CN102549836A - Heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst power system - Google Patents

Abstract

A power source and hydride reactor is provided that powers a power system comprising (i) a reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of catalyst or catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of catalyst or catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a support to enable the catalysis, (iii) thermal systems for reversing an exchange reaction to thermally regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (iv) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, and (v) a power conversion system.; In an embodiment, the catalysis reaction is activated or initiated and propagated by one or more other chemical reactions such as a hydride-halide exchange reaction between a metal of the catalyst and another metal. These reactions are thermally reversible by the removal of metal vapor in the reverse exchange. The hydrino reactions are maintained and regenerated in a batch mode using thermally- coupled multi-cells arranged in bundles wherein cells in the power-production phase of the cycle heat cells in the regeneration phase. In this intermittent cell power design, the thermal power is statistically constant as the cell number becomes large, or the cells cycle is controlled to achieve steady power.; In another power system embodiment, the hydrino reactions are maintained and regenerated continuously in each cell wherein heat from the power production phase of a thermally reversible cycle provides the energy for regeneration of the initial reactants from the products. Since the reactants undergo both modes simultaneously in each cell, the thermal power output from each cell is constant. Thermal power is converted to electrical power by a heat engine exploiting a cycle such as a Rankine, Brayton, Stirling, or steam-engine cycle. In another embodiment, the exchange reactions are constituted in half-cell reactions as the basis of a unique fuel cell wherein direct electrical power is developed with energy released by the reaction of hydrogen to form hydrinos.

Description

Heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst dynamical system

The cross reference of related application

Submit on August 21st, the 61/234th, No. 234 1 that the application requires to submit on August 7th, 2009 U.S. Provisional Application was submitted on August 14th, the 61/232nd, No. 291 1 the 61/236th; Submit on October 23rd, the 61/248th, No. 655 1 of on October 5th, the 61/239th, No. 689 1 of submitting on September 3rd, No. 046 1 the 61/254th; Submit on November 20th, the 61/260th, No. 713 1 of on November 12nd, the 61/258th, No. 955 1 of submitting on November 6th, No. 557 1 the 61/263rd; Submitted on December 4th, No. 253 1 the 61/266th; Submit on January 4th, the 61/289th, No. 861 1 of on December 23rd, the 61/285th, No. 822 1 of submitting on December 11st, No. 879 1 the 61/292nd; Submitted on January 11st, No. 086 1 the 61/294th; Submit on February 5th, the 61/297th, No. 473 1 of on January 22nd, the 61/295th, No. 564 1 of submitting on January 15th, No. 033 1 the 61/301st; Submitted on February 12nd, No. 977 1 the 61/304th; On March 5th, the 61/304th, No. 248 1 of submitting on February 12nd, No. 242 1 the 61/311st, No. 193 and submitted on March 5th, 2010 the 61/311st; No. 203 priority is incorporated the full content of all these applications into this paper through quoting.

Summary of the invention

The present invention is directed to antigravity system, said antigravity system comprises other materials that can make the atom H that is in its n=1 attitude form hydrogen catalyst, the atom hydrogen source of lower state more and can make the reaction that forms low energy hydrogen cause and increase.In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to reactant mixture, said reactant mixture comprises at least a atom hydrogen source and at least a catalyst or catalyst source, to support making hydrogen form the catalysis of mark hydrogen.The reactant that is suitable for solid and liquid fuel disclosed herein also is to comprise reactant and the reaction that mixes heterogeneous fuel mutually with reaction.Reactant mixture comprises at least two kinds of components that are selected from hydrogen catalyst or hydrogen catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source, wherein has a kind of can formation through the reaction of reactant mixture in atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst at least.In other execution modes, reactant mixture also comprises carrier (can have conductivity in some embodiments), reducing agent and oxidant, wherein relies on its at least a reactant that reacts to cause catalytic activation.Reactant can be any non-mark hydrogen product through thermal regeneration.

Also to a kind of energy, the said energy comprises in the present invention:

The reaction tank that is used for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen;

Reaction vessel;

Vacuum pump;

The atom hydrogen source that is communicated with reaction vessel;

The hydrogen catalyst source, said source comprises the block materials that is communicated with reaction vessel,

At least one source in atom hydrogen source and the hydrogen catalyst source comprises reactant mixture; Said reactant mixture comprises at least a reactant; Said reactant comprises at least a element and at least a other elements that form in atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst; Form at least a atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst thus from said source

At least a other reactants that cause catalysis; With

The heater that is used for said container,

The catalysis of atomic hydrogen releases energy with the amount greater than about 300kJ/ moles of hydrogen thus.

The reaction that forms mark hydrogen can be through one or more chemical reaction activation or initiation and growth.These reactions for example can be selected from: (i) hydride exchange reaction; (ii) halide-hydride exchange reaction; (iii) exothermic reaction; Said exothermic reaction provides activation energy for the mark H-H reaction in some embodiments, and (iv) coupling reaction, said coupling reaction provide at least a to support the mark H-H reaction in catalyst source or the atomic hydrogen in some embodiments; (v) radical reaction; Said radical reaction is served as in the mark H-H reaction process acceptor from the electronics of catalyst in some embodiments, and (vi) oxidation-reduction reaction, said redox reaction serve as in the mark H-H reaction process acceptor from the electronics of catalyst in some embodiments; (vi) other exchange reactions; As comprise the anion exchange of halide, sulfide, hydride, arsenide, oxide, phosphide and nitride exchange, said exchange reaction in execution mode, promoted catalyst along with its accept free atomic hydrogen form mark hydrogen energy and by the effect of ionization and (the vii) auxiliary mark H-H reaction of absorbent, carrier or matrix; Said reaction can provide at least a in the following aspect: (a) chemical environment of mark H-H reaction; (b) thus play the effect that metastatic electron promotes the H catalyst function, (c) carry out the change of reversible transition or other physical changes or its electronic state and (d) combine with more low-energy hydrogen product with the degree of raising mark H-H reaction or at least one in the speed.In some embodiments, priming reaction can take place in conductive carrier.

