogenated hydrocarbons, preferably containing very stable bonds, preferably polar, such as fluorinated hydrocarbons. Preferably, the fluorocarbon solvent is described by the formula C _M F _{2 | I + 2} , and may also contain some H instead of F or may be aromatic. In yet another embodiment, the BPOF solvent or material includes at least one representative selected from the group of fluorinated organic molecules, fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated alcohols, and fluorinated ethers. Examples of fluorinated solvents are 1,2-dimethoxy-4-fluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, perfluoroheptane, octafluoronaphthalene, octafluorotoluene, 2H-perfluoro-5,8,11,14-tetramethyl-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaoctadecane, perfluoro- 5,8,11,14-tetramethyl3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaoctadecane, perfluoro (tetradecahydrophenanthrene) and perfluoro-1,3,5trimethylcyclohexane. Examples of BPUP fluorinated materials are TEFLON ™, TEFLON ™ PFA, PVF polyvinyl fluoride, poly (vinylidene fluoride), copoly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) and perfluoroalkoxy polymers. A suitable reaction mixture contains octafluoronaphthalene, NaH and a carrier such as AC, TiC, WC or R-Ni. Reagents may be present with any desired ratios, such as in the case of octafluoronaphthalene (45 wt.%), NaH (10 wt.%) And R-Ni (45 wt.%).

Another example of a solvent is fluorocarbon, such as a compound of the formula C _n F _{2n + 2} , and it may also contain some H instead of F or it may be aromatic. In one embodiment, the fluorinated solvent includes at least one representative selected from the group and derivatives of perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane, perfluoroheptane, perfluoropentane, perfluorohexane and perfluorocyclohexane, as well as other straight and branched chain perfluoroalkanes and alkanes partially substituted with bis (difluoromethyl) ether, 1,3-bis- (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 1,4-bis (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 2.2 ', 3.3', 4.4 ', 5.5', 6, 6'-decafluoro-1,1'-biphenyl, o-difluorobenzene, m-difluorobenzene, p-difluoride nzola, 4,4'-difluoro-1,1'-biphenyl, 1,1-difluorocyclohexane, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,2-difluoroethane,

1,1-difluoroethene, cis-1,2-difluoroethene, trans-1,2-difluoroethene, difluoromethane, 2- (difluoromethoxy) -1,1,1tritoroethane, 2,2-difluoropropane, fluorobenzene, 2-fluoro-1, 1'-biphenyl, 4-fluoro-1,1'-biphenyl, 1 fluorobutane, 2-fluorobutane, fluorocyclohexane, 1-fluorocyclohexene, 1-fluorodecane, fluoroethane, fluoroethene, 1-fluoroheptane, 1-fluorohexane, fluoromethane, 1-fluoro 2-methoxybenzene, 1-fluoro-3-methoxybenzene, 1-fluoro4-methoxybenzene, (fluoromethyl) benzene, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropane, 1-fluoronaphthalene, 2-fluoronaphthalene, 1 fluorooctane, 1-fluoropentane, 1-fluoropropane, 2 -fluoropropane, cis-1-fluoropropene, trans-1-fluoropropene, 2 fluoropropene, 3-fluoropropene, 2-fluoropyridine, 3-fluoropyridine, 2-fluorotoluene, 3-fluorotoluene, 4 fluorotoluene, 1-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 1-fluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 1-fluoro 4 (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, hexafluorobenzene, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,3butadiene, 1,1,1,4, 4,4-hexafluoro-2-butyne, hexafluorocyclobutene, hexafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3hexafluoropropane, methylpentafluoroethyl ether, tapefluorobenzene, pentafluoroethane, pentafluoromethoxybenzene, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 2,3 , 4,5,6-pentafluorotoluene, 1,1,2,4,4-pentafluoro-3 (trifluoromethyl) -1,3-butadiene, perf rbutane, perfluoro-2-butene, perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran, perfluorocyclobutane, perfluorocyclohexane, perfluorocyclohexene, perfluorodecalene, perfluorodecane, perfluorodimethoxymethane, perfluoro-2,3-dimethyl-fluoroethyl-fluoro-fluoro-ethyl-fluoro-ethyl-fluoro-fluoro-ethyl-fluoro-ethyl-fluoro-ethyl-fluoro-ethyl-fluoro-ethyl and 1-heptane, perfluorohexane, perfluoro-1-hexene, perfluoroisobutane, perfluoroisobutene, perfluoroisopropylmethyl ether, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluoro-2-methylpentane, perfluoro-3-methylpentane, perfluoronaphthalene, perfluoronoconan, oroctylsulfonyl fluoride, perfluoroxetane, perfluoropentane, perfluoropropane, perfluoropropene, perfluoropropyl methyl ether, perfluoropyridine, perfluorotoluene, perfluorotripropylamine, 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane triflumisole, trifluoperazin, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,2-trifluoroethane, trifluoroethene, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methyl ether, trifluoromethane, trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether, trifluoromethyl-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, 1,1,1-trifto rpropane, 3,3,3 trifluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propine, triflupromazine, undecafluorocyclohexane, pentafluorobenzonitrile, trifluoroacetonitrile, (trifluoromethyl) benzene, 3- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 4 (trifluoron) oxirana and tris- (perfluorobutyl) amine.

In yet another embodiment, the solvent includes a hydrocarbon, such as those having functional groups for the listing of straight and branched chain alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics. The hydrocarbon solvent may be at least one representative or one derivative selected from the group consisting of acenaphtene, acenaphthylene, allylbenzene, 1allylcyclohexene, allylcyclopentane, anthracene, benz [a] anthracene, benzene, benzo [s] chrysene, benzo [d] chrysene, benzo [b] fluoranthene, benzoC] fluoranten, benzo [k] fluoranten, 11H-benzo [a] fluorin, 11Hbenzo [b] fluorin, benzo [dY] perylene, benzo [c] phenanthrene, benzo [a] pyrene, benzo [ f] pyrene, benzo [b] triphenylene, 9.9'-banthracene, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane, bicyclo [4.1.0] heptane, bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-ene, 1.1 '-bicyclopentyl, 1,1'- inaphthalene, 2,2'-binaphthalene, biphenyl, 1,3-bis- (1-methylenethenyl) benzene, (trans) 1,3-butadienylbenzene, 1,3-butadiene, butane, 1-butene, cis-2-butene , trans-2-butene, (trans-1-butenyl) benzene, 2-butenylbenzene, 3-butenylbenzene, 1-butene-3-in, butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, (±), tert-butylbenzene, 2-butyl-1, 1'-biphenyl, butylcyclohexane, sec-butylcyclohexane, tert-butylcyclohexane, butylcyclopentane, 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 5-butyldocosan, 11 butyldocosan, 1-tert-butyl-4-ethylbenzene, 1-tert-butyl-4-ethylbenzene -methylbenzene, 1-tert-butyl-3-methylbenzene, 1tert-butyl-4-methylbenzene, 1-butylnaphthalene, 2-but tilnaphthalene, 5-butylnonan, camphene (+), camphene (-), 3karen (+), α-carotene, β-carotene, β, ψ-carotene, ψ, ψ-carotene, sch.-carotene-16-ol . cholestan, (5α), cholestan,

- 42 031711 (5β), cyclobutane, cyclobutene, cyclodecane, cyclododecane, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, cis-cyclododecene, trans-cyclododecene, 1,3-cycloheptadiene, cycloheptane, 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, cycloheptene, 1 3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, 1-cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, cyclohexylcyclohexane, cyclononan, 1,4-cyclooctadiene, cis, cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene, cyclooctane, 1,3,5,5 , 7-cyclooctatetraene, 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene, cis-cyclooctene, trans-cyclooctene, cyclooctin, cyclopentadecane, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclopent lbenzene, 1,3-decadiene, 1,9-decadiene, cis-decahydronaphthalene, trans-decahydronaphthalene, decane, 1-decene, cis-2-decene, trans-2-decene, cis-5-decene, trans-5-decene, decylbenzene, decylcyclohexane, decylcyclopentane, 11 decylgeneicosan, 1-decylnaphthalene, 1-decin, 5-decin, dibenz [a, b | anthracene, dibenz [a, Lantracene, dibenzo [b, k] chrysene, dibenzo [a, e dibenzo [a, b | pyrene, dibenzo [a] pyrene, dibenzo [a, 1] pyrene, diethylbenzene, m-diethylbenzene, p-diethylbenzene, 1,1-diethylcyclohexane, 1,2-dihydrobenz [)] aceantrylene, 9, 10-dihydro-9,10- [1 ', 2'] benzoloanthracene, 16,17-dihydro-15H-cyclopenta [a] phenanthrene , 2,3-dihydro-1methyl-Ш-indene, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,4-dihydronaphthalene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2,3-dihydro-1,1,3trimethyl-3-phenyl-Ш-indene 1,2-diisopropylbenzene, 1,3-diisopropylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene,

2.6-diisopropylnaphthalene, 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene, 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3butadiene, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethyl-1 butene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, 2,3-dimethyl2-butene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane, cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, trans-1,3dimethylcyclohexane , cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,2dimethylcyclohexene, 1,3-dimethylcyclohexene, 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane, cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane, trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane, cis -1,3-dimethylcyclopentane, trans-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane, 1,2 dimethylcyclopentene, 1,5-dimethylcycl openten, 1,2-dimetilentsiklogeksan, 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene,

2.2-dimethylheptane, 2,3-dimethylheptane, 2,4-dimethylheptane, 2,5-dimethylheptane, 2,6-dimethylheptane, 3,3dimethylheptane, 3,4-dimethylheptane, 3,5-dimethylheptane, 4,4-dimethylheptane, 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene,

2.5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2,2-dimethylhexane, 2,3-dimethylhexane, 2,4-dimethylhexane, 2,5-dimethylhexane,

3.3- dimethylhexane, 3,4-dimethylhexane, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexene, 5,5-dimethyl-1-hexene, 2,3-dimethyl-2hexene, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexene, cis- 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexene, trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexene, 1- (1,5-dimethyl-4hexenyl) -4-methylbenzene, 1,1-dimethylindane, 1,4-dimethyl- 7-isopropylazulene, 1,6-dimethyl-4isopropylnaphthalene, 2,4-dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane, 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,4dimethylnaphthalene, 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,7-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6 oct octadiene, 2,2-dimethyl octane, 2,3-dimethyl thane, 2,4-dimetiloktan, 2,5-dimetiloktan, 2,6-dimetiloktan,

2.7- dimethyloctane, 3,4-dimethyloctane, 3,6-dimethyloctane, cis-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene, trans-3,7dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7- dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene, cis, cis-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene, trans, trans

2.6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-1-octene, dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,3dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, 3,3- dimethylpentane, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentene,

3.3- dimethyl-1-pentene, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene, cis-3,4dimethyl-2-pentene, cis- 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene, trans-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene, cis-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene, trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene, 4,4- dimethyl-1-pentin, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentin, (1,1-dimethylpropyl) benzene, (2,2-dimethylpropyl) benzene, 2,7-dimethylpirene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, translrans-1, 4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,1-diphenyl butane, 1,2-diphenyl butane, 1,4-diphenyl butane, 1,3 diphenyl-1-butene, 1,1- diphenylethane, 1,2-diphenylethane, 1,1-diphenylethylene, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, diphenylmethane, 1,3-diphenylpropane, 2,2-diphenylpropane, 1,1-diphenyl-1-propene, 1,2-di (p-tolyl) ethane, odivinylbenzene, m-divinylbenzene, p-divinylbenzene, docosan, 1-docosen, 5,7-dodecadiene, dodecane, dodecylcyclohexane, 1-dodecin, 6-dodecin, dotriacontane, eicosan, ergostan, (5a), ergostan, (5β), ethane, ethylbenzene, ethylcyclohexane, 1-ethylcyclohexene, ethylcyclopentane, 1-ethyl 4-dimethylbenzene, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 3-ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene, 4-ethyl1,2-dimethylbenzene, 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane, 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane, 3-ethylheptane, 4-ethylheptane, 3ethylhexane, ethylidenecyclohec San, 1-ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene, 2-ethyl-3-methyl ~ 1-butene, trans-1-ethyl-4 methylcyclohexane, 1-ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane, cis-1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane, trans- 1-ethyl-2methylcyclopentane, cis-1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane, trans-1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane, 3-ethyl-4methylhexane, 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane, 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane, 3- ethyl-3-methylpentane, 3-ethyl-2-methyl-1pentene, 1-ethylnaphthalene, 2-ethylnaphthalene, 3-ethyl-ethane, 4-ethyl-ethane, 3-ethylpentane, 2-ethyl-1-pentene, 3 ethyl-1-pentene, 3-ethyl-1-pentene, 3-ethyl-2-pentene, 2-ethyl styrene, 3-ethyl styrene, 4-ethyl styrene, 2 ethyl ethyl toluene, 3-ethyl toluene, 4-ethyl toluene, 1-ethyl-2,4,5-tr methylbenzene, 2-ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, fluorantene, fulven, geneikosan, gentriacontane, heptacosan, heptadecane, 1-heptadecene, heptadecylbenzene, 1,6-heptadiene, 1,6-heptadiine, 2,2,4, 4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonan, heptane, 1-heptene, cis-2-heptene, trans-2heptene, cis-3-heptene, trans-3-heptene, heptylcyclohexane, heptylcyclopentane, 1-heptine, 2-heptin, 3heptin, hexacene, hexacosane, hexadecane, 1-hexadecene, hexadecylbenzene, 1-hexadecin, cis-1,3hexadiene, trans-1,3-hexadiene, cis-1,4-hexadiene, trans-1,4-hexadiene, 1, 5-hexadiene, cis, cis-2,4hexadiene, trans, cis-2,4-hexadiene, trans, tra ns-2,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene-3-yn, 1,5-hexadiene, 2,4hexadiene, hexaethylbenzene, cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7- dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1S), hexa- 43 031711 methylbenzene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosan, hexane, hexatriacontane, cis-1,3,5-hexatriene, trans-

1,3,5-hexatriene, 1-hexene, cis-2-hexene, trans-2-hexene, cis-3-hexene, trans-3-hexene, hexylbenzene, hexylcyclohexane, hexylcyclopentane, 1-hexylnaphthalene, 1-hexyl- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 1-hexine, 2-hexine, 3-hexine, indane, indeno | 1.2.3- <D | pyrene. isobutane, isobutene, isobutylbenzene, isobutylcyclohexane, isobutylcyclopentane, isopentane, isopentylbenzene, isopropenylbenzene, pisopropenylisopropylbenzene, p-isopropenylstyrene, isopropylbenzopropyl-benzene-1-methyl-1-1-1-methyl-1-1-methyl 5-isopropyl-2methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene, (R), 1-isopropylnaphthalene, 2-isopropylnaphthalene, d-limonene, l-limonene, | 2,2 | metacyclophane, 1-methylanthracene, 2-methylanthracene, 9-methylanthracene , 7-methylbenz | a | anthracene, 8methylbenz | a | anthracene, 9-methylbenz | a | anthracene, 10-methylbenz | a | anthracene, 12-methylbenz | a | anthracene, 1methyl-2-benzylbenzene, 1-methyl-4-benzylbenzene, 2-methylbiphenyl, 3-methylbiphenyl, 4-methylbiphenyl, 3methyl-1,2-butadiene, 2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, 2-methyl1-butene-3-in, 3-methyl-1-butene, 3-methylchrysene, 5-methylchrysene, 6-methylchrysene, 2-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene, 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, (±), 4-methylcyclohexene, 1-methyl-1,3cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentane, 1-methylcyclopentene, 3-methylcyclopentene, 4-methylcyclopentene, 2 methyldecane, 3-methyldecane, 4-methyldecane, 4-methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene, methylenecyclic Ohexane, 3methyleneheptane, 4-methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene, 5- (1-methylethylidene) -1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1-methyl9H-fluorene, 9-methyl-9H-fluorene, 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, 4- methylheptane, 2-methyl-1-heptene, 6methyl-1-heptene, 2-methyl-2-heptene, cis-3-methyl-2-heptene, 2-methylhexane, 3-methylhexane, 2-methyl-1hexene, 3- methyl-1-hexene, 3-methyl-1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-hexene, 5-methyl-1-hexene, 2-methyl-2-hexene, cis-3methyl-2-hexene, cis-4- methyl-2-hexene, trans-4-methyl-2-hexene, cis-5-methyl-2-hexene, trans-5-methyl-2-hexene, cis-2-methyl-3-hexene, trans-2-methyl- 3-hexene, cis-3-methyl-3-hexene, trans-3-methyl-3-hex 5methyl-1-hexine, 5-methyl-2-hexine, 2-methyl-3-hexine, cis-1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane, trans-1methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane, 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene, 1 -methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene, 3methyl-4-methylenehexane, 1-methyl-4- (5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl) cyclohexene, (S), 1-methyl-4- (1-methylvinyl) benzene , 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnonan, 3-methylnonan, 4-methylnonan, 5 methylnonan, 2-methyl-1-nonen, 2-methyl-2-norbornene, 2-methyl-octane, 3-methyl-octane, 4-methyl-octane , 2methyl-1-octene, 7-methyl-1-octene, cis-2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3pentadiene, 2-methylpent n, 3-methylpentane, 2-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 2methyl-2-pentene, 3-methyl-cis-2-pentene, 3-methyl trans-2-penten, 4-methyl-cis-2-penten, 4-methyl-trans-2penten, 3-methyl-3-penten-1-in, 4-methyl-1-pentin, 4-methyl-2- pentin, 1-methylpheanthrene, 3methylphenanthrene, 4-methylphenanthrene, 2-methyl-1-propen, tetramer, cis- (1-methyl-1-propenyl) benzene, trans- (1-methyl-1-propenyl) benzene, 1- methyl-2-propylbenzene, 1-methyl-3-propylbenzene, 1-methylpyrene, 2 methylpyrene, 2-methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, 2-methylundecane, 3-methylundecane, 1-methyl-4 vinylcyclohexane, p-myrcene, naphthacene, naphtha in, nonadecane, 1,8-nonadiene, 1,8-nonadiene, nonane, 1 nonene, nonylbenzene, nonylcyclohexane, nonylcyclopentane, 1-nonylnaphthalene, 1-nonine, octacosane, octadecahydrochrysene, octadecane, 1-octa decadecene, 1-octa decadecene 7-octadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroanthracene, octahydroindene, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydrophenanthrene, octane,

1,3,5,7-octatetraen, 1-octene, cis-2-octene, cis-3-octene, trans-3-octene, cis-4-octene, trans-4-octene, 1 octen-3-in, octylbenzene, octylcyclohexane, octylcyclopentane, 1-octin, 2-octin, 3-octin, 4-octin, 1,3pentadiine, pentaethylbenzene, pentamethylbenzene, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, 2,2,4,6, 6-pentamethyl-3heptene, 2,2,3,3,4-pentamethylpentane, 2,2,3,4,4-pentamethylpentane, pentane, pentaphene, pentatriacontane, 1pentene, cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, 1-penten-3-in, 1-penten-4-in, cis-3-penten-1-in, trans-3-penten1-in, pentylbenzene, pentylcyclohexane, pentylcyclopentane, 1-pentylnaphthalene, 1-pentin, 2- pentin ylene, α-pellandren, β-pellandren, phenanthrene, phenylacetylene, 9-phenylanthracene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-phenyl-1-butene, 1-phenyl-1H-indene, 1-phenylnaphthalene, 2-phenylnaphthalene, 5'-phenyl-1,1 ': 3', 1''terphenyl, pycene, propane, propene, cis-1-propenylbenzene, trans-1-propenylbenzene, propylbenzene, propylcyclohexane, propylcyclopentane, 4-propylheptane, 1-propylnaphthalene, pyrene, 1.1 ': 4', 1: 4.1 '' quaterphenyl, spiro | 5.5 | undecane, squalene, cis-stilbene, trans-stilbene, styrene, o-terphenyl, terphenyl, p-terphenyl, α- terpinene, γ-terpinene, tetracosan, tetradecahydrofenanthrene, tetradecane, tetradecylben zol, tetradecylcyclohexane, 1,2,3,5-tetraethylbenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methylnaphthalene, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-5-methylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6methylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro 1,1,6trimethylnaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene,

2.2.3.3-tetramethylbutane, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclohexane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylcyclopentane, 1,1,2,2 tetramethylcyclopropane, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylhexane, 2,2,5, 5-tetramethylhexane, 3,3,4,4-tetramethylhexane,

2.2.3.3-tetramethylpentane, 2,2,3,4-tetramethylpentane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane, 2,3,3,4-tetramethylpentane,

1.1.4.4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane, 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene, tetraphenylmethane, 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene, triacontane, tricosan, tricyclo [ 3.3.1 ^3,7 ] decane, tridecane, 1-tridecene, tridecylbenzene, tridecylcyclohexane, 1-tridecine, 1,2,3-triethylbenzene, 1,2,4-triethylbenzene, 1,3,5triethylbenzene, 1,2,4 -triisopropylbenzene, 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4- 44 031711 trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptane , 1,7,7trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-ene, 2,2,3-trimethylbutane, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butene, 1,1,2trimethylcyclohexane, 1,1,3-trimethylcyclopentane 1a, 2a, 4c-1,2,4-trimethylcyclopentane, 2,2,6trimethylheptane, 2,5,5-trimethylheptane, 3,3,5-trimethylheptane, 3,4,5-trimethylheptane, 2,2,3trimethylhexane , 2,2,4-trimethylhexane, 2,3,3-trimethylpentane, 2,3,4-trimethylpentane, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1pentene, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, 2,3 , 4-trimethyl-2-pentene, 1,1,2-triphenylethane, 1,1,2-triphenylethene, triphenylmethane, tritriacontane, 1,10-undecadiene, undecane, 1-undecane, cis-2-undecane, trans-2 undecane, cis4-undecane, trans-4-undecane, cis-5-undecane, trans-5-undecane, undecylbenzene, 1-undecine, 2-undecine, vinylcyclohexane, 1-vinylcyclohexane, 4-vinylcyclohexane, vinylcyclopene tan, 6-vinyl-6-methyl-1isopropyl-3-1- (1-methylethylidene) cyclohexene (S), 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinyl-5norbornene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p- xylene.

In yet another embodiment, the solvent includes at least one representative selected from the group of amines, such as tributylamine, triethylamine, triisopropylamine, N, Ndimethylaniline, tris- (X # dimethylaniline), allyldiethylamine, allyldimethylamine, benzo | G | quinoline. bis [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] methane, 4,4'-bis- (dimethylamino) triphenylmethane, butyldimethylamine, hydrocarbon solvents such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, dipentene, methylcyclohexane, 2-methylpentane, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), pinene, styrene, terpene and mineral oil, aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds such as toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene ( isopropylbenzene), pimol (1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene), mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), prop ilbenzene, pseudocumene (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene), naphthalene, decalin (cis- and trans-decahydronaphthalene), tetraline (1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene), pyrrole, furan, 2,5-diphenylfuran, thiophene, imidazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, acridine, 1,2-dimethylindole, 9,9'-dixantylidene, 2,6-lutidine (2,6dimethylpyridine), 2-picoline (2-methylpyridine), and nitriles, such as acetonitrile and propannitrile. In one embodiment, the amino group is bonded to aryl. Suitable amine solvents are KH-dimethylaniline analogs such as N-benzyl-I-ethylaniline, preferably having a plurality of alkylated amino groups O on aryl, as in the case of 1,3,5 ^^ - ^^ dimethylamino) benzene.

In yet another embodiment, the solvent includes at least one representative selected from the group and derivatives of dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), hexamethylphosphoramide (HFA) , No. methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, acetone, dimethylacetone-1,3-dicarboxylate, 3 ', 4'-dimethylacetophenone, dimethylmethylphosphonate, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, hexamethylphosphoric tri triamide, tributyltibylt butylphosphonate nylboron, triethylphosphite, triethylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, trimethylphosphate, trimethylene borate, trimethylphosphite, triphenylphosphite, tris- (phenyl) phosphine, organometallics such as ferrocene, nickelocene, organometallic, dimethylselenetetyleltetel-tetra-tetleltetel-tetra-tetleltetel-tetra-tetleltetel , phenylthiobenzene and diphenyl selenide, trimethylstibine, tetra-n-butylgermanium, tetrapropyl titanate, tetrabutyl titanate, tributyl aluminate, tributylaluminium, triethyl stibine, trimethylarsin, trimethylindium and triphenylstibide, alkyl for diethyl and bis (phenyl) sulfide, alkilselenidov such as diethylselenide, alkiltelluridov such as dietiltellurid, diethylsulfoxide, ether alliletilovogo, aluminum ethoxide, aluminum ethoxide, aluminum sec-butoxide, trimethyl borate, triethyl borate, tripropilborata, tributylborate, trigeksilborata, triphenylstibine, 1.3 -benzodioxole, benzofuran, 2H-1-benzopyran, benzothiazole, benzo [b] thiophene, benzoxazole, N-benzyl-N-ethylaniline, benzylethyl ether, benzyl methyl ether, benzylphenyl ether, 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,3-bis - (1-methyl-4- piperidyl) propane, bis- (4-methylphenyl) ether, bis- (phenyl) ether, bis- (4-methylphenyl) sulfide, bis- (methylthio) methane, ^ -bis - ^ - morpholinoCtane, 2,2'-bithiophene, 1 - (2-butoxyethoxy) -2-propanol, 1-butoxy-4methylbenzene, 4- [3- (4-butoxyphenoxy) propyl] morpholine, butyl ethyl ether, sec-butyl ether, tert-butyl ethyl ether, butyl ethyl sulfide, tert-butyl ethyl sulfide butyl isobutyl ether, tert-butyl isobutyl ether, tert-butyl isopropyl ether, 1-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzene, butyl methyl ether, sec-butyl methyl ether, butylphenyl ether, N-butylpiperidine, butylpropyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, tert-butyl vinyl ether, dibenzyl ether, 1,4-dibutoxybenzene, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, dibutoxymethane, dibutyl ether, di-butu-butyl ether-di-buta-di-buta-di-buta-di-buta-di-buta-di-buta-di-buta-di-buta-butyl di-buta-di-buta-butyl di-buta-butyl di-buta-butyl di-buta-butyl di-buta-butyl di-buta-butyl di-buta-butyl di-butyl di-butyl di-butyl butyl di-butyl di-buta di butu dicyclomine hydrochloride, diethyl ether, dicyclopentyl ether, 1,2-diethoxybenzene, 1,4-diethoxybenzene, 1,1-diethoxy-N, N-dimethylmethanamine, 1,1-diethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, diethoxymethane, 2- (diethoxymethyl) furan, 1,1-diethoxypentane, 1,1-diethoxypropane, 2,2-diethoxypropane, 3,3-diethoxy-1-propene, 3,3-diethoxy1-propine, N, N-diethylaniline, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethyl telluride, difurfuryl ether, 2,3-dihexyl dihydride 1,4-benzodioxin, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 3,4-dihydro-Ш-2benzopyran, 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran, 2,5-dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran, 2,3- dihydro-1,4

45 031711 dioxin, 3,6-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran, 4,5-dihydro-2-methylthiazole, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran, diisopentyl ether, diisopropyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3dimethoxybenzene, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 4,8-dimethoxyfuro [2,3-b] quinoline, dimethoxymethane, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene , 1,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene, 1,4-dimethoxy-2methylbenzene, 1,2-dimethyl-Ш-imidazole, 1,3-dimethyl-Ш-indole, dimethyl selenide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxepane , 1,3-dioxolane, 1,2-diphenoxitane, diphenylselenide, 1,2-dipropoxyethane, dipropoxymethane, dipr sawn ether, divinyl ether, divinyl sulfide, 3-ethoxy-Y, No. diethylaniline, 2ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, 1-ethoxy-2-methoxyethane, ethyltrimethyl lead, indolizine, 4 methoxypyridine, 6-methoxyquinoline, 1 -3-phenoxybenzene, 1-methyl-4- (phenylthio) benzene, methyltriethyl lead, 1,4-oxathian, oxazole, oxepane, pteridine, tetraethoxy german, titanium (IV) n-butoxide, tetrapropyl titanate, tributylaluminate, tributylaluminite, tri tributyl butyl phosphate, tributyl butyl amine, tri tributyl butyl phosphate, tri tributyl aluminum borate

1.3.5- trietoksibenzola, triethyl borate, triethylphosphine, triethylphosphite, trietilstibina, trimethylindium, trimethyl phosphite, trimetilstibina, triphenylstibine, № (1-cyclopenten-1-yl) pyrrolidine tsiklopentilmetilsulfida, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane U№diallil-2propen-1-amine diallyl sulfide, dibenzofuran, benzo [b] thiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzyl sulfide, NN-dibutylaniline. 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine, dibutyl sulfide, di-sec-butyl sulfide, di-tert-butyl sulfide, didecyl ether, diethylmethylamine, U ^ diethyl-2-methylaniline, KX-diethyl4-methylaniline, N, N-diethyl-1-naphthamine , N, N-diethyl-10H-phenothiazin-1-ethanamine, N, N-diethylα-phenylbenzenemethamine, diethyl sulfide, diheptyl sulfide, dihexyl sulfide, 2,3-dihydrofuran,

2.5- dihydrofuran, 2,3-dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran, 2,3-dihydrothiophene, 2,5-dihydrothiophene, diisobutyl sulfide, diisopentyl sulfide, diisopropyl sulfide, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene, 4,7dimethoxy-5 - allyl-1,3-benzodioxole, 4,4'-dimethoxy-1,1 azo-biphenyl, 1,1-dimethoxydecane, (2,2-dimethoxyethyl) benzene, 1,1-dimethoxyhexadecane, 1,2-dimethoxy-4- ( 1-propenyl) benzene, 4,5dimethoxy-6- (2-propenyl) -1,3-benzodioxole, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene, 2- (pdimethylaminostyryl) benzothiazole, 2,6-dimethylanisole, 3,5 -dimethylanisole, 2,5-dimethylbenzoxazole, N, N-dimethylbenzylamine a, N, N-dimethyl-N'-benzyl-N'-2-pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine, 4'-dimethyl-2,2'bipyridine, dimethyldecylamine, dimethyl ether, (1,1-dimethylethoxybenzene, 2 , 5-dimethylfuran, N, N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine, N, N-dimethyl-2-naphthylamine, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 1,4dimethylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylpiperidine, N, N -dimethyl-1-propanamine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 1,3-dimethyl-Ш-pyrazole, N, N-dimethyl-2-pyridinamine, N, Ndimethyl-4-pyridinamine , 2,3-dimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,5-dimethylpyridine, 2,6dimethylpyridine, 3,4-dimethylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine on, 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, 1,2dimethylpyrrolidine, 2,4-dimethylquinoline, 2,6-dimethylquinoline, 2,7-dimethylquinoline, 2,3dimethylquinoxaline, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyltelluride, 2,5-dimethyl-1,3,4,4 -thiadiazole, 2,7-dimethylthianthrene, 2,4-dimethylthiazole, 4,5-dimethylthiazole, 2,3-dimethylthiophene, 2,4-dimethylthiophene,