In another embodiment, the reaction that forms mark hydrogen comprises at least a in exchanging with halide of hydride exchange between at least two kinds of materials (like two kinds of metals).At least a metal can be catalyst or the catalyst source that forms mark hydrogen, like alkali metal or alkali metal hydride.Hydride exchange can be at least two kinds of hydride, at least a metal and at least a hydride, at least two kinds of metal hydrides, at least a metal and at least a metal hydrides, and have between the two or more materials or relate between other this type of combination of exchange of two or more materials and carrying out.In one embodiment, the hydride exchange forms as (M ₁) _x(M ₂) _yH _zIn hybrid metal hydride, x wherein, y and z are integer, and M ₁And M ₂Be metal.

Other execution modes of the present invention are directed against system and the material of carrying out at least a following function: accept the electronics from ionized catalyst because of the energy from H shifts; With the electron transfer of accepting to circuit, said circuit be used for making electronics flow to and in the pond at least one of the inner path that stops; With electron transfer to ground with reduce with in the material that serves as final electron acceptor or electron carrier at least one; With allow electron carrier with formed catalyst ion in electron transfer to the catalytic process.

Other execution modes of the present invention are to the additional catalyst that comprises block materials.For example, like the Mg of compounds such as halide and hydride ²⁺Ion and metal can serve as catalyst.Metal on the metal of some block materials, some intermetallic compound and some carrier can serve as catalyst, and wherein the electronics of material forms mark hydrogen by atomic hydrogen and accepts round number 27.2eV doubly.The combination of materials such as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen or hydride ion and for example another kind of atom or ion can be served as catalyst, the ionization of wherein said material and H ₂Bond energy (4.478eV), ionization energy (13.59844eV) or the H of H ^-The summation of ionization energy (IP=0.754eV) be 27.2eV round number doubly.Catalyst can or comprise the solvent compound by solvation.

Other execution modes of the present invention are to the reactions thing; Wherein the catalyst in priming reaction and/or the reaction of propagation comprises the reaction of catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source and material or compound formation intercalation compound, and wherein said reactant is regenerated through the material of removing intercalation.In one embodiment, carbon can serve as oxidant, and can make the carbon regeneration of carbon from the alkali metal intercalation for example through to heat, to use displacer, electrolysis or to pass through to use solvent.

In other execution modes, the present invention is directed to a kind of dynamical system, said dynamical system comprises:

(i) comprise the chemical fuel mixture that is selected from least two kinds of following components: catalyst or catalyst source; Atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Form the reactant of catalyst or catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Cause one or more reactants of the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; With the carrier that catalysis can be taken place,

(ii) at least one be used to make exchange reaction to reverse so that fuel from the hot system of product heat regeneration, said hot system comprises a plurality of reaction vessels,

Wherein carry out regenerative response at least one reaction vessel in a plurality of reaction vessels; Said regenerative response comprises the reaction that is formed the original chemical fuel mixture by the product of said mixture; Other reaction vessels that said a plurality of reaction vessel and at least one are carried out dynamic response link

The heat of coming ultromotivity to produce container is regenerated at least one container of regenerating so that for heat energy is provided,

Container is kept somewhere in heat transfer medium realizing heat flow,

At least one container also comprises vacuum pump and hydrogen source, and can also comprise two chambers, and said two chambers maintain the temperature difference between hot chamber and cold chamber, and this temperature difference makes material preferentially accumulate in the cold chamber,

Wherein hydride reaction is carried out in cold chamber, and to form at least a initial reactant, said initial reactant returns hot chamber,

(iii) the radiator of the heat that comes ultromotivity generation reaction vessel of thermal boundary is passed in acceptance,

With

(iv) can comprise the power conversion system like hot machines such as Rankine machine or brayton cycle machine, steam engine, Stirling-electric hybrids, wherein said power conversion system can comprise thermoelectric converter or thermion converter.In some embodiments, radiator can be with transmission of power to power conversion system with generating.

In some embodiments, the power conversion system is accepted the hot-fluid from radiator, and in some embodiments, and radiator comprises steam generator and hot machines such as steam flow such as turbine with generating.