2.5- dimethylthiophene, 3,4-dimethylthiophene, 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine, dinonyl ether, dioctyl ether, dioctyl sulfide, dipentyl ether, dipentyl sulfide, 2,5-diphenyl oxazole, 1 (3,3-diphenylpropyl) , 4-bis- (4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl) benzene, diphenyl sulfide, U ^ dipropylaniline, dipropyl sulfide, 1,3-dithian, 1,4-dithian, 1,3-dithiolane, 1-dodecylpiperidine, dotiyepine, doxepin, doxylamine, 1-ethoxy-3-methylbenzene, 1-ethoxy-4-methylbenzene, 2-ethoxy-2-methylbutane, 1-ethoxynaphthalene, 2-ethoxynaphthalene, 2-ethyl-Shbenzimidazole, 9-ethyl-9H-carbazo la, ethyldimethylamine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethylfuran, ethylhexyl ether, 1-ethyl-Ш-imidazole, ethyl isopentyl ether, ethyl isopropyl ether, ethyl-M-isopropyl-2-propanamine, ethyl isopropyl sulfide, 1-ethyl -4-methoxybenzene, N-ethyl-N-methylaniline, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-Ш-benzimidazole, 2-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, ethyl methyl ether, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 3- ethyl 4-methylpyridine, 4-ethyl-2-methylpyridine, ethyl methyl sulfide, Ethyl morpholine, 1-ethyl piperidine, ethyl propyl ether, 2- (1-ethylpropyl) pyridine, 4- (1 ethylpropyl) pyridine, ethyl propyl sulfide , 2-ethylpyrazine, 2-ethylpyridine, 3-ethylpyridine, 4ethylpyridine, 1-ethyl-Ш-pyrrole, 2-ethyltetrahydrofuran, (ethylthio) benzene, ethylthiocyanate, 1 (ethylthio) -4-methylbenzene, 2-ethylthiophene, hexabutyl distannoxane, hexadecyldimethylamine, hexadecyl vinyl ether, 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydropyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrimidine, hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, hydrocotarnine, hydrohydrastinine , imipramine, isobutyl dimethylamine, isopropyl methyl ether, isopropyl methyl sulfide, isopropyl propyl sulfide, (isopropylthio) benzene, isopropyl vinyl ether, mebhydroline, 2-methoxy-1,1'-biphenyl, 4-methoxy-1,1'-biphenyl, 1-methoxy-1,3-butadiene, 2-methoxy-1,3-butadiene, 1-methoxy 1-buten-3-ine, methoxycyclohexane, (2-methoxyethoxy) ethene, 2- (2-methoxyethyl) pyridine, 2-methoxyfuran, 4-methoxyfuro [2,3b] quinoline, 2-methoxy-2-methylbutane, 2- (methoxymethyl) furan, 1-methoxynaphthalene, 2 methoxynaphthalene, trans-1-methoxy-4- (2-phenylvinyl) benzene, 2-methoxy-1-propene, 3-methoxy-1propene, trans-1-methoxy-4- (1 -propenyl) benzene, 1-methoxy-4- (2-propenyl) benzene, 1-methoxy-4propylbenzene, 2-methoxypyridine, 3-methoxypyridine, 3-methoxy pyridine, (2-methoxyvinyl) benzene, 2-methylanisole, 3-methylanisole, 4-methylanisole, 1-methyl-1H-benzimazole, 2-methylbenzofuran, 2 methylbenzothiazole, 2-methylbenzoxazole, 4-methyl-N, N-bis- ( 4-methylphenyl) aniline, [(3- 46 031711 methylbutoxy) methyl] benzene, 1- [2- (3-methylbutoxy) -2-phenylethyl] pyrrolidine, methyl tert-butyl ether, 3-methyl-9H-carbosole, 9-methyl-9H-carbosole, 2-methyl-I, No. dimethylaniline, 3-methyl-I, No. dimethylaniline, 4-methyl-I, No. dimethylaniline, methyldioctylamine, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxane, 2-methyl -1,3 dioxolane, methyldiphenylamine, 1- (1-methylethoxy) butane, 2- [2- (1-methylethoxy) ) ethyl] pyridine, 1- (1-methylethoxy) propane, 2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran, 1-methylimidazole, 1-methyl-Ш-indole, 1 methylisoquinoline, 3-methylisoquinoline, 4-methylisoxazole, 5-methylisoxazole, 4-methylmorpholine methyl-1-naphthylamine, 2-methyloxazole, 4-methyloxazole, 5-methyloxazole, 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, 3- (4methyl-3-pentenyl) furan, methylpentyl ether, methylpentyl sulfide, methyl tert-pentyl sulfide, 10- methyl-10H-phenothiazine, methyl-I-phenylbenzenemethanamine, 1-methyl-H-phenyl-I-benzyl-4-piperidinamine, 2-methyl-5-phenyl-pyridine, 1-methyl-piperidine, 4- (2-methylpropenyl) morpho of methylpropyl ether, 1-methyl-2-propylpiperidine, (S), methylpropylsulfide, methyl-I-2-propynylbenzenemethanamine, 2-methylpyrazine, 1-methyl-Ш-pyrazole, 3-methylpyridine, 4methylpyridine, 2-methylpyrimidine, 4 methylpyrimidine, 5-methylpyrimidine, 1-methylpyrrole, Nmethylpyrrolidine, 3- (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine (±), 2-methylquinoline, 3-methylquinoline, 4 methylquinoline, 5-methylquinoline, 6-methylquinoline, 7 8-methylquinoline, 2 methylquinoxaline, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 2-methylthiazole, 4-methylthiazole, (methylthio) benzene, (methylthio) ethene, [(methylthio) ethyl] benzene, 2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, 3- (methylthio) -1-propene, metisticin, 2- (4-morpholinothio) benzothiazole, myristicin, 1,5-naphthyridine, 1,6-naphthyridine, nicotellin, octylphenyl ether, orphenadrine, papaverine, 2- (3-pentenyl) pyridine, perazine, phenanthridine, 1,7-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-phenanthroline, phenazine, fendimethrazine, phenindamine, 9-phenylacridine, No. phenyl- I-benzylbenzenemethanamine, 2- (2-phenylethyl) pyridine, 2-phenylfuran, 1-phenyl-III-imidazole, 4-phenylmorpholine, 1-phenylpiperidine, phenylpropyl ether, 4- (3phenylpropyl) pyridine, 2-fe nilpyridine, 3-phenylpyridine, 4-phenylpyridine, 1-phenyl-Ш-pyrrole, 1 phenylpyrrolidine, 2-phenylquinoline, phenylvinyl ether, piprotal, promazine, promethazine, trans-5- (1-propenyl) -1,3-benzodioxole, 5 -propyl-1,3-benzodioxole, 2-propylpyridine, 4propylpyridine, (propylthio) benzene, propyl vinyl ether, 4H-pyran, pyrantel, pyrilamine, quinazoline, safrole, 2,2 ': 6', 2-terpyridine, 2,2 ': 5,2-tertiophene, tetrabutyl titanate, tetraethoxymethane, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, UY ^, No.-tetraethyl-1,2-ethanediamine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro

6,7-dimethoxy-1,2-dimethylisoquinoline (±), 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylbenzofuran, cis-tetrahydro-

2,5-dimethylthiophene, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2H-azepine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-tipirane, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-6-propylpyridine, tetrahydropyran, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline, tetrahydrothiophene, KK2.6-tetramethylaniline. N, N, N ', N'tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediamine, YU # ^' - tetramethyl [1,1 '-biphenyl] -4,4'-diamine, UY ^, No.-tetramethyl-

1,4-butanediamine, VU ^, N-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine, VU ^, N-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, tenaldine, tenyldiamine, thiacyclohezane, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, thianthrene, thiazole, thiepane, thietylperazine, thioridazine, 9H-thioxanthene, typeepidine, tributylamine, 1,1,1-triethoxyethane, triethoxymethane, 1,1,1triethoxypropane, triethylaluminium, triethylamine, triethylarsine, triethylene glyutobutyl triamine l triisobutylisobutylisobutylisobutylamine , triisopentylamine, triisopropoxymethane, triisopr piloborate, triisopropylphosphite, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, trimethoxyboroxine, 1,1,1-trimethoxyethane, trimethoxymethane, trimethylaluminium, trimethylamine, trimethylarsin, trimethylborane, trimethylborate, 1,2,4trimethylpiperazine, trimethylpyrazine, 2,3,6-trimethylpyrazine, 2,3,6 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 1,2,5trimethyl-Ш-pyrrole, У ^ 2-trimethyl-6-quinolinamine, triphenylarsine, triphenylphosphite, 2,4,6triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, triprolidine, tripropylamine, tripropylborane, tripropyl borate, tripropylphosphite, tris- (4-dimethylaminophenyl) methane, tris- (ethylthio) methane, tris- (2-methyl enyl) phosphine, tris- (3-methylphenyl) phosphine, tris- (4-methylphenyl) phosphine, 2,4,6-tris- (2-pyridinyl) -1,3,5-thiazine, tris- (o-tolyl ) phosphite, 9-vinyl-9Shcarbazole, 2-vinylfuran, 1-vinyl-2-methoxybenzene, 1-vinyl-3-methoxybenzene, 1-vinyl-4-methoxybenzene, 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 9Hxanthurin, dib , 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzopyran, alverin, 2-butoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, antazoline, 1-benzylpiperidine, 2-benzylpyridine, 4-benzylpyridine, 1-benzyl-1Npyrrole, (benzylthio) benzene, 2.2 ' -bipyridine, 2,3'-bipyridine, 2,4'-bipyridine, 3,3'-bipiri ina, 4,4'bipyridine, 2,2'-bichinoline, 1,3-bis- (1-methyl-4-piperidyl) propane, butyl methyl sulfide, tert-butyl methyl sulfide, 4-butyl morpholine, 4-tert-butyl pyridine, 2-butylthiophene, cusparin, cyclizine, 4- (3-cyclohexen-1-yl) pyridine, cyclohexyl diethylamine, cyclohexyl dimethylamine, silicon-based solvents such as silanes, disilanes, siloxanes and disiloxanes, preferably hexamethyldisiloxane, (CH ₃ ) ₃ SiOCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ and _(CH3) ^ (OSNSN ₂ CH _{3) 2,} halogenated silanes, siloxanes and disiloxane, preferably fluorinated, and ionic liquids such to to alkilimidazolievye and imidazolium salts, preferably methylimidazolium chloride and other similar compounds. Additional fluorine-containing solvents or sources thereof include tetrafluorosilane, hexafluorodisilane, Si _n F _{2n + 2} , such as Si _J6 F ₃₄ , M ₂ SiF ₆ , where M is an alkali metal such as Na ₂ SiF ₆ , and K ₂ SiF ₆ , MSiFe, where M is an alkaline earth metal, such as MgSiF ₆ , GaF ₃ ,

- 47 031711

PF ₅ and MPF ₆ , where M is an alkali metal.

The solvent may include a polymer. The polymer solvent can create a low vapor pressure at the operating temperature of the cell, preferably the polymer is liquid at the operating temperature of the cell. One such polymeric solvent is polypropylene glycol or polypropylene oxide.

Other solvents are those known in the art to have properties that allow them to solvate NaH molecules. Solvent mixtures can be used with any molar fraction. Suitable solvents include at least one representative selected from the group of toluene, naphthalene, hexafluorobenzene, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, trioxane, 1,4-benzodioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and KX-dimethylaniline, bis- (phenyl) ether, 1,4 dioxin, dibenzodioxin or dibenzo [1,4] dioxin and divinyl ether.

In one embodiment, including a liquid solvent, the NaH catalyst is at least one representative selected from a component of the reaction mixture and a product obtained from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture may further comprise at least one representative selected from the group of NaH, Na, NH ₃ , NaNH ₂ , Na ₂ NH, Na ₃ N, H ₂ O, NaOH, NaX (X is an anion, preferably a halide), NaBH ₄ , NaAlH ₄ , Ni, Pt-mobile, Pd-mobile, R-Ni, RNi, doped with structural units in the form of Na, such as at least one representative selected from Na, NaOH and NaH, carrier BPUP, getter, dispersant a hydrogen source such as H2 and a hydrogen dissociator. Preferably, the support does not form an oxide with components of the reaction mixture, such as NaOH, and a solvent, such as ether, preferably BDO. In this case, the carrier may be a noble metal, such as at least one representative selected from Pt, Pd, Au, Ir and Rh, or a noble metal deposited on a carrier, such as Pt or Pd on titanium (Pt or Pd / Tj).

One example of a reaction mixture comprises NaH or a NaH source of at least one representative selected from nickel powder having a large specific surface area, cobalt powder having a large specific surface area, and a powdered rare earth metal, preferably La, and an ether solvent, preferably 1 , 4-benzodioxane (BDO).

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises NaH + solvent + support, wherein (1) the support comprises at least one support selected from a specific large reduced specific surface area of powdered Ni, powdered La, and carbon, such as nanotubes, preferably single walled, graphite, graphene, diamond-like carbon (APU), hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (GAPU), diamond powder, graphite carbon, glassy carbon, and carbon together with other metals, as in the case of Pd or Pt / carbon Or dopants containing other elements, as in the case of a fluorinated carbon, preferably graphite, fluorinated or fluorinated diamond; and (2) the solvent includes an ether such as 1,4dibenzodioxane (DBO), dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,4-dioxane and biphenyl ether, N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA-n), perfluorinated alkane or aryl, such as hexafluorobenzene, hexamethylphosphoramide (HFA), protonated amine and toluene. In other embodiments, at least one member selected from Na, K, KH, Li, and LiH takes the place of NaH. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises structural units selected from the group of Na, NaH, NaF, a solvent, preferably a solvent based on fluorinated carbon, and a BPUP material such as carbon, preferably single-walled nanotubes.

Suitable reaction mixtures contain at least one representative selected from group (1) NaH, hexafluorobenzene and at least one representative selected from nanotubes, powdered Pr, activated carbon and mesoporous carbon doped with powdered Al, La, Y or Ni, or the corresponding carbide, (2) NaH or KH, 1,4-dibenzodioxane (DBO) and at least one representative selected from powdered La, powdered Nd and carbide Al, La, Y and Ni, (3) NaH, dioxane and powdered Co or Nd, (4) NaH, NaOH, BDO and powder znogo Teflon. The mass percentage levels may correspond to any ratios, preferably they are approximately equivalent. In yet another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a structural unit selected from Na, NaH, a solvent, preferably an ether solvent, and an BPOU material, such as a metal, preferably rare earth. A suitable reaction mixture contains NaH, 1,4-dibenzodioxane (BDO) and La. The levels of mass percentages can correspond to any ratios, preferably they are approximately 10/45/45 wt.%, Respectively. In yet another example of an embodiment of an energy cell, the reaction mixture comprises NaH, R-Ni, or a large specific surface area powder Ni and an ether solvent. In certain embodiments of the chemical cell, the reaction mixture further comprises a getter for hydrino hydride ions and molecular hydrino, such as an alkali metal halide, preferably sodium halide, such as at least one representative selected from NaF, NaCl, NaBr and Nal.

- 48 031711

In one embodiment, the solvent contains a halogen functional group, preferably fluorine. A suitable reaction mixture contains at least one representative selected from hexafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene added to a catalyst such as NaH and mixed with a carrier such as activated carbon, fluoropolymer or R-Ni. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture contains one or more structural units selected from the group of Na, NaH, a solvent, preferably a fluorinated solvent, and a BPMU material. The BAPN material may include at least one representative selected from a metal or alloy having a carbon coating, such as at least one representative selected from powdered Co, Ni, Fe, Mn and other transition metals, preferably nanopowders, preferably from one to ten carbon layers, and more preferably three layers, in accordance with methods known to those skilled in the art; carbon, preferably a nanopowder, having a coating of a metal or alloy, such as carbon, having a coating of a transition metal, preferably at least one representative selected from Ni, Co and Mn, and fluoride, preferably metal fluoride. Preferably, the metal is suitable for coating on it in the form of a non-reactive fluoride layer, for example as in the case of steel, nickel, copper or monel metal. The coated metal may be a powder having a large specific surface area. Other suitable metals are rare earth metals, such as La, having a fluoride coating, which may contain LaF _x , such as LaF ₃ . In certain embodiments, the metal fluoride is more stable than MF, where M is a catalyst or a catalyst source such as Li, Na and K. In one additional embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises fluoride, such as metal fluoride. The fluoride may contain a catalyst metal, for example as in the case of NaF, KF and LiF, and may further comprise a transition, noble metal, intermetallic composite, rare earth metal, lanthanide, preferably La or Gd, and actinoid metal, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, metalloids, B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, alkali metal and alkaline earth metals. Fluoride may include a getter, as well as BPUP material. In one embodiment, the metal may include an alloy, such as an LaNi ₅ and Ni-Y alloy, or carbide, preferably resistant to the formation of inorganic fluoride.

A suitable fluorinated regeneration solvent is CF4. One carrier or BPMU material suitable for a fluorinated solvent in conjunction with NaH catalysts is NaF. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least NaH, CF ₄ and NaF. Other fluorine-based carriers or getters include M ₂ SiF ₆ , where M is an alkali metal, as in the case of Na ₂ SiF ₆ , and K ₂ SiF ₆ , MSiF ₆ , where M is an alkaline earth metal, as in the case of MgSiF ₆ , GaF ₃ , PF ₅ , MPF ₆ , where M is an alkali metal, MHF ₂ , where M is an alkali metal, as in the case of NaHF ₂ and KHF ₂ , K ₂ TaF ₇ , KBF4, K2MnF6 and K2ZrF6, where provided and other similar compounds, such as those having a different substitution with alkali or alkaline earth metals, such as in the case of one representative, select of Li, Na or K as an alkali metal.

In one embodiment, the solvent contains fluorine and at least one other element, where fluorides based on at least one other element are thermodynamically or kinetically stable with respect to the reaction with NaH and preferably liquid at a cell operating temperature, which may range from 200 to 700 ° C. The other element may be Si, Te, Se or Sb. The solvent may be Si _x F _y , where x and y are integers. In yet another embodiment, the chemistry of the solvent with respect to NaH or any other reactant in the reaction mixture corresponds to the chemistry of a reversible reaction, such as a reversible reaction for NaF and H2 with respect to a fluorinated solvent, preferably containing carbon, and NaH. In one embodiment, including NaH and a fluorinated solvent, H2 is fed into the reaction mixture with the fluorinated solvent, because NaH is less reactive with respect to any CF bonds, and H2 reduces the amount of Na.

In one embodiment, at least one representative selected from a fluorinated solvent and a BPC material is protected from exposure to the formation of NaF. Fluorocarbons are resistant to strong bases, and in one embodiment, the NaH catalyst source is a strong base. The source may be at least one representative selected from Na, NaH, NaNH2, NH3, NaOH, Na2O and a hydrogen source, such as at least one representative selected from hydride and H2 and a dissociator. Examples of reactions to produce a NaH catalyst, to some extent regenerative, are given in equations (158-161), (168) and (177-183) below. Equations (158-161) give a cycle for NaOH in preparing a NaH catalyst. The reaction described in equation (158) may limit the amount of Na that reacts with the fluorocarbon solvent. A reducing agent may be added to the reaction mixture containing NaOH to produce NaH and oxide.

- 49 031711 reducing agent. The reagent can be recycled as a result of reduction of the oxide with hydrogen, which can additionally lead to the production of NaOH. Hydrogen can be dissociated by the action of a dissociator. The reducing agent may be a metal having the corresponding oxide, which can be reduced with hydrogen, as in the case of Cr, Fe, Sn and Zn. Alternatively, an oxide, such as ZnO, can be reduced to produce metal by heating to a high temperature, such as equal to approximately 1750 ° C. In other embodiments, the fluorinated solvent may be replaced by another type, such as at least one representative selected from ether, preferably one selected from dibenzodioxin, dibenzo-1,4-dioxane, dioxane and dimethoxyethane, and a hydrocarbon such as at least one representative selected from toluene, xylene, benzene, naphthalene, naphthacene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluorantene and pyrene. The carrier may be a metal, preferably at least one representative selected from La, Pr, Co and Nd.

A suitable reaction mixture contains NaH or a source of NaH, a solvent, preferably fluorocarbon, such as CF ₄ , hexafluorobenzene (HFC) or perfluoroheptane, a carrier, preferably including carbon and a metal, and optionally hydrogen. Carbon may preferably include activated carbon (AC), but may also include other forms, such as glassy carbon, coke, graphite carbon and carbon together with a dissociator metal, such as Pt or Pd, where the mass% is in the range from 0, 1 to 5 wt.%. The metal may be in the form of at least one representative selected from a powdered metal, hydride or carbide, since in the case of at least one representative selected from the group of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, preferably Mg in the form of MgH2, Al in the form of a metal or carbide such as Al4C3, a rare earth metal or its carbide, preferably La, a metal or an alloy, preferably a nanopowder, having a coating of carbon, such as at least one representative selected from powdered Co, Ni, Fe, Mn other transition metals having preferably from one to ten carbon layers, and more preferably three layers, and carbon, preferably a nanopowder having a metal or alloy coating, such as carbon having a transition metal coating, preferably at least one representative selected from Ni, Co and Mn. The metal can be intercalated with carbon. In the case of an intercalated metal in the form of Na and a catalyst in the form of NaH, preferably the intercalation for Na is saturated. Reagents may be present with any desired ratios, such as in the case of (1) NaH (14 wt.%), HFB (14 wt.%), AC (58 wt.%) And MgH ₂ (14 wt.%); (2) NaH (14 wt.%), HFB (14 wt.%), AS (58 wt.%) And Al (14 wt.%); (3) NaH (14 wt.%), HFB (14 wt.%), AS (58 wt.%) And Al ₄ C ₃ (14 wt.%); (4) NaH (14 wt.%), HFB (14 wt.%), AS (58 wt.%) And Co nanopowder having a coating of carbon (14 wt.%); (5) NaH (14 wt.%), HFB (14 wt.%), AS (58 wt.%) And La (14 wt.%). In other embodiments, mesoporous carbon takes the place of activated carbon AS, and in others, the amount of solvent is increased, preferably with a coefficient in the range of two to three with respect to the amount of other reagents. In other embodiments, another catalyst, such as K or Li, takes the place of the NaH catalyst.

In one general embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a component called a protective agent or a blocking agent, which at least partially inhibits the passage of an undesired reaction between one component of the mixture and another. Preferably, the protective agent or blocking agent is non-reactive with the solvent or carrier. Strong bases are inactive with fluorocarbons; while Na is reactive in this respect. Thus, in one embodiment, at least one representative selected from H2, NaOH, NaNH2 and NH3 may be added to the reaction mixture as a blocking agent to carry out the reaction with any amount of Na obtained during the reaction to form hydrino, and preventing a reaction from occurring between it and the carrier, such as a fluorocarbon carrier. One example of a reaction mixture contains NaH, a blocking agent, such as at least one representative selected from NaOH, NaNH ₂ , NH ₃ , H ₂ , a solvent, such as at least one representative selected from BDO, crown ether, polypropylene oxide , CF ₄ and HFB, and a carrier comprising at least fluorocarbon, such as Teflon powder. Examples of protective agents are hydride and carbide. The protected reagent may be a metal carrier. The reaction may include NaH and an ether solvent, such as BDO, and a metal hydride, such as a rare earth metal hydride, or carbide, such as carbides, of at least one representative selected from Al, rare earth and transition metals.

In a second general embodiment, the reaction mixture for a prolonged period of time is substantially stable with respect to the reaction among components other than those that form hydrino. Preferably, the solvent, such as a polar solvent, is non-reactive with respect to the catalyst or carrier. For example, an ether solvent is not reactive with NaH as a catalyst source, a fluorocarbon carrier, or a powdered rare earth metal, hydride, or carbide

- 50 031711 at a suitable low reaction temperature, such as less than 350 ° C. Thus, one example of a reaction mixture comprises NaH, an ether solvent, such as BDO, dioxane, or a crown ether, and a carrier material based on powdered rare earth metal, such as powdered La. Another carrier includes an alloy resistant to reaction with a solvent such as LaNi ₅ .

In a third general embodiment, the reaction mixture contains reagents that form hydrino in high yield, since a side reaction also proceeds between the components. Reagents can be regenerated for another hydrino production cycle. One example of a reaction mixture comprises NaH, a fluorocarbon solvent such as CF ₄ , and a carrier such as at least one representative selected from Teflon, fluorinated graphite, activated carbon, graphene, and mesoporous carbon, plus at least one representative selected from powdered Al, La, Co, Ni, Mn, Y and Fe and their carbides. Preferably, the metal and carbide contain a mixture, such as a mixture of Ni, Co, Mn. Metals and carbides may be present in any ratio by weight.%. Preferably, the composition and ratios between weight percent (%) are from about 20 to 25% Ni, from 60 to 70% Co, and from 5 to 15% Mn. In yet another embodiment, the metal and carbide form a mixture with other elements, such as one representative selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, S, and Ca. Metals and carbides and other elements may be present with any ratio by weight. Preferably, the composition and ratios by weight percent (%) are about 20 ± 5% Ni, 65 ± 5% Co, 10 ± 5% Mn, 1 ± 5% Fe, 1 ± 2% S and 0.5 ± 2% Ca. In other embodiments, the carbon carrier comprises carbon having a large specific surface area, such as activated carbon or mesoporous carbon, and at least one metal that forms less thermodynamically stable fluoride when compared to NaF, such as nickel, iron, iridium, vanadium , lead, molybdenum and tungsten.

Other embodiments include reaction mixtures, including any combination of these three general embodiments, based on them, any combination thereof, or any alternative reaction strategies or chains.

In one embodiment, the source or sources of catalyst and atomic hydrogen include at least one representative selected from amides, such as LiNH2, imides, such as Li ₂ H nitrides, such as Li ₃ N, and a metal catalyst together with NH ₃ . The reactions of these structural units provide both Li atoms and atomic hydrogen. In addition, K, Cs, and Na may take the place of Li, and the catalyst is atomic K, atomic Cs, and molecular NaH. In yet another embodiment, the reaction mixture containing the liquid solvent, the catalyst is Li. The reaction mixture may further comprise a structural unit selected from the group of Li, LiNH ₂ , Li ₂ NH, Li ₃ N, LiNO ₃ , LiX, NH4X (X is an anion, preferably a halide), NH3, R-Ni, BPUP support, getter , a dispersant, a hydrogen source such as H2, and a hydrogen dissociator. b. Inorganic solvents.

In yet another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least one inorganic solvent. The solvent may further include a molten inorganic compound, such as a molten salt. The inorganic solvent may be molten NaOH. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a catalyst, a hydrogen source, and an inorganic solvent for the catalyst. The catalyst may be at least one representative selected from NaH, Li, and K. The solvent may be at least one representative selected from a molten or melted salt or eutectic, such as at least one representative selected from molten salts from the group alkali metal halides and alkaline earth metal halides. The inorganic solvent of the NaH catalyst reaction mixture may include a low melting eutectic in the form of a mixture of alkali metal halides such as NaCl and KCl. The solvent may be a low melting salt, preferably a Na salt, such as at least one representative selected from Nal (660 ° C), NaAlCl ₄ (160 ° C), NaAlF ₄ and a compound of the same class as NaMX ₄ , where M is a metal, and X is a halide corresponding to a metal halide that is more stable than NaX. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier, such as R-Ni.

The inorganic solvent of the reaction mixture containing the Li catalyst may include a low melting eutectic in the form of a mixture of alkali metal halides such as LiCl and KCl. The molten salt based solvent may include a fluorine based solvent that is stable with respect to NaH. The melting point of LaF ₃ is 1493 ° C, and the melting point of NaF is 996 ° C. The mixture obtained in a ball mill with the proper ratios, if necessary together with other fluorides, if necessary, contains a solvent based on a salt of hydrofluoric acid, which is stable with respect to NaH and melts preferably in the range of 600 ° C-700 ° C. In one embodiment, include

- 51 031711 with a molten salt, the reaction mixture contains a NaH + salt mixture, such as NaF-KF-LiF (11.542.0-46.5), melting point = 454 ° C, or NaH + salt mixture, such as LiF-KF (52-48%), melting point = 492 ° C.

V. Systems and reactions of regeneration.

A schematic drawing of a system for recirculating or recovering a fuel in accordance with the present description of the invention is shown in FIG. 4. In one embodiment, the by-products of the hydrino reaction include a metal halide MX, preferably NaX or KX. Installation for sending fuel for recycling 18 (Fig. 4) includes a separator 21 for separating inorganic compounds, such as NaX, from the carrier. In one embodiment, the separator or its component includes a sifter or cyclone separator 22, which produce separation based on differences in the densities of the structural units. One additional separator or component thereof includes a magnetic separator 23, where magnetic particles such as nickel or iron are magnetically drawn while a stream of non-magnetic material such as MX flows through the separator. In yet another embodiment, the separator or component thereof includes a differential solubilization or suspension system 24 of the product, including washing the component 25 with a solvent, which dissolves or suspends at least one component to a greater extent than the other, and may further include an extraction system 26 compounds, such as a solvent evaporator 27 and a collector of compound 28. Alternatively, the recovery system includes a precipitant 29 and a dryer and collector of the compound 30. In one embodiment, for heating at least one representative selected from the evaporator 27 and the dryer 30 (FIG. 4), waste heat is used from the turbine 14 and the water condenser 16 shown in FIG. 4. Heat for any of the other stages of the installation for recycling 18 (FIG. 4) may include waste heat.

The plant for sending fuel to recycling 18 (FIG. 4) further includes an electrolytic cell 31, which electrolyzes the recovered MX or other halogenated or halide product to produce metal and gaseous halogen. In one embodiment, electrolysis takes place in an energy reactor 36, preferably from a melt, such as a eutectic melt. Electrolysis gas and metal-containing products are collected separately in a high-volatility gas collector 32 and a metal collector 33, which may further include a distillation cube or metal separator 34 in the case of a metal mixture, respectively. In the case of the initial hydride reagent, the metal is hydrogenated using a hydriding reactor 35 including a cell 36 capable of generating pressures lower, greater and equal to atmospheric, an inlet and an outlet 37 for metal and hydride, an inlet 38 for hydrogen gas and its a valve 39, a hydrogen gas supply 40, a gas outlet 41 and a valve 42, a pump 43, a heater 44, and pressure and temperature sensors 45. In one embodiment, the source 40 chi hydrogen water comprises an electrolyzer equipped with a separator of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen. The recovered metal-containing product is at least partially halogenated in a halogenation reactor 46 including a cell 47 capable of creating pressures lower, greater and equal to atmospheric, an inlet for carbon and an outlet 48 for a halogenated product, an inlet 39 for gaseous fluorine and its valve 50, halogen gas supply 51, gas outlet 52 and valve 53, pump 54, heater 55, and pressure and temperature sensors 56. Preferably, the reactor also contains catalysis Orae and other reagents to encourage conversion of the metal halide 57 in a product having the required degree of oxidation and stoichiometry. At least two representatives selected from metal or metal hydride, metal halide, support and other initial reagents, after mixing in mixer 58, are recycled to boiler 10 for another energy generation cycle.

In examples of hydrino-forming and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains NaH, Mg, MnI ₂ and the carrier is activated carbon, WC, or TiC. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides under the influence of MnI ₂ , such as the following:

2KN + MM ₂ 2KI + Mn + H ₂ (86)

Mg + Mnh X Mgh + Μη (87)

KI and MgI ₂ can be electrolyzed to produce I ₂ , K and Mg from the molten salt. Melt electrolysis can be carried out using a Downs cell or a modified Downs cell. Mn can be separated using a mechanical separator and, if necessary, sieves. Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂ can be separated by melting and separation of solid and liquid phases. Electrolysis iodides can be obtained by washing the reaction products with a suitable solvent, such as deoxygenated water. The solution may be filtered to remove a carrier, such as an AC, and optionally a transition metal. The solid can be centrifuged and dried, preferably using

- 52 031711 the use of waste heat from the energy system. Alternatively, the halides can be separated by melting, followed by separation of the liquid and solid phases. In yet another embodiment, the lighter AS can be initially separated from other reaction products by a method such as cyclone separation. K and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metals, such as K, can be hydrogenated with gaseous H ₂ , preferably obtained by electrolysis of H ₂ O. Metal iodide can be obtained by known reactions with a separated metal or with a metal not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Mn is reacted with HI to produce MnI ₂ , and H ₂ is recycled and reacted with I ₂ to produce HI. In other embodiments, other metals, preferably a transition metal, take the place of Mn. The place of Mg may be occupied by another reducing agent, such as Al. The iodide may be replaced by another halide, preferably chloride. Place NaH may take LiH, KH, RbH or CsH.

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, Mg, AgCl catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides with AgCl, such as the following:

KCl and MgCl2 can be electrolyzed to produce Cl2, K and Mg from the molten salt. Melt electrolysis can be carried out using a Downs cell or a modified Downs cell. Ag can be separated using a mechanical separator and optionally sieves. Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂ can be separated by melting and separation of solid and liquid phases. Chlorides for electrolysis can be obtained by washing the reaction products with a suitable solvent, such as deoxygenated water. The solution may be filtered to remove a carrier such as AC and, optionally, metallic Ag. The solid can be centrifuged and dried, preferably using waste heat from the energy system. Alternatively, the halides can be separated by melting, followed by separation of the liquid and solid phases. In yet another embodiment, the lighter AS can be initially separated from other reaction products by a method such as cyclone separation. K and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metals, such as K, can be hydrogenated with gaseous H2, preferably obtained by electrolysis of H2O. Metal chloride can be obtained by known reactions with separated metal or with metal not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Ag is reacted with Cl ₂ to produce AgCl, and H ₂ is recycled and reacted with I ₂ to produce HI. In other embodiments, other metals, preferably a transition metal or In, take the place of Ag. The place of Mg may be occupied by another reducing agent, such as A1. The iodide may be replaced by another halide, preferably chloride. Place NaH may take LiH, KH, RbH or CsH.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture is regenerated from the reaction products to form hydrino. In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the solid fuel reaction mixture contains a KH or NaH, Mg or MgH2 catalyst and an alkaline earth metal halide such as BaBr2, and a carrier is activated carbon, WC, or preferably TiC. In one embodiment, the exothermic source is an oxidation reaction of metal or metal hydrides with BaBr ₂ , such as the following:

2KN + Mg + BaBr ₂ Oe 2KBr + Ba + MgH ₂ (90)

2NaH + Mg + BaBr ₂ -> INaBr + Ba + M% N _g (91)

The melting points of Ba, magnesium, MgH ₂ , NaBr and KBr are 727 ° C, 650 ° C, 327 ° C, 747 ° C and 734 ° C, respectively. Thus, MgH ₂ can be separated from barium and any Ba-Mg intermetallic composite by holding MgH2 as needed by adding H2, preferably melting MgH2 and separating the liquid from the mixture of reaction products. If necessary, it can be thermally decomposed to produce Mg. After this, the remaining reaction products can be added to the electrolysis melt. The solid support and Ba are deposited to form preferably separable layers. Alternatively, Ba may be separated as a liquid by melting. After that, NaBr or KBr can be electrolyzed to produce an alkali metal and Br ₂ . The latter is reacted with Ba to produce BaBr ₂ . Alternatively, Ba is an anode, and BaBr2 is formed directly in the anode space. The alkali metal can be hydrated followed by electrolysis or obtained in the cathode space during electrolysis by sparging H2 in the space. After that, MgH2 or Mg, NaH or KH, BaBr2 and the carrier are returned to the reaction mixture. In other embodiments, BaBr2 is replaced by another alkaline earth metal halide, preferably BaCl2. In yet another embodiment, regeneration reactions can proceed without

- 53 031711 electrolysis due to the small difference in energies between the reactants and products. The reactions described by equations (90-91) can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions, such as temperature or hydrogen pressure. Alternatively, molten or volatile structural units, such as K or Na, can be selectively removed to stimulate the reverse reaction and regenerate the reagent or structural unit, which can be further introduced into the reaction and re-added to the cell to obtain the initial reaction mixture. In yet another embodiment, the volatile structural unit can be continuously maintained by boiling to maintain a reversible reaction between the catalyst or catalyst source, such as NaH, KH, Na or K, and the initial oxidizing agent, such as an alkaline earth metal halide or a rare earth metal halide. In one embodiment, boiling aging is achieved using a still, such as still, 34 shown in FIG. 4. In yet another embodiment, reaction conditions, such as temperature or pressure of hydrogen, may be changed to reverse the reaction. In this case, the reaction is initially carried out in the forward direction to obtain hydrino and products of the reaction mixture. After this, products other than low-energy hydrogen are converted to the initial reactants. This can be done by changing the conditions of the reaction and possibly adding or removing at least partial, the same or other products or reagents as those that were originally used or received. Thus, direct reactions and regeneration reactions are carried out in alternating cycles. Hydrogen may be added to replace the one consumed in the preparation of hydrino. In yet another embodiment, the reaction conditions, such as elevated temperature, are maintained, and the reversible reaction is optimized so that both the forward and reverse reactions proceed in a manner that achieves the desired, preferably maximum, hydrino formation rate.

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the solid fuel reaction mixture contains a NaH, Mg, FeBr ₂ catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the exothermic source is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides by FeBr ₂ , such as the following:

2NaH + FeBr ₂ Oe 2NaBr + Fe + H ₂ (92)

Mg + FeBri-1/ ₂ MgBr ₂ + Fe (93)

NaBr and MgBr2 can be electrolyzed to produce Br2, Na and Mg from the molten salt. Melt electrolysis can be carried out using a Downs cell or a modified Downs cell. Fe is ferromagnetic and can be magnetically separated using a mechanical separator and, if necessary, sieves. In yet another embodiment, the place of Fe may be occupied by ferromagnetic Ni. Unreacted Mg or MgH2 can be separated by melting and separation of solid and liquid phases. Electrolysis bromides can be obtained by washing the reaction products with a suitable solvent, such as deoxygenated water. The solution may be filtered to remove a carrier, such as an AC, and optionally a transition metal. The solid can be centrifuged and dried, preferably using waste heat from the energy system. Alternatively, the halides can be separated by melting, followed by separation of the liquid and solid phases. In yet another embodiment, the lighter AS can be initially separated from other reaction products by a method such as cyclone separation. Na and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metals, such as Na, can be hydrogenated with gaseous H2, preferably obtained by electrolysis of H2O. Metal bromide can be obtained by known reactions with a separated metal or with a metal not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Fe is reacted with HBr to produce FeBr2, and H2 is recycled and reacted with Br ₂ to produce HBr. In other embodiments, other metals, preferably a transition metal, take the place of Fe. The place of Mg may be occupied by another reducing agent, such as Al. The bromide may be replaced by another halide, preferably chloride. Place NaH may take LiH, KH, RbH or CsH.