In other execution modes, the present invention is directed to dynamical system, said dynamical system comprises:

(i) comprise the chemical fuel mixture that is selected from least two kinds of following components: catalyst or catalyst source; Atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Form the reactant of catalyst or catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Cause one or more reactants of the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; With the carrier that catalysis can be taken place,

(ii) be used to make exchange reaction to reverse so that fuel from the hot system of product heat regeneration, said hot system comprises at least one reaction vessel,

Wherein at least one reaction vessel that is associated with energy response, carry out regenerative response, said regenerative response comprises the reaction that is formed the original chemical fuel mixture by the product of mixture,

Heat thinks that to regenerative response heat regeneration provides energy by energy-producing reaction stream,

At least one container is adiabatic on a part and on another part, contacts with the thermal conductivity medium, to realize thermal gradient between the hot portion of container and cold, makes material preferentially accumulate in cold,

At least one container also comprises vacuum pump and hydrogen source,

Wherein in said cold, carry out hydride reaction to form at least a initial reactant, said initial reactant returns said hot portion,

(iii) radiator, said radiator are accepted from the aitiogenic heat of said power, said heat through the thermal conductivity medium and pass at least one thermal boundary transmission alternatively and

(iv) can comprise the power conversion system like hot machines such as Rankine machine or brayton cycle machine, steam engine, Stirling-electric hybrids, wherein said power conversion system can comprise thermoelectric converter or thermion converter,

Wherein said conversion system is accepted the hot-fluid from radiator.

In one embodiment, radiator comprises steam generator, and hot machines such as steam flow such as turbine are with generating.Other execution modes of the present invention are to battery or fuel cell system; Said battery or fuel cell system are from producing electromotive force (EMF) by hydrogen to the catalytic reaction than low energy (mark hydrogen) attitude; Thereby the direct conversion to electric power of the energy that discharged by the mark H-H reaction is provided, and said system comprises:

Flow and constitute the reactant of mark hydrogen reactant in the pond operation process with the ion mass transfer having separately electronics,

The negative electrode compartment that comprises negative electrode,

Comprise anode anodic compartment and

Hydrogen source.

Other execution modes of the present invention are to battery or fuel cell system; Said battery or fuel cell system are from producing electromotive force (EMF) by hydrogen to the catalytic reaction than low energy (mark hydrogen) attitude; Thereby the direct conversion to electric power of the energy that discharged by the mark H-H reaction is provided, and said system comprises and is selected from least two kinds of following components: catalyst or catalyst source; Atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Form the reactant of catalyst or catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Cause one or more reactants of atomic hydrogen catalysis; With the carrier that catalysis can be taken place,

Wherein be used to form the battery of mark hydrogen or the negative electrode compartment that fuel cell system can also comprise negative electrode, the anodic compartment that comprises anode, optional salt bridge, have that electronics separately flows and the pond operation process of ion mass transfer in constitute the reactant and the hydrogen source of mark hydrogen reactant.

In an embodiment of the invention, the reactant mixture that causes mark H-H reaction (like exchange reaction of the present invention etc.) is the basis of fuel cell with reaction, wherein electric power through the reaction development that is formed mark hydrogen by hydrogen.Because the half-reaction of OR pond has constituted the reactant mixture that produces mark hydrogen, and has accomplished circuit via the electron transfer of external circuit with via the ion mass transfer in the path that separates.Overall reaction through adding the generation mark hydrogen that provides with half-cell reaction can comprise the reaction type that is used for heat power and mark hydrogenation student of the present invention product with corresponding reactant mixture.

In an embodiment of the invention; Differential responses thing or be in different conditions or condition (as in different temperatures, different pressures and the variable concentrations at least a) same reaction thing down and be provided in the different pond compartments, said pond compartment is continuous between compartment, to accomplish circuit through the different pipelines that are used for electronics and ion.Because the mark H-H reaction depends on the flow of matter from a compartment to another compartment, thereby produced the perhaps thermal enhancement of system of electromotive force and electric power gain between the electrode of different compartments.Flow of matter provides at least one of following situation: the formation of the reactant mixture of reaction generation mark hydrogen and the condition that the mark H-H reaction is taken place with remarkable speed.It is desirable to, the mark H-H reaction does not take place, and perhaps when not existing electronics to flow with the ion mass transfer, does not take place with considerable speed.

In another embodiment, battery produces at least a in electric power gain and the heat power gain, and the said electric power gain electric power that gain surpasses the electrolysis power that applies through electrode with heat power gains and heat power gains.

In another embodiment, the reactant that forms mark hydrogen has at least a in hot reproducibility or the electrolytic regeneration property.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the sketch map of energy response device of the present invention and power-equipment.

Fig. 2 is the energy response device of fuel recycle or regeneration and the sketch map of power-equipment of being used for of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is the sketch map of dynamic response device of the present invention.

Fig. 4 is the sketch map that is used for the system of fuel recycle or regeneration of the present invention.

Fig. 5 is the sketch map of multitube reaction system of the present invention, has also shown the unit energy reactor that is used for fuel recycle or regeneration and the details of power-equipment.

Fig. 6 is the sketch map of the pipe of multitube reaction system of the present invention, and said pipe comprises the reaction compartment separated by gate or gate valve and metal condensation and again between cadmium hydride, is used for evaporated metal steam, makes metal hydrogenation and supply with the alkali metal hydride of regenerating again again.

Fig. 7 is the sketch map of many ponds tube bank of thermocouple couplet of the present invention; The pond heating that the power that wherein is in circulation produces the phase is in the pond of regeneration period, and tube bank is under water makes that generation occurs on the outer surface of outer ring body and has the thermal gradient across the gap with steam in boiling.

Fig. 8 is the sketch map of many ponds tube bank of a plurality of thermocouple couplet of the present invention, and wherein tube bank can be arranged in the boiler case.

Fig. 9 is the sketch map of boiler of the present invention, and said boiler holds the reactor tube bank and the entering of guiding steam has in the manifold of dome.

Figure 10 is the sketch map of electricity generation system of the present invention, and wherein steam produces in the boiler of Fig. 9 and is directed to steam pipe through the manifold with dome, and steam turbine is accepted the steam of boiling water, utilizes generator for electricity generation, and steam is condensed and the blowback boiler.

Figure 11 is the sketch map of multitube reaction system of the present invention, and said multitube reaction system comprises the tube bank of the reactor cell that is in thermo-contact, and said tube bank separates with heat exchanger through air gap (gas gap).

Figure 12 is the sketch map of multitube reaction system of the present invention, and said multitube reaction system comprises heat insulation layer, reactor cell, thermal conductivity medium and heat exchanger or gatherer alternately.

Figure 13 is the sketch map of the individual unit of multitube reaction system of the present invention, and said individual unit comprises heat insulation layer, reactor cell, thermal conductivity medium and heat exchanger or gatherer alternately.

Figure 14 is the sketch map of steam generator system of the present invention, and said steam generator system comprises multitube reaction system and cooling agent (saturated water) the stream regulating system of Figure 12.

Figure 15 is the sketch map of electricity generation system of the present invention, and wherein steam produces in the boiler of Figure 14 and exports main steam pipe to by steam-separator, and steam turbine is accepted the steam of boiling water, utilizes generator for electricity generation, and steam is condensed and the blowback boiler.

Figure 16 is the sketch map that steam of the present invention produces flow chart.

Figure 17 is the sketch map of discharge power of the present invention and plasma pond and reactor.

Figure 18 is the sketch map of battery of the present invention and fuel cell.

Figure 19 is the automobile construction of the CIHT of utilization battery pile of the present invention.

Figure 20 is the sketch map of CIHT battery of the present invention.

Embodiment

The present invention is directed to and form electron shell wherein by atomic hydrogen and be positioned at the antigravity system that releases energy than lower state near nuclear position.The energy that discharges is controlled to be used for power and produces, and new in addition hydrogen material and compound are desired products.These energy states predict through the classical physics law, and need catalyst to accept the energy from hydrogen, to carry out the transition of corresponding energy release property.

Classical physics has provided the sealing of hydrogen atom, hydride ion, hydrogen molecular ion and hydrogen molecule and has separated, and has predicted the respective substance with mark principal quantum number.Utilize Maxwell equation, the structure of electronics is derived is boundary value problem, wherein pocket of electrons be contained in n=1 bound state electronics can not the radiant energy quantitative limitation under, the source electric current of time dependent electromagnetic field in the transition process.The atomic hydrogen that the reaction of being predicted relates to by stable (removing said energy shifts) of separating by the H atom shifts to energy resonance, non-radiation type of the catalyst that can accept energy, thus form than before the hydrogen of thinkable more lower state.Particularly, the classical physics prediction, atomic hydrogen can carry out catalytic reaction with some atom, excimer (excimer), ion and diatomic hydrogenation thing, and it is the potential energy E of atomic hydrogen that said reaction provides clean enthalpy _hThe reaction of the integral multiple of=27.2eV, wherein E _hBe 1 hartree (Hartree).The predetermined substance that can confirm based on its known electronic energy level (He for example ⁺, Ar ⁺, Sr ⁺, K, Li, HCl and NaH) need exist with this process of catalysis with atomic hydrogen.This reaction relates to the non-radiation type energy to be shifted, succeeded by to the q13.6eV of H continuously emission or q13.6eV shift, thereby form very hot excitation state H and energy corresponding to the mark principal quantum number and be lower than the hydrogen atom of unreacted atomic hydrogen.That is, in the formula of the main energy level of hydrogen atom:

$E_n=-\frac{e^2}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="n"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">n</figure-callout>}}^{2}8\mathrm{\&pi;}{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_o{a}_H}=-\frac{13.598\mathrm{eV}}{n^2}---\left(1\right)$

n＝1，2，3，... (2)

A wherein _HBe the Bohr radius (52.947pm) of hydrogen atom, e is the order of magnitude of electron charge, and ε _oBe permittivity of vacuum,

The dosis refracta subnumber:

$n=1,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{4},...,\frac{1}{p};$ Wherein p≤137 are integer (3)

Replaced the hydrogen that parameter n=integer that the rydberg equation that is used for hydrogen excitation state knows and expression are called " mark hydrogen (hydrino) " than lower state.

attitude of the n=1 attitude of hydrogen and hydrogen is a non-radiation type; But shift via the non-radiation type energy, the transition (such as n=1 to n=1/2) between two non-radiant states is possible.Hydrogen is the special circumstances of the stable state that provides of equation (1) and (3), and wherein the relevant radii of hydrogen or mark hydrogen atom is provided by following formula

$r=\frac{a_H}{p}---\left(4\right)$

P=1 wherein, 2,3 ....Be conserve energy; Energy must be transferred to catalyst by hydrogen atom with the graduation of whole numbers of units of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom of normal n=1 attitude; And radius transits to

mark hydrogen and forms through ordinary hydrogen atom and suitable catalyst reaction, and said catalyst has clean reaction enthalpy

m·27.2eV (5)

Wherein m is an integer.It is believed that catalysis speed equates to increase with m27.2eV with clean reaction enthalpy is more approaching.Have been found that clean reaction enthalpy m27.2eV ± 10%, catalyst in preferred ± 5% scope is suitable for the great majority application.