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the solid fuel reaction mixture contains a KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH ₂ , SnBr ₂ catalyst and a carrier, activated carbon, WC, or preferably TiC. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a metal or metal hydride oxidation reaction by SnBr ₂ , such as the following:

2KN + SnBr ₂ -4 2KBr + Sn + H ₂ (94)

2NaH + SnBr ₂ -> 2NaBr + Sn + H ₂ (95)

Mg + SnBr <Oe MgBr ₂ + Sn (96)

The melting points of tin, magnesium, MgH ₂ , NaBr, and KBr are 119, 650, 327, 747, and 734 ° C.

- 54 031711, respectively. The tin-magnesium alloy will melt above a temperature, such as 400 ° C., for about 5 wt.% Mg, as shown in the phase diagram of their alloys. In one embodiment, metal tin and magnesium and their alloys are separated from the carrier and halides by melting the metals and alloys and separating the liquid and solid phases. The alloy can be reacted with H ₂ at a temperature that provides solid MgH ₂ and tin metal. The solid and liquid phases can be separated to obtain MgH ₂ and tin. MgH ₂ can be thermally decomposed to produce Mg and H ₂ . Alternatively, H ₂ can be added in situ to the reaction products at a temperature selective for the conversion of any unreacted Mg and any Sn-Mg alloy to solid MgH ₂ and liquid tin. Tin can be selectively removed. After that, MgH ₂ can be heated and removed as a liquid. The halides can then be removed from the carrier by methods such as (1) melting and phase separation, (2) cyclone separation based on density differences, where a dense carrier such as WC is preferred, or (3) screening based on size differences . Alternatively, the halides can be dissolved in a suitable solvent, and the liquid and solid phases can be separated by methods such as filtration. The liquid can be evaporated, and then the halides can be subjected to melt electrolysis to obtain metallic Na or K and possibly Mg, which are immiscible, and each of which is separated. In yet another embodiment, K is obtained by reducing the halide using metallic Na, which is regenerated by electrolysis of sodium halide, preferably the same halide as that formed in the hydrino reactor. In addition, gaseous halogen, such as Br ₂ , is collected from the electrolysis melt and reacted with Sn to produce SnBr ₂ , which is recycled together with NaH or KH and Mg or MgH ₂ to carry out another reaction cycle with hydrino formation, where hydrides are obtained by hydrogenation with gaseous H ₂ . In one embodiment, HBr is prepared and reacted with Sn to produce SnBr ₂ . HBr can be obtained by carrying out the reaction between Br ₂ and H ₂ or during electrolysis by sparging H2 at the anode, the advantage of which is the reduction of electrolysis energy. In another embodiment, another metal, preferably a transition metal, takes the place of Sn, and another halide, such as I., can take the place of Br.

In yet another embodiment, initially all the reaction products are reacted with aqueous HBr, and the solution is concentrated to precipitate SnBr ₂ from MgBr ₂ and KBr solution. Other suitable solvents and separation methods may be used to separate the salts. After that, MgBr ₂ and KBr are electrolyzed to produce Mg and K. Alternatively, Mg or MgH _{2 is} first removed using mechanical or selective solvent methods, so that only KBr would be electrolyzed. In one embodiment, the molten Sn is removed from solid MgH ₂ , which can be obtained by adding H2 during or after the reaction to form hydrino. After that, MgH2 or Mg, KBr and a support are added to the electrolysis melt. The carrier is deposited in the sedimentation zone due to its large particle size. MgH2 and KBr form part of the melt and are separated based on density. Mg and K are immiscible, and K also forms a separate phase, so that Mg and K are collected separately. The anode may be Sn, so that K, Mg and SnBr ₂ are the electrolysis products. The anode may be liquid tin, or liquid tin may be sprayed on the anode to undergo a reaction with bromine and produce SnBr ₂ . In this case, the energy interval during regeneration is the interval for the connection in comparison with a higher elementary interval corresponding to elementary products on both electrodes. In one additional embodiment, the reagents comprise KH, a carrier, and SnI ₂ or SnBr ₂ . Sn can be removed as a liquid, and the remaining products, such as KX and the support, can be added to the electrolysis melt, where the support is separated based on density. In this case, a dense carrier such as WC is preferred.

The reagents may contain an oxygen-containing compound to produce an oxide product, such as a catalyst oxide or a catalyst source, such as NaH, Li or K oxide, and a reducing agent such as Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Ti, B, Zr or La oxide. In one embodiment, the reactants are regenerated by reaction between an oxide and an acid, such as hydrohalic acid, preferably HCl, to produce the corresponding halide, such as chloride. In one embodiment, oxidized carbon structural units, such as a structural unit in the form of a carbonate, bicarbonate, carboxylic acid, such as oxalic acid or oxalate, can be reduced with a metal or metal hydride. Preferably, at least one representative selected from Li, K, Na, LiH, KH, NaH, Al, Mg and MgH2 reacts with a structural unit containing carbon and oxygen, and forms the corresponding metal oxide or hydroxide and carbon. Each corresponding metal can be regenerated by electrolysis. Electrolysis can be carried out using molten salt, such as a molten eutectic mixture. The electrolysis product in the form of a halogen gas, such as chlorine gas, can be used to produce the corresponding acid, such as HCl, within

- 55 031711 parts of the regeneration cycle. Halogen-hydrogen acid HX can be obtained by carrying out the reaction between gaseous halogen and gaseous hydrogen and, if necessary, dissolving the gaseous hydrogen halide in water. Preferably, hydrogen gas is obtained by electrolysis of water. Oxygen may be a reactant of the reaction mixture to produce hydrino, or may be introduced into the reaction to produce an oxygen source of the reaction mixture to produce hydrino. The step of carrying out the reaction between the oxide reaction product to form hydrino oxide and an acid may include washing the product with an acid to form a solution containing metal salts. In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction mixture and the corresponding product mixture contain a carrier, such as carbon, preferably activated carbon. Metal oxides can be separated from the carrier by dissolving them in aqueous acid. Thus, the product can be washed with acid and can be further filtered to separate the components of the reaction mixture. Water can be removed by evaporation using heat, preferably waste heat from the energy system, and salts, such as metal chlorides, can be added to the electrolysis mixture to produce metals and gaseous halogen. In one embodiment, any methane or hydrocarbon product may be reformed to produce hydrogen, and optionally carbon or carbon dioxide. Alternatively, methane may be separated from the mixture of gaseous products and sold as a commercial product. In yet another embodiment, methane can be converted to other hydrocarbon products by methods known in the art, such as Fischer-Tropsch reactions. Methane formation can be suppressed by the addition of an interfering gas, such as an inert gas, and exposure to adverse conditions such as reduced hydrogen pressure or temperature.

In yet another embodiment, the metal oxides are directly electrolyzed from the eutectic mixture. Oxides, such as MgO, can be reacted with water to produce hydroxides, such as Mg (OH) ₂ . In one embodiment, the hydroxide is reduced. The reducing agent may be an alkali metal or its hydride, such as Na or NaH. The hydroxide product can be directly electrolyzed in the form of a molten salt. Hydrino-formed reaction products, such as alkali metal hydroxides, can also be used as a commercial product, and the corresponding halides are accumulated. After that, the halides can be electrolyzed to produce gaseous halogen and metal. Halogen gas can be used as a commercial industrial gas. The metal can be hydrogenated with hydrogen gas, preferably obtained by electrolysis of water, and fed to the reactor as part of the reaction mixture to produce hydrino.

A reducing agent, such as an alkali metal, can be regenerated from a product comprising the corresponding compound, preferably NaOH or Na2O, using methods and systems known to those skilled in the art. One method involves electrolysis in a mixture such as a eutectic mixture. In one additional embodiment, the reducing agent product may contain at least some oxide, such as a metal reducing agent oxide (e.g., MgO). The hydroxide or oxide can be dissolved in a weak acid, such as hydrochloric acid, to obtain the corresponding salt, such as NaCl or MgCl ₂ . The acid treatment may also be an anhydrous reaction. Gas flows can be bypassed at low pressure. The salt may be treated with the product with a reducing agent, such as an alkaline or alkaline earth metal, to obtain an initial reducing agent. In one embodiment, the second reducing agent is an alkaline earth metal, preferably Ca, where NaCl or MgCl2 is reduced to produce metallic Na or Mg. Additional product CaCl _{3 is} also recovered and recycled. In one alternative embodiment, the oxide is reduced by exposure to H2 at high temperature.

In examples of hydrino forming and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH ₂ , O ₂ catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides under the influence of O ₂ , such as the following:

MgH ₂ + O ₂ -> Mg (OH) ₂ (97)

MgH ₂ + 1.5O ₂ + C -E MgCOj + N _g (98)

NaH + 3 / 2O ₂ Yu NaHCO) (99)

INaH + »INaOH (100)

Any MgO product can be converted to hydroxide by reaction with water MgO + Н ₂ О -> Mg (OH) ₂ (I о 1)

Carbonate, sodium or magnesium bicarbonate and other structural units containing carbon and oxygen can be reduced by the action of Na or NaH:

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NaH + Na ^ COi A 3NaOH + C + VH ₂ (102)

NaH + \ r3MgCCh NuOH \ 1 / 3C + l / 3Mg (103)

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to produce Mg using Na or NaH:

2Na + Mg (OH) ₂ A 2NaOH + Mg (104)

After that, NaOH can be electrolyzed to produce metallic Na and NaH and O ₂ directly from the melt. The Kastner method can be used. Suitable cathode and anode for the main solution are nickel. The anode may also be carbon, a noble metal such as Pt, a carrier such as Ti having a coating of a noble metal such as Pt, or an anode having geometrically stable dimensions. In yet another embodiment, NaOH is converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where Cl ₂ , as the electrolysis gas, NaCl can be reacted with H ₂ obtained by electrolysis of water to produce HCl. Electrolysis of molten NaCl can be carried out using a Downs cell or a modified Downs cell. Alternatively, HCl can be obtained by chlor-alkali electrolysis. Aqueous NaCl for this electrolysis can be obtained by washing the reaction products with an aqueous HCl solution. The solution may be filtered to remove a carrier, such as an AC, that can be centrifuged and dried, preferably using waste heat from the energy system.

In one embodiment, the reaction steps include (1) washing the products with an aqueous HCl solution to obtain metal chlorides from structural units such as hydroxides, oxides and carbonates, (2) converting any amount of CO2 released into water and C as a result of reduction under the influence of H ₂ when using the water-gas conversion reaction and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, where C is recycled as a carrier in stage 10, and water can be used in stages 1, 4 or 5, (3) filtering and drying the carrier, such as AU, the drying may include centrifugation step (4) electrolysis of water to produce H2 and O2, and feed them at the stage of 8 to 10, (5) if necessary, obtaining H ₂ and HCl in the resulting aqueous NaCl electrolysis for feeding in step 1 and 9, (6) the separation and drying of metal chlorides, (7) the electrolysis of a metal chloride melt to produce metals and chlorine, (8) the production of HCl as a result of the reaction between Cl ₂ and Н ₂ for supplying to stage 1, (9) the hydrogenation of any metal to obtain the corresponding starting reagent as a result of re ktsii with hydrogen and (10) providing an initial reaction mixture by adding O ₂ to step 4 or alternatively using O2, isolated from the atmosphere.

In yet another embodiment, at least one representative selected from magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide is subjected to melt electrolysis to produce Mg and O2. The melt may be a NaOH melt, where Na can also be obtained by electrolysis. In one embodiment, carbon oxides such as carbonates and bicarbonates can be decomposed to produce at least one representative selected from CO and CO2, which can be added to the reaction mixture as an oxygen source. Alternatively, structural units in the form of carbon oxides, such as CO ₂ and CO, can be reduced with hydrogen to produce carbon and water. CO ₂ and CO can be reduced as a result of the water gas conversion reaction and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH ₂ , CF ₄ catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a metal hydride oxidation reaction under the influence of CF ₄ , such as the following:

2MgH ₂ + CF ₄ -> C + 2MgF ₂ + 2H ₂ (105)

2MgH ₂ + CF ₄ A CH ₄ + 2MgF ₂ (106) / NaH + CF ₄ AC + 4NaF + 2¾ (107) / NaH + CF ₄ A CH ₄ + 4NaF (108)

NaF and MgF ₂ can be electrolyzed to produce F ₂ , Na and Mg from a molten salt, which may additionally contain HF. Na and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metals can be hydrogenated with gaseous H2, preferably obtained by electrolysis of H2O. Gaseous F2 can be reacted with carbon and any amount of the reaction product CH4 to regenerate CF4. In an alternative and preferred embodiment, the anode of the electrolysis cell contains carbon, and the current strength and electrolysis conditions are kept so that CF4 is the electrolysis product on the anode.

In examples of hydrino-forming and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH ₂ , P ₂ O ₅ (P4Oio) catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a metal hydride oxidation reaction under the influence of P2O5, such as the following:

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5MgH ₂ + P ₂ O ₅ -> 5 MgO + 2P + 5H ₂ (109)

5NaH + P ₂ O ₅ - »5NaOH + 2P (110)

Phosphorus can be converted to P ₂ O ₅ by combustion in O ₂

MgO product can be converted to hydroxide by reaction with water

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to produce Mg using Na or NaH:

2Na + Mg (OH) ₂ 2NaOH + Mg (113)

After that, NaOH can be electrolyzed to produce metallic Na and NaH and O ₂ directly from the melt, or it can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where Cl ₂ can be reacted with H ₂ as the electrolysis gas of NaCl obtained by electrolysis of water to obtain HCl. In embodiments, metals such as Na and Mg can be converted to the corresponding hydrides by reaction with H ₂ , preferably obtained by electrolysis of water.

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the solid fuel reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH ₂ , NaNO ₃ catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a metal hydride oxidation reaction under the influence of NaNO ₃ , such as the following:

NaNO ₃ + NaH + C -> Na ₂ CO ₃ + 1 / 2¾ + 1 / 2¾ (114)

NaNOi + 1 / 2¾ + 2ΝαΗ 3NaOH + 1 / 2¾ (115)

NaNO ₃ + 3MgH ₂ 3MgO + NaH + 1 / 2¾ + 5 / 2¾ (116)

Carbonate, sodium or magnesium bicarbonate and other structural units containing carbon and oxygen can be reduced by the action of Na or NaH:

NaH + On _g СО1 Э; INaOH + С + 1 / Н ₂ (117)

NaH + \ / 3MgCO ₃ - »NaOH + 1/3 (7+ l / 3Afg (118)

Carbonates can also be decomposed from aqueous media to produce hydroxides and CO2.

Na ₂ CO ₃ + H ₂ O ^ 2NaOH + CO ₂ (119)

The evolved CO2 can be reacted to produce water and C as a result of reduction under the influence of H ₂ using the water gas reaction and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction

CCL + H _g A CO + H ₂ O (120) CO + H, - »C + H ₂ O (121)

MgO product can be converted to hydroxide by reaction with water

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to produce Mg using Na or NaH: 2Na + Mg (OH) ₂ 2NaOH + Mg (123)

Alkali metal nitrates can be regenerated using methods known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, NO2 can be obtained by known industrial methods, such as in the case of the Haber process followed by the Ostwald process. In one embodiment, an example of a sequence of steps is:

The inscriptions on the equation.

Haber process = Haber process, Ostwald process - Ostwald process

Specifically, the Haber process can be used to produce NH ₃ from N ₂ and H ₂ at elevated temperature and pressure using a catalyst such as α-iron containing a certain amount of oxide. The Ostwald process can be used in the oxidation of ammonia to produce NO ₂ on a catalyst such as a hot platinum or platinum rhodium catalyst. Heat may be waste heat from the energy system. NO ₂ can be dissolved in water to produce nitric acid, which is reacted with NaOH, Na ₂ CO ₃ or NaHCCh to produce sodium nitrate. After that, the remaining NaOH can be electrolyzed to obtain metallic Na and NaH and O ₂ directly from the melt, or it can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where Cl ₂ can be reacted with H2 as the electrolysis gas of NaCl obtained by electrolysis of water to obtain HCl. In embodiments, metals such as Na and Mg can be converted to the corresponding hydrides by reaction with H2, preferably obtained by electrolysis of water. In other embodiments, Na is replaced by Li and K.

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH ₂ , SF ₆ catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides under the influence of SF ₆ , such as the following:

4MgH ₂ + J. -> 3MgF ₂ + 4¾ + MgS (125)

7NaH + SF ₆ -> 6NaF + 3H ₂ + NaHS (126)

NaF and MgF2 and sulfides can be electrolyzed to produce Na and Mg from a molten salt, which may additionally contain HF. Gaseous fluorine electrolysis can be reacted with sulfides to produce gaseous SF6, which can be removed dynamically. Separation of SF ₆ from F ₂ can be carried out by methods known in the art, such as cryogenic distillation, membrane separation or chromatography using a medium such as molecular sieves. NaHS melts at 350 ° C and may be part of a molten electrolysis mixture. Any MgS product can be reacted with Na to produce NaHS, where the reaction can take place in situ during electrolysis. S and metals may be products obtained during electrolysis. Alternatively, the metals may be present in a minor amount so that more stable fluorides are formed, or F ₂ may be added to produce fluorides.

3M _g H ₂ + SFf, O 3MgFi + 3¾ + 5 (127) (> NaH + SF ₆ - »6NaF + 3¾ + S (128)

NaF and MgF2 can be electrolyzed to produce F2, Na and Mg from a molten salt, which may additionally contain HF. Na and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metals can be hydrogenated with gaseous H2, preferably fed by electrolysis of H ₂ O. Gaseous F ₂ can be reacted with sulfur to regenerate SF ₆ .

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH ₂ , NF ₃ catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides with NF ₃ , such as the following:

3MgH ₂ + 2NF ₃ 3MgF ₂ + 3H ₂ + N2 (129)

6MgH ₂ + 2NF ₃ A 3MgF ₂ + Mg ₂ N ₂ + 6¾ (130)

3NaH + NFi -> 3NaF + Ϊ / 2Ν ₂ + 1.5¾ (131)

NaF and MgF2 can be electrolyzed to produce F2, Na and Mg from a molten salt, which may additionally contain HF. The conversion of Mg3N2 to MgF2 can occur in the melt. Na and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metals can be hydrogenated with gaseous H2, preferably obtained by electrolysis of H2O. Gaseous F2 can be reacted with NH3, preferably in a copper packed reactor, to produce NF3. Ammonia can be obtained in the Gaber process. Alternatively, NF ₃ can be obtained by electrolysis of NH ₄ F in anhydrous HF.

In examples of hydrino-forming and regeneration reactions, the solid fuel reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH ₂ , Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈ catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a metal hydride oxidation reaction under the influence of Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , such as the following:

8MgH ₂ + Nci-.S-Ok 2MgS + 2NaOH + 6MgO + 6¾ (132)

7MgH ₂ + Na ₂ S ₂ 0i + C 2MgS + Na ₂ CO ₃ + SMgO + 7H ₂ (133)

ONaH + Na ₂ S ₂ 0s 3Na ₂ S + ZNaOH + H ₂ (134)

9NaH + Na ₂ S ₂ O _s + C -> 2Na ₂ S + Na ₂ CO ₃ + 5NaOH + 2H ₂ (135)

Any amount of MgO product can be converted to hydroxide by reaction with water

MgO + H ₂ O - »Mg (OH) ₂ (136)

Carbonate, sodium or magnesium bicarbonate and other structural units containing carbon and oxygen can be reduced by the action of Na or NaH:

NaH + NaiCCh -> 3NaOH + С + 1 / ¾ (13 7)

NaH + l / 3MgCO ₃ - »NaOH + 1 / 3C + lWg (138)

MgS can be subjected to burning in oxygen, hydrolysis, exchange with Na to obtain sodium sulfate and electrolysis to obtain Na ₂ S ₂ O ₈

2MgS + 1 f) H ₂ O + 2NaOH 2Mg (О J Gu + 9¾ (139)

Na2S can be subjected to burning in oxygen, hydrolysis to obtain sodium sulfate and electrolysis to obtain Nu ₂ S ₂ O ₈

2Na ₂ S + 10H ₂ OA AW ₂ CA 1 2NaOH + 9¾ (140)

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Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to produce Mg under the influence of Na or NaH:

2Na + MgtOH) ₂ -> 2NaOH + Mg (141)

After that, NaOH can be electrolyzed to produce metallic Na and NaH and O ₂ directly from the melt, or it can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where Cl2 can be reacted with NaCl as the electrolysis gas with H2 obtained as a result of electrolysis of water to produce HCl.

In examples of hydrino formation and regeneration reactions, the solid fuel reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH2, S catalyst and an activated carbon carrier. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides under the action of S, such as the following:

MgHi + S ~ l MgS + / A (142)

2NaH + S ^ Na ₂ S + I ₂ (143)

Magnesium sulfide can be converted to hydroxide by reaction with water

MgS + 2H ₂ O -A MgiOHb + H ₂ S (144)

H ₂ S can be decomposed at elevated temperature or used to convert SO ₂ to S. Sodium sulfide can be converted to hydroxide by combustion and hydrolysis

Na ₂ S + 1,5 (? 2 -> Na ₂ O + SO ₂

Na ₂ O + H ₂ O -> 2NaOH (145)

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to produce Mg under the influence of Na or NaH:

2Na + Mg (OH) ₂ -2 2NaOH + Mg (146)

After that, NaOH can be electrolyzed to produce metallic Na and NaH and O2 directly from the melt, or it can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where Cl ₂ can be reacted with H ₂ as the electrolysis gas of NaCl, obtained by electrolysis of water to obtain HCl. SO ₂ can be reduced at elevated temperatures using H ₂

SO ₂ + 2H ₂ S 3S + 2H ₂ O (147)

In embodiments, metals, such as Na and Mg, can be converted to the corresponding hydrides by reaction with H ₂ , preferably obtained by electrolysis of water. In other embodiments, S and the metal can be regenerated by melt electrolysis.

In examples of hydrino-forming and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH2, N2O catalyst and an activated carbon support. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is an oxidation reaction of metal hydrides under the influence of N ₂ O, such as the following:

4MgH ₂ + N ₂ O -> MgO + M _gi N ₂ + 4 // - (148)

NaH + 3NO + C-> NaHCO ₃ + 3¾ + 1 / 2¾ (149)

MgO product can be converted to hydroxide by reaction with water

MgO + H _g O Mg (OH) ₂ (150)

Magnesium nitride can also be hydrolyzed to produce magnesium hydroxide:

Mg ₃ N ₂ + 6Н ₂ О - »3Mg (OH) ₂ + 3¾ + А ₂ (151)

Carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and other structural units containing carbon and oxygen can be reduced by the action of Na or NaOH:

NaH + Na ₂ CO ₃ 3NaOH + С + 1 ΐΗ ₂ (152)

Mg (OH) ₂ can be reduced to produce Mg under the influence of Na or NaH:

2Na + Mg (OH) ₂ 2NaOH + Mg (153)

After that, NaOH can be electrolyzed to produce metallic Na and NaH and O ₂ directly from the melt, or it can be converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, where Cl ₂ can be reacted with H ₂ as the electrolysis gas of NaCl obtained by electrolysis of water to obtain HCl. The ammonia obtained in the Haber process is oxidized (equation (124)), and the temperature is controlled to maintain the production of N ₂ O, which is separated from other gases by a mixture of products of the stationary reaction.

In examples of hydrino forming and regeneration reactions, the reaction mixture contains a NaH, MgH2, Cl2 catalyst and a carrier such as activated carbon, WC or TiC. The reactor may further include a source of high energy light, preferably ultraviolet light, to dissociate Cl2 and initiate a hydrino reaction. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a metal hydride oxidation reaction under the influence of Cl2, such as the following:

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4NaH + О2 A2NaCl + Я ₂ (154)

MgH ₂ + Cl ₂ - »MgCh + // 1 (155)

NaCl and MgCl2 can be electrolyzed to produce Cl2, Na and Mg from the molten salt. Electrolysis of molten NaCl can be carried out using a Downs cell or a modified Downs cell. NaCl for a given electrolysis can be obtained by washing the reaction products with an aqueous solution. The solution may be filtered to remove a carrier, such as an AC, that can be centrifuged and dried, preferably using waste heat from the energy system. Na and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metals can be hydrogenated with gaseous H ₂ , preferably obtained by electrolysis of H ₂ O. One example of the result is as follows:

g WC + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 0.01 mol Cl ₂ , when initiated using a UV lamp to dissociate Cl ₂ and produce Cl, Ein: 162.9 kJ, dE: 16.0 kJ, change in slope temperature dependencies: 23-42 ° С, Tmax: 85 ° С, theoretical value is 7.10 kJ, an increment of 2.25 times.

Reagents comprising a catalyst or a catalyst source, such as NaH, K or Li or their hydrides, a reducing agent, such as an alkali metal or its hydride, preferably Mg, MgH2 or Al, and an oxidizing agent, such as NF3, can be regenerated by hydrolysis. Preferably, metal fluoride products are regenerated by electrolysis to produce metals and fluorine gas. The electrolyte may contain a eutectic mixture. The mixture may further comprise HF. NF ₃ can be regenerated by electrolysis of NH ₄ F in anhydrous HF. In yet another embodiment, NH ₃ is reacted with F ₂ in a reactor, such as a copper packed reactor. F ₂ can be obtained by electrolysis using an anode with geometrically stable dimensions or a carbon anode using conditions that favor the production of F ₂ . SF ₆ can be regenerated by the reaction between S and F ₂ . Any metal nitride that can be obtained in a hydrino reaction can be regenerated by at least one operation selected from thermal decomposition, reduction by H2, oxidation to form an oxide or hydroxide, and a reaction to form a halide and subsequent electrolysis and reaction with gaseous halogen during the electrolysis of molten metal halide. NCl ₃ can be obtained by carrying out a reaction between ammonia and chlorine gas or a reaction between ammonium salts such as NH ₄ Cl and chlorine gas. Chlorine gas can be obtained by electrolysis of hydrochloric acid salts, such as salts from a mixture of reaction products. NH ₃ can be obtained using the Haber process, where hydrogen can be obtained by electrolysis, preferably water. In one embodiment, NCl _{3 is} produced locally in the reactor by a reaction between at least one member selected from NH3 and an ammonium role such as NH4Cl and gaseous Cl2. In one embodiment, BiF5 can be regenerated by conducting a reaction between BiF3 and F2 obtained by electrolysis of metal fluorides.

In one embodiment, when the oxygen or halogen source optionally functions as a reagent of the exothermic activation reaction, the oxide or halide product is preferably regenerated by electrolysis. The electrolyte may contain a eutectic mixture, such as a mixture of Al ₂ O ₃ and Na ₃ AlF ₆ ; MgF ₂ , NaF and HF; Na ₃ AlF ₆ ; NaF, SiF ₄ and HF; and AlF ₃ ) NaF and HF. Electrolysis of SiF ₄ to produce Si and F ₂ can be carried out for a eutectic mixture of alkali metal fluorides. Due to the low miscibility of Mg and Na, they can separate in the melt phases. Due to the low miscibility of Al and Na, they can separate in the melt phases. In yet another embodiment, the electrolysis products may be separated by distillation. In one additional embodiment, TiO2 is regenerated by reaction with C and Cl to produce CO and TiCl4, which is further reacted with Mg to produce Ti and MgCl2. Mg and Cl can be regenerated by electrolysis. In the case of the MgO product, Mg can be regenerated by the Pigeon method. In one embodiment, MgO is reacted with Si to produce SiO2 and gaseous Mg, which is condensed. The SiO2 product can be regenerated to produce Si by reduction under the action of H2 at high temperature or by reaction with carbon to produce Si and CO and CO2. In yet another embodiment, Si is regenerated by electrolysis using a method such as electrolysis of solid oxides in molten calcium chloride. In one embodiment, chlorate or perchlorate, such as alkali metal chlorate or perchlorate, is regenerated by electrolytic oxidation. Saline may be electrolytically oxidized to produce chlorate and perchlorate.

To regenerate the reagents, any oxide coating on the metal substrate that can form can be removed with dilute acid, followed by separation from the mixture of reagents or products. In yet another embodiment, the carbide is regenerated from the oxide by reaction with carbon to release carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.

- 61 031711

If the solvent contains a solvent in the reaction mixture, the solvent can be separated from other regenerated reagents or products by removing the solvent using evaporation or filtration or centrifugation while retaining the solid. In the presence of other volatile components, such as alkali metals, they can be selectively removed by heating to a suitably elevated temperature such that they are evaporated. For example, a metal, such as metallic Na, is collected by distillation, and a carrier, such as carbon, is retained. Na can be rehydrated to produce NaH and returned to carbon together with the solvent added to regenerate the reaction mixture. An isolated solid, such as R-Ni, can also be separately regenerated. The separated R-Ni can be hydrogenated by exposure to gaseous hydrogen at a pressure in the range of 0.1 to 300 atm.

The solvent can be regenerated if it decomposes during the catalyst reaction to produce hydrino. For example, DMF decomposition products may be dimethylamine, carbon monoxide, formic acid, sodium formate, and formaldehyde. In one embodiment, dimethylformamide is prepared using either a catalyzed reaction between dimethylamine and carbon monoxide in methanol, or a reaction between methyl formate and dimethylamine. It can also be obtained by conducting a reaction between dimethylamine and formic acid.

In one embodiment, one example of an ether solvent may be regenerated from the products of the reaction mixture. Preferably, the reaction mixture and its conditions are chosen such that the reaction rate for ether is minimized in comparison with the rate of hydrino formation, so that any decomposition of the ether is negligible compared to the energy obtained from the hydrino reaction. Thus, ether can be added back as needed to remove the ether decomposition product. Alternatively, the ether and reaction conditions may be selected such that the reaction product of the ether can be isolated and the ether is regenerated.

One embodiment includes at least one representative selected from the following: BPUP material is fluoride, BPUP material is metal, and the solvent is fluorinated. Metal fluoride may be a reaction product. Metal and gaseous fluoride can be obtained by electrolysis. The electrolyte may contain fluoride, such as NaF, MgF2, AlF3 or LaF3, and may additionally contain at least one other structural unit, such as HF and other salts that reduce the melting point of fluoride, such as those described in US patent No. 5427657. Excess HF can dissolve LaF3. The electrodes may be carbon, such as graphite, and may also form fluorocarbons as the desired decomposition products. In one embodiment, at least one representative selected from a metal or alloy, preferably a nanopowder, having a coating of carbon, such as powders or alloys of Co, Ni, Fe, another transition metal having a coating of carbon, and carbon, preferably a nanopowder, having a coating of a metal, such as carbon having a transition metal or alloy coating, preferably carbon having a coating of at least one representative selected from Ni, Co, Fe and Mn includes particles that are ma ugly. Magnetic particles can be separated from a mixture, such as a mixture of fluoride, such as NaF, and carbon, using a magnet. The collected particles can be recycled as part of the reaction mixture to produce hydrino.

In one embodiment, a catalyst or catalyst source, such as NaH and a fluorinated solvent, is regenerated from products including NaF by separation of products followed by electrolysis. A method for separating NaF can consist in washing the mixture with a polar solvent having a low boiling point, followed by one or more operations selected from filtration and evaporation to obtain a NaF solid. The electrolysis may be the electrolysis of molten salt. The molten salt may be a mixture, such as a eutectic mixture. Preferably, the mixture contains NaF and HF, as is known in the art. As a result of electrolysis, metallic sodium and fluorine gas can be collected. Na can be reacted with H to produce NaH. Fluorine gas can be reacted with a hydrocarbon to produce a fluorinated hydrocarbon, which can act as a solvent. The product fluorinated by HF can be returned to the electrolysis mixture. Alternatively, a hydrocarbon and a carbon product, such as benzene and graphite carbon, respectively, can be fluorinated and returned to the reaction mixture. Carbon according to methods known in the art can be cracked to obtain smaller fluorinated fragments having a lower melting point to perform their solvent function. The solvent may contain a mixture. The degree of fluorination can be used as a method of controlling the rate of the catalysis reaction of hydrogen conversion. In one embodiment, CF4 is obtained by electrolysis of the melt

- 62 031711 salt of hydrofluoric acid, preferably alkali metal fluoride, using a carbon electrode or carrying out a reaction between carbon dioxide and gaseous fluorine. Any products in the form of CH ₄ and hydrocarbons can also be fluorinated to produce CF4 and fluorocarbons.

Suitable fluorinated BPOF materials and methods for carbon fluoridation to produce said BPOU materials may be those that are known in the art, such as those described in US Pat. No. 3,929,920, US Pat. No. 3,925,492, US Pat. No. 3,925,263 and US Pat. No. 4,886,921. Additional methods include the preparation of polydiocarbon monofluoride described in US Pat. No. 4,139,474; the continuous carbon fluoridation process described in US Pat. No. 4,447,663; a method for producing fluorinated graphite comprising o basically polydiocarbon monofluoride described by the formula (C ₂ F) _n described in US patent No. 4423261, a method for producing polycarbon monofluoride described in US patent No. 3925263, a method for producing fluorinated graphite described in US patent No. 3872032, a method for producing polydiougrene U.S. Patent No. 4,243,615, a method for producing fluorinated graphite by conducting a contact reaction between carbon and gaseous fluorine, described in US Pat. No. 4,438,086, synthesis of fluorinated graphite described I in US patent No. 3929918, a method for producing polycarbon monofluoride described in US patent No. 3925492, and a mechanism for obtaining new approaches to the synthesis in the chemistry of graphite-fluorine, described in publication Lagow et al., J. C. S. Dalton, 1268 (1974 ), where the materials described herein include BPMU materials. Monel metal, nickel, steel or copper can be used as one type of material for reactors, taking into account corrosion by gaseous fluorine. Carbon materials include amorphous carbon species such as carbon black, petroleum coke, petroleum pitch coke and charcoal, and crystalline carbon species such as natural graphite, graphene and artificial graphite, fullerene and nanotubes, preferably single wall. Preferably, Na does not intercalate into the carbon carrier and does not form acetylenide. Such carbon materials can be used in various forms. In general, preferably powdered carbon materials are characterized by an average particle size of not more than 50 μm, but a larger size is also suitable. In addition to powdered carbon materials, other forms are suitable. Carbon materials may take the form of blocks, spheres, bars and fibers. The reaction may be carried out in a reactor selected from a fluidized bed reactor, a rotary kiln type reactor, and a plate column reactor.

In yet another embodiment, fluorinated carbon is regenerated using an additive. Carbon can also be fluorinated with inorganic reagents, such as CoF3, outside the cell or in place. The reaction mixture may further comprise a source of inorganic fluorinating reagent, such as one representative selected from Co, CoF, CoF2 and CoF3, which can be added to the reactor and regenerated, or it can be obtained during operation of the cell from the reagent mixture to produce hydrino and optionally another reagent, such as gaseous F ₂ , optionally in the presence of a catalytic metal for fluorination, such as Pt or Pd. The additive may be NH ₃ , which may form NH ₄ F. At least one representative selected from carbon and hydrocarbon may be reacted with NH ₄ F to provide fluorination. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises HNaF2, which may react with carbon to fluorinate it. Fluorocarbon can be produced locally or externally to produce hydrino. Fluorocarbon can serve as a solvent or material BPUP.

In one embodiment, when at least one representative selected from a solvent, carrier, or getter contains fluorine, the products may contain carbon in cases where the solvent or carrier is fluorinated organics, as well as metal-containing catalyst fluorides such as NaHF ₂ and NaF. They are present in addition to low energy hydrogen products, such as gaseous molecular hydrino, which can be blown or collected. When using F _2, carbon can be etched to produce gaseous CF ₄ , which can be used as a reagent in yet another reaction cycle to generate energy. The remaining products of NaF and NaHF ₂ can be electrolyzed to produce Na and F ₂ . Na can be reacted with hydrogen to produce NaH, and F2 can be used to etch the carbon product. NaH, the remaining NaF and CF4 can be combined to carry out another reaction cycle to generate energy to form hydrino. In other embodiments, Na can be replaced by Li, K, Rb, or Cs.

VI. Options for the implementation of other liquid and heterogeneous fuels.

In the present description of the invention, a liquid solvent embodiment includes any reaction mixture and a suitable fuel containing a liquid solvent, such as liquid fuel and heterogeneous fuel.

In yet another embodiment, comprising a liquid solvent of one representative,

- 63 031711 selected from atomic sodium and molecular NaH, obtained by the reaction between a metal, ionic or molecular form of Na and at least one other compound or element. The source of Na or NaH may be at least one representative selected from metallic Na, an inorganic compound containing Na, such as NaOH and other suitable Na compounds, such as NaNH ₂ , Na ₂ CO ₃ and Na ₂ O, NaX (X represents is a halide) and ^ aH (tv \ Another element may be H, a displacer or a reducing agent. The reaction mixture may contain at least one representative selected from (1) a solvent, (2) a sodium source, such as at least one representative selected from NaH, NaNH ₂ ,

Na ₂ CO ₃ , Na ₂ O, NaOH, R-Ni doped using NaOH, NaX (X is a halide) and R-Ni doped using NaX, (3) a hydrogen source such as gaseous H2 and a dissociator and hydride, (4) a displacer, such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal, preferably Li, and (5) a reductant, such as at least one representative selected from a metal, such as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, lanthanide, a transition metal, such as Ti, aluminum, B, a metal alloy such as AlHg, NaPb, NaAl, LiAl, and a source of meta la, alone or in combination with a reducing agent such as alkaline earth metal halide, transition metal halide, lanthanide halide and aluminum halide. Preferably, the alkali metal reducing agent is Na. Other suitable reducing agents include metal hydrides such as LiBH ₄ , NaBH ₄ , LiAlH ₄ or NaAlH ₄ . Preferably, the reducing agent reacts with NaOH to form NaH molecules and a product containing Na, such as Na, NaH (me) and Na ₂ O. The NaH source may be R-Ni containing NaOH and a reagent such as a reducing agent a NaH catalyst, such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an Ad-containing R-Ni intermetallic composite. Additional examples of the reagents are an alkali or alkaline earth metal and an oxidizing agent such as AgX3, MgX2, LaX3, CeX3 and TiX _n , where X is a halide, preferably Br or I. In addition, the reaction mixture may contain another compound, including a getter or dispersant, such as at least one representative selected from Na ₂ CO ₃ , Na ₃ SO ₄ and Na ₃ PO ₄ , which can be doped into a dissociator, such as R-Ni. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier, which may be doped with at least one reagent of the mixture. The carrier can preferably be characterized by a large specific surface area, which favors the preparation of NaH catalyst from the reaction mixture. The carrier may include at least one representative selected from the group R-Ni, Al, Sn, Al ₂ O ₃ , such as gamma, beta or alpha alumina, sodium aluminate (varieties of beta alumina contain other ions, such as Na ⁺ , and are characterized by an idealized composition of Na ₂ O-11Al ₂ O ₃ ), lanthanide oxides such as M ₂ O ₃ (preferably M = La, Sm, Dy, Pr, Tb, Gd and Er), Si, dioxide silicon, silicates, zeolites, lanthanides, transition metals, metal alloys such as alloys of alkali and alkaline earth metals with Na, rare earth metals, Ni, supported on a support of SiO ₂ —Al ₂ O ₃ or SiO ₂ ; and other metals supported on the support, such as at least one representative selected from platinum, palladium or ruthenium, supported on alumina. The carrier can be characterized by a large specific surface area and contains materials characterized by a large specific surface area (BPUP), such as R-Ni, zeolites, silicates, aluminates, alumina species, alumina nanoparticles, porous Al ₂ O ₃ , Pt, Ru or Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ , carbon, Pt or Pd / C, inorganic compounds such as Na ₂ CO ₃ , silica and zeolite materials, preferably powdered zeolite Y, and carbon, such as fullerene or nanotubes. In one embodiment, a carrier, such as Al2O3 (and an Al2O3 dissociator carrier, if present) reacts with a reducing agent, such as a lanthanide, to form a carrier having a modified surface. In one embodiment, the Al surface is exchanged with a lanthanide to form a carrier substituted with a lanthanide. This carrier can be doped with a source of NaH molecules, such as NaOH, and reacted with a reducing agent, such as a lanthanide. The subsequent reaction between the carrier substituted with the lanthanide and the lanthanide will not significantly change it, and as a result of the reaction with the lanthanide of the reducing agent, doped NaOH on the surface can be reduced to form a NaH catalyst.

In one embodiment, comprising a liquid solvent, when the reaction mixture contains a NaH catalyst source, the NaH source may be an alloy of Na and a hydrogen source. The alloy may include at least one representative selected from those known in the art, such as an alloy of metallic sodium and one or more other alkali or alkaline earth metals, transition metals, Al, Sn, Bi, Ag, In, Pb, Hg , Si, Zr, B, Pt, Pd or other metals, and the source H may be H2 or hydride.

Reagents, such as a source of NaH molecules, a source of sodium, a source of NaH, a hydrogen source, a propellant and a reducing agent, are present with any desired molar fraction. Each of them is present with a molar fraction greater than 0 and less than 100%. Preferably, the molar fractions are similar.

- 64 031711

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction mixture comprises at least one structural unit selected from the group consisting of solvent, Na or Na source, NaH or NaH source, metal hydride or metal hydride source, reagent or source of reagent for producing metal hydride, hydrogen dissociator and hydrogen source. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier. The metal hydride reagent may include a lanthanide, preferably La or Gd. In one embodiment, La may undergo a reversible reaction with NaH to form LaH _n (n = 1, 2, 3). In one embodiment, the NaH catalyst is prepared by a hydride exchange reaction. The total reversible reaction may be as follows:

The reaction described by equation (156) is applicable to other MH type catalysts shown in Table 3. The reaction can proceed with the formation of hydrogen, which can be dissociated with the formation of atomic hydrogen, which reacts with Na to form a NaH catalyst. The dissociator is preferably at least one representative selected from powdered Pt, Pd or Ru / Al2O3, Pt / Ti and R-Ni. Preferably, the carrier of a dissociator, such as Al ₂ O ₃ , includes at least surface substitution of Al when using La or includes powdered Pt, Pd or Ru / M ₂ O ₃ , where M is a lanthanide. The dissociator can be separated from the rest of the reaction mixture, the separator passing atomic N.

One suitable liquid solvent embodiment includes a reaction mixture of solvent, NaH, La, and Pd on powdered Al ₂ O ₃ , wherein the reaction mixture can be regenerated in one embodiment by removing the solvent, adding H2, separating NaH and lanthanum hydride by sieving heating lanthanum hydride to produce La; and mixing La and NaH. Alternatively, regeneration involves the steps of separating Na and lanthanum hydride by melting Na and removing a liquid, heating lanthanum hydride to produce La, hydrogenating Na to produce NaH, mixing La and NaH and adding a solvent. Mixing La and NaH can be carried out by grinding in a ball mill.

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, a material having a large specific surface area, such as R-Ni, is doped using NaX (X = F, Cl, Br, I). Doped R-Ni is reacted with a reagent that will displace the halide to produce at least one representative selected from Na and NaH. In one embodiment, the reagent is at least an alkali or alkaline earth metal, preferably at least one representative selected from K, Rb, Cs. In yet another embodiment, the reagent is an alkali or alkaline earth hydride, preferably at least one representative selected from KH, RbH, CsH, MgH2, and CaH2. The reagent can be either an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal hydride. The total reversible reaction may be as follows:

NaX + MH <—> ΝαΗ + Л £ ¥ (157)

A. Catalyst reactions involving NaOH to obtain a NaH catalyst.

The reaction between NaOH and Na to produce Na ₂ O and NaH is as follows:

NaOH + 2Na - »Na ₂ O + NaH (158)

An exothermic reaction can stimulate the formation of NaH (r). Thus, metallic Na can act as a reducing agent to produce a NaH (F) catalyst. Other examples of suitable reducing agents that undergo a similar highly exothermic reduction reaction with a NaH source are alkali metals, alkaline earth metals such as at least one representative selected from Mg and Ca, metal hydrides such as LiBH4, NaBH4, LiAlH4 or NaAlH4, B, Al, transition metals such as Ti, lanthanides, such as at least one representative selected from La, Sm, Dy, Pr, Tb, Gd and Er, preferably La, Tb and Sm. Preferably, the reaction mixture contains a solvent characterized by a large specific surface area material (BPUP material) containing a dopant, such as NaOH, including a NaH catalyst source. Preferably, dopant is converted to a catalyst on a material having a large specific surface area. Transformation may occur as a result of the reduction reaction. In addition to Na, other preferred reducing agents are other alkali metals, Ti, lanthanide or Al. Preferably, the reaction mixture contains NaOH doped into a material having a large specific surface area, preferably R-Ni, the reducing agent being Na or an intermetallic composite containing Al. The reaction mixture may further comprise a source of H, such as a hydride or gaseous H2 and a dissociator. In certain embodiments, source H is hydrogenated R-Ni.

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, Na ₂ O obtained as a reaction product of producing a NaH catalyst, such as that described by equation (158), is introduced into

- 65 031711 share with a source of hydrogen to produce NaOH, which in the future can serve as a source of catalyst for NaH. In one embodiment, the NaOH regeneration reaction from equation (158) in the presence of atomic hydrogen is as follows:

On _r О + Н- ^ ΝαΟΗ + Να ΔΗ = - 11.6 kJ / mol NaOH (159)

ΝαΗ Ά Να + I (1/3) Δ / f = - 10500 kJ / mol Η (160) and

ΝαΗ Α Να + Η (\ Α) ΔΗ = - \ 9700 kJ / molΗ (161)

Thus, a small amount of NaOH and Na together with an atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen serves as a catalytic source for the NaH catalyst, which, in turn, leads to a large yield of hydrino due to several cycles of regeneration reactions, such as those described in equations (158-161). In one embodiment, based on the reaction described in equation (162), A1 (OH) s can act as a source of NaOH and NaH, when, using Na and H, reactions described by equations (158-161) occur to form hydrino.

3Na + А 1 (ОН) s - »NaOH + NaA Yu ₂ + ΝαΗ + 1 / 2¾ (162)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the function of the reducing agent for producing NaH is performed by an Al intermetallic composite. The balance reaction is as follows:

3NaOH + 2Al -> A1 _g O ₂ + 3Afa77 (163)

This exothermic reaction can stimulate the formation of NaH (r) to stimulate the passage of a very exothermic reaction described by equations (25-30), when the regeneration of NaH occurs from Na in the presence of atomic hydrogen.

Two suitable liquid solvent embodiments include a first reaction mixture of Na and R-Ni containing about 0.5 wt.% NaOH, where Na acts as a reducing agent, and a second R-Ni reaction mixture containing about 0.5 wt.% NaOH where the function of the reducing agent is performed by an intermetallic composite containing Al. The reaction mixture can be regenerated by the addition of NaOH and NaH, which can act as a source of H and a reducing agent.

In one embodiment of a liquid solvent reactor for generating energy, a NaH source, such as NaOH, is regenerated by the addition of a hydrogen source, such as at least one representative selected from hydride and hydrogen gas and a dissociator. The hydride and dissociator may be hydrogenated R-Ni. In yet another embodiment, a NaH source such as R-Ni doped with NaOH is regenerated by at least one operation selected from rehydrogenation, addition of NaH and addition of NaOH, where the addition may be physical mixing. In the case of first removing the solvent, the mixing can be carried out mechanically by methods such as grinding in a ball mill.

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction mixture further comprises oxide forming reagents that are reacted with NaOH or Na ₂ O to produce a very stable oxide and NaH. Such reagents include cerium, magnesium, lanthanide, titanium or aluminum or their compounds, such as A1 ₂ X ₃ , MgX ₂ , LaX ₃ , CeX ₃ and TiX _n , where X is a halide, preferably Br or I, and a reducing agent compound, such as alkaline or alkaline earth metals. In one embodiment, the NaH catalyst source comprises R-Ni containing, on its surface, a sodium compound, such as NaOH. After this, the reaction between NaOH and oxide-forming reagents such as A1X ₃ , MgX ₂ , LaX ₃ , CeX ₃ and TiX _n , and the alkali metal M results in the formation of NaH, MX and Al2O3, MgO, La2O3, Ce2O3 and Ti2O3, respectively.

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction mixture comprises R-Ni doped with NaOH and an alkali or alkaline earth metal added to produce at least one representative selected from Na and NaH molecules. To prepare the catalyst, NaH Na can be further reacted with H from a source, such as gaseous H ₂ or a hydride, such as R-Ni. The subsequent catalysis reaction using NaH yields the H states described in equation (35). The addition of an alkaline or alkaline earth metal M can lead to the reduction of Na ⁺ with the formation of Na as a result of the following reactions:

NaOH + M MON + Na (164)

2NaOH + Μ -> M (OH) ₂ + 2Na (165)

M can also react with NaOH to form H, as well as Na

2NaOH + Μ -> Na ₂ O + H ₂ + MO (166)

Na ₂ O + M -E M ₂ O + 2Na (167)

After that, the NaH catalyst can be obtained as a result of the following reaction 66 031711

due to the passage of the reaction with H from reactions such as those described in equation (166), as well as from R-Ni and any added source of N. Na is a suitable reducing agent, since it is an additional source of NaH.

Hydrogen can be added to reduce NaOH and produce a NaH catalyst:

NaOH + H ₂ -> NaH + H ₂ O (169)

H in R-Ni can reduce NaOH to form metallic Na and water, which can be removed by pumping. First, an organic solvent may be removed prior to reduction, or a molten inorganic solvent may be used.

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction mixture contains one or more compounds that react with a NaH source to form a NaH catalyst. The source may be NaOH. Compounds may include at least one representative selected from LiNH2, Li2NH and Li3N. The reaction mixture may further comprise a hydrogen source, such as H2. In embodiments, the reaction between sodium hydroxide and lithium amide to form NaH and lithium hydroxide is as follows:

NaOH + L1NH2 LiOH + NaH + 1 / 2U ₂ + LiH (170)

The reaction between sodium hydroxide and lithium imide to produce NaH and lithium hydroxide is as follows:

NaOH + Li ₂ NH -E Li ₂ O + NaH + 1! 2N ₂ + 1 / 2¾ (171)

And the reaction between sodium hydroxide and lithium nitride with the formation of NaH and lithium oxide is as follows:

B. Catalytic reactions involving alkaline earth metal hydroxide to produce NaH catalyst.

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, Na source is supplied to a Na source to obtain a NaH catalyst. The source of Na may be a metal. Source H may be hydroxide. The hydroxide may be at least one representative selected from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, transition metal hydroxide and Al (OH) s. In one embodiment, Na is reacted with a hydroxide to produce the corresponding oxide and NaH catalyst. In one embodiment, when the hydroxide is Mg (OH) 2, the product is MgO. In one embodiment, when the hydroxide is Ca (OH) 2, the product is CaO. Alkaline earth metal oxides can be reacted with water to regenerate the hydroxide. Hydroxide can be collected as a precipitate by methods such as filtration and centrifugation.

For example, in one embodiment, the NaH catalyst formation reaction and the regeneration cycle for Mg (OH) ₂ are the following reactions:

3Na + MgiOHp 2NaH + MgO + Na ₂ O (173)

MgO + H ₂ O -> Mg (OH) ₂ (174)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction to form the NaH catalyst and the regeneration cycle for Ca (OH) ₂ are the following reactions:

4№ + Ca (OH) ₂ - »2NaH + CaO + Na ₂ O (175)

CaO + H ₂ O -> Ca (OH) ₂ (176)

C. Reactions of Na / N Alloys to Obtain NaH Catalyst

The alkali metal in solid and liquid states is a metal. To obtain a catalyst M or MH, where M is an alkali metal, the reaction mixture of liquid or heterogeneous fuel contains reagents in the form of an M / N alloy. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture, liquid fuel reactions, heterogeneous fuel reactions and regeneration reactions include what is the case for the M / N system, where the fuel generates at least one representative selected from a catalyst and atomic hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises one or more compounds that are reacted with a NaH source to produce a NaH catalyst. The reaction mixture may contain at least one representative selected from the group of Na, NaH, NaNH ₂ , Na ₂ NH, Na ₃ N, NH ₃ , a dissociator, a hydrogen source such as H ₂ gas or a hydride, a carrier and a getter, such as NaX (X is a halide). The dissociator is preferably powdered Pt, Ru or Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ . The dissociator may contain Pt or Pd on a support characterized by a large specific surface area, suitably inert with respect to Na. The dissociator may be Pt or Pd on carbon or Pd / Al2O3. The latter carrier may have a protective surface coating of a material such as NaAlO2. Reagents may be present with any wt.%.

- 67 031711

One suitable liquid solvent embodiment includes a reaction mixture of a solvent, Na or NaH, NaNH ₂ and Pd on powdered Al ₂ O ₃ , wherein the reaction mixture can be regenerated by the addition of H ₂ .

In one embodiment, NaNH _{2 is} added to the reaction mixture. NaNH ₂ generates NaH in accordance with reversible reactions

W + NaNH ₂ NaH + Na ₂ NH (177) and

ΊΝαΗ + NaNH ₂ - »IAH (g) + Na ₂ NH + //, (178)

In the reaction cycle with the formation of hydrino, Na-Na and NaNH ₂ react with the formation of molecules of NaH and Na2NH, and NaH provides hydrino and Na. Thus, the reaction is reversible in accordance with the reactions:

Na ₂ NH - Η 0 NaNH ₂ + NaH (179)

Na ₂ NH + Na + And ΝαΝΗ ₂ + Να ₂ (180)

In one embodiment, the NaH from equation (179) is molecular, so this reaction is another way to obtain a catalyst.

The reaction between sodium amide and hydrogen to produce ammonia and sodium hydride is as follows:

N _g + NaNH ₂ - »NH ₃ + W / (181)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, this reaction is reversible. The reaction with the formation of NaH can be stimulated by increasing the concentration of H2. Alternatively, a direct reaction can be stimulated by producing atomic H using a dissociator. The reaction is as follows:

2H + ΝαΝΗ _Ί -ΪΝΗι + NaH (182)

An exothermic reaction can stimulate the formation of NaH (r).

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, a NaH catalyst is prepared by reacting NaNH2 with hydrogen, preferably atomic hydrogen, as described in the reaction of equations (181-182). The ratio between the amounts of reagents can correspond to any desired value. Preferably, the ratios are approximately stoichiometric, corresponding to the ratios of equations (181-182). The catalyst production reactions are reversible by adding a source of H, such as gaseous H ₂ or hydride, to replace what has reacted to form hydrino, the catalyst reactions being described by equations (25-30) and sodium amide being formed together with an additional amount of NaH catalyst in the result of the reaction between ammonia and Na:

NH? + Na ₂ -E NaNH ₂ + NaH (183)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the BPMU material is doped using NaNH ₂ . The doped BPOA material is reacted with a reagent that will displace the amide group to produce at least one representative selected from Na and NaH. In one embodiment, the reagent is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, preferably Li. In yet another embodiment, the reagent is an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydride, preferably LiH. The reagent can be either an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal hydride. A source H, such as gaseous H2, may be further provided, in addition to being provided by any other reactant in the reaction mixture, such as hydride, BPMU material and propellant.

In one embodiment, with a liquid solvent, sodium amide is reacted with lithium to form lithium amide, imide or nitride and a Na or NaH catalyst. The reaction between sodium amide and lithium to produce lithium imide and NaH is as follows:

2Li + NaNH ₂ -E LiiNH + NaH (184)

The reaction between sodium amide and lithium hydride to produce lithium amide and NaH is as follows:

LiH + NaNH ₂ -E LiNH ₂ + NaH (185)

The reaction between sodium amide, lithium and hydrogen to produce lithium amide and NaH is as follows:

Li + I / 27 /, + HaNHi E LiNHi + NaH (186)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction for the mixture forms Na, and the reactants further include a source of H which reacts with Na to form a NaH catalyst as a result of the reaction, such as the following:

- 68 031711

Li + NaNHj -> LiNH ₂ + Na (187)

N1 + H4 NaH (188)

LiH + NaNH ₃ -> LiNH ₂ + NaH (189)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reagents include NaNH2, an amide displacement reagent for NaNH2 such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal, preferably Li, and may further include a source H, such as at least one representative selected from MH (M = E1, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba), H ₂ and a hydrogen and hydride dissociator.

Reagents of the reaction mixture, such as solvent, M, MH, NaH, NaNH ₂ , BPUP material, hydride and dissociator, are present with any desired molar fraction. Each representative selected from M, MH, NaNH ₂ and a dissociator is present with molar fractions greater than 0 and less than 100%, preferably molar fractions are similar.

Other embodiments of liquid solvent systems for preparing a molecular NaH catalyst include Na and NaBH ₄ or NH ₄ X (X represents an anion, such as a halide). The molecular catalyst NH can be obtained by carrying out the reaction between Na2 and NaBH ₄ :

Na ₂ + NaBH ₄ -> NaBH ₃ + Na + NaH (190)

NH ₄ X can generate NaNH ₂ and H ₂

Na ₂ + NH ₄ X -> NaX + NaNH, + H ₂ (191)

After that, the NaH catalyst can be obtained in accordance with the reaction of equations (177-189). In yet another embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction mechanism of the Na / N system to produce an NH hydrino catalyst is as follows:

NH ₄ X + Na-Na E NaH + NH ₃ + NaX (192)

D. Additional MH type catalysts and their reactions.

Another type of MH type catalyst system includes aluminum. The binding energy of AlH is 2.98 eV. The ionization energies of the first and second steps in Al are 5.985768 eV and 18.82855 eV, respectively. Based on these energies, the AlH molecule can act as a catalyst and a source of H, since the AlH binding energy plus double ionization (t = 2) with the transition from Al to Al ²⁺ is 27.79 eV (27.2 eV), which is equivalent to the case m = 1 in equation (36). Catalyst reactions are as follows:

27.79 eV + AlHAl ² * + 2e ~ + H L ₊ [(2) ² -1C-13.6 eV (193) _ (2) _

Al ¹ * + 2e ~ + Η A1H + 27.79 sZ, and (194) the total reaction is

H ^ N

H ^> H + [(2) -?] - 13.6 eH. (195)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction mixture comprises at least one representative selected from AlH molecules and a source of AlH molecules. The source of AlH molecules may include metallic Al and a source of hydrogen, preferably atomic hydrogen. The hydrogen source may be a hydride, preferably R-Ni. In yet another embodiment, an AlH catalyst is prepared by reacting an Al oxide or hydroxide with a reducing agent. The reducing agent includes at least one representative selected from the above NaOH reducing agents. In one embodiment, to produce an AlH catalyst, source H is supplied to an Al source. The Al source may be a metal. Source H may be hydroxide. The hydroxide may be at least one representative selected from alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal, transition metal hydroxide and LION /.

Raney nickel can be obtained by the following two reaction steps:

Ni + ZA1 - »NiAl ₃ (or Ni ₂ AI ₃ ) (196) us Ni} \

The inscription in the equation skeleton, porous Nt = porous skeleton Νι.

Na [Al (OH) ₄ ] is readily soluble in concentrated NaOH. It can be washed in deoxygenated water. The resulting Ni contains Al (~ 10 wt.%, Which may vary), is porous and is characterized by a large specific surface area. It contains large amounts of H both in the Ni lattice and in the form of Ni-AlH _x (x = 1, 2, 3).

R-Ni can be reacted with another element to stimulate chemical

- 69 031711 freedom of AlH molecules, which are then subjected to catalysis in accordance with the reactions described in equations (193-195). In one embodiment, AlH release is stimulated by a reduction, etching, or alloy reaction. One such other element M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal which is reacted with a part that is Ni in R-Ni, which releases AlH molecules from the AlH _x component, which subsequently take part in the catalysis. In one embodiment, M can react with hydroxides or Al oxides to form metallic Al, which can subsequently be reacted with H to produce AlH. The reaction can be initiated as a result of heating, and the speed can be adjusted as a result of temperature control. Solvent, M (alkaline or alkaline earth metal) and R-Ni may be present with any desired molar fraction. Each representative selected from a solvent, M and R-Ni, is present with molar fractions greater than 0 and less than 100%. Preferably, the molar fractions of M and R-Ni are similar.

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the AlH source includes R-Ni and other Raney metals or Al alloys known in the art, such as R-Ni or an alloy containing at least one representative selected from Ni, Cu, Si, Fe, Ru, Co, Pd, Pt and other elements and their compounds. The R-Ni or alloy may further include promoters, such as at least one representative selected from Zn, Mo, Fe and Cr. R-Ni may be at least one representative selected from W. R. Grace Raney 2400, Raney 2800, Raney 2813, Raney 3201, Raney 4200, or etched or doped using the Na embodiment of these materials. In yet another embodiment of a liquid solvent AlH catalyst system, the catalyst source includes a Ni / Al alloy, wherein the ratio of Al to Ni is in the range of about 10-90%, preferably about 10-50%, and more preferably about 10-30% . The catalyst source may include palladium or platinum and further includes Al as a Raney metal.

Another catalytic system of the MN type contains chlorine. The binding energy of HCl is 4.4703 eV. The ionization energies of the first, second, and third steps for Cl are 12.96764, 23.814, and 39.61 eV, respectively. Based on these energies, HCl can act as a catalyst and a source of H, since the binding energy of HCl plus triple ionization (t = 3) with the transition from Cl to Cl ³⁺ is 80.86 eV (3-27.2 eV), which is equivalent to the case m = 3 in equation (36). Catalyst reactions are as follows:

80.86 еЕ + ЯС7- »С / ³⁺ + Зе '+ //

Lwj

С / ^{3 t} + Зе ”+ И -Э НС1 + 80.86 eV, and the total reaction is + [(4) ² -1 ² ] 13.6 еГ (198) (199)

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the reaction mixture comprises HCl or a source of HCl. The source may be NH4Cl or solid acid and chloride, such as alkali or alkaline earth metal chloride. The solid acid may be at least one representative selected from MHSO4, MHCO3, MH2PO4 and MHPO4, where M is a cation, such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal cation. Other such solid acids are known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture contains a strong acid, such as H2SO4, and an ionic compound, such as NaCl. The reaction between an acid and an ionic compound such as NaCl generates HCl, which acts as a hydrino catalyst and source N.

In the general case, MN-type hydrogen conversion catalysts for producing hydrino formed as a result of the M – H bond breaking plus ionization of t electrons from the M atom, in each case to the energy level of the continuum, so that the sum of the binding energy and ionization energies of t electrons approximately m-21.2 eV, where m is an integer, are shown in table 3. Each MH catalyst is shown in the first column, and the corresponding MH bond energy is given in the second column. The atom M of the MN structural unit shown in the first column is ionized to obtain the resulting enthalpy of the reaction m-21.2 eV by adding the binding energy in the second column. The enthalpy of the catalyst is presented in the eighth column, and m is given in the ninth column. The electrons that take part in the ionization are given together with the ionization potential (also called ionization energy or binding energy). For example, the NaH binding energy of 1.9245 eV is given in the second column. The ionization potential of the nth electron of an atom or ion is indicated by the IPn symbol and is based on CRC data. That is, for example, Na + 5.13908 eV Na ⁺ + e ^- , and Na ⁺ + 47.2864 eV Na ²⁺ + e ^- . The ionization potential of the first stage IPj = 5.13908 eV and the ionization potential of the second stage IP2 = 47.2864 eV are given in the second and third columns, respectively

- 70 031711 actual. The resulting enthalpy of reaction for breaking the NaH bond and double ionization of Na is 54.35 eV, as shown in the eighth column, and corresponds to the case m = 1 in equation (36), as shown in the ninth column. In addition to this, H can react with each of the MH molecules listed in Table. 3, with the formation of a hydrino, characterized by a quantum number p increased by one (equation 35) in comparison with the product of the catalyst reaction of MN alone, as shown in the example of equation (23).

Table 3 MH-related hydrogen conversion catalysts capable of producing a resulting reaction enthalpy of approximately m-27.2 eV

Catalysis Ener-1P | 1P _g IP ;. 1P ₄ 1P ₅ Enthal m

ator GIA communication M-h PIA A1H 2.98 5,985768 18,82855 27.79 one Bih 2,936 7.2855 16,703 26.92 one Cih 4,4703 12,96763 23.8136 39.61 80.86 3 Sleep 2,538 7,88101 17,084 27,50 one Geh 2,728 7,89943 15,93461 29.56 one Inh 2,520 5,78636 18,8703 27.18 one NaH 1,925 5,139076 47.2864 54.35 2 Ruh 2.311 7,36050 16.76 26.43 one Sbh 2,484 8,60839 16.63 27.72 one Seh 3,239 9.75239 21.19 30.8204 42.9450 107.95 four Sih 3,040 8.15168 16,34584 27.54 one Snh 2,736 7,34392 14.6322 30,50260 55.21 2

In other embodiments of a MH type catalyst with a liquid solvent, the reactants include sources of SbH, SiH, SnH, and InH. In embodiments providing a catalyst for MH, the sources include at least one representative selected from M and a source of H ₂ and MH _x , such as at least one representative selected from Sb, Si, Sn, and In, and a source H2 and SbH3, SiH4, SnH4 and InH3.

The liquid solvent reaction mixture may further comprise a source of H and a source of catalyst, wherein the source of at least one representative selected from H and a catalyst may be solid acid or NH ₄ X, where X is a halide, preferably Cl, to produce an HCl catalyst . Preferably, the reaction mixture may contain at least one representative selected from a solvent, NH ₄ X, solid acid, NaX, LiX, KX, NaH, LiH, KH, Na, Li, K, a carrier, a hydrogen dissociator, and H ₂ , where X represents a halide, preferably Cl. The solid acid may be NaHSO4, KHSO4, LiHSO4, NaHCO3, KHCO3, LiHCO3, Na2HPO4, K2HPO4, Li2HPO4, NaH2PO4, KH2PO4 and LiH2PO4. The catalyst may be at least one representative selected from NaH, Li, K and HCl. The reaction mixture may further comprise at least one representative selected from a dissociator and a carrier.

In each case, for the source of MN, including alloy M, since in the case of AlH and Al, respectively, the alloy can be subjected to hydrogenation under the influence of a source of H ₂ such as gaseous H ₂ . H ₂ can be fed into the alloy during the reaction, or H ₂ can be fed to produce an alloy having a desired level of H when the pressure of H changes during the reaction. In this case, the initial pressure of H ₂ may be approximately zero. The alloy may be activated by the addition of a metal, such as an alkaline or alkaline earth metal. In the case of MH catalysts and MH sources, hydrogen gas can be maintained in the range of from about 1 torr to 100 atm, preferably from about 100 torr to 10 atm, more preferably from about 500 torr to 2 atm. In other embodiments, the hydrogen source forms a hydride, such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydride or a transition metal hydride.

Atomic hydrogen at high density can undergo a three-particle collision reaction with the formation of hydrino, where one H atom undergoes a transition with the formation of the states described by equation (35) during the ionization of two additional H atoms. The reaction is as follows:

cumulative reaction is

In yet another embodiment, the reaction is as follows:

- 71 031711

cumulative reaction is

In one embodiment with a liquid solvent, the material that provides the presence of H atoms with high density is R-Ni. Atomic H can be obtained by at least one operation selected from decomposition of H into R-Ni and dissociation of H2 from an H2 source such as gaseous H2 supplied to the cell. R-Ni can be reacted with an alkali or alkaline earth metal M in order to improve the production of atomic H layers to stimulate catalysis. R-Ni isolated from the solvent mixture can be regenerated by evaporation of metal M followed by the addition of hydrogen to re-hydride R-Ni.

VII. Additional cars rolled mash reactions for N.

In yet another catalyst reaction involving exclusively H atoms, two hot H ₂ molecules collide and dissociate, so that three H atoms act as a catalyst at 3-27.2 eV for the fourth. Thus, the reaction between four hydrogen atoms, in which three atoms resonantly and non-radiatively receive 81.6 eV from the fourth hydrogen atom in such a way that 3H would act as a catalyst, is as follows:

cumulative reaction is

According to the theoretical prediction, the emission band of the transition to the continuum level in the far 3 + 1-1 equation of the ultraviolet region due to intermediate compound (207) has a short-wavelength boundary in the region of 122.4 eV (10.1 nm) and extends to a range of more

long waves. In the general case, the transition from H to due to the reception of m-27.2 eV results in a transition band at the continuum level having a short-wavelength boundary corresponding to the energy

representing the following:

, 91.2 £, r-u = u -13.6 eV corresponding to—— Fri (210)

Nl ^t ~

The inscriptions in the equation eU corresponding to = eV, which corresponds.

pt = nm.

and extending to a range of longer waves in comparison with the corresponding boundary.