Catalyst reaction relates to exergonic two steps: the non-radiation type energy to catalyst shifts, and discharges because of radius reduces to reach the additional energy of stablizing final state accordingly thereafter.Therefore, general reaction can be provided by following formula

Cat ^(q+r)++ re ^-→ Cat ^Q++ m27.2eV and (8)

Overall reaction is

Q, r, m and p are integer.

has the radius (corresponding to being 1 in the denominator) of hydrogen atom and equals (m+p) central field doubly of the central field of proton, and

is that radius is the corresponding stable state of

of H radius.Along with electronics carries out the radially acceleration by the radius of

of hydrogen atom radius to this distance, energy discharges as the characteristic light emission or as third party's kinetic energy.Emission can be to have $[{(p+m)}^2-p^2-2m]\&CenterDot;13.6\mathrm{eV}\left(\frac{91.2}{[{(p+m)}^2-p^2-2m}\mathrm{nm}\right)$ The place the border and extend to more long wavelength's extreme ultraviolet continuous radiation.Except that radiation, the momentum transfer that may resonate is to form fast H.Through with background H ₂These fast H (n=1) atoms follow-up of collision excite and the emission of the fast atom of corresponding H (n=3) subsequently causes the not α emission of Ba Er that broadens.Observe with predict not α line broadening of consistent great Ba Er (＞100eV).

In the present invention; When referring to reaction and mark hydrogen that hydrogen, hydrogen forms mark hydrogen when forming reaction, all refer to form the reaction (like the reaction of equation (6-9)) of state of the hydrogen of (1) and (3) energy level that provides that has equation like terms such as mark H-H reaction, H catalysis, H catalytic reaction, catalysis by the catalyst of equation (5) definition and atom H.Corresponding terms such as reactant like mark hydrogen reactant, mark hydroformylation reaction mixture, catalyst mixture, the reactant that is used for the formation of mark hydrogen, generation or formation lower state hydrogen or mark hydrogen; When it refers to when carrying out H catalysis to the reactant mixture of the catalysis of H attitude or mark hydrogen attitude with the energy level that is provided by equation (1) and (3), also can exchange use.

Therefore suitable catalyst can provide the clean positive reaction enthalpy of m27.2eV.That is, catalyst resonance ground is accepted to shift from the non-radiation type energy of hydrogen atom, and releases energy towards periphery, thereby influence is to the electron transition of mark quantum level.As the result that the non-radiation type energy shifts, it is unstable that hydrogen atom becomes, and further emitted energy, reaches the more low-energy non-radiation regimes of (1) and (3) the main energy level that provides that has equation until it.Therefore, catalysis discharges the energy from hydrogen atom, follows corresponding the reducing of hydrogen atom size, r _n=na _H, wherein n is provided by equation (3).For example, H (n=1) catalysis is that H (n=1/4) discharges 204eV, and the hydrogen radius is by a _HBe decreased to

Catalyst product H (1/p) also can form mark hydrogen hydride ion H with electron reaction ^-(1/p), perhaps two H (1/p) can react the corresponding branch subfraction hydrogen H of formation ₂(1/p).

Particularly, catalysate H (1/p) also can form with electron reaction and have binding energy E _BNew hydride ion H ^-(1/p):

Wherein p is the integer greater than 1, s=1/2,

Be pulling out of Planck's constant, μ _oBe the vacuum infiltration rate, m _eBe electron mass, μ _eBe by The electron mass of the minimizing that provides, wherein mp is a protonatomic mass, a _oBe Bohr radius, and ionic radius do

Can know by equation (10), calculate hydride ion ionization energy be 0.75418eV, experiment value is 6082.99 ± 0.15cm ^-1(0.75418eV).

High field offset NMR peak is to compare the positive evidence that the radius hydrogen than lower state less and that the proton diamagnetic shielding increases exists with the ordinary hydrogen anion.Displacement is by ordinary hydrogen anion H ^-Displacement and provide because of the component sum that causes than lower state:

$\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;}{B}_T}{B}=-{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_0\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="e"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">e</figure-callout>}}^2}{12m_e{a}_0(1+\sqrt{s(s+1)})}(1+\mathrm{\&alpha;}2\mathrm{\&pi;p})=-(29.9+1.37p)\mathrm{ppm}---\left(11\right)$

Wherein, for H ^-P=0 is for H ^-(1/p) p is the integer greater than 1, and α is a fine-structure constant.

H (1/p) can with proton reaction, and two H (1/p) can react, and form H respectively ₂(1/p) ⁺And H ₂(1/p).Hydrogen molecular ion is found the solution by Laplacian in the ellipsoidal coordinates with non-radiation limitations with branch charge of the electron and function of current density, bond length and energy.

$(\mathrm{\&eta;}-\mathrm{\&zeta;})R_{\mathrm{\&xi;}}\frac{\&PartialD;}{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&xi;}}\left(R_{\mathrm{\&xi;}}\frac{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&phi;}}{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&xi;}}\right)+(\mathrm{\&zeta;}-\mathrm{\&xi;})R_{\mathrm{\&eta;}}\frac{\&PartialD;}{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&eta;}}\left(R_{\mathrm{\&eta;}}\frac{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&phi;}}{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&eta;}}\right)+(\mathrm{\&xi;}-\mathrm{\&eta;})R_{\mathrm{\&zeta;}}\frac{\&PartialD;}{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&zeta;}}\left(R_{\mathrm{\&zeta;}}\frac{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&phi;}}{\&PartialD;\mathrm{\&zeta;}}\right)=0---\left(12\right)$

Have in MO each along of prolate spheroid+the gross energy E of the hydrogen molecular ion of the central field of pe _TBe

Wherein p is an integer, and c is the light velocity in the vacuum, and the nuclear quality of μ for reducing.Have in MO each along of prolate spheroid+gross energy of the hydrogen molecule of the central field of pe is

Hydrogen molecule H ₂Bond dissociation energy E (1/p) _DBe the gross energy and the E of corresponding hydrogen atom _TPoor

E _D＝E(2H(1/p))-E _T (15)

Wherein

E(2H(1/p))＝-p ²27.20eV (16)

E _DProvide by equation (15-16) and (14):

E _D＝-p ²27.20eV-E _T

＝-p ²27.20eV-(-p ²31.351eV-p ³0.326469eV)

＝p ²4.151eV+p ³0.326469eV . (17)

The NMR of catalysate gas provides the H to theoretical prediction ₂(1/4) chemical shift is qualitative test really.Usually, because electronics is obvious more near the mark radius in the ellipsoidal coordinates of nuclear, H therein ₂(1/p) ¹H NMR resonance it is predicted and can be in H ₂ ¹The High-Field of H NMR resonance.For H ₂(1/p), the displacement of prediction

By H ₂Displacement and depend on H ₂The item sum of p (1/p) (integer greater than 1) provides:

$\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;}{B}_T}{B}=-{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_0(4-\sqrt{2}\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="ln"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">ln</figure-callout>}\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{\sqrt{2}-1})\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="e"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">e</figure-callout>}}^2}{36a_0{m}_e}(1+\mathrm{\&pi;\&alpha;p})---\left(18\right)$

$\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;}{B}_T}{B}=-(28.01+0.64p)\mathrm{ppm}---\left(19\right)$

Wherein for H ₂P=0.Absolute H ₂The experiment value of gas phase resonance shift is-28.0ppm itself and absolute gas phase displacement-28.01ppm (equation (19)) matched of predicting.

For Hydrogen molecule H ₂υ (1/p)=0 is to the transition of υ=1, vibrational energy E _VibFor

E _vib＝p ²0.515902eV (20)

Wherein p is an integer.For Hydrogen molecule H ₂The transition of J to J+1 (1/p), energy of rotation E _RotFor

Wherein p is an integer, and I is a moment of inertia.

The p of energy of rotation ²The reverse p that dependence comes from nuclear separation relies on and corresponding influence to moment of inertia I.The H of prediction ₂Nuclear separation 2c ' (1/p) does

$2c^{\&prime;}=\frac{a_o\sqrt{2}}{p}---\left(22\right)$

Data from extensive studies technology show strongly and as one man, and hydrogen can be with than thinking that before this possible lower energy state exists.These are called the existence than lower state of mark hydrogen (corresponding " little hydrogen ") and corresponding hydride ion and branch subfraction hydrogen this data support.Some new reactions of supporting atomic hydrogen are arranged in the existing correlative study, and (generation is in the hydrogen of mark quantum state; Said mark quantum state is in than traditional " base " (n=1) the lower energy of attitude) possibility, these researchs comprise that plasma, not α line broadening of Ba Er, the population inversion of H line, the electron temperature that characteristic emission, the emission of low energy hydrogen, the chemistry of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum, catalyst and hydride ion product form raises, plasma abnormality persistence and noval chemical compound analysis.

The low energy hydrogen transition of catalysis of the present invention needs following catalyst, and said catalyst can be the form with endothermic chemical reaction of integer m uncatalyzed atomic hydrogen potential energy (27.2eV) doubly, thereby it accepts to cause transition from the energy of atom H.Endothermic catalytic agent reaction can come the ionization of one or more electronics of material such as atom or ion freely (for example for Li → Li ²⁺M=3), and can also comprise the concerted reaction followed from the bond fission of the ionization of one or more electronics of one or more parts of initial key (for example for NaH → Na ²⁺+ H m=2).He ⁺Satisfying the catalyst standard---enthalpy change equals chemistry or the physical process of the 27.2eV of integral multiple, because it is in 54.417eV (i.e. 2 * 27.2eV) ionization.Two hydrogen atoms also can serve as the catalyst with identical enthalpy.Hydrogen atom H (1/p) p=1; 2,3 ... 137 can carry out the further transition than lower state that provides to equation (1) and (3); The transition of one of them atom is by the second former muonic catalysis, accepts m27.2eV to said second atomic resonance and non-radiation and follows the inverse variation of its potential energy.The H (1/p) that is induced to the resonance transfer of H (1/p ') by m27.2eV is expressed from the next to the overall general formula of the transition of H (1/ (p+m))

H(1/p′)+H(1/p)→H+H(1/(p+m))+[2pm+m ²-p′ ²+1]·13.6eV (23)

Hydrogen atom can play the effect of catalyst, wherein is respectively m=1 and m=2 for an atom and two atoms, and it serves as the catalyst of other atom.When be exceedingly fast H and molecules strike formed 2H, the speed of diatomic catalyst 2H can be very high, and wherein two atomic resonances are not that 54.4eV is accepted from collision both sides' the 3rd hydrogen atom in radiation ground.