Another catalyst reaction, including the collision of hot H and H _2, can occur when each of the two H atoms takes 13.6 eV from the third, becoming ionized to act as a catalyst at 27.2 eV for the third. Thus, the reaction between hydrogen atoms, in which two atoms resonantly and non-radiatively receive 27.2 eV from the third hydrogen atom in such a way that 2H would act as a catalyst, is as follows:

cumulative reaction is

According to theoretical prediction, the emission band of the transition to the continuum level in the distance ^a n + 1-1 equation

In the ultraviolet range due to intermediate (211), it has a short-wavelength boundary in the region of 13.6 eV (91.2 nm) and extends to a range of more

- 72 031711 long waves. High densities make it possible to undergo yet another reaction with the formation of a transition band at the continuum level of 91.2, when the H atom acts as a catalyst as a result of reception of 27.2 eV from the second hydrogen atom.

In the presence of a high field, the ionized electron can transition to a fractional state directly upon release of the binding energy in the form of a transition band at the continuum level with a short-wave boundary corresponding to the binding energy of the hydrino atom in the final state. The transitions for H (1/2) and H (1/3) are as follows:

+ [2 ^g —O ^g ] · 13.6 eV + [3- —O ² ] 13.6 eV.

(214) (215)

According to the theoretical prediction, the emission bands of the transition to the continuum level in the far ultraviolet range have a short-wave boundary in the regions of 54.4 eV (22.8 nm) and 122.4 (eV), respectively, and extend into the range of longer waves. Due to the multipolarity and the corresponding selection rules, H (1/4) is the preferred state. According to the prediction, the emission band of the transition to the continuum level in the far ultraviolet range has a short-wave boundary in the region of 217.6 eV (5.7 nm) and extends into the range of longer waves.

The ionization potential of molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p) is as follows:

1P _} = EAfhXl / pU) - ΕτΟΗΙ / ρ)) = p ² 16.13392 eV-p ^e 0.118755 eV - (-p ² 31.351 eV-p ³ 0.326469 eV) (216) = p ² 15 , 2171 eV + p ^e 0.207714 eV

The binding energy ED for molecular hydrino H ₂ (1ph) is as follows: Eg> - p ² 27.20 eV -E _t = -phl, 2Q eV - (- p ² 31.351 eV - p ³ 0.326469 eV) (217) = rH 151 eV + p ³ 0.326469 eV

Another aspect of the present disclosure includes an EUV radiation light source. The light source includes a gaseous molecular hydrino and a component that excites the transition of the gaseous molecular hydrino to the ionization threshold. The energy of transition to an unexcited state is described by equation (216). The excitation can be carried out by a particle beam, preferably an electron beam. A gaseous molecular hydrino can be captured in a matrix, preferably an alkali or alkaline earth metal halide crystal. The crystal can be bombarded using a high-energy electron beam, such as approximately 12 kV, which leads to excitation followed by the emission of radiation from the transition to an unexcited state. In yet another embodiment, the transition to an unexcited state further results in a breaking of the molecular hydrino bond. Thus, the emitted energy represents the difference of energies described by equations (216) and (217):

E _L , _mlssia „= 411.0661 eV - p ³ 0.118755 eV (218)

For p = 4, the radiation corresponds to 7.3 nm (169.5 eV), which falls into the extreme ultraviolet range (EUV). This light can be intended for EUV lithography in the manufacture of microelectronic devices.

In the embodiments described herein, at least one representative selected from an Rb ⁺ source, such as Rb or its hydride, or a Cs source, such as metallic Cs or its hydride, can act as an Rb ⁺ or Cs catalyst source, respectively .

The hydrino hydride ion may react with an oxidizing agent, such as oxygen or sulfur, to form a molecular hydrino. Examples of reactions are as follows:

2 / G (1 / p) + -S - ”/ 7 ₂ (1 / p) + No.“ (219)

2H (1 / p) + O _g -> H ₂ (Ur) + O _g ² ~ (220)

Thus, in one embodiment of a chemical reaction, hydrino hydrino hydride can be converted to molecular hydrino if such a product is desired.

Viii. Hydrogen gas-discharge energy and plasma cells and reactors.

The hydrogen gas discharge energy and plasma cell and reactor of the present description of the invention are shown in FIG. 5. Hydrogen gas-discharge energy and plasma cells and reactor of FIG. 5 include a gas discharge cell 307 including a hydrogen gas filled vacuum chamber 31 with a glow discharge having a chamber 300. A hydrogen supply 322 supplies hydrogen to the chamber 300 through a control valve 325 via a hydrogen supply channel 342. The catalyst is contained in a cell chamber 300. A voltage and electric current source 330 causes an electric current to flow between the cathode 305 and the anode 320. Electric

- 73 031711 current may be reversible.

In one embodiment, cathode material 305 may be a catalyst source, such as Fe, Dy, Be, or Pd. In yet another embodiment, the hydrogen gas discharge energy and plasma cells and the reactor, the vessel wall 313 is conductive and acts as a cathode that replaces the electrode 305, and the anode 320 may be hollow, such as a stainless steel hollow anode. The discharge may vaporize the catalyst source to produce a catalyst. As a result of the discharge, molecular hydrogen can be dissociated to form hydrogen atoms to produce hydrino and generate energy. Additional dissociation can be achieved by the presence of a hydrogen dissociator in the chamber.

Another embodiment of a hydrogen gas-discharge energy and plasma cell and reactor, where catalysis occurs in the gas phase, uses an adjustable gaseous catalyst. As a result of a discharge in molecular gaseous hydrogen, hydrogen atoms are formed in the gas for conversion to hydrino. The gas discharge cell 307 includes a catalyst supply channel 341 for transferring the gaseous catalyst 350 from the catalyst reservoir 395 to the reaction chamber 300. To supply the gaseous catalyst to the reaction chamber 300, the catalyst reservoir 395 is heated with a catalyst reservoir heater 392 having a power source 372. The vapor pressure of the catalyst is controlled as a result of temperature regulation of the catalyst tank 395 when regulating the heater 392 using its power source 372. The additional reactor It includes purge valve 301 selectively. The catalyst may contain a chemically resistant open container, such as a stainless steel, tungsten, or ceramic boat, located inside the discharge cell. To feed the gaseous catalyst into the reaction chamber, the catalyst in the catalyst boat can be heated using a boat heater using an associated power source. Alternatively, a glow discharge gas discharge cell is operated at elevated temperature such that the catalyst in the boat is sublimated, boiled, or volatilized to go into the gas phase. The vapor pressure of the catalyst is regulated by controlling the temperature of the boat or discharge cell when regulating the heater using its power source. To prevent condensation of the catalyst in the cell, the temperature is maintained at a higher temperature than the catalyst source, catalyst reservoir 395 or catalyst boat.

In one embodiment, the catalysis proceeds in the gas phase, lithium is a catalyst, and a source of atomic lithium, such as lithium metal or a lithium compound, such as LiNH2, is gaseous by maintaining the cell temperature in the range of about 300-1000 ° C. Most preferably, the cell temperature is maintained in the range of about 500-750 ° C. The reagent atomic and / or molecular hydrogen can be maintained at a pressure lower than atmospheric, preferably in the range of from about 10 millitorr to about 100 torr. Most preferably, the pressure is determined by holding the mixture of lithium metal and lithium hydride in a cell maintained at the desired operating temperature. The operating temperature range is preferably within the range of about 3001000 ° C, and most preferably the pressure is that which is reached for the cell in the operating temperature range of about 300-750 ° C. The cell can be controlled to maintain at the desired operating temperature using a heating coil, such as the coil 380 in Figure 5, which is fed from a power source 385. The cell can further include an internal reaction chamber 300 and an external hydrogen tank 390 so that hydrogen can be fed into the cell as a result of diffusion of hydrogen through the wall 313 separating the two chambers. To control the diffusion rate, the wall temperature can be adjusted using a heater. The diffusion rate can be further controlled by adjusting the pressure of hydrogen in the hydrogen reservoir.

In yet another embodiment of a system containing a reaction mixture containing structural units selected from the group Li, LiNH ₂ , Li ₂ NH, Li ₃ N, LiNO ₃ , LiX, NH ₄ X (X is a halide), NH3, LiBH4, LiAlH4 and H2, at least one of the reagents is regenerated by the addition of one or more reagents and plasma regeneration. Plasma can be plasma from gases such as NH ₃ and H ₂ . Plasma can be obtained locally (in the reaction cell) or in an external cell in communication with the reaction cell. In other embodiments, K, Cs, and Na are Li, where the catalyst is atomic K, atomic Cs, and molecular NH.

In order to maintain the pressure of the catalyst at the desired level, the permeable cell as a hydrogen supply can be sealed. Alternatively, the cell further includes high temperature valves at each inlet or outlet, so that the valve in contact with the reaction gas mixture is maintained at the desired temperature.

The temperature of the plasma cell can be independently controlled over a wide range as a result of

- 74 031711 te insulating the cell and supplying the heater 380 with additional power for the heater. Thus, the vapor pressure of the catalyst can be controlled regardless of the power of the plasma source.

The discharge voltage may range from about 100 to 10,000 watts. The strength of the electric current can be in any desired range at the desired voltage. In addition, the plasma can be pulsed at any desired frequency range, bias voltage, peak voltage, peak power and pulse shape.

In yet another embodiment, the plasma may take place in a liquid medium, such as a solvent of a catalyst or reagents of structural units that represent a source of catalyst.

IX. Fuel cell and battery.

In the embodiments of the fuel cells and battery 400 shown in FIG. 6, hydrino reagents comprising solid fuel or a heterogeneous catalyst include a reagent for corresponding half-conversions in the cell. During operation, the catalyst reacts with atomic hydrogen, and energy transfer as a result leads to ionization of the catalyst. This reaction can take place in the anode space 402, so that the anode 410 ultimately receives a current of ionized electrons. The function of the catalysts for producing hydrino can be performed by at least one representative selected from Li, K and NaH. The reaction stage in the form of nonradiative energy transfer equal to an integer multiple of 27.2 eV from atomic hydrogen to the catalyst as a result leads to the production of an ionized catalyst and free electrons. A carrier, such as an AC, can act as a conductive electron acceptor in electrical contact with the anode. Final electron withdrawing reagents include an oxidizing agent, such as free radicals, or a source thereof and a source of positively charged counterion, which form the components of the cathode separation reaction mixture, which ultimately traps the electrons released in the catalyst reaction to produce hydrino. The oxidizing agent or reaction mixture of the cathode separation is placed in the cathode space 401, including the cathode 405. Preferably, the oxidizing agent is at least one representative selected from oxygen or an oxygen source, a halogen, preferably F ₂ or Cl ₂ , or a halogen source, CF ₄ , SF ₆ and NF ₃ . During operation, a counterion, such as a catalyst ion, can migrate to the anode space from the cathode space, preferably through a salt bridge 420. An additional reagent can be supplied to each cell for the reaction, or the products can be removed through channels 460 and 461 to the reagent sources or storage tanks for products 430 and 431.

In certain embodiments, the energy, chemical, battery, and fuel cell systems described herein that regenerate reagents and support the reaction to produce low energy hydrogen can be closed except for the need to replace the hydrogen consumed in hydrino production when the hydrogen fuel is consumed can be obtained by electrolysis of water.

X. Chemical reactor.

The present description of the invention also relates to other reactors for producing characterized by increased binding energy of hydrogen compounds of the present description of the invention, such as dihydrino molecules and hydrino-based hydride compounds. Additional catalysis products are power and optionally plasma and light, depending on the type of cell. Such a reactor is hereinafter referred to as a hydrogen reactor or a hydrogen cell. The hydrogen reactor includes a hydrino cell. The hydrino cell may be in the form of a chemical reactor or a gas fuel cell, such as a gas discharge cell, a plasma torch cell, or a microwave plasma cell. Examples of embodiments of a hydrino cell may be in the form of a liquid fuel cell, a solid fuel cell, and a heterogeneous fuel cell. Each of these cells includes: (i) a source of atomic hydrogen; (ii) at least one catalyst selected from a solid catalyst, a molten catalyst, a liquid catalyst, a gaseous catalyst, or mixtures thereof to produce hydrino; and (iii) a vessel for carrying out the reaction between hydrogen and a catalyst for producing hydrino. As used herein and as provided herein, the term hydrogen, unless otherwise indicated, includes not only protium ('H). but also deuterium ( ² H) and tritium ( ³ H). In the case of using deuterium as a reaction reagent with the formation of hydrino, the presence of comparatively trace amounts of tritium or helium products of heterogeneous fuels and solid fuels is also assumed.

In one embodiment of a chemical reactor for the synthesis of compounds containing low energy hydrogen, such as hydrino-based hydride compounds, a hydrino-based iron hydride film is synthesized using an iron salt containing Fe in a positive oxidation state that can react with H ^- ( 1 / p) as a result of the displacement of the iron counterion, preferably iron carbide, iron oxide or a volatile salt of iron, such as FeI2 or FeI ₃ . The catalyst may be K, NaH or Li. H may be prepared from H ₂ using a dissociator, such as R-Ni or Pt / Al ₂ O _3. In yet another embodiment, iron hydride on

- 75 031711 hydrino-based is obtained from a source of iron, such as iron halide, which decomposes at the operating temperature of a reactor, a catalyst, such as NaH, Li or K, and a hydrogen source, such as gaseous H ₂ , and a dissociator such as R-Ni . Hydrino-based manganese hydride can be obtained from a source of manganese, such as an organometallic, such as 2,4-pentanedionate Mn (II), which decomposes at the operating temperature of a reactor, catalyst, such as NaH, Li or K, and a hydrogen source, such as gaseous H2, and a dissociator such as R-Ni. In one embodiment, the reactor is maintained in a temperature range of from about 25 to 800 ° C, preferably in a range of from about 400 to 500 ° C.

Since alkali metals are covalent diatomic molecules in the gas phase, in one embodiment, a catalyst for producing hydrogen compounds having an increased binding energy is obtained from a source by reaction with at least one other element. A catalyst, such as K or Li, can be obtained by dispersing metallic K or Li in an alkali metal halide such as KX or LiX to produce KHX, LiHX, where X is a halide. Catalyst K or Li can also be obtained by reacting evaporated K2 or Li2 and atomic H to produce KH and K or LiH and Li, respectively. Hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy can be MHX, where M is an alkali metal, H is a hydrino-based hydride, and X is a singly negatively charged ion, preferably X is one representative selected from halide and HCO ₃ ^- . In one embodiment, the reaction mixture to produce KHI or KHCl, where H is a hydrino-based hydride, contains a metal K having a coating of KX (X = Cl, I) and a dissociator, preferably metallic nickel, such as a nickel mesh and R -Ni respectively. The reaction is carried out as a result of keeping the reaction mixture at an elevated temperature, preferably in the range of 400-700 ° C. with the addition of hydrogen. Preferably, the hydrogen pressure is maintained at an overpressure of about 5 lb / ^in2. Thus, MX is placed on top of K so that K atoms migrate through the halide lattice, and the halide is used to disperse K and act as a dissociator for K2, which reacts with H on the interface from a dissociator such as a nickel network or R- Ni, with the formation of KHX.

One suitable hydrino-based hydride compound synthesis reaction mixture comprises at least two structural units selected from the group of catalyst, a hydrogen source, an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, and a carrier, wherein the oxidizing agent is a source of at least one representative selected from sulfur, phosphorus, and oxygen, for example SF ₆ , S, SO ₂ , SO ₃ , S ₂ O ₅ Cl ₂ , F ₅ SOF, M ₂ SiO ₈ , S _x X _y , such as S ₂ Cl ₂ , sC1 ₂ , S ₂ Br ₂ , S ₂ F ₂ , CS ₂ , Sb ₂ S ₅ , SO _x X _y such as SOCl ₂ , SOF ₂ , SO ₂ F ₂ , SOBr ₂ , P, P ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ S ₅ , P _X X _Y such as PF ₃ , PCl ₃ , PBr ₃ , PI ₃ , PF ₅ , PCl ₅ , PBr ₄ F or PCl ₄ F, PO _x X _y such as POBr ₃ , POI ₃ , POCl ₃ or POF ₃ , PS _x X _y such as PSBr ₃ , PSF ₃ , PSCl ₃ , a phosphorus-nitrogen compound such as P3N5, (Cl2PN) 3 or (Cl2PN) 4, (Br2PN) x (M is an alkali metal, x and y are integers, X is halogen), O2, N2O and TeO2. The oxidizing agent may further include a source of a halide, preferably fluorine, such as CF4, NF3 or CrF2. The mixture may also contain a getter as a source of phosphorus or sulfur, such as MgS and MHS (M is an alkali metal). One suitable getter is an atom or compound that results in a strong H NMR peak of normal H and a hydrino-based hydride peak that is shifted to a strong field from normal H peak. Suitable getters include elementary S, P, O, Se and Te or include compounds containing S, P, O, Se and Te. A common property of a suitable getter for hydrino hydride ions is that it forms chains, frames, or rings in elemental form, in doped elemental form, or in conjunction with other elements that trap and stabilize hydrino hydride ions. Preferably, H ^- (1 / p) can be observed by solid state or solution NMR methods. In yet another embodiment, the function of the catalyst is either NaH or HCl. One suitable reaction mixture contains MX and M'HSO ₄ , where M and M 'are alkali metals, preferably Na and K, respectively, and X is halogen, preferably Cl.

A system suitable for power generation and producing low energy hydrogen compounds are reaction mixtures containing at least one member selected from (1) NaH catalyst, MgH _2, SF _6, and activated carbon (AC), (2) NaH catalyst , MgH ₂ , S and activated carbon (AC), (3) catalyst NaH, MgH ₂ , K ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , Ag and AC, (4) catalyst KH, MgH ₂ , K ₂ S ₂ O ₈ and AC, (5) catalyst MH (M = S, Na, K), Al or MgH ₂ , O ₂ , K ₂ S ₂ O ₈ and AC, (6) catalyst KH, Al, CF4 and AC, (7) NaH catalyst, Al, NF3 and AC, (8) catalyst KH, MgH2, N2O and AC, (9) catalyst NaH, MgH2, O2 and activators coal (AC), (10) catalyst NaH, MgH2, CF4 and AC, (11) catalyst МН, MgH ₂ , (M = Li, Na or K), Р ₂ О ₅ (Р ₄ О ₁₀ ) and АС, (12) catalyst MH, MgH ₂ , MNO ₃ , (M ^ 1, Na or K) and AC, (13) catalyst NaH or KH, Mg, Ca or Sr, transition metal halide, preferably FeCl2, FeBr2, NiBr2, MnI2 or a rare earth metal halide such as EuBr2, and

- 76 031711

AC and (14) catalyst NaH, Al, CS2 and AC. In other embodiments of the examples of the above reaction mixtures, the cation catalyst includes one representative selected from Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, and other structural units of the reaction mixture are selected from those involved in reactions 1 to 14. Reagents may be present with any desired ratios.

The reaction product with the formation of hydrino is at least one representative selected from a hydrogen molecule and a hydride ion, characterized by a proton NMR peak shifted to a strong field relative to what is the case for ordinary molecular hydrogen or hydrogen-based hydride, respectively. In one embodiment, the hydrogen product is coupled to an element other than hydrogen, where the proton NMR peak is biased toward a strong field relative to what is the case for a conventional molecule, structural unit or compound, which are described by the same molecular formula as a product, or an ordinary molecule, structural unit or compound at room temperature is unstable.

In one embodiment, the power is generated and hydrogen compounds having an increased binding energy is obtained by using a reaction mixture comprising two or more member selected from the following structural units: UNO _3, NaNO _3, KNO _3, LiH, NaH, KH, Li , Na, K, H ₂ , a carrier such as carbon, for example, activated carbon, a metal reducing agent or a metal hydride, preferably MgH ₂ . Reagents may be present with any molar fractions. Preferably, the reaction mixture contains 9.3 mol.% MH, 8.6 mol.% MgH ₂ , 74 mol.% AC and 7.86 mol.% MNO ₃ (M represents Li, Na or K), where mol.% each structural unit can vary within the range of plus or minus a factor of 10 from what is given for each structural unit. Molecular hydrino products and hydrino hydride ions, characterized by a preferred state of 1/4, can be observed using the liquid NMR method in regions of about 1.22 ppm. and 3.85 ppm, respectively, after extraction of the product mixture using a solvent for the NMR method, preferably deuterated DMF. The product M2CO3 can act as a getter for the hydrino hydride ion to form a compound such as MHMHCO ₃ .

In yet another embodiment, energy is generated and hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy are obtained by using a reaction mixture containing two or more representatives selected from the following structural units: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H ₂ , metal reductant or a metal hydride, preferably MgH ₂ or powdery Al, preferably nanopowder, a carrier such as carbon, preferably activated carbon, and a source of fluoride, such as a fluorine gas or a fluorocarbon, prefer no CF4 or hexafluorobenzene (GBF). Reagents may be present with any molar fractions. Preferably, the reaction mixture contains 9.8 mol.% MH, 9.1 mol.% MgH ₂ or 9 mol.% Al nanopowder, 79 mol.% AC and 2.4 mol.% CF ₄ or HFB (M represents Li, Na or K), where mol.% Of each structural unit can vary within the range of plus or minus a factor of 10 from what is given for each structural unit. Molecular hydrino products and hydrino hydride ions, characterized by a preferred state of 1/4, can be observed using the liquid NMR method in regions of about 1.22 ppm. and - 3.86 ppm, respectively, after extraction of the product mixture using a solvent for NMR, preferably deuterated DMF or CDCl ₃ .

In yet another embodiment, energy is generated and hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy are obtained by using a reaction mixture containing two or more representatives selected from the following structural units: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H2, reducing agent metal or metal hydride, preferably MgH2 or powdered Al, a carrier such as carbon, preferably activated carbon, and a fluorine source, preferably SF ₆ . Reagents may be present with any molar fractions. Preferably, the reaction mixture contains 10 mol% MN, 9.1 mol% MgH ₂ or 9 mol% Al powder, 78.8 mol% AC and 24 mol% SF ₆ (M represents Li, Na or K) , where mol.% of each structural unit can vary within the range of plus or minus a factor of 10 from what is given for each structural unit. A suitable reaction mixture contains NaH, MgH ₂ or Mg, AC and SF ₆ with these molar fractions. Molecular hydrino products and hydrino hydride ions, characterized by a preferred state of 1/4, can be observed using the liquid NMR method in regions of about 1.22 ppm. and 3.86 ppm, respectively, after extraction of the product mixture using a solvent for the NMR method, preferably deuterated DMF or CDCl3.

In yet another embodiment, energy is generated and hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy are obtained by using a reaction mixture containing two or more representatives selected from the following structural units: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H2, reducing agent a metal or metal hydride, preferably MgH2 or powdered Al, a carrier such as carbon, preferably activated carbon, and a source of at least one representative selected from sulfur, phosphorus and oxygen, preferably powder

- 77 031711 S or P, SF ₆ , CS ₂ , P ₂ O ₅ and MNO ₃ (M is an alkali metal). Reagents may be present with any molar fractions. Preferably the reaction mixture contains 8.1 mol.% MH, 7.5 mol.% MgH ₂ or powdered Al, 65 mol.% AC and 19.5 mol.% S (M represents Li, Na or K), where mol .% of each structural unit can vary within the range of plus or minus a factor of 10 from what is given for each structural unit. A suitable reaction mixture contains NaH, MgH ₂ or Mg, AC and powdered S with these molar fractions. Molecular hydrino products and hydrino hydride ions, characterized by a preferred state of 1/4, can be observed using the liquid NMR method in regions of about 1.22 ppm. and - 3.86 ppm, respectively, after extraction of the product mixture using a solvent for NMR, preferably deuterated DMF or CDCl ₃ .

In yet another embodiment, energy is generated and hydrogen compounds characterized by increased binding energy are obtained using a reaction mixture containing NaHS. Hydrino hydride ion can be isolated from NaHS. In one embodiment, the solid state reaction proceeds in NaHS to form H ^- (1/4), which can be further reacted with a proton source, such as a solvent, preferably H ₂ O, to produce H ₂ (1/4).

In one embodiment, hydrino-based hydride compounds may be purified. The purification method may include at least one operation selected from extraction and recrystallization using a suitable solvent. The method may further include chromatography and other methods for the separation of inorganic compounds known to specialists in the relevant field of technology.

In one liquid fuel embodiment, the solvent has a halogen functional group, preferably fluorine. One suitable reaction mixture contains at least one representative selected from gesafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene added to a catalyst such as NaH and mixed with a carrier such as activated carbon, fluoropolymer or R-Ni. The reaction mixture may contain energetic material that can be used in applications that are known in the art. Suitable applications due to the high-energy balance are rocket fuels and piston engine fuels. In one embodiment, the desired product is at least one representative selected from fullerene and nanotubes that are collected.

In one embodiment, molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p), preferably H ₂ (1/4), is a product that is further reduced to produce the corresponding hydride ions, which can be used in applications such as hydride batteries and surface coverings. The bond of molecular hydrino can be broken by the collision method. H2 (1 / p) can be dissociated as a result of energy collisions with ions or electrons in a plasma or beam. After this, the dissociated hydrino atoms can be reacted to produce the desired hydride ions.

In one additional embodiment, molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p), preferably H ₂ (1/4), is a product that is used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The agent can be inhaled to visualize the lungs, where its chemical shift towards a strong field relative to ordinary H allows it to be distinguishable and, thus, selective. In yet another embodiment, at least one representative selected from a low energy hydrogen compound and low energy hydrogen structural units, such as H ^- (1 / p), is a pharmaceutical agent comprising at least one representative selected from the group of antilipidemic agents, anticholesterol means, contraceptives, anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, antitumor media tv, antihypertensive drugs, epinephrine blocking drugs, cardiac inotropic drugs, antidepressant drugs, diuretics, antifungal drugs, antibacterial drugs, anxiolytic neighborhoods, sedatives, curare-like drugs, anticonvulsants, drugs for the treatment of peptic ulcers, drugs for treating asthmatic and allergic reactions, , medications for the treatment of muscular dystrophy, medications for abortion for medical reasons, medications Rovia, drugs to improve the life span of an allograft, drugs for treating purine metabolic disorders, drugs for treating coronary heart disease, drugs for treating withdrawal symptoms when opiates are withdrawn, drugs that activate the effects of the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate secondary messenger, and drugs for blocking spinal reflexes and antiviral agents, including AIDS treatments. In one formulation, which occurs in the natural environment of at least one representative selected from a low energy hydrogen compound and a low energy hydrogen structural unit, are obtained having the desired concentration, such as higher concentrations than those found in the natural environment.

Xi. The experimental section.

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A. Water-jet periodic calorimetry.

The energy and power balance for catalytic mash reaction mixtures listed on the right side of each item below was obtained using stainless steel cylindrical reactors having a volume of approximately 130.3 cm ³ (internal diameter (ID) 1.5 inches, length 4.5 inches and a wall thickness of 0.2 inches), or a volume of 1988 cm ³ (inner diameter (ID) 3.75 inches, length 11 inches and wall thickness 0.375 inches), and a water-jet calorimeter comprising a vacuum chamber containing each cell , and external cooling water coil, cat ing assigned 99+% of the energy released in the cell to obtain error <± 1%. The amount of energy recovered was determined by integrating the total output power P _T over time. Power is as follows:

where ^t is the mass flow rate, C _P is the specific heat of water, and AT is the absolute temperature change between the inlet and the outlet. The reaction was initiated as a result of applying the exact amount of power to external heaters. Specifically, a power of 100-200 W (cell 130.3 cm ³ ) or 8001000 W (cell 1988 cm ³ ) was supplied to the heater. During this heating period, the reactants reached the threshold temperature of the reaction to form hydrino, when the onset of the reaction was usually confirmed by a rapid increase in cell temperature. Immediately after reaching a cell temperature of approximately 400-500 ° C, the input power was set to zero. After 50 minutes, the program switched power to zero. To increase the rate of heat transfer to the refrigerant in the chamber, the pressure was re-increased using 1000 torr helium, and the maximum change in water temperature (outlet minus inlet) was approximately 1.2 ° C. The prefabricated structure was allowed to fully achieve equilibrium over a 24-hour period of time, as confirmed by observing complete equilibrium for flow thermistors.

In each test, the supplied energy and the removed energy were calculated by integrating the corresponding power. The heat energy in the refrigerant stream at each time increment was calculated using equation (221) by multiplying the volumetric flow rate of water by the density of water at 19 ° C (0.998 kg / l), specific heat of water (4.181 kJ / kg ° C), and the adjusted difference temperatures and time interval. The values were summarized throughout the experiment to obtain the total energy withdrawn. The total energy from cell ET must be equal to the input energy E _in and any resulting energy E _net . Thus, the resulting energy is as follows:

E _t -Et-E _t (222)

From the determined energy balance any excess heat _ex E with respect to the maximum theoretical value of E _mt

E _e>: - E _ne1 - E _t1 (223)

Calibration test results showed better heat transfer from the resistive supply to the vented refrigerant than 98%, and control of zero excess heat showed calorimeter accuracy within an error of less than 1% when using calibration correction. The results are summarized as follows: Tmax represents the maximum cell temperature, Ein represents the supplied energy, and dE represents the measured removed energy exceeding the supplied energy. All energies are exothermic. Positive values when presented represent energy.

Metal halides, oxides and sulfides.

g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 11.2 g Mg ₃ As ₂ , Ein: 298.6 kJ, dE: 21.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 315 ° С , the theoretical value is endothermic, the increment is infinity.

g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 9.1 g Ca ₃ P ₂ , Ein: 282.1 kJ, dE: 18.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 320 ° C , endothermicity, increment is infinity.

Confirmation for Rowan University KH 7.47 g + Mg 4.5 g + TiC 18.0 g + EuBr ₂ 14.04 g, Ein: 321.1 kJ, dE: 40.5 kJ, Tmax: ~ 340 ° C, the energy increment is ~ 6.5X (1.37 kJ x 4.5 = 6.16 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + TiB ₂ 3.5 g, Ein: 299 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 320 ° C; energy increment ~ X (X ~ 0 kJ; cell per 1 inch: excess energy ~ 5.1 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + RbCl 6.05 g, Ein: 311 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° C; energy increment ~ X (X ~ 0 kJ; cell per 1 inch: excess energy ~ 6.0 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + Li ₂ S 2.3 g, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax - 340 ° C; energy increment ~ X (X ~ 0 kJ; cell by 1

- 79 031711 inch: excess energy ~ 5.0 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + Mg ₃ N ₂ 5.05 g, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 330 ° С ; energy increment ~ (X ~ 0 kJ; cell per inch: excess energy ~ 5.2 kJ).

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.55 g PtBr ₂ , Ein: 95.0 kJ, dE: 15.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 108-327 ° С, Tmax: 346 ° C, the theoretical value is 6.66 kJ, an increment of 2.36 times.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.55 g PtBr ₂ , Ein: 94.0 kJ, dE: 14.3 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 100-256 ° С, Tmax: 326 ° С , the theoretical value is 6.03 kJ, an increment of 2.37 times.

g WC + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 0.01 mol Cl ₂ , when initiated using a UV lamp to decompose Cl ₂ and produce Cl, Ein: 162.9 kJ, dE: 16.0 kJ, change in slope temperature dependencies: 23-42 ° С, Tmax: 85 ° С, theoretical value is 7.10 kJ, an increment of 2.25 times.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.66 g PdBr ₂ , Ein: 113.0 kJ, dE: 11.7 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 133-276 ° C, Tmax: 370 ° C, the theoretical value is 6.43 kJ, an increment of 1.82 times.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.66 g PdBr ₂ , Ein: 116.0 kJ, dE: 9.4 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 110-217 ° С, Tmax: 361 ° С , the theoretical value is 5.81 kJ, an increment of 1.63 times.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.60 g PdI ₂ , Ein: 142.0 kJ, dE: 7.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 177-342 ° С, Tmax: 403 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.53 kJ, an increment of 1.41 times.

0.41 g of AlN + 1.66 g of KH + 1 g of powdered Mg + 4 g of AC3-5 in the cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 4.9 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 407 ° C; the theoretical value is endothermic.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + CrB ₂ 3.7 g, Ein: 317 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С, theoretical energy is 0.05 kJ endothermic, increment is infinity.

KH 8.3 g + new Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + AgCl 9.36 g, Ein: 99 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, small change in temperature steepness at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C; energy increment ~ 2.3X (X = 18.88 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + new TiC (G06U055) 20.0 g + AgCl 7.2 g, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, small change in the temperature gradient at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C; energy increment ~ 1.72X (X = 14.52 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + Y ₂ O ₃ 11.3 g (increment ~ 4X with TiC), Ein: 353 kJ, dE: 23 kJ, no change in slope temperature at Tmax ~ 350 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 4X (X ~ 1.18 kJ - 5 = 5.9 kJ).

KH 4.15 g + Mg 2.5 g + CAII-300 10.0 g + EuBr ₃ 9.8 g, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 350 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 2.26X (X = 11.93 kJ).

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.23 g Mg ₃ As ₂ , 133.0 kJ, dE: 5.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 371 ° С, theoretical value is endothermic, the increment is infinity.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.23 g Mg ₃ As ₂ , Ein: 139.0 kJ, dE: 6.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 393 ° С , the theoretical value is endothermic, the increment is infinity.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.82 g Ca ₃ P ₂ , Ein: 133.0 kJ, dE: 5.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 407 ° С , the theoretical value is endothermic, the increment is infinity.

g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.97 g WCl ₆ , Ein: 99.0 kJ; dE: 21.84 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 100-342 ° C; Tmax: 375 ° C, theoretical value is 16.7, an increment of 1.3 times.

The operation was performed for 2.60 g of CsI, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4 in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch. The energy increment was 4.9 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 406 ° C, the theoretical value is 0, the increment is infinity.

The operation was carried out for 0.42 g of LiCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4. The energy increment was 5.4 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 412 ° C, the theoretical value is 0, the increment is infinity.

- 80 031711 g AC3-4 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.21 g RbCl, Ein: 136.0 kJ, dE: 5.2 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: none, Tmax: 372 ° С, theoretical the value is 0 kJ, the increment is infinity.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + CaBr ₂ 10.0 g, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 3.0 X (X ~ 1.71 kJ · 5 = 8.55 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + YF ₃ 7.3 g, Ein: 320 kJ, dE: 17 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 4.5 X (X ~ 0.74 kJ · 5 = 3.7 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + dried SnBr ₂ 14.0 g, Ein: 299 kJ, dE: 36 kJ, small change in temperature steepness at ~ 130 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.23X (X ~ 5.85 kJ x 5 = 29.25 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + EuBr ₂ 15.6 g, Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, small change in the temperature gradient at ~ 50 ° С and Tmax ~ 320 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 32X (X ~ 0.28 kJ x 5 = 1.4 kJ), and the increment is ~ 6.5X (1.37 kJ x 5 = 6.85 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + dried ZnBr ₂ 11.25 g, Ein: 288 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 2.1X (X ~ 4.19 kJ x 5 = 20.9 kJ).