During m=2, catalyst He ⁺With the product of 2H be H (1/3), its rapidly reaction form H (1/4), form branch subfraction hydrogen H then as preferred attitude ₂(1/4).Particularly, under the situation of high hydrogen atom concentration, utilize H as catalyst (p '=1; M=1) H (1/3) (p=3) to H (1/4) the further transition that provides by equation (23) (p+m=4) maybe be very fast:

Corresponding minute subfraction hydrogen H ₂(1/4) and mark hydrogen hydride ion H ^-(1/4) be end product, this is consistent with observation, because the p=4 quantum state has than the higher multipolarity of quadrapole (quadrupole), for H (1/4) provides the long theoretical life-span that is used for further catalysis.

To catalyst, He ⁺It is predicted with the non-radiation type energy transfer of 2H can be to He ⁺He ⁺The ion energy level fills ability, and in helium-hydrogen and hydrogen plasma, improves the Electron Excited Temperature of H respectively.For these two kinds of catalyst; Intermediate (equation (6); M=2 wherein) have the radius (is 1 corresponding to denominator) of hydrogen atom and equal 3 times central field of the central field of proton, and

is that radius is the corresponding stable state of H radius 1/3.Along with electronics carries out the radially acceleration by 1/3 radius of hydrogen atom radius to this distance, energy discharges as the characteristic light emission or as third party's kinetic energy.Emission can be to have in border that 54.4eV (22.8nm) locates and the extreme ultraviolet continuous radiation that extends to longer wavelength.Emission can be to have in border that 54.4eV (22.8nm) locates and the extreme ultraviolet continuous radiation that extends to longer wavelength.As other a kind of selection, because of the resonance momentum transfer can be predicted fast H.It is predicted that second continuous belts is produced by the transition of subsequently catalysate

(equation (23)) to attitude, wherein atomic hydrogen is accepted the 27.2eV from

.Microwave discharge, glow discharge and pulsed discharge record extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum and high-resolution visible spectrum for the hydrogen that catalyst He+ and 2H are provided respectively and helium and hydrogen self.He ⁺Filling of ion line can occur when adding hydrogen, and the excitation temperature of hydrogen plasma is very high under certain conditions.Observe EUV continuum (continua) at 22.8nm and 40.8nm place, and observe not α line broadening of great Ba Er (＞50eV).Through collecting and be dissolved in CDCl for the hydrogen plasma of assisting by helium-hydrogen, hydrogen and water vapour ₃In the solution NMR of gas observe H at the 1.25ppm place ₂(1/4).

Similarly, Ar ⁺To Ar ²⁺Reaction have the clean reaction enthalpy of 27.63eV, it is equivalent to the situation of m=1 in the equation (4-7).Work as Ar ⁺When serving as catalyst, observe its 91.2nm that it is predicted and 45.6nm continuum, and other characteristic indications of mark hydrogen transition, catalyst excitation state fill can, fast H, and through solution NMR at the 1.25ppm place observed prediction gas fraction hydrogen product H ₂(1/4).Consider the result of these results and helium plasma, observe for He ⁺The catalyst threshold value is at 54.4eV (q=4) and 40.8eV (q=3) and for Ar ⁺The catalyst threshold value is in the q13.6eV continuum of 27.2eV (q=2) and 13.6eV (q=1).When mark hydrogen when more the transition of lower state causes the high energy continuous radiation in the spectral regions at broad, possibly have much higher q value.

In nearest generating and product characterization research; Atom lithium and molecule NaH serve as catalyst; Because they satisfy the catalyst standard---the chemistry of enthalpy change or physical process equal doubly atomic hydrogen potential energy 27.2eV of integer m (m=3 for Li for example, and for NaH m=2).The catalytic reaction thing that uses chemistry to generate is to based on new alkali metal halo mark hydrogen hydride compound (MH*X; M=Li or Na, X=halide) and divide subfraction hydrogen H ₂(1/4) corresponding scores hydrogen hydride ion H ^-The concrete prediction of the closed equation of energy level (1/4) is tested.

At first, test Li catalyst.Li and LiNH ₂Be used as atom lithium and hydrogen atom source.Use flow type calorimetry in batches, by 1gLi, 0.5g LiNH ₂, 10g LiBr and 15g Pd/Al ₂O ₃The power that records be about 160W, and the energy surplus is Δ H=-19.1kJ.Viewed energy surplus is based on 4.4 times of maximum theoretical of known chemical.Next, when said dynamic response mixture was used for chemical synthesis, Raney's nickel (R-Ni) served as the disassociation agent, and wherein the LiBr absorbent (getter) that serves as catalysate H (1/4) is to form LiH*X and with H ₂(1/4) is trapped in the crystal.ToF-SIMs shows the LiH*X peak.LiH*Br and LiH*I's ¹H MAS NMR is presented at the big obvious High-Field resonance in pact-2.5ppm place, the H in its identical LiX matrix ^-(1/4).The gap H 1.13ppm the NMR peak of locating coincide ₂(1/4), and in FTIR spectrum at 1989cm ^-1Observe H ₂(1/4) rotational frequency, it is common H ₂Rotational frequency 4 ²Doubly.The XPS spectrum that is write down for the LiH*Br crystal has shown that at the peak at about 9.5eV and 12.3eV place it can't be pointed out it and be any known elements based on there not being any other basic element peak, but the H in itself and two chemical environments ^-(1/4) binding energy coincide.Another characteristic of energy process is that (for example ≈ 10 at low temperature when atom Li exists with atomic hydrogen ³K) and observe the plasma that is called resonance transfer plasma or rt-plasma under the utmost point low field intensity of about 1V/cm～2V/cm and form.Observe not α line time dependence line broadening of H Ba Er corresponding to the H that is exceedingly fast (＞40eV).