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + SF ₆ , Ein: 77.7 kJ, dE: 105 kJ, Tmax ~ 400 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.43X (X for 0.03 mol SF ₆ ~ 73 kJ).

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + SF ₆ , Ein: 217 kJ, dE: 84 kJ, Tmax ~ 400 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.15X (X for 0.03 mol SF ₆ ~ 73 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + AgCl 7.2 g, Ein: 357 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, small change in temperature steepness at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.72X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + AgCl 7.2 g, Ein: 487 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 2.34X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

g AC3-4 + 8.3 g Ca + 5 g NaH + 15.5 g MnI ₂ , Ein: 181.5 kJ, dE: 61.3 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 159-233 ° С, Tmax: 283 ° C, the theoretical value is 29.5 kJ, an increment of 2.08 times.

g AC3-4 + 1.66 g Ca + 1.66 g KH + 3.09 g MnI ₂ , Ein: 113.0 kJ, dE: 15.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 228-384 ° С, Tmax : 395 ° С, theoretical value is 6.68 kJ, an increment of 2.37 times.

g AC3-4 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 0.46 g Li ₂ S, Ein: 144.0 kJ, dE: 5.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 419 ° С, theoretical value is endothermic.

1.01 g of Mg ₃ N ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4 in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 5.2 kJ, but there was no burst of cell temperature watched. The maximum cell temperature was 401 ° C; the theoretical value is 0.

1.21 g of RbCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4, the energy increment was 6.0 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 442 ° C; the theoretical value is 0.

The operation was performed for 2.24 g of Zn ₃ N ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of AC3-4. The energy increment was 5.5 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 410 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.41 kJ, an increment of 1.25 times.

g AC3-4 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.77 g PdCl ₂ , Ein: 89.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 83-204 ° С, Tmax: 306 ° С , the theoretical value is 6.14 kJ, an increment of 1.7 times.

0.74 g of CrB ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-4) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 4.3 kJ, but some or a surge in cell temperature was not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 404 ° C; the theoretical value is 0.

The operation was performed for 0.70 g of TiB ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-4). The energy increment was 5.1 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 431 ° C; the theoretical value is 0.

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + BaBr ₂ 14.85 g (dried), Ein: 328 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 320 ° FROM. The energy increment is 160X (X ~ 0.02 kJ · 5 = 0.1 kJ).

- 81 031711

NaH 1.0 g + Mg 1.0 g + CAII-300 4.0 g + BaBr ₂ 2.97 g (dried), Ein: 140 kJ, dE: 3 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 360 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 150X (X ~ 0.02 kJ).

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + MgI ₂ 13.9 g, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.8X (X ~ 1.75 x 5 = 8.75 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + MgBr ₂ 9.2 g, Ein: 334 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 2.1X (X ~ 2.23 x 5 = 11.5 kJ).

g AC3-3 + 8.3 g KH + 7.2 g AgCl, Ein: 286.6 kJ, dE: 29.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 327-391 ° С, Tmax: 394 ° С, theoretical value is 13.57 kJ, an increment of 2.17 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1.66 g KH + 1.44 g AgCl, Ein: 151.0 kJ, dE: 4.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 397 ° С, theoretical the value is 2.53 kJ, an increment of 1.89 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.48 g Ca ₃ N ₂ , Ein: 140.0 kJ, dE: 4.9 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 392 ° С, theoretical the value is 2.01 kJ, an increment of 2.21 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.86 g InCl ₂ , Ein: 125.0 kJ, dE: 7.9 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 163-259 ° С, Tmax: 374 ° С , the theoretical value is 4.22 kJ, an increment of 1.87 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.86 g InCl ₂ , Ein: 105.0 kJ, dE: 7.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 186-302 ° С, Tmax: 370 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.7 kJ, an increment of 1.59 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.5 g DyI ₂ , Ein: 135.0 kJ, dE: 6.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 403 ° С, theoretical the value is 1.89 kJ, an increment of 3.22 times.

3.92 g of EuBr3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-3) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 10.5 kJ, but what or a surge in cell temperature was not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 429 ° C, the theoretical value was 3.4 kJ, an increment of 3 times.

4.56 g of AsI ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-3), the energy increment was 13.5 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 166 ° C (237-- 403 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 425 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.65 kJ, an increment of 1.56 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.09 g EuF ₃ , Ein: 185.1 kJ, dE: 8.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 463 ° С, theoretical value is 1.69 kJ, an increment of 4.73 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.27 g AgF; Ein: 127.0 kJ; dE: 6.04 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 84-190 ° C; Tmax: 369 ° C; theoretical value is 3.58 kJ, an increment of 1.69 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.92 g EuBr ₃ ; Ein: 162.3 kJ; dE: 7.54 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 471 ° C, theoretical value is 3.41 kJ, an increase of 2.21 times.

2.09 g of EuF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-3) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 5.5 kJ, but any no spike in cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 417 ° C, the theoretical value is 1.71 kJ, an increment of 3.25 times.

3.29 g of YBr ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-3), the energy increment was 7.0 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed . The maximum cell temperature was 441 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.16 kJ, the increment is 1.68 times.

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + BaCl 19.5 g, Ein: 334 kJ, dE: 13 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 2.95 X (X ~ 0.88 kJ x 5 ~ 4.4 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + BaCl ₂ 10.4 g, Ein: 331 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 320 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 6.9X (X ~ 0.52 x 5 = 2.6 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + LaF ₃ 9.8 g, Ein: 338 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 320 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.9X (X ~ 3.65 kJ).

- 82 031711

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + BaBr ₂ 14.85 g (dried), Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 320 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 100 X (X ~ 0.01 - 0.02 x 5 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + BaBr ₂ 14.85 g (dried), Ein: 267 kJ, dE: 8 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 360 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 2.5 X (X ~ 3.2 kJ).

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + ZnS 4.85 g, Ein: 319 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.5 X (X ~ 8.0 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + AgCl 7.2 g (dried, 070109), Ein: 219 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, small change in the temperature gradient at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.8 X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + Y ₂ O ₃ 11.3 g, Ein: 339 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 300 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 4.0 X (X - 5.9 kJ with NaOH).

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.95 g YCl ₃ , Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 7.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 384 ° С, theoretical value is 3, 3 kJ, increment of 2.15 times.

4.70 g of Yl ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-1) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 6.9 kJ, but some or a surge in cell temperature was not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 426 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.37 kJ, an increment of 2.04 times.

1.51 g of SnO ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 9.4 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed . The maximum cell temperature was 460 ° C, the theoretical value is 7.06 kJ, an increment of 1.33 times.

4.56 g of Ash, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 11.5 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 144 ° C (221-365 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 463 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.65 kJ, an increment of 1.33 times.

3.09 g of MnI ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of STiC-1 (TiC from Sigma Aldrich), the energy increment was 9.6 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 137 ° C (38175 ° FROM). The maximum cell temperature was 396 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.73 kJ, an increment of 2.57 times.

3.99 g of SeBr ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 20.9 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 224 ° C ( 47-271 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 383 ° C, the theoretical value is 16.93 kJ, an increment of 1.23 times.

g AC3-3 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 11.65 g AgI, Ein: 238.6 kJ, dE: 31.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 230-316 ° С, Tmax: 317 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.3 kJ, an increment of 2.57 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 0.91 g CoS, Ein: 145.1 kJ, dE: 8.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 420 ° С, theoretical value is 2.63 kJ, an increment of 3.3 times.

g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.84 g MgBr ₂ ; Ein: 134.1 kJ; dE: 5.75 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 400 ° C, theoretical value is 2.23 kJ, increment of 2.58 times.

5.02 g of SbI ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 12.2 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 154 ° С (141- 295 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 379 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.71 kJ, an increment of 1.26 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + AgCl 7.2 g, Ein: 304 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, small change in temperature steepness at ~ 275 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° С . The energy increment is ~ 2.1X (X ~ 14.52 kJ).

KH 1.66 g + Mg 1.0 g + TiC 5.0 g + BaVg ₂ 2.97 g, loading BaBr ₂ -KH-Mg-TiC, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 2 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 360 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.64 kJ, an increment of 3 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + CuS 4.8 g, Ein: 318 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, small change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 360 ° С . The energy increment is ~ 2.1X (X ~ 14.4 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + MnS 4.35 g, Ein: 326 kJ, dE: 14 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 2.2X (X - 6.3 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + GdF ₃ 10.7 g, Ein: 339 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no change in volume

- 83 031711 temperature dependences at Tmax ~ 360 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 2.54X (X ~ 2.75 kJ).

g AC3-2 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 7.2 g AgCl, Ein: 327.1 kJ, dE: 40.4 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 288-318 ° C, Tmax: 326 ° C, theoretical value is 14.52, an increment of 2.78 times.

g AC3-2 + 5 g Mg + 8.3 g KH + 7.2 g CuBr, Ein: 205.1 kJ, dE: 22.5 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 216-268 ° C, Tmax: 280 ° C, theoretical value is 13.46, an increment of 1.67 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.46 g YF ₃ , Ein: 157.0 kJ, dE: 4.3 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 405 ° С, theoretical value is 0.77, an increase of 5.65 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.46 g YF ₃ , Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 5.6 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 398 ° С, theoretical value is 0.74, increment in

7.54 times.

11.3 g of Y ₂ O ₃ , 5 g of NaH powder, 5 g of powdered Mg and 20 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-2) in a cell for intensive loads of 2 inches, the energy increment was 24.5 kJ, but some or a surge in cell temperature was not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 386 ° С, the theoretical value is 5.9, and the increment is 4.2 times.

4 g AC3-2 + 1 rMg + 1 g NaH + 3.91 g BaI ₂ , Ein: 135.0 kJ, dE: 5.3 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 378 ° С, theoretical value is 0.1 kJ, increment of 51 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.91 g BaI ₂ , Ein: 123.1 kJ, dE: 3.3 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 390 ° С, theoretical the value is 0.88 kJ, an increase of 3.8 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.08 g BaCl ₂ , Ein: 141.0 kJ, dE: 5.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 403 ° С, theoretical the value is 0.52 kJ, an increment of 10.5 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.42 g SrI ₂ ; Ein: 128.2 kJ; dE: 4.35 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 383 ° C, theoretical value is 1.62 kJ, an increment of 3.3 times.

The operation was performed for 4.04 g of SbS ₅ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-2). The energy increment was 18.0 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 251 ° C (224-475 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 481 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.7 kJ, the increment is 1.4 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.97 g ZnS, Ein: 132.1 kJ, dE: 7.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 370 ° С, theoretical value is 1 , 4 kJ, an increment of 5.33 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.12 g EuBr ₂ , Ein: 135.0 kJ, dE: 5.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 114-182 ° С, Tmax: 371 ° С , the theoretical value is endothermic + 0.35 kJ, the increment is infinity.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.12 g EuBr ₂ , Ein: 122.0 kJ, dE: 9.4 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 73-135 ° C, Tmax: 385 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.28 kJ, an increment of 34 times.

g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.67 g PbBr ₂ ; Ein: 126.0 kJ; dE: 6.98 kJ, change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 270-408 ° C, Tmax: 421 ° C, theoretical value is 5.17 kJ, an increment of 1.35 times.

g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.27 g AgF; Ein: 125.0 kJ; dE: 7.21 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 74-175 ° C; Tmax: 372 ° C, theoretical value is 3.58 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

1.80 g of GdBr ₃ (0.01 mol of GdBr ₃ is 3.97 g, but GdBr ₃ was not enough), 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-1 ), the energy increment was 2.8 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 431 ° C, the theoretical value is 1.81 kJ, an increment of 1.52 times.

0.97 g of ZnS, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 4.0 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 444 ° C, the theoretical value is 1.61 kJ, the increment is 2.49 times.

3.92 g of BI ₃ (in a bottle of PP), 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 13.2 kJ, and the change in slope the cell temperature dependence took place at 87 ° С (152-239 ° С). Maximum cell temperature

- 84 031711 was 465 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.7 kJ, an increment of 1.36 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.2 g HfCl ₄ , Ein: 131.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 277-439 ° С, Tmax: 440 ° С , the theoretical value is 8.1 kJ, an increment of 1.29 times.

g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.2 g HfCl ₄ , Ein: 125.0 kJ, dE: 11.5 kJ, change in temperature gradient: 254-357 ° С, Tmax: 405 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.06 kJ, an increment of 1.27 times.

g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.97 g BaBr ₂ ; Ein: 132.1 kJ; dE: 4.65 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 361 ° C, theoretical value is 0.64 kJ, increment of 7.24 times.

g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.35 g Agl; Ein: 142.9 kJ; dE: 7.32 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 420 ° C, theoretical value is 2.46 kJ, an increment of 2.98 times.

The operation was performed for 4.12 g of PI ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-1). The energy increment was 13.8 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 189 ° C (184-373 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 438 ° С, the theoretical value is 11.1 kJ, the increment is 1.24 times.

1.57 g of SnF ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 7.9 kJ, and a change in the slope of the cell temperature dependence occurred at 72 ° C (149-221 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 407 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.28 kJ, the increment is 1.5 times.

1.96 g of LaF ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 4.2 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 442 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.68 kJ, an increment of 6.16 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.78 g MgI ₂ , Ein: 129.0 kJ, dE: 6.6 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 371 ° С, theoretical value is 1.75 kJ, an increase of 3.8 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.48 g SrBr ₂ , Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 6.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 402 ° С, theoretical the value is 1.35 kJ, an increment of 4.54 times.

g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.0 g CaBr ₂ ; Ein: 147.0 kJ; dE: 6.33 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence; not observed; Tmax: 445 ° C, theoretical value is 1.71 kJ, an increase of 3.7 times.

g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.97 g BaBr ₂ ; Ein: 140.1 kJ; dE: 8.01 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 405 ° C, theoretical value is 0.02 kJ, an increment of 483 times.

The operation was carried out for 0.90 g of CrF ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-1). The energy increment was 4.7 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 415 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.46 kJ, an increment of 1.36 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + InCl 7.5 g, Ein: 275 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 2.2 X (X ~ 11.45 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + InI 12.1 g, Ein: 320 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 1.25 X (X ~ 9.6 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + InBr 9.75 g, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 17 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 1.7X (X - 10 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + FeBr ₂ 10.8 g (FeBr ₂ from STREM Chemicals), confirmation experiment for Dr. Peter Jansson, Ein: 308 kJ, dE: 46 kJ, a change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at ~ 220 ° C and Tmax ~ 330 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.84X (X ~ 25 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + CoI ₂ 15.65 g, Ein: 243 kJ, dE: 55 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 170 ° С and Tmax ~ 330 ° C, the theoretical value is 26.35 kJ, an increment of 2.08 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + NiBr ₂ 11.0 g, Ein: 270 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 220 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° С , the theoretical value is 23 kJ, an increment of 1.95 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + FeBr ₂ 10.8 g (FeBr ₂ from STREM Chemicals), Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 38 kJ, change in temperature slope at ~ 200 ° C and Tmax ~ 330 ° C, the theoretical value is 25 kJ, an increment of 1.52 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + ZnBr ₂ 11.25 g, Ein: 302 kJ, dE: 42 kJ, small change

- 85 031711 slopes of temperature dependence at ~ 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 375 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 2X (X ~ 20.9 kJ).

KH 8.30 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + GdBr ₃ 19.85 g, Ein: 308 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° С . The energy increment is ~ 1.3X (X ~ 20.3 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + MnS 4.35 g, Ein: 349 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 260 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 3.6 X (X ~ 6.6 kJ).

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.79 g LaBr ₃ , Ein: 143.0 kJ, dE: 4.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 392 ° C, theoretical value is 2.46 kJ, an increment of 1.96 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.80 g CeBr ₃ , Ein: 145.0 kJ, dE: 7.6 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 413 ° С, theoretical the value is 3.84 kJ, an increment of 1.97 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.44 g AgCl; Ein: 136.2 kJ; dE: 7.14 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 420 ° C, theoretical value is 2.90 kJ, an increment of 2.46 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.60 g Cu ₂ S, Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 5.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 405 ° С, theoretical value is 2.67 kJ, an increment of 2.06 times.

2.54 g of TeI ₄ (0.01 mol of TeI ₄ is 6.35 g, but TeI ₄ was not enough), 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (AC3-1 ), the energy increment was 8.3 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 113 ° С (202-315 ° С). The maximum cell temperature was 395 ° C, the theoretical value was 5.61 kJ, an increment of 1.48 times.

2.51 g of BBr ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (AC3-1), the energy increment was 12.4 kJ. A change in the slope of the cell temperature dependence took place at 52 ° С (77-129 ° С), and a surge in the cell temperature corresponded to 88 ° С (245333 ° С). The maximum cell temperature was 438 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.28 kJ, an increment of 1.34 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.0 g NaH + 3.59 g TaCl ₅ , Ein: 102.0 kJ, dE: 16.9 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 80-293 ° C, Tmax: 366 ° C, the theoretical value is 11.89 kJ, an increment of 1.42 times.

2.72 g of CdBr2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 6.6 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 56 ° C (253 -309 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 414 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.31 kJ, an increment of 1.53 times.

2.73 g of MoCl5, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 20.1 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 240 ° C (67 -307 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 511 ° C, the theoretical value is 15.04 kJ, an increment of 1.34 times.

2.75 g of InBr ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 7.3 kJ, but any surge in cell temperature not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 481 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.46 kJ, an increment of 1.64 times.

1.88 g of NbF ₅ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 15.5 kJ, but any surge in cell temperature not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 448 ° C, the theoretical value is 11.36 kJ, an increment of 1.36 times.

2.33 g of ZrCl ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 12.9 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 156 ° C (311-467 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 472 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.82 kJ, an increment of 1.46 times.

3.66 g of CdI _2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA1II 300 powdered activated carbon (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increase was 6.7 kJ, and changing transconductance depending cell temperature occurred at 74 ° C (125-199 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 417 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.12 kJ, the increment is 1.62 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1,66 g of KH + 2,64 g of GdCl _3; Ein: 127.0 kJ; dE: 4.82 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 395 ° C, theoretical value is 3.54 kJ, an increment of 1.36 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + InCl 7.5 g, Ein: 305 kJ, dE: 32 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature at ~ 150 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 2.8X (X ~ 11.5 kJ).

- 86 031711

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + WC 20.0 g + CoI ₂ 15.65 g, Ein: 306 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, small change in the temperature gradient at ~ 200 ° C and Tmax ~ 350 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 1.55 X (X ~ 26.4 kJ).

NaH 5,0 g + Mg 5,0 g + WC 20,0 g ₃ + CdBr 19.85 g, Ein: 309 kJ, dE: 28 kJ, a small change in slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 250 ° C and Tmax ~ 340 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 1.8X (X ~ 15.6 kJ).

KH 4.98 g + Mg 3.0 g + CAII-300 12.0 g + InBr 5.85 g, 3X system, Ein: 297 kJ, dE: 13 kJ, small change in the temperature gradient at ~ 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 330 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.3X (X ~ 10 kJ).

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.26 g Y ₂ O ₃ , Ein: 133.1 kJ, dE: 5.2 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 384 ° С, theoretical the value is 1.18 kJ, an increment of 4.44 times.

4.11 g of ZrBr ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 11.2 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 154 ° C (280-434 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 444 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.31 kJ, an increment of 1.2 times.

5.99 g of ZrI ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 11.3 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 200 ° C ( 214-414 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 454 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.4 kJ, the increment is 1.2 times.

2.70 g of NbCl ₅ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 16.4 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 213 ° C (137-350 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 395 ° C, the theoretical value was 13.40 kJ, an increment of 1.22 times.

2.02 g of MoCl ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 12.1 kJ, but any surge in cell temperature not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 536 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.48 kJ, an increment of 1.43 times.

3.13 g of NiI ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 8.0 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 33 ° C ( 335-368 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 438 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.89 kJ, an increment of 1.36 times.

3.87 g of As ₂ Se ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 12.3 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded 241 ° C (195-436 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 446 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.4 kJ, the increment is 1.46 times.

2.74 g of Y ₂ S ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 5.2 kJ, but any surge in cell temperature not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 444 ° C, the theoretical value is 0.41 kJ, an increment of 12.64 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.79 g LaBr ₃ , Ein: 147.1 kJ, dE: 7.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 443 ° С, theoretical the value is 3.39 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.15 g MnBr ₂ ; Ein: 124.0 kJ; dE: 5.55 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 360-405 ° C; Tmax: 411 ° C, theoretical value is 3.63 kJ, an increment of 1.53 times.

2.60 g of Bi (OH) ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 14.8 kJ, and the cell temperature surge corresponded to 173 ° C (202-375 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 452 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.23 kJ, an increment of 1.2 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + SnI ₂ 18.5 g (Strem), Ein: 244 kJ, dE: 53 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 150 ° С and Tmax ~ 330 ° C, theoretical value is 28.1 kJ, an increment of 1.9 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + FeBr ₂ 10.8 g, Ein: 335 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 375 ° С , the theoretical value is 22 kJ, an increment of 1.95 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + WC 20.0 g + FeBr ₂ 10.8 g, Ein: 335 kJ, dE: 32 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 230 ° С and Tmax ~ 360 ° С , the theoretical value is 22 kJ, an increment of 1.45 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + MnI ₂ 15.45 g, (Strem), Ein: 269 kJ, dE: 49 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 50 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 3.4X (X ~ 14.8 kJ).

- 87 031711 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g Ca + 1 g NaH + 3.09 g MnI ₂ ; Ein: 112.0 kJ; dE: 9.98 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 178-374 ° C; Tmax: 383 ° C, theoretical value is 5.90 kJ, an increment of 1.69 times.

0.96 g of CuS, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 5.5 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 409 ° C, the theoretical value is 2.93 kJ, an increment of 1.88 times.

0.87 g of MnS, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 4.7 kJ, but no surge in cell temperature was observed.

The maximum cell temperature was 412 ° C, the theoretical value is 1.32 kJ, an increment of 3.57 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + MnI ₂ 15.45 g, Ein: 269 kJ, dE: 49 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 50 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C, the theoretical value is 18.65 kJ, an increase of 2.6 times.

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + NiBr ₂ 11.0 g, Ein: 245 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 310 ° С , the theoretical value is 26 kJ, an increment of 1.6 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + MnCl ₂ 6.3 g, Ein: 333 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C, the theoretical value is 17.6 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

2.42 g of InI, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 4.4 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 438 ° С, the theoretical value is 1.92 kJ, the increment is 2.3 times.

1.72 g of InF ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 9.2 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed . The maximum cell temperature was 446 ° C, the theoretical value is 5 kJ, the increment is 1.85 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.98 g As ₂ O ₃ , Ein: 110.5 kJ, dE: 17.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 325-452 ° С, Tmax: 471 ° C, the theoretical value is 11.48 kJ, an increment of 1.49 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.66 g Bi ₂ O ₃ , Ein: 152.0 kJ, dE: 17.7 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 185-403 ° C, Tmax: 481 ° C, the theoretical value is 13.8 kJ, an increment of 1.28 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 rMg + 1 g NaH + 2.02 g MoCl ₃ ; Ein: 118.0 kJ; dE: 11.10 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 342-496 ° C; Tmax: 496 ° C, theoretical value is 7.76 kJ, an increment of 1.43 times.

2.83 g of PbF ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 13.9 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 245 ° C ( 217-462 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 464 ° C, the theoretical value is 13.38 kJ, an increment of 1.32 times.

2.78 g of PbCl _2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increase was 6.8 kJ, but any cell temperature spike was observed . The maximum cell temperature was 488 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.22 kJ, the increment is 1.3 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g KH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ , Ein: 136.0 kJ, dE: 7.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 275-350С, Tmax: 385 ° C, theoretical value is 4.6 kJ, increment in

1.6 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.74 g MoCl ₅ , Ein: 96.0 kJ, dE: 19.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 86-334 ° С, Tmax: 373 ° C , the theoretical value is 14.06 kJ, an increment of 1.35 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g Ca + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 127.1 kJ; dE: 10.69 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 300-420 ° C; Tmax: 10.69 ° C, theoretical value is 7.67 kJ, an increment of 1.39 times.

5.90 g of BiI ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.9 kJ, and a change in the slope of the cell temperature was observed at 70 ° C (217-287 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 458 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.87 kJ, an increment of 1.23 times.

1.79 g of SbF ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-88 031711

III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 11.7 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 169 ° C (138-307 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 454 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.21 kJ, an increment of 1.27 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g Ca + 1 g NaH + 3.09 g MnI ₂ , Ein: 111.0 kJ, dE: 12.6 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 178-340 ° С, Tmax: 373 ° C, theoretical value is 5.9 kJ, an increment of 2.13 times.

4 g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g Ca + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl ₂ ; Ein: 135.2 kJ; dE: 12.26 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 250-390 ° C; Tmax: 437 ° C, theoretical value is 8.55 kJ, an increment of 1.43 times.

1.50 g of InCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 5.1 kJ, but no surge in cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 410 ° C, the theoretical value is 2.29 kJ, the increment is 2.22 times.

2.21 g of InCl ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.9 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 191 ° C (235-426 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 431 ° C, the theoretical value is 7.11 kJ, the increment is 1.5 times.

1.95 g of InBr, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 6.0 kJ, but no surge in cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 435 ° C, the theoretical value is 2 kJ, an increment of 3 times.

3.55 g of InBr ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 9.1 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 152 ° C (156-308 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 386 ° C, the theoretical value is 6.92 kJ, the increment is 1.3 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g KH + 3.79 g SnI ₂ , Ein: 169.1 kJ, dE: 6.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 200-289С, Tmax: 431 ° С, theoretical value is 4.03 kJ, an increment of 1.49 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + WC 20.0 g + MnBr ₂ 10.75 g, Ein: 309 kJ, dE: 35 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 335 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.9X (X ~ 18.1 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + MnBr ₂ 10.75 g, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 280 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 2.2 X (X ~ 18.1 kJ).

KH 1.66 g + Mg 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + TiF ₃ 1.05 g, 5X Се11 # 1086 with CAII-300, Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 6 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 280 ° C, theoretical value is 2.5 kJ, an increase of 2.4 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + FeF ₂ 4.7 g, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 40 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 260 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C, the theoretical value is 20.65 kJ, an increment of 1.93 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + CuF ₂ 5.1 g, Ein: 203 kJ, dE: 57 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 125 ° C and Tmax ~ 280 ° C, the theoretical value is 29 kJ, an increment of 1.96 times.

KH 83.0 g + Mg 50.0 g + WC200.0 g + SnI ₂ 185 g, URS, Ein: 1310 kJ, dE: 428 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 140 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° С, theoretical value is 200 kJ, an increment of 2.14 times.

061009KAWFC1 # 1102 NaH 1.0 g + Mg 1.0 g + WC 4.0 g + GdBr ₃ 3.97 g, Ein: 148 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 300 ° С and Tmax ~ 420 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 3.5 X (X ~ 2 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + FeO 3.6 g, Ein: 355 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, small change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at ~ 260 ° С and Tmax ~ 360 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.45 X (X ~ 16.6 kJ).

KH 83.0 g + Mg 50.0 g + WC 200.0 g + SnI ₂ 185 g, ROWAN, Ein: 1379 kJ, dE: 416 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 140 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° С , the theoretical value is 200 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + CoI ₂ 15.65 g, Ein: 361 kJ, dE: 69 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 410 ° C, the theoretical value is 26.35 kJ, an increase of 2.6 times.

KH 8.3 g + 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + FeS 4.4 g, Ein: 312 kJ, dE: 22 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 350 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 1.7 X (X ~ 12.3 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + WC 40.0 g + SnI ₂ 18.5 g, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, small change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at ~ 140 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° С. The energy increment is ~ 1.35X (X ~ 20kJ).

- 89 031711

NaH 5,0 g + Mg 5,0 g + WC 20,0 g + MnI ₂ 15.45 g, Ein: 108 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, changing the slope of temperature dependence at ~ 70 ° C and Tmax ~ 170 ° C , the theoretical value is 14.8 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + WC 20.0 g + NiBr ₂ 11.0 g, Ein: 248 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 170 ° C and Tmax ~ 300 ° C . The energy increment is ~ 1.7 X (X ~ 20 kJ), the theoretical value is 26.25 kJ, the increment is 1.3 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + WC 20.0 g + NiBr ₂ 11.0 g, Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 250 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° FROM. The energy increment is ~ 1.5 X (X ~ 20 kJ), the theoretical value is 26.25 kJ, the increment is 1.14 times.

NaH 5,0 g + Mg 5,0 g + WC 20,0 g + NiBr ₂ 11.0 g, was repeated for Ce11 # 1105, Ein: 242 kJ, dE: 33 kJ, changing the slope of temperature dependence at ~ 70 ° C and Tmax ~ 280 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.65 X (X ~ 20 kJ).

NaH 5,0 g + Mg 5,0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g of ₃ + InC1 11.1 g, Ein: 189 kJ, dE: 48 kJ, a small change in slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 80 ° C and Tmax ~ 260 ° C.

The energy increment is ~ 1.5 X (X ~ 31 kJ).

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + MnI ₂ 15.45 g, Ein: 248 kJ, dE: 46 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature dependence at ~ 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 325 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 3 X (X ~ 14.8 kJ).

2.96 g of FeBr ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 12.5 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 77 ° C (72-149 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 418 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.35 kJ, the increment is 1.5 times.

0.72 g of FeO, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 6.7 kJ, but no surge in cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 448 ° С, the theoretical value is 3.3 kJ, the increment is 2 times.

1.26 g of MnC1 ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 8.6 kJ, but any surge in cell temperature not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 437 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.52 kJ, the increment is 2.45 times.

1.13 g of FeF ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 12.6 kJ, but no burst of cell temperature was observed . The maximum cell temperature was 618 ° C, the theoretical value is 6.44 kJ, the energy increment is 1.96 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.97 g GdBr ₃ , Ein: 143.1 kJ, dE: 5.4 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 403 ° С, theoretical value is 1.99 kJ, an increment of 2.73 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.57 g SnF ₂ ; Ein: 139.0 kJ; dE: 7.24 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 413 ° C, theoretical value is 5.28 kJ, an increment of 1.37 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.04 g Sb ₂ S ₅ , Ein: 125.0 kJ, dE: 19.3 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 421-651 ° С, Tmax: 651 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.37 kJ, an increment of 1.56 times.

1.36 g of ZnC1 ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 6.6 kJ, but any surge in cell temperature not observed. The maximum cell temperature was 402 ° С, the theoretical value was 4.34 kJ, and the increment was 1.52 times.

1.03 g of ZnF ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 6.5 kJ, but no surge in cell temperature was observed . The maximum cell temperature was 427 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.76 kJ, the increment is 1.73 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.22 g InC1 ₃ , the experimental value of dE: -12.6 kJ, the reaction in question: broadband access) + 3NaH (cr) + ^ Mg ^^^ G ^) + W (cr) + ^ Mgm ^), Q = -640.45 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: ~ 6.4 kJ, excess heat: - 6.2 kJ, 2.0X excess heat.

1.08 g of VF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 9.5 kJ, but no spike in the cell temperature was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 447 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.9 kJ, an increment of 1.94 times.

8.3 g KH + 5.0 g Mg + 20.0 g AC (II-300) + 5.4 g VF ₃ , Ein: 286 kJ, dE: 58 kJ, theoretical

- 90 031711 rank is 24.5 kJ, an increment of 2.3 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.72 g InF ₃ , Ein: 134.0 kJ, dE: 8.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 391 ° С, theoretical value is 5 kJ, an increment of 1.62 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.02 g CuF ₂ , experimental value dE:

9.4 kJ, the reaction in question: CuF ^^) + Mg (cr) = MgF ₂ (cr) + ^ (cr), Q = -581.5 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 5.82 kJ, excess heat:

3,59 kJ, 1,6X excess heat.

g CAIII-300 + I g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.83 g PbF ₄ , experimental value dE: -17.6 kJ, reaction in question: PbF ₄ (^) + 2Mg (^) + 4NaH (cr) = 2MgH ₂ (cr) + 4NaF (cr) + Pb ^), Q = -1290.0 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction:

- 12.9 kJ, excess heat: - 4.7 kJ, 1.4X excess heat.

KH 1.66 g + Mg 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + SnI ₄ 6.26 g, Ein: 97 kJ, dE: 17 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 150 ° С and Tmax ~ 370 ° С , the theoretical value is 10.1 kJ, an increment of 1.7 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 3.7 g TiBr ₄ , experimental value dE: -16.1 kJ, reaction in question: TiBr ^^) + 4 <Щкр) + 2Mg (^) + C% ^e ) = 41 <Br (1p) + PScr) + 2MgH ₂ (cr), Q = -

1062.3 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 10.7 kJ, excess heat: - 5.4 kJ, 1.5X excess heat.

BI3.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.4 g BI ₃ , Ein: 128.1 kJ, dE: 7.9 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 180-263 ° С, Tmax: 365 ° С , the theoretical value is 5.55 kJ, an increment of 1.4 times.

MnBr2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.15 g MnBr ₂ , experimental value dE: - 7.0 kJ, reaction considered: Mn ^^) + 2 <Щкр) + + Mn (^) + 2MgH ₂ (cr), Q = -362.6 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 3.63 kJ, excess heat: - 3.4 kJ, 1.9X excess heat.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + WC 20.0 g + MnBr ₂ 10.75 g, Ein: 309 kJ, dE: 35 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 335 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 1.9X (X - 18.1 kJ).

KH 8,3 g + Mg 5,0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g ₂ + MnBr 10.75 g, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, changing the slope of temperature at ~ 280 ° C and Tmax ~ 350 ° C. The energy increment is ~ 2.2 X (X ~ 18.1 kJ).

FeF2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 0.94 g FeF ₂ , experimental value dE:

9.8 kJ, the reaction in question: FeF ₂ (^) + Mg (cr) = MgF ₂ (cr) + Fe ^), Q = -412.9 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 4.13 kJ, excess heat:

5.67 kJ, 2.4X excess heat.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + FeF ₂ 4.7 g, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 40 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 260 ° С and Tmax ~ 340 ° C, the theoretical value is 20.65 kJ, an increment of 1.94 times.

TiF3.

KH 1.66 g + Mg 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + TiF ₃ 1.05 g (5X Ce11 # 1086 with CAII-300), Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 6 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 280 ° C, the theoretical value is 2.5, the increment is 2.4 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + TiF ₃ 5.25 g, Ein: 268 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 280 ° С. No energy increment (X ~ 21.7 kJ).

CuF2.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + CuF ₂ 5.1 g, Ein: 203 kJ, dE: 57 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 125 ° C and Tmax ~ 280 ° C, the theoretical value is 29.1 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

MnI ₂ .

NaH 4.0 g + Mg 4.0 g + CAII-300 16.0 g + MnI ₂ 12.36 g (4X increase), Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 300 ° C, the theoretical value is 11.8 kJ, an increment of 2.5 times.

Heat measurement at 3.09 g of MnI ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 8.8 kJ, and the cell temperature surge corresponded to 92 ° C (172-264 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 410 ° C, the theoretical value is 2.96 kJ, an increment of 3 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.09 g MnI ₂ , Ein: 126.1 kJ, dE: 8.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 157-241 ° С, Tmax: 385 ° С , the theoretical value is 2.96 kJ, an increment of 2.69 times.

- 91 031711

ZnBr ₂ .

2.25 g of ZnBr ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.3 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 82 ° C (253-335 ° C), the maximum cell temperature was 456 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.56 kJ, an increment of 2.9 times.

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + SAN-300 20.0 g + ZnBr ₂ 11.25 g, Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 330 ° С, theoretical the value is 17.8 kJ, an increment of 1.46 times.

CoCl2.

1.3 g of CoCl ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.4 kJ, and a change in the slope of the cell temperature was observed at 105 ° C (316-421 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 450 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.2 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

1.3 g of CoCl ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 9.6 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 181 ° C ( 295-476 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 478 ° С, the theoretical value was 5.2 kJ, and the increment was 1.89 times.

SnBr2.

2.8 g of SnBr ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 14.2 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 148 ° C (148 -296 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 376 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.75 kJ, an increment of 3.78 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.79 g SnBr ₂ , Ein: 116.0 kJ, dE: 7.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 135-236 ° С, Tmax: 370 ° С , the theoretical value is 3.75 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

KH 8.3 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + SnBr ₂ 11.4 g, Ein: 211 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 170 ° С and Tmax ~ 300 ° C; theoretical value is 15.5 kJ, an increase of 2.6 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + TiC 20.0 g + SnBr ₂ 14.0 g, Ein: 229 kJ, dE: 46 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 150 ° С and Tmax ~ 310 ° С and an increment of ~ 2.4X (X ~ 19 kJ), the theoretical value is 18.8 kJ, an increment of 2.4 times.

KH 1.66 g + Mg 1.0 g + WC 4.0 g + SnBr ₂ 2.8 g, Ein: 101 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 150 ° C and Tmax ~ 350 ° C , the theoretical value is 3.75 kJ, an increment of 2.66 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1.66 g KH + 2.79 g SnBr ₂ , Ein: 132.0 kJ, dE: 9.6 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 168-263 ° C, Tmax: 381 ° C, theoretical the value is 4.29 kJ, an increment of 2.25 times.

g Mg + 1,66 g of KH + 2,79 g SnBr _2; Ein: 123.0 kJ; dE: 7.82 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 125-220 ° C; Tmax: 386 ° C, theoretical value is 5.85 kJ, an increment of 1.33 times.

SnI2.

KH 6.64 g + powdered Mg 4.0 g + TiC 18.0 g + SnI ₂ 14.8 g, Ein: 232 kJ, dE: 47 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 150 ° С and Tmax ~ 280 ° FROM. Energy increment ~ 3.6X (X ~

12.8 kJ), the theoretical value is 12.6 kJ, an increase of 3.7 times.

3.7 g of SnI ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 11.9 kJ, but no temperature spike was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 455 ° C, the theoretical value is 3.2 kJ, the increment is 3.7 times.

KH 1.6 g + powdered Mg 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + SnI ₂ 3.7 g, Ein: 162 kJ, dE: 13 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at 100 ° С and Tmax ~ 490 ° С; theoretical value is 3.2 kJ, an increment of 4 times.

KH 8.3 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + CAII 300 20.0 g + SnI ₂ 18.5 g, Ein: 221 kJ, dE: 47 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 170 ° С and Tmax ~ 300 ° C, the theoretical value is 15.9 kJ, an increment of 3 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.73 g SnI ₂ ; Ein: 121.9 kJ; dE: 7.56 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 391 ° C, theoretical value is 3.2 kJ, an increment of 2.36 times.

1.66 g KH + 3.79 g SnI ₂ ; Ein: 114.0 kJ, dE: 8.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 161-259 ° С, Tmax: 359 ° C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, increment is 2.17 times.

SnCl2.

- 92 031711

NaH 5.0 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + SnCl ₂ 9.6 g, Ein: 181 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 140 ° С and Tmax ~ 280 ° C, the theoretical value is 19 kJ, an increment of 1.57 times.

NiBr2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 126.0 kJ; dE: 12.01 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 290-370 ° C; Tmax: 417 ° C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, increment 3 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g, mixture, + NiBr ₂ 2.2 g, Ein: 121 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, temperature gradient at 260 ° С and Tmax ~ 390 ° C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, an increment of 2.75 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 122.0 kJ; dE: 7.78 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 392 ° C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, an increment of 1.95 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 0.33 g LiH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 128.0 kJ; dE: 10.72 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 270-436 ° C; Tmax: 440 ° C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, an increment of 2.68 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 126.0 kJ; dE: 10.45 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 285-423 ° C; Tmax: 423 ° C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, the increment is 2.6 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 138.1 kJ; dE: 8.12 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 425 ° C, theoretical value is 4 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

NaH 5.0 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 g, mixture, + NiBr ₂ 11.0 g (theoretical value 23.6 kJ), Ein: 224 kJ, dE: 53 kJ, a jump in the steepness of the temperature dependence at 160 ° C and Tmax ~ 280 ° C, the theoretical value is 20 kJ, an increment of 2.65 times.

NaH 1.0 g + Mg 1.0 g + WC 4.0 g + NiBr2 2.2 g, Ein: 197 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, small change in the slope of the temperature at ~ 200 ° C and Tmax ~ 500 ° C ; theoretical value is 4 kJ, an increment of 2.75 times.

NaH 50.0 g + Mg 50.0 g + CAII-300 200.0 g + NiBr ₂ 109.5 g, Ein: 1990 kJ, dE: 577 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 140 ° С and Tmax ~ 980 ° C, the theoretical value is 199 kJ, an increment of 2.9 times.

Mg-free control: 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 134.0 kJ; dE: 5.37 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 375 ° C, theoretical value is 3.98 kJ, an increment of 1.35 times.

Control: 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 129.0 kJ; dE: 5.13 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 195-310 ° C; Tmax: 416 ° C, theoretical value is 5.25 kJ.

Control: 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr ₂ ; Ein: 138.2 kJ; dE: - 0.18 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 377 ° C, theoretical value is 3.98 kJ.

CuCl2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl ₂ , Ein: 119.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 250-381 ° С, Tmax: 393 ° C , the theoretical value is 4.9 kJ, an increment of 2.15 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl ₂ , Ein: 126.0 kJ, dE: 7.4 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 229-354 ° С, Tmax: 418 ° C , the theoretical value is 4.9 kJ, an increment of 1.5 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 1.34 g CuCl ₂ , Ein: 144.0 kJ, dE: 8.3 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 229-314 ° С, Tmax: 409 ° C, theoretical value is 4.9 kJ, an increment of 1.69 times.

NaH 5.0 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 g, mixture, + CuCl ₂ 10.75 g (theoretical value 45 kJ), Ein: 268 kJ, dE: 80 kJ, steepness jump temperature dependences at 210 ° С and Tmax ~ 360 ° C, theoretical value is 39 kJ, increment is 2 times.

1.4 g of CuCl ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 14.6 kJ, and the temperature surge corresponded to 190 ° С (188-378 ° С). The maximum cell temperature was 437 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.9 kJ, an increment of 3 times.

KH 8.3 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + CuCl ₂ 6.7 g, Ein: 255 kJ, dE: 55 kJ, change in temperature gradient at ~ 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 320 ° C, theoretical value is 24.5 kJ, an increment of 2.24 times.

- 93 031711

CuCl.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1 g CuCl; Ein: 128.1 kJ; dE: 4.94 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 395 ° C, theoretical value is 2.18 kJ, an increment of 2.26 times.

CoI2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.13 g CoI ₂ , Ein: 141.1 kJ, dE: 9.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 411 ° С, reaction considered: 2NaH (^) + bBrScr) + MgC ^^ NaIC ^) + Co (cr) + MgH ^ ^), Q = -449.8 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 4.50 kJ, excess heat: - 5.18 kJ, an increment of 1.9 times.

3.13 g of CoI ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.7 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 117 ° C ( 248-365 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 438 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.27 kJ, an increment of 2.03 times.

ZnI ₂ .

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.19 g Znl ₂ , Ein: 157.1 kJ, dE: 5.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 330 ° С, reaction considered: 2NaH (^) + Z ^^^) + MgC ^^^ NaIC ^) + Zn (^) + MgH ^^), Q = -330.47 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 3.30 kJ, excess heat: - 2.5 kJ, an increment of 1.75 times.

3.19 g of Znl ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon SAP1 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 5.9 kJ, and a change in the slope of the cell temperature dependence occurred at 63 ° C (256-319 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 410 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.25 kJ, an increment of 1.66 times.

CoBr2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.19 g CoBr ₂ , Ein: 140.0 kJ, dE: 7.6 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 461 ° С, reaction considered: 2NaH (^) + CoBr ₂ (^) + Mg (cr) = 2NaBr (cr) + Co (cr) + MgH ^), Q = -464 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 4.64 kJ, excess heat: - 2.9 kJ, an increment of 1.64 times.

2.19 g of CoBr ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.4 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 110 ° C ( 306-416 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 450 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.27 kJ, an increment of 1.97 times.

2.19 g of CoBr ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.2 kJ, but there was no temperature spike watched. The maximum cell temperature was 446 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.27 kJ, an increment of 1.94 times.

FeCl2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.27 g FeCl ₂ , Ein: 155.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 450 ° С, theoretical value is 3.68 kJ, an increase of 2.85 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 1.27 g FeCl ₂ , Ein: 141.7 kJ, dE: 7.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: none, Tmax: 440 ° С, theoretical value is 3.68 kJ, increment of 1.9 times.

1.3 g of FeCb, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch (25.4 mm), the energy increment was 11 , 5 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 142 ° C (287-429 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 448 ° С, the theoretical value was 4.1 kJ, and the increment was 2.8 times.

NaH 5.0 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 g, mixture, + FeCl ₂ 6.35 g, Ein: 296 kJ, dE: 37 kJ, temperature gradient at 220 ° С and Tmax ~ 330 ° C, the theoretical value is 18.4 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

FeCl3.

2.7 g of FeCl3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 21.3 kJ, and the burst of the cell temperature corresponded to 205 ° C (147 -352 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 445 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, an increment of 1.97 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered Mg 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + FeCl ₃ 1.6 g, Ein: 88 kJ, dE: 14 kJ, change in temperature gradient at 80 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° С , the theoretical value is 6.65 kJ, an increment of 2.1 times.

KH 8.3 g + powdered MgH ₂ 5.0 g + CAII 300 20.0 g + FeCl ₃ 8.1 g, Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 52 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 300 ° С, theoretical value

- 94 031711 is 33 kJ, an increment of 1.56 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + FeCl ₂ 6.5 g, Ein: 299 kJ, dE: 44 kJ, no change in temperature steepness at Tmax ~ 350 ° С, theoretical the value is 18.9 kJ, an increment of 2.3 times.

FeBr ₂ .

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.16 g FeBr ₂ ; Ein: 144.0 kJ; dE: 9.90 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 455 ° C, theoretical value is 3.6 kJ, an increment of 2.75 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 2.16 g FeBr ₂ ; Ein: 142.0 kJ; dE: 8.81 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 428 ° C, theoretical value is 3.6 kJ, an increment of 2.44 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 0.33 g LiH + 2.16 g FeBr ₂ ; Ein: 164.0 kJ; dE: 8.68 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 450 ° C, theoretical value is 3.6 kJ, an increment of 2.4 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1.66 g KH + 2.16 g FeBr ₂ ; Ein: 159.8 kJ; dE: 9.07 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 459 ° C, theoretical value is 3.6 kJ, increment is 2.5 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.96 g FeBr ₂ , experimental value dE: -6.7 kJ, reaction in question: 2NaH (^) + FeBr ₂ (^) + Mg (cr) = 2NaBr (cr) + Fe (^) + MgH? ^), Q = -435.1 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 4.35 kJ, excess heat: - 2.35 kJ, 1.54X excess heat.

NiCl2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.30 g NiCl ₂ , Ein: 112.0 kJ, dE: 9.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 230-368 ° С, Tmax: 376 ° С , the theoretical value is 4 kJ, an increment of 2.4 times.

1.3 g of NiCl ₂ , 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch (25.4 mm), the energy increment was 9.2 kJ, and the change in the steepness of the temperature dependence corresponded to 100 ° C (205-305 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 432 ° С, the theoretical value is 4 kJ, the increment is 2.3 times.

1.3 g of NiCl ₂ 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered Al and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch (25.4 mm), the energy increment was 8 , 0 kJ, and the change in the steepness of the temperature dependence corresponded to 85 ° C (206-291 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 447 ° C, the theoretical value is 4 kJ, the increment is 2 times.

CuBr.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.44 g CuBr; Ein: 125.0 kJ; dE: 4.67 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: not observed; Tmax: 382 ° C, theoretical value is 2 kJ, an increment of 2.33 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.44 g CuBr, experimental value dE: - 7.6 kJ, the reaction in question: CuBr (^) + NSCr) + 0.5Mg (cr) = KBr (cr) + Οιι (ιφ) + 0.5MgH2 (cr), Q = -269.2 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 2.70 kJ, excess heat: - 4.90 kJ, 2.8X excess heat.

CuBr2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.23 g CuBr ₂ ; Ein: 118.1 kJ; dE: 8.04 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 108-180 ° C; Tmax: 369 ° C, theoretical value is 4.68 kJ, increment of 1.7 times.

SnF4.

2.0 g of SnF ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 18.4 kJ, but no temperature spike was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 576 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.3 kJ, an increment of 1.98 times.

AlI3.

4.1 g of AlI ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 10.1 kJ, but no temperature spike was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 412 ° C, the theoretical value is 6.68 kJ, an increment of 1.51 times.

KH 8.3 g + Mg 5.0 g + CAII-300 20.0 g + AlI ₃ 20.5 g, Ein: 318 kJ, dE: 48 kJ, theoretical value is 33.4 kJ, increment of 1.4 times.

SiCl4.

- 95 031711

1.7 g of SiCl ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 12.6 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 68 ° C (366-434 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 473 ° C, the theoretical value is 7.32 kJ, the increment is 1.72 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.01 mol SiCl ₄ (1.15 cc); Ein: 114.0 kJ; dE: 14.19 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 260-410 ° C; Tmax: 423 ° C, theoretical value is 7.32 kJ, an increment of 1.94 times.

AlBr3.

2.7 g of AlBr ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 7.5 kJ, but no temperature spike was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 412 ° C, the theoretical value is 4.46 kJ, an increment of 1.68 times.

FeCl3.

2.7 g of FeCl ₃ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 21.3 kJ, and the cell temperature spike corresponded to 205 ° C ( 147-352 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 445 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, an increment of 1.97 times.

SeBr4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.99 g SeBr ₄ ; Ein: 112.0 kJ; dE; 23.40 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 132-448 ° C; Tmax: 448 ° C, theoretical value is 15.7 kJ, increment of 1.5 times.

SnBr4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.38 g SnBr ₄ ; Em: 98.0 kJ; dE: 12.44 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 120-270 ° C; Tmax: 359 ° C, theoretical value is 8.4 kJ, an increment of 1.48 times.

KH 8.3 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + CAII 300 20.0 g + SnBr ₄ 22.0 g, Ein: 163 kJ, dE: 78 kJ; the change in the steepness of the temperature dependence at 60 ° С and Tmax ~ 290 ° С, the theoretical value is 42 kJ, the increment is 1.86 times.

SiBr4.

3.5 g of SiBr ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C), the energy increment was 11.9 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 99 ° C (304-403 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 449 ° C, the theoretical value is 7.62 kJ, an increment of 1.56 times.

TeBr4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 4.47 g TeBr ₄ , Ein: 99.0 kJ, dE: 18.4 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 186-411 ° С, Tmax: 418 ° С , the theoretical value is 11.3 kJ, an increment of 1.63 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g A1 + 1 g NaH + 4.47 g TeBr ₄ , Ein: 101.0 kJ, dE: 14.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 144-305 ° C, Tmax: 374 ° C , the theoretical value is 11.4 kJ, an increment of 1.29 times.

4.5 g of TeBr ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered MgH ₂ and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch (25.4 mm), energy increment was 19.1 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 218 ° C (172-390 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 410 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.65 kJ, the increment is 1.5 times.

4.5 g of TeBr4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 23.5 kJ, and the surge temperature corresponded to 247 ° C (184-431 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 436 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.4 kJ, an increment of 1.89 times.

KH 6.64 g + powdered Mg 4.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 16 g + TeBr ₄ 18 g (theoretical value kJ) (80% of the increase in 5X), Ein: 213 kJ, dE: 77 kJ, jump in the slope of dependence temperature at 140 ° C and Tmax ~ 320 ° C, the theoretical value is 48.4 kJ, an increment of 1.59 times.

TeCl4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.7 g TeCl ₄ ; Ein: 99.0 kJ; dE: 16.76 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 114-300 ° C; Tmax: 385 ° C, theoretical value is 13 kJ, an increment of 1.29 times.

2.7 g of TeCl ₄ , 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered MgH ₂ and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 20.4 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 140 ° C (138-278 ° C). Maximum temperament

- 96 031711 rounds of the cell was 399 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.1 kJ, an increment of 1.69 times.

2.7 g of TeCl ₄ , 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 17.2 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 240 ° C (137-377 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 398 ° C, the theoretical value is 12.8 kJ, the increment is 1.34 times.

2.7 g of TeCl4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered MgH2 and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 15.6 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 216 ° C (139-355 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 358 ° С, the theoretical value is 12.1 kJ, the increment is 1.29 times.

2.7 g of TeCl ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Al and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 19.4 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 202 ° С (89-291 ° С). The maximum cell temperature was 543 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.9 kJ, the increment is 1.78 times.

2.7 g of TeCl ₄ , 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered Al and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 19.0 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 288 ° С (155-443 ° С). The maximum cell temperature was 443 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.9 kJ, the increment is 1.74 times.

2.7 g of TeCl4, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 17.7 kJ, and a surge temperature corresponded to 208 ° C (84-292 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 396 ° C, the theoretical value is 13 kJ, the increment is 1.36 times.

2.7 g of TeCl ₄ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Al and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 18.7 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 224 ° C (112-336 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 398 ° С, the theoretical value was 12 kJ, the increment was 1.56 times.

SeCl4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 2.21 g SeCl ₄ ; Ein: 93.0 kJ; dE: 22.14 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 141-435 ° C; Tmax: 435 ° C, theoretical value is 15 kJ, an increment of 1.48 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 2.20 g SeCl ₄ , experimental value dE: - 25.2 kJ, reaction in question: SeCl ^^) + 4X4 ^) + 3Mg (cr) = 4κCl (cr) + MgSe (^) + 2MgH ₂ (cr), Q = -1750.4 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 17.5 kJ, excess heat: - 7.7 kJ, 1.44 X excess heat .

CF4.

NaH 50 g + Al 50 g + activated carbon CAII300 200 g + CF ₄ 0.3 mol; 45 lb / ⁱⁿ² (g.), Cell volume vessel: 2221.8 cc. cm, Ein: 2190 kJ, dE: 482 kJ, temperature jump at 200 ° С and Tmax ~ 760 ° С, theoretical value is 345 kJ, increment is 1.4 times.

NaH 50.0 g + powdered Mg 50 g + activated carbon CAII 300 200 g + CF ₄ 75-9.9 psi (g) after evacuation. The volume of the tank is 1800 cubic meters. cm, and for a given pressure drop n = 0.356 mol, and the theoretical energy is ~ 392 kJ, Ein: 1810 kJ, dE: 765 kJ, a jump in the temperature dependence at 170 ° С and Tmax ~ 1000 ° С, the increment is 765/392 = 1.95 X.

NaH 1.0 g + (powdered Mg 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g), ball mill, + CF ₄ 0.0123 mol, and theoretical energy ~ 13.6 kJ, Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, a jump in the steepness of the temperature dependence at 250 ° C and Tmax ~ 500 ° C, and an energy increment of ~ 1.8 X.

NaH 1.0 g + (powdered Mg 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII-300 4 g), ball mill, + CF ₄ ~ 0.01 mol, theoretical energy ~ 10.2 kJ, Ein: 121 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, a steep jump in the temperature dependence at 260 ° С and Tmax ~ 500 ° С, and an energy increment of ~ 1.7 X.

NaH 1.0 g + (powdered Mg 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII-300 4 g), ball mill, + CF ₄ ~ 0.006 mol, and theoretical energy ~ 7.2 kJ, Ein: 133 kJ, dE: 15 kJ, a jump in the steepness of the temperature dependence at 300 ° C and Tmax ~ 440 ° C, and an energy increment of ~ 2.0 X.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 3.55 g Rb + 0.0082 mol CF ₄ + 0.0063 mol H2; Ein: 76.0 kJ; dE: 20.72 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 30-200 ° C; Tmax: 348 ° С, theoretical value is 10 kJ, increment is 2 times.

SF6.

NaH 50 g + MgH ₂ 50 g + activated carbon CAII300 200 g + SF ₆ 0.29 mol; 43 lb / in (g), cell volume: 2221.8 cu. cm, Ein: 1760 kJ, dE: 920 kJ, a jump in the steepness of the temperature dependence at ~ 140 ° C and Tmax ~ 1100 ° C, the theoretical value is 638 kJ, an increment of 1.44 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g of MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 0,0094 mol SF _6; Ein: 96.7 kJ; dE: 33.14 kJ; change cool

- 97 031711 temperature dependences: 110-455 ° С; Tmax: 455 ° C, theoretical value is 20.65 kJ, excess is 12.5 kJ, increment is 1.6 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered Al 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g, ball mill, + SF ₆ 0.01 mol, and theoretical energy ~ 20 kJ, Ein: 95 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, change in slope temperature dependences at ~ 100 ° С and Tmax ~ 400 ° С, theoretical value is 20.4 kJ, excess is 9.6 kJ, increment is 1.47 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g, ball mill, + SF ₆ 0.01 mol, and theoretical energy ~ 22 kJ, Ein: 85 kJ, dE: 28 kJ, change the steepness of the temperature dependence at ~ 110 ° C and Tmax ~ 410 ° C, the theoretical value is 22 kJ, the excess is 6 kJ, the increment is 1.27 times.

NaH 1.0 g + Al nanopowder 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g, ball mill, + SF ₆ 0.005 mol, Ein: 107 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 160 ° С and Tmax ~ 380 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.2 kJ, an increment of 2 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered Mg 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g, ball mill, + SF ₆ 0.005 mol, Ein: 104 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, change in temperature steepness at ~ 150 ° С and Tmax ~ 370 ° C, theoretical value is 12.5 kJ, the excess is 5.5 kJ, an increment of 1.44 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered MgH2 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g, ball mill, + SFe 0.0025 mol, and theoretical energy ~ 5.5 kJ, Ein: 100 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, change the steepness of the temperature dependence at ~ 160 ° C and Tmax ~ 335 ° C, the theoretical value is 5.5 kJ, an increment of 1.8 times.

g CAIII-300 + 0.5 g B + 1 g NaH + 0.0047 mol SF ₆ ; Ein: 112.0 kJ; dE: 15.14 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 210-350 ° C; Tmax: 409 ° C, theoretical value is 10.12 kJ, excess is 5 kJ, increment is 1.49 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1.66 g KH + 0.00929 mol SF ₆ (after filling with SF ₆ , the cell temperature increased up to 29 ° C); Ein: 66.0 kJ; dE: 26.11 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 37-375 ° C; Tmax: 375 ° C, theoretical value is 20.4 kJ, an increment of 1.28 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 0.33 g LiH + 0.00929 mol SF ₆ (after filling with SF ₆ , the cell temperature increased up to 29 ° C); Ein: 128.0 kJ; dE: 32.45 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 275-540 ° C; Tmax: 550 ° C, theoretical value is 23.2 kJ, an increase of 1.4 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g S + 1 g NaH + 0.0106 mol SF ₆ (in real time), Ein: 86.0 kJ, dE: 18.1 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 51-313 ° С, Tmax: 354 ° C, theoretical value is 11.2 kJ, an increment of 1.6 times.

NaH 5.0 g + MgH ₂ 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 g, ball mill, + SF ₆ , 40 psi (g); 0.026 mol, in real time (theoretical energy ~ 57 kJ), 2-inch cell, Ein: 224 kJ, dE: 86 kJ, temperature jump at 150 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° С, theoretical value is 57 kJ, increment in 1.5 times.

TeO2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 1.6 g TeO ₂ ; Ein: 325.1 kJ; dE: 18.46 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 210-440 ° C; Tmax: 440 ° C, theoretical value is 9.67 kJ, excess is 8.8 kJ, increment is 1.9 times.

g CAIII-300 + 2 g MgH ₂ + 2 g NaH + 3.2 g TeO ₂ , Ein: 103.0 kJ; dE: 31.6 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 185-491 ° C; Tmax: 498 ° C, theoretical value is 17.28 kJ, an increment of 1.83 times.

1.6 g of TeO ₂ , 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered Al and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 18.1 kJ, but no temperature spike was observed. The maximum cell temperature was 637 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.66 kJ, the increment is 2.1 times.

1.6 g of TeO2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered MgH2 and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 22.0 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 233 ° C (316-549 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 554 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.64 kJ, the increment is 2.55 times.

1.6 g of TeO ₂ , 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Mg and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CAIII 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 20.3 kJ, and the temperature surge corresponded to 274 ° С (268-542 ° С). The maximum cell temperature was 549 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.9 kJ, an increment of 1.86 times.

NaH 5.0 g + powdered MgH ₂ 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20 g, ball mill, + TeO ₂ 8.0 g, Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 77 kJ, temperature gradient at 200 ° С and Tmax

- 98 031711 ~ 400 ° C, theoretical value is 48.35 kJ, an increase of 2.6 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 g, ball mill, + TeO ₂ 1.6 g, Ein: 110 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, step of the temperature dependence at 190 ° C and Tmax ~ 400 ° C, the theoretical value is 9.67 kJ, an increment of 1.65 times.

KH 1.66 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 g, ball mill, + TeO ₂ 1.6 g, Ein: 119 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, temperature gradient at 340 ° С and Tmax ~ 570 ° С, theoretical value is 9.67 kJ, increment is 2 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g NaH + 1.6 g TeO ₂ , Ein: 116.0 kJ; dE: 11.0 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 207-352 ° C, Tmax: 381 ° C, theoretical value is 6.6 kJ, an increment of 1.67 times.

KH 1.66 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + TeO ₂ 3.6 g, Ein: 133 kJ, dE: 15 kJ, temperature gradient at 280 ° С and Tmax ~ 460 ° C, the theoretical value is 8.64 kJ, an increment of 1.745 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.60 g TeO ₂ , experimental value dE: -17.0 kJ, reaction considered: TeO ₂ (cr) + 3Mg (^) + 2NaH (cr) = 2MgO (cr) + Na ₂ Te (^) + MgH ^^), Q = -1192.7 kJ / reaction, theoretical energy of the chemical reaction: - 11.9 kJ, excess heat: - 5.1 kJ, 1.43 X excess heat.

P2O5.

1.66 g of KH, 2 g of P ₂ O ₅ and 1 g of MgH ₂ and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 21.2 kJ , and the temperature spike corresponded to 242 ° C (299-541 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 549 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, the excess is 10.35 kJ, an increment of 1.96 times.

032609GC4: 031909RCWF4 / 1.66 g KH + 2 g P ₂ O ₅ + 1 g MgH ₂ + 4 g CA-III 300 in DMFAD7 (without additional treatment), the strongest peak in the region is 3.86 ppm.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1.66 g KH + 2 g P ₂ O ₅ , Ein: 138.0 kJ; dE: 21.6 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 320-616 ° C, Tmax: 616 ° C, theoretical value is 11.5 kJ, the excess is 10.1 kJ, the increment is 1.9 times.

KH 8.3 g + powdered MgH ₂ 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20 g, ball mill, + P ₂ O ₅ 10.0 g, Ein: 272 kJ, dE: 98 kJ, jump at 250 ° C and Tmax ~ 450 ° C, the theoretical value is 54 kJ, an increment of 1.81 times.

KH 1.66 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g, ball mill, + P ₂ O ₅ 2.0 g, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, jump at 300 ° C and Tmax ~ 550 ° C, theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, an increment of 1.94 times.

KH 1.66 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + P ₂ O ₅ 2.0 g, Ein: 129 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, jump in temperature dependence at 270 ° С and Tmax ~ 600 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.8 kJ, an increment of 1.95 times.

NaMnO4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Si + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO ₄ ; Ein: 123.0 kJ; dE: 26.25 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 45-330 ° C; Tmax: 465 ° C, theoretical value is 17.6 kJ, excess is 8.7 kJ, increment is 1.5 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO ₄ ; Ein: 120.0 kJ; dE: 32.41 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 44-373 ° C; Tmax: 433 ° C, theoretical value is 20.5 kJ, excess is 7.7 kJ, increment is 1.58 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO ₄ ; Ein: 66.0 kJ; dE: 32.27 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 74-430 ° C; Tmax: 430 ° C, theoretical value is 17.4 kJ, excess is 14.9 kJ, increment is 1.85 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g NaMnO ₄ , Ein: 72.0 kJ, dE: 34.1 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 49-362 ° С, Tmax: 364 ° С , the theoretical value is 17.4 kJ, the excess is 16.7 kJ, an increment of 2.

KH 8.3 g + powdered Mg 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20 g, ball mill, + NaMnO ₄ 17.5 g, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 160 kJ, temperature step at 70 ° C and Tmax ~ 350 ° C, theoretical value is 87 kJ, an increment of 1.84 times.

KH 8.3 g + powdered Al 5.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 20 g, ball mill, + NaMnO ₄ 17.5 g, Ein: 134 kJ, dE: 171 kJ, temperature step at 50 ° С and Tmax ~ 350 ° C, theoretical value is 102.5 kJ, an increment of 1.66 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered Mg 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 g, ball mill, + NaMnO ₄ 3.5 g (theoretical value ~ 17.4 kJ), Ein: 54 kJ, dE: 32 kJ, a jump in the steepness of the temperature dependence at 60 ° C and Tmax ~ 450 ° C, the theoretical value is 17.4 kJ, an increment of 1.8 times.

- 99 031711

KH 1.66 g + powdered Mg 1.0 g + TiC 4.0 g + NaMnO ₄ 3.5 g, Ein: 65 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, temperature gradient at 70 ° С and Tmax ~ 410 ° С , the theoretical value is 17.4 kJ, an increment of 1.7 times.

Nitrate.

g of NaH, 3 g of NaNO ₃ and a mixture of 1 g of powdered Ti and 4 g of powdered activated carbon (dried at 300 ° C) in the cell per 1 inch, the energy increment was 33.2 kJ, and the temperature surge corresponded to 418 ° C (110- 528 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 530 C, the theoretical value was 24.8 kJ, the excess was 8.4 kJ, and the increment was 1.3 times.

g of NaH, 3 g of NaNO ₃ and a mixture of 1 g of Al nanopowder and 4 g of powdered activated carbon (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell per 1 inch, the energy increment was 42.3 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 384 ° C (150- 534 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 540 ° C, the theoretical value is 33.3 kJ, the excess is 9 kJ, an increment of 1.27 times.

2.1 g of NaH, 3 g of NaNO ₃ and a mixture of 1 g MgH ₂ and 4 g of powdered activated carbon (dried at 300 ° C) in the cell per 1 inch, the energy increment was 43.4 kJ, and the temperature surge corresponded to 382 ° C (67 -449 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 451 ° C, the theoretical value was 28.6 kJ, the excess was 14.8 kJ, and the increment was 1.52 times.

0.33 g LiH, 1.7 g LiNO ₃ and a mixture of 1 g MgH ₂ and 4 g of powdered activated carbon (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 40.1 kJ, and the surge the temperature corresponded to 337 ° C (92-429 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 431 ° C, the theoretical value is 21.6 kJ, the excess is 18.5 kJ, an increment of 1.86 times.

0.33 g LiH, 1.7 g LiNO ₃ and a mixture of 1 g Ti and 4 g of powdered activated carbon (dried at 300 ° C.) per 1 inch cell, the energy increment was 36.5 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 319 ° C (83-402 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 450 ° C, the theoretical value is 18.4 kJ, the excess is 18 kJ, and the increment is 2 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 2.42 g LiNO ₃ ; Ein: 75.0 kJ; dE: 39.01 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 57-492 ° C; Tmax: 492 ° C, theoretical value is 28.5 kJ, the excess is 10.5 kJ, an increment of 1.37 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 2.42 g LiNO ₃ ; Ein: 81.2 kJ; dE: 41.89 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 73-528 ° C; Tmax: 528 ° C, theoretical value is 34.6 kJ, the excess is 7.3 kJ, an increment of 1.21 times.

ClO4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 2 g NaClO ₄ + 1 g NaH; Ein: 86.0 kJ; dE: 38.88 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 13O-55GS; Tmax: 551 ° C, theoretical value is 30.7 kJ, excess is 8.2 kJ, increment is 1.27 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g A1 + 1 g NaH + 4.29 g NaClO ₄ ; Ein: 88.0 kJ; dE: 58.24 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 119-615 ° C; Tmax: 615 ° C, theoretical value is 47.1 kJ, the excess is 11.14 kJ, an increment of 1.23 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 4.29 g NaClO ₄ ; Ein: 98.0 kJ; dE: 56.26 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 113-571 ° C; Tmax: 571 ° C, theoretical value is 36.2 kJ, the excess is 20.1 kJ, an increment of 1.55 times.

^K 2 ^S 2 ^O 8.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1.66 g KH + 2.7 g K ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , Ein: 121.0 kJ, dE: 27.4 kJ, change in temperature gradient: 178-462 ° C, Tmax: 468 ° C, theoretical value is 19.6 kJ, the excess is 7.8 kJ, an increment of 1.40 times.

SO2.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 0.0146 mol SO ₂ , Ein: 58.0 kJ, dE: 20.7 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 42-287 ° C, Tmax: 309 ° C, the theoretical value is 15 kJ, the excess is 5.7 kJ, an increment of 1.38 times.

S.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 3.2 g S, Ein: 67.0 kJ, dE: 22.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 49-356 ° С, Tmax: 366 ° С , the theoretical value is 17.9 kJ, the excess is 4.8 kJ, an increment of 1.27 times.

1.3 g of powdered S, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of powdered Si and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-III 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 13.7 kJ , and the temperature spike corresponded to 129 ° C (66-195 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 415 ° C, the theoretical value is 7.5 kJ, the excess is 1.82 times.

3.2 g of powdered S, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered Al and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-IV 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, at

- 100 031711 the energy increase was 27.1 kJ, and the temperature spike corresponded to 301 ° С (163-464 ° С). The maximum cell temperature was 484 ° C, the theoretical value is 20.9 kJ, the excess is 6.2 kJ, and the increment is 1.3 times.

3.2 g of powdered S, 0.33 g of LiH, 1 g of powdered Si and 4 g of powdered activated carbon CA-IV 300 (dried at 300 ° C) in a cell for intensive loads per 1 inch, the energy increment was 17.7 kJ , and the temperature spike corresponded to 233 ° C (212-445 ° C). The maximum cell temperature was 451 ° C, the theoretical value is 13.7 kJ, the excess is 4 kJ, the increment is 1.3 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Si + 1.66 g KH + 1.3 g S, Ein: 81.0 kJ, dE: 10.8 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 52-196 ° C, Tmax: 326 ° C, the theoretical value is 7.4 kJ, an increment of 1.45 times.

SnF4.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.95 g SnF ₄ ; Ein: 130.2 kJ; dE: 13.89 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 375-520 ° C; Tmax: 525 ° C, theoretical value is 9.3 kJ, increment of 1.5 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 1.95 g SnF ₄ ; Ein: 130.2 kJ; dE: 13.89 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 375-520 ° C; Tmax: 525 ° C, theoretical value is 9.3 kJ, increment of 1.5 times.

SeO ₂ .

g CAIII-300 + 2 g MgH ₂ + 2 g NaH + 2.2 g SeO ₂ , Ein: 82.0 kJ, dE: 29.5 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 99-388 ° C, Tmax: 393 ° C, the theoretical value is 20.5 kJ, an increment of 1.4 times.

CS2.

NaH 1.0 g + (powdered Al 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g), ball mill, + CS ₂ 1.2 ml in a bottle of HH, Ein: 72 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, jump in the slope of dependence temperature at ~ 80 ° C and Tmax ~ 320 ° C, the theoretical value is 11.4 kJ, an increment of 1.58 times.

NaH 1.0 g + powdered MgH ₂ 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g, ball mill, + CS ₂ 1.2 ml in Ni bottle, Ein: 82 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, temperature step at ~ 80 ° С and Tmax ~ 330 ° С, the theoretical value is 12.6 kJ, the increment is 1.4 times.

CO2

g of CAIII-300 + 1 g of MgH ₂ + 1 g of NaH + 0.00953 mol of CO ₂ (after filling with CO ₂ , the cell temperature increased up to 45 ° C); Ein: 188.4 kJ; dE: 10.37 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 80-120 ° C; Tmax: 508 ° C, theoretical value is 6.3 kJ, an increment of 1.65 times.

PF5.

g of CAIII-300 + 1 g of Al + 1 g of NaH + 0.010 mol of PF ₅ ; Ein: 127.0 kJ; dE: 15.65 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 210-371 ° C; Tmax: 371 ° C, theoretical value is 10 kJ, the excess is 6.45 kJ, an increment of 1.57 times.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Al + 1 g NaH + 0.01 mol PF ₅ , Ein: 101.0 kJ, dE: 15.7 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 178-370 ° С, Tmax: 391 ° С , the theoretical value is 10 kJ, an increment of 1.57 times.

NF3.

NaH 1.0 g + (powdered Mg 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g), ball mill, + NF ₃ 0.011 ml, and theoretical energy ~ kJ, Ein: 136 kJ, dE: 28 kJ, jump in the slope of dependence temperature at 70 ° C and Tmax ~ 470 ° C, the theoretical value is 19.6 kJ, an increase of 1.4 times.

PCl5.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 2.08 g PCl ₅ + 1 g NaH; Ein: 90.0 kJ; dE: 20.29 kJ; change in the steepness of the temperature dependence: 180-379 ° C; Tmax: 391 ° C, theoretical value is 13.92 kJ, an increment of 1.45 times.

P2S5.

g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1 g NaH + 2.22 g P ₂ S ₅ ; Ein: 105.0 kJ; dE: 13.79 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 150-363 ° C; Tmax: 398 ° C, theoretical value is 10.5 kJ, excess is 3.3 kJ, increment is 1.3 times.

NaH 1.0 g + (powdered Al 1.0 g + activated carbon CAII 300 4 g), ball mill, + P ₂ S ₅ 2.22 g, Ein: 110 kJ, dE: 14 kJ, temperature step slope at ~ 170 ° C and Tmax ~ 425 ° C, the theoretical value is 10.1 kJ, an increment of 1.39 times.

Oxide.

g AC + 1 g MgH ₂ + 1.66 g KH + 1.35 g KO ₂ , Ein: 86.0 kJ, dE: 21.0 kJ, change in temperature gradient: 157-408 ° С, Tmax: 416 ° C, theoretical value is 15.4 kJ, increment

- 101 031711 times 1.36 times.

MnO ₄ .

g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 3.5 g MnO ₂ ; Ein: 108.0 kJ; dE: 22.11 kJ; change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 170-498 ° C; Tmax: 498 ° С, theoretical value is 18.4 kJ, excess is 3.7 kJ, increment is 1.2 times.

N2O.

g Pt / C + 1 g Mg + 1 g NaH + 0.0198 mol N ₂ O, Ein: 72.0 kJ, dE: 22.2 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: 73-346 ° С, Tmax: 361 ° C, the theoretical value is 16.2 kJ, an increment of 1.37 times.

HFB.

NaH 1.0 g + (aluminum nanopowder 1 g + activated carbon (AS) 5 g), ball mill, + HFB 1 ml, Ein: 108 kJ, dE: 35 kJ, temperature jump at 450 and 90 ° С.

NaH 1.0 g + (La 5 g + activated carbon 5 g), ball mill, + 1 ml hexafluorobenzene, Ein: 109 kJ, dE: 38 kJ, temperature jump at 400 and 90 ° С.

(4 g of activated carbon (AS) + 1 g MgH2), ball mill, + 1 ml HFB + 1 g NaH, Ein: 150.0 kJ, dE: 45.1 kJ, change in the slope of the temperature dependence: ~ 50-240, Tmax ~ 250 ° C.

Mixture (4 g AC + 1 g MgH ₂ ) + 1 ml HFB + 1 g NaH, Ein: 150.0 kJ, dE: 35.0 kJ, change in temperature steepness: 54-255, 45-241, 48-199 ° C; Tmax: 258, 247, 206 ° C (triple cascade cell).

1.66 g of KH, 1 ml of hexadecafluoroheptane (GDFG) and a mixture of 4 g of powdered activated carbon and 1 g of MgH ₂ per 1 inch cell, dE: 34.3 kJ, and the surge corresponded to 419 ° C (145-564 ° C) , Tmax ~ 575 ° C.

B. Solution NMR.

Representative hydrino reaction mixtures contain (i) at least one catalyst, such as one representative selected from LiH, KH and NaH, (ii) at least one oxidizing agent, such as one representative selected from NiBr ₂ , MnI ₂ AgCl, EuBr ₂ , SF ₆ , S, CF ₄ , NF ₃ , LiNO ₃ , M ₂ S ₂ O ₈ with Ag and P ₂ O ₅ , (iii) at least one reducing agent, such as one representative selected from powdered Mg or MgH ₂ , powdered Al or aluminum nanopowder (NP Al), Sr and Ca, and (iv) at least one carrier, such as one representative selected from AC and TiC. 50 mg of the reaction product for the reaction mixtures was added to 1.5 ml of deuterated N, Ndimethylformamide D7 (DCO ^^^, DMFAD7, (99.5%, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) in a vial which was sealed using a teflon textolite valve, mixed and allowed to dissolve for 12 hours in a spacesuit under argon atmosphere The solid-free solution was transferred to an ampoule for NMR spectroscopy (outer diameter 5 mm, length 23 cm, Wilmad) using a gas-tight compound followed by sealing ampoules flame NMR spectra were recorded on a 500 MHZ Bruker NMR spectrometer with a deuterium-linked spectrometer and chemical shifts were correlated with the frequency of the solvent, since in the case of DMFAD7 in the region of 8.03 ppm relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS).

According to the prediction, hydrino hydride ion H ^- (1/4) was observed in the region of approximately - 3.86 ppm, and according to the prediction, molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) was observed in the region of 1.25 ppm. regarding TMS. The observation position of these peaks along with the shift and intensity for a specific reaction mixture are presented in table. four.

- 102 031711

Table 4 1H NMR analysis after solvent extraction with DMFAL7 of a heterogeneous catalyst system product to produce hydrino containing reagents (i) a catalyst, such as LiH, KH or NaH, (ii) a reducing agent, such as Al, Al, Mg, Mg or MgH NP ₂ , and (iii) an oxidizing agent such as CF ₄ , N ₂ O, NF ₃ , K ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , FeSO ₄ , O ₂ , LiNO ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , SF ₆ , S, CS ₂ , NiBr ₂ , TeO ₂ , NaMNO ₄ , SnF ₄ and SnI ₄ mixed with (iv) a carrier such as AC or Pt / C

Reagents The position and intensity of the peak for H ₂ (1/4) The position and intensity of the peak for H- (1/4) 1.66 g KN, 1 g A1, 4 g AS and 0.01 mol CF ₄ 1.22 ppm, strong minus 3.85 ppm, strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC and 0.01 mol CF ₄ 1.23 ppm strong

1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC and 0.01 mol CF ₄ 1.22 ppm, strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC and 0.004 mol CF ₄ 1.22 ppm, strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 52 mmol CF ₄ 1.21 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC and 52 mmol CF ₄ 1.21 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₃ , 4 g Pt / C and 0.01 mol CF ₄ 1.27 ppm, medium minus 3.86 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 4 g Pt / C and 0.002 mol CF ₄ 1.21 ppm strong 0.5 g NaH, 0.5 g Mg, 2 g AC and 52 mmol CF ₄ 1.22 ppm, strong 0.5 g NaH, 0.5 g Al, 2 g AC and 0.002 mol CF ₄ 1.21 ppm strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC, 0.01 μοπι, Ν ₂ Θ 1.22 ppm, very strong minus 3.85 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC, 0.002 mol N ₂ O 1.21 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC, 0.004 mol N ₂ O 1.21 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS, 0.002 mol N ₂ O 1.21 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS, 0.004 mol N ₂ O 1.22 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC and 0.01 mol N ₂ O 1.24 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 0.018 mol N ₂ O 1.24 ppm strong minus 3.84 ppm, strong 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Al, 4 g Al and 0.004 mol NjO 1.22 ppm, average minus 3.85 ppm, strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g Pd / C (1%) and 0.01 mol NjO 1.24 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 4 g AS and 0.004 mol N ₂ O 1.21 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 5 g Eg ₂ O ₃ , 4 g AS and 0.01 mol N ₂ O 1.23 m., Strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 5 g Er ₂ O ₃ , 4 g AS and 0.01 mol n ₂ o 1.24 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AS and 0.004 mol N ₂ O 1.23 ppm strong 0.5 g NaH, 0.5 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 0.004 mol NjO 1.22 m., Strong 033 g LiH, A1 1 g, 4 g of AS, 0.21 g K ₂ S ₂ and 0g 0..01 mol O ₂ 1.26 ppm, medium minus 3.85 ppm, very strong 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC and 0.01 mol O ₂ 1.27 ppm, medium minus 3.85 ppm, strong 0.33 g LiH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC, 0.21 g K ₂ S ₂ O _g M 0.01 mol O ₂ 1.27 ppm, medium minus 3.85 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS, 0.15 g FeSO ₄ and 0.01 mol O ₂ 1.24 ppm strong 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg, 4 g of AS and 0.004 mol of O ₂ 1.21 m., Strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Si, 4 g AC and 0.01 mol O ₂ 1.21 m., Strong 1 g NaH, 10 g Pt / Ti, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS, 0.01 mol NH ₃ and 0.01 mol O ₂ 1.22 m * d. Very STRONG 0.5 g NaH, 0.5 g Al, 4 g AC and 0.002 mol NF ₃ 1.22 ppm, medium minus 3.85 ppm, strong 0.5 NaH, 0.5 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 0.004 mol NF ₃ 1.21 ppm, very STRONG 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC and 0.002 mol NF ₃ 1.21 ppm strong 0.5 g NaH, 0.5 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 0.004 mol minus 3.85 ppm

- 103 031711

Nf ₃ average 0.5 NaH, 0.5 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC and 0.002 mol NF ₃ 1.22 ppm, strong 1.66 g KH, 2.5 g LiNO ₃ , 4 g AC and 1 r MgH ₂ 1.22 ppm, strong minus 3.85 m. _d,? strong 1 g NaH, 3 g NaNO ₃ , 4 g AS and 1 g MgH ₂ minus 3.84 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 2.5 g LiNO ₃ , 4 g AS and 1 g MgH ₂ minus 3.84 ppm, average 1.66 g of KH, 2.5 g of LiNO ₃ and 1 g of MgH ₂ 1.22 m., Very strong 1.66 g KN, 2 g P ₂ O ₅ , 4 g AS and 1 g MgH ₃ 1.28 ppm, very strong minus 3.86 and. strong 0.33 g Libi, 2 g P ₂ O ₅ , 4 g AC and 1 g MgH ₂ minus 3.85 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 2 g P ₂ O ₅ , 4 g AS and 1 g MgH ₂ minus 3.85 m, d ,, average 1 g NaH, 2 g P ₂ O ₅ , 4 g AS and 1 g A1 1.20 ppm strong minus 3.85 ppm, average 1.66 g KN, 1 g MgCI ₂ , 4 g AC, 4.5 g KO ₂ and 0.1 g C0CI2 1.23 ppm, very strong minus 3.85 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 0.0094 mol SF ₆ minus 3.84 m, d., very strong 1 g NaH, 0.5 g B, 4 g AC and 0.0047 mol SF ₆ minus 3.85 ppm, strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AS and 0.01 mol SF, minus 3.86 ppm, strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC and 0.005 mol SF 1.20 ppm strong minus 3.86 ppm, weak 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Si, 4 g of AS and 0.0092 mol of SF, minus 3.86 ppm, very strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g A1.4 g AC and 0.0092 mol SF6 minus 3.86 ppm, very strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g MgH ₂₁ 4 g AC and 0.0092 mol SF minus 3.86 ppm, very strong 0.33 g LiH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC and 0.009 mol SF ₆ minus 3.82 and. q, _t very strong 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 0.009 mol SF ₍ minus 3.84 ppm, average 0.33 g LiH, 1 g La, 4 g AC and 0.0094 mol SF ₀ minus 3.75 ppm wide 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of MgH ₂ , 4 g of AS and 0.0093 mol of SF ₆ 1.21 m., Strong minus 3.86 ppm weak 1 g of NaH, 5 g of La, 4 g of AS and 0.0047 mol of SE; 1.21 ppm, average minus 3.86 ppm, weak 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC and 3.2 g S minus 2.83 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AC and 3.2 g S (outside) minus 2.83 ppm, ₊ strong and wide 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Si, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S minus 3.81 ppm, very strong

- 104 031711

0.33 g LiH, 1 g Al, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S minus 3.81 ppm, very strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g A1, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S minus 3.47 ppm, very strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g A1, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S minus 3.86 m, d _,? very strong 1.66 g KN, 1 cSi, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S minus 3.55 ppm, very strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g Si, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S minus 3.85 ppm strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 2.7 g K ₂ S ₂ O _s 1.24 ppm strong minus 3.85 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1 gA1.4 g AC and 1.2 ml CS ₂ minus 3.85 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 1.2 ml CS ₂ minus 3.85 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 0.0146 mol SO ₂ 1.21 ppm, average minus 3.86 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 2.2 g NiBr ₂ 1.23 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AS and 2.2 g NiBr ₂ 1.25 ppm, medium 1 g NaH, 4 g AC and 2.2 g NiBr ₂ 1.24 ppm, very strong 1.66 g KN, 4 g AC and 2.2 g NiBr, 1.22 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1.66 g Ca, 4 g AS and 2.2 rNiBr ₂ 1.24 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 3.67 g Sr, 4 g AS and 3.1 g Mn _{1 2} 1.24 ppm, very strong 83 g KN, 50 g Mg, 200 g TiC and 154.5 g Mn _{1 2} 1.24 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1.66 g Ca, 4 g AC and 3.1 g Mnlj 1.23 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 4 g AS and 1.6 gTeO ₂ 1.21 ppm strong minus 3.85 ppm, strong 2 g NaH, 2 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 3.2 g TeO ₂ 1.21 ppm, average 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of MgH ₂ , 4 g of AS and 1.6 g of TeO ₂ 1.21 ppm strong 0.33 g LiH, 1 g MgH ₂ , 4 g AS and 1.6 g TeO ₂ 1.22 ppm, average 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AS and 3.5 g NaMnO ₄ 1.21 ppm, average 8.3 g KN, 5 g Mg, 20 g AS and 17.5 g NaMnO ₄ 1.21 ppm strong 1.66 g KN, 1 g Mg, 4 g AS and 2.0 g SnF ₄ 1.23 ppm, medium 1.66 gKN, 1 g Mg, 4 g AS and 6.3 rSnI ₄ 1.21 ppm, average 1.66 g KN, 4 g AC and 3.79 g Snh 1.24 ppm, very strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AS and 1.57 g SnF ₂ 1.22 ppm, strong 83 g KN, 50 g Mg, 200 g WC and 185 g Snl ₂ 1.23 ppm, medium 1 g NaH, 1.66 g Ca, 4 g AC and 1.34 g CuCl ₂ 1.22 ppm, very Strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 0.96 g CuS 1.21 ppm strong 8.3 g KH + 5 g Mg + 20 g SA P-300 + 14.85 g BaVg ₂ 1.22 ppm, strong 5 g NaH + 5 g Mg + 20 g SA P-300 + 14.85 g 1.22 ppm, average

BaVg ₂ 20 g AC 3-3 + 8.3 g KH + 7.2 g AgCl 1.22 ppm, average 3.09 g Mn1 ₂ + 1.66 g KH + 1 g Mg + 4 g S TiC- 1 1.25 ppm, medium

Claims (19)

CLAIM 1. Energy system for energy generation, containing a reaction cell for the catalysis of the conversion of atomic hydrogen to hydrino, releasing energy in an amount greater than about 40.8 eV per hydrogen atom containing the reaction capacity; vacuum pump communicating with the reaction tank; the tank containing the source of atomic hydrogen, which is connected with the reaction tank; a tank containing a source of catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy of m-27.2 eV, where m is an integer that communicates with the reaction tank, the reaction tank containing a solid-fuel reaction mixture intended to form at least one of the additional source of catalyst the specified catalyst, a source of atomic hydrogen and atomic hydrogen as the reaction product of the specified reaction mixture, and the specified solid-fuel reaction mixture contains R-Ni or R-Ni and an alloy containing at least two of Li, Na, K, N, H, LiNH2, Li2NH, NaNH2, Na2NH and KNH2; and at least one other reagent designed to stimulate catalysis by - 105 031711 perform at least one function selected from the activation and maintenance of the passage of catalysis; and a tank heater designed to initiate the formation of at least one representative selected from atomic hydrogen and a catalyst in the reaction tank and initiate the catalytic stimulating reaction. 2. Energy system according to claim 1, in which the specified at least one other reagent is selected from the group consisting of exothermic reagents, free radical reagents, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, exchange reagents and getters, carriers or matrices, and the specified at least one other reagent designed to stimulate a reaction selected from: (i) exothermic reactions that are capable of providing activation energy for the catalysis reaction; (ii) coupling reactions that are capable of obtaining at least one representative selected from a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen to sustain the catalysis reaction; (iii) free radical reactions that are capable of performing the function of an electron acceptor from a catalyst during a catalysis reaction; (iv) redox reactions, which are able to function as an electron acceptor from the catalyst during the catalysis reaction; (v) exchange reactions that are capable of facilitating the ionization of the catalyst when it takes energy from atomic hydrogen to produce the hydrogen units mentioned, and (vi) catalysis reactions involving the getter, carrier or matrix. 3. Energy system according to claim 1, in which the reaction mixture contains an electrically conductive carrier to ensure the passage of the catalysis reaction. 4. Energy system according to claim 2, in which the reaction mixture providing the oxidation-reduction reaction to stimulate the catalysis reaction, contains: (i) at least one catalyst selected from Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH; (ii) H2 gas, H2 gas source or hydride; (iii) at least one oxidizing agent selected from metal compounds, including halides, phosphides, borides, oxides, hydroxides, silicides, nitrides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides, antimonides, carbides, sulfides, hydrides, carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates, hydrosulfates phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, permanganates, chlorates, perchlorates, chlorites, perhlority, hypochlorites, bromates, perbromates, bromity, perbromity, iodates, periodates, iodity, periodity, chromates, dichromates, tellurates, selenates, arsenates, silicates borates hydroxy cobalt dyes, tellurium oxides and halogen oxyanions, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co and Te; transition metal compounds, Sn, Ga, In, lead, germanium, alkali and alkaline earth metals; GeF ₂ , GeCl ₂ , GeBr ₂ , GeI ₂ , GeO, GeP, GeS, GeI ₄ and GeCl ₄ , fluorocarbon, CF ₄ , ClCF ₃ , chlorocarbon, CCl ₄ , O ₂ , MNO ₃ , MClO ₄ , MO ₂ , NF ₃ , N ₂ O, NO, NO ₂ , boron-nitrogen compounds, such as B ₃ N ₃ H ₆ , sulfur compounds, such as SF ₆ , S, SO ₂ , SO ₃ , S ₂ O ₅ Cl ₂ , F ₅ SOF, M ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , S _x X _y , such as S ₂ Cl ₂ , SCl ₂ , S ₂ Br ₂ or S ₂ F ₂ , CS2, SOxXy, SOCl2, SOF2, SO2F2, SOBr2, XxX'y, ClFs, XxXyO _z , ClO2F, GO2F2, ClOF ₃ , ClO ₃ F, ClO2F ₃ , boron-nitrogen compounds, such as B ₃ N ₃ H ₆ , Se, Te, Bi, As, Sb, Bi, TeX _x , TeF ₄ , TeF ₆ , TeO _x , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , SeX _x , SeF ₆ , SeOx, SeO2 or SeO3, tellurium oxide, tellurium halide, tellurium compounds, TeO2, TeO3, Te (OH) 6, TeBr2, TeCl2, TeBr4, TeCl4, TeF4, TeI4, TeF6, CoTe or NiTe, selenium compounds, hydroxy yes selenium, selenium halide, selenium sulfide, SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , Se ₂ Br ₂ , Se ₂ Cl ₂ , SeBr ₄ , SeCl ₄ , SeF ₄ , SeF ₆ , SeOBr ₂ , SeOCl ₂ , SeOF ₂ , SeO2F2, SeS2, Se2S6, Se4S4 or Se6S2, P, P2O5, P2S5, PxXy, PF3, PCl3, PBr3, PI3, PF5, PCl5, PBr4F, PCl4F, POxXy, POBr ₃ , POl ₃ , POCl ₃ or POF ₃ , PS _x X _y (M is an alkali metal, x, y and z are integers, X and X 'are halogen), PSBr3, PSF3, PSCl3, phosphorus-nitrogen compounds, P3N5, (Cl ₂ PN) ₃ , (Cl ₂ PN) ₄ , (Br ₂ PN) _x , arsenic compounds, arsenic oxide, arsenic halide, arsenic sulfide, arsenic selenide, arsenic telluride, AlAs, As2I4, As2Se, As4S4, AsBr3, AsCl3, AsF3, AsI3, As2O, As2Se3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 AsCl5, AsF5, As2O5, As2Se5, As2S5, compound Yeni Antika , SbF5, SbCl2F3, Sb2O5, Sb2S5, compounds of bismuth, bismuth oxide, bismuth halide, bismuth sulphide, bismuth selenide, BiAsO4, BiBr3, BiCl3, BiF3, BiF5, Bi (OH) 3, BiI3, Bi2O 3, 3, 3, BiCl3, BiF3, BiF5, Bi (OH) 3, BiI3, Bi, 3, 3, BiCl3, BiF3, BiF5, Bi (OH) 3 Bi2Se3, Bi2S3, Bi2Te3, Bi2O4, SiCl4, SiBr4, transition metal halide, CrCl ₃ , ZnF ₂ , ZnBr ₂ , ZnI ₂ , MnCl ₂ , MnBr ₂ , MnI ₂ , CoBr ₂ , CoI ₂ , CoCl ₂ , NiCl ₂ , NiBr ₂ , NiF ₂ , FeF ₂ , FeCl ₂ , FeBr ₂ , FeCl ₃ , TiF ₃ , CuBr, CuBr ₂ , VF ₃ , CuCl ₂ , metal halide, SnF ₂ , SnCl ₂ , SnBr ₂ , SnI2, SnF4, SnCl4, SnBr4, Snk InF, InCl, InBr, InI, AgCl, AgI, AlF ₃ , AlBr ₃ , AlI ₃ , YF ₃ , CdCk CdBr2, Cdk InCl ₃ , ZrCl4, NbF ₃ , TaCl ₃ , MoCl ₃ , \ loCL XbCL AsCl ₃ , TiBr4, SeCfe, SeCk InF ₃ , InCl ₃ , PbF4, Tek WCk OsCl ₃ , GaCl ₃ , PtCl ₃ , ReCl ₃ , RhCl ₃ , RuCl ₃ , metal oxides, metal hydroxides, Y ₂ O ₃ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ or NbO, NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , SnO, SnO ₂ , Ag ₂ O, AgO, Ga ₂ O, As ₂ O ₃ , SeO ₂ , TeO ₂ , POND, Sn (OH) ₂ , In (OH) ₃ , Ga (OH) ₃ , - 106 031711 Bi (OH) ₃ , CO ₂ , As ₂ Se ₃ , SF ₆ , S, SbF ₃ , CF ₄ , NF ₃ , metal permanganates, KMnO ₄ , NaMnCO ₄ , P ₂ O ₅ , metal nitrates, LiNO ₃ , NaNO ₃ , KNO ₃ , boron halides, BBr ₃ , BI ₃ , element halides from group 13, indium halide, InBr2, InCl2, InI3, silver halide, AgCl, AgI, lead halide, cadmium halide, zirconium halide, transition metal oxides, transition sulfides metals or transition metal halides (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn together with F, Cl, Br or I), transition metal halides of the second or third sequence, YF ₃ , transition metal oxides second or the third sequence, transition metal sulfides of the second or third sequence, Y ₂ S ₃ , Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Os halides, such as NbX ₃ , NbX ₅ or TaX ₅ , Li2S, ZnS, FeS, NiS, MnS, Cu2S, CuS, SnS, halides of alkaline earth metals, BaBr2, BaCl2, BaI2, SrBr2 , SrI2, CaBr2, CaI2, MgBr2 and MgI2, halides of rare earth metals, EuBr3, LaF3, LaBr3, CeBr ₃ , GdF _3, GdBr _3, halides of rare earth metals containing metal in the II, CeI _2, EuF _2, EuCl2, EuBr2, EuI2, DyI2 , NdI2, SmI2, YbI2 and TmI2, metal borides, boride europium boride MD2, CrB2, TiB ₂ , MgB ₂ , ZrB ₂ , GdB ₂ , alkali metal halides, LiCl, RbCl or CsI, phosphides of metals such as Ca3P2, noble metal halides, oxides of noble metals, noble metal sulfides, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, PtCl4, PdCl2, PbBr2, PbI2, rare-earth metal sulfides, CeS, halogenides, halides, Gd, man, gd, Gd, manic, sulfides, rare earth metals, CeS, manganides, halides, Gd, man, gd, gd, manic, sulfides, rare earth metals, CeS, manganese sulfides, halides, Gd, man, gd, man, sulfides, rare earth metals, CeS; , Na2TeO3, Co (CN) 2, CoSb, CoAs, Co2P, CoO, CoSe, CoTe, NiSb, NiAs, NiSe, Ni2Si, MgSe, tellurides rare earth metals, EuTe, selenides rare earth metals, EuSe, nitrides of rare earth metals, EuN, nitrides metal, AlN, GdN, Mg ₃ N _2, compounds containing at least two atoms selected from oxygen atoms and various halogen s, F ₂ O, Cl ₂ O, ClO _2, Cl ₂ O _6, Cl ₂ O _7, ClF, ClF _3, ClOF _3, ClF _5, ClO ₂ F, ClO ₂ F _3, ClO ₃ F, BrF _3, BrF ₅ , I ₂ O ₅ , IBr, ICl, ICl ₃ , IF, IF ₃ , IF ₅ , IF ₇ , transition metal halides of the second or third sequence, OsF6, PtF6 or IrF6, compounds that can form a metal during reduction, hydrides metals, rare earth hydrides, alkaline earth hydrides or alkali metal hydrides; (iv) at least one reducing agent selected from metals, alkali, alkaline earth, transition metals, transition metals of the second and third sequences, and rare earth metals, powdered Al, Mg, MgH ₂ , Si, La, B, Zr and Ti, and H ₂ ; and (v) at least one electrically conductive carrier selected from activated carbon (AC), 1% Pt or Pd on carbon (Pt / C, Pd / C), carbide, TiC and WC. 5. The energy system according to claim 2, in which the reaction mixture providing the oxidation-reduction reaction to stimulate the catalysis reaction, contains: (i) at least one representative selected from a catalyst or catalyst source comprising a metal or a metal hydride from elements of group I; (ii) at least one representative selected from a source of hydrogen, including gaseous H2, or a source of gaseous H2 or hydride; (iii) at least one oxidizing agent comprising an atom or ion or compound comprising at least one of the elements of groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 selected from F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se, and Te; (iv) at least one reducing agent comprising an element or hydride selected from Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metals; and (v) at least one electrically conductive carrier selected from carbon, AC, graphene, metal impregnated carbon, Pt / C, Pd / C, carbide, TiC, and WC. 6. The energy system according to claim 2, in which the reaction mixture providing the oxidation-reduction reaction to stimulate the catalysis reaction, contains: (i) at least one representative selected from a catalyst or source of catalyst comprising a metal or a metal hydride from elements of group I; (ii) at least one representative selected from a source of hydrogen, including gaseous H2, or a source of gaseous H2 or hydride; (iii) at least one oxidizing agent comprising a halide, oxide or sulfide compound of elements selected from groups IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, 12d and lanthanides; (iv) at least one reducing agent comprising an element or hydride selected from Mg, MgH ₂ , Al, Si, B, Zr, and rare earth metals; and (v) at least one electrically conductive carrier selected from carbon, AC, graphene, carbon impregnated with a metal, such as Pt / C or Pd / C, carbide, TiC and WC. 7. The energy system according to claim 2, wherein said at least one other reagent is capable of providing an exchange reaction to stimulate a catalysis reaction that includes an anion exchange between at least two representatives selected from an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent and a catalyst, wherein the anion is selected from halide, hydride, oxide, sulfide, nitride, boride, carbide, silicide, arsenide, selenide, telluride, phosphide, nitrate, hydrosulfide, carbonate, sulfate, hydrosulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrophosphate, perchlora a, chromate, dichromate, cobalt oxide and oxyanions. 8. The energy system according to claim 7, in which the specified at least one other reagent is able - 107 031711 is capable of providing an exchange reaction for stimulating catalysis, which is thermally reversible for the regeneration of the initial exchange reagents. 9. Energy system according to claim 2, in which the specified at least one other reagent, designed to stimulate the catalysis reaction, is able to provide a catalysis reaction involving the getter, carrier or matrix to stimulate the catalysis reaction, providing at least one condition selected from creating a chemical environment for the reaction of catalysis, actions to transfer electrons to facilitate the function of the catalyst, the passage of a reversible phase or other physical change or change e electronic state of said hydrogen bonding and structural units of products for improving at least one parameter selected from the conversion rate or catalysis reaction. 10. The energy system according to claim 9, in which said at least one other reagent is capable of providing a catalysis reaction involving a getter, carrier or matrix that is thermally reversible for regeneration of the initial exchange reagents. 11. The energy system of Claim 1, wherein said at least one other reactant contains an alkali metal and is configured to regenerate from products as a result of separating one or more components and regenerating an alkali metal by electrolysis. 12. The energy system according to claim 1, in which the catalyst is able to receive energy from atomic hydrogen in whole units of a value selected from about 27.2 ± 0.5 and 27.2 / 2 ± 0.5 eV. 13. The energy system according to claim 1, in which the catalyst includes an atom or ion M, and the ionization t of electrons from an atom or ion M in each case on the energy level of the continuum is such that the sum of the ionization energies t of electrons is approximately the value selected from m-27.2 and m-27.2 / 2 eV, where m is an integer. 14. The energy system according to claim 1, in which the catalyst is formed from a diatomic molecule MN, and the gap M-N plus ionization t electrons from the atom M in each case on the energy level of the continuum is such that the sum of the binding energy and ionization energies t electrons would be approximately the value selected from m-27.2 and m-27.2 / 2 eV, where m is an integer. 15. The energy system according to claim 1, in which the catalyst includes atoms, ions and / or molecules selected from molecules of AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ and NO ₃ and atoms or ions of Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, M, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr , Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K ⁺ , He ⁺ , Ti ²⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Sr ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , In ³⁺ , He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Xe ⁺ , Ar ²⁺ and H ⁺ and Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ . 16. The energy system according to claim 1, made with the possibility of continuous operation with synchronized power generation and regeneration using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions. 17. The energy system according to claim 1, further comprising an energy converter. 18. The energy system of claim 17, wherein the converter includes a steam generator communicating with the reaction tank, a steam turbine communicating with the steam generator, and an electrical generator communicating with the steam turbine. 19. The energy system according to claim 1, in which the specified solid-fuel reaction mixture contains R-Ni; and at least one other reagent designed to stimulate catalysis by performing at least one function selected from activating and maintaining the passage of catalysis. 100 CATALYTIC MATERIAL 78 MATERIAL 76