The compound of the present invention MH of the element M beyond H and at least a dehydrogenation (as comprise) serves as the hydrogen source and the catalyst source that form mark hydrogen.Catalytic reaction is added from t the electronics of atom M by the fracture of M-H and makes that to the ionization of continuous energy level the summation of ionization energy of bond energy and t electronics is that about m27.2eV (wherein m is an integer) provides separately.A kind of this type of catalysis system relates to sodium.The bond energy of NaH is 1.9245eV, and first and second ionization energy of Na are respectively 5.13908eV and 47.2864eV.Based on these energy, the NaH molecule can serve as catalyst and H source, because the bond energy of NaH adds Na to Na ²⁺Twice ionization (t=2) be 54.35eV (2 * 27.2eV).Catalyst reaction is provided by following formula

Na ²⁺+2e ^-+H→NaH+54.35eV (26)

And overall reaction is

Product H (1/3) reaction rapidly forms H (1/4), forms the branch subfraction hydrogen H as preferred attitude then ₂(1/4) (equation (24)).The NaH catalyst reaction can be worked in coordination with, because bond energy, the Na to Na of NaH ²⁺The summation of potential energy of twice ionization (t=2) and H be 81.56eV (3 * 27.2eV).Catalyst reaction is provided by following formula

And overall reaction is

Wherein is that kinetic energy is the fast hydrogen atom of 13.6eV at least.H ^-(1/4) form stable halo hydride, and its with by reacting 2H (1/4) → H ₂(1/4) and H ^-(1/4)+H ⁺→ H ₂(1/4) the corresponding molecule that forms all is welcome product.

Sodium hydride is generally the form of the ionic crystals compound that forms through Gaseous Hydrogen and sodium metal reaction.And at gaseous state, sodium comprises the covalency Na that bond energy is the 74.8048kJ/ mole ₂Molecule.Have been found that when under the helium atmosphere with the heating NaH of alternating temperature speed (0.1 ℃/minute) very slowly (s) when forming NaH (g), observe the prediction exothermic reaction that provides by equation (25-27) at high temperature through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).For realizing high power, design one cover chemical system greatly improves growing amount and the speed of NaH (g).By generate heat calculate NaOH and Na to Na ₂The reaction of O and NaH (s) discharges Δ H=-44.7kJ/ moles of NaOH:

NaOH+2Na → Na ₂O+NaH (s) Δ H=-44.7kJ/ moles of NaOH (31)

This exothermic reaction can promote NaH (g) and form, and is used in the very big exothermic reaction that promotion is provided by equation (25-27).Regenerative response under atomic hydrogen exists does

Na ₂O+H → NaOH+Na Δ H=-11.6kJ/ moles of NaOH (32)

NaH → Na+H (1/3) Δ H=-10,500kJ/ mole H (33)

With

NaH → Na+H (1/4) Δ H=-19,700kJ/ mole H (34)

NaH has realized high dynamics uniquely, because catalyst reaction depends on the release of intrinsic H, it carries out transition simultaneously with formation H (1/3), and H (1/3) further reacts formation H (1/4).Ion NaH is increased the amount of molecule NaH formation and carries out high temperature differential scanning amount heat (DSC) with very slow alternating temperature speed (0.1 ℃/minute) under helium-atmosphere.In 640 ℃ to 825 ℃ temperature range, observe-the new exothermic effect of 177kJ/ mole NaH.In order to realize high power, will have about 100m ²The R-Ni of/g surface area with NaOH carry out surface-coated and with the Na metal reaction to form NaH.Using flow type calorimetry in batches, when with the Na metal reaction, compare with Δ H ≈ 0kJ from R-Ni parent material R-NiAl alloy, is about 0.5kW and energy surplus Δ H=-36kJ from the measured power of 15g R-Ni.The energy surplus of viewed NaH reaction is-1.6 * 10 ⁴KJ/ mole H ₂, surpass enthalpy of combustion (241.8kJ/ mole H ₂) 66 times.Be increased to 0.5 weight % along with NaOH mixes, the Al of R-Ni intermetallic compound plays the effect of Na metal as the reducing agent that generates the NaH catalyst that substitute.When being heated to 60 ℃, the 15g compound catalyze material does not need additive promptly to discharge the excess energy of 11.7kJ, the power of concurrent exhibition 0.25kW.The H that shows the 1.2ppm place for the solution NMR that is dissolved in the product gas among the DMF-d7 ₂(1/4).

ToF-SIMs shows sodium mark hydrogen hydride (NaH _x) peak.NaH*Br and NaH*Cl's ¹H MAS NMR spectrum has shown and H ^-(1/4) coincide respectively at the big obvious High-Field resonance and the H that coincide of-3.6ppm and-4ppm ₂(1/4) NMR peak at 1.1ppm.From NaCl and solid acid KHSO ₄The NaH*Cl of reaction comprise two mark hydrogen attitudes as unique hydrogen source.Observe H at-3.97ppm ^-(1/4) NMR peak, and H ^-(1/3) peak also appears at-3.15ppm.Observe corresponding H at 1.15ppm and 1.7ppm respectively ₂(1/4) and H ₂(1/3) peak.Be dissolved in NaH*F's among the DMF-d7 ¹H NMR has shown respectively the H that separates at 1.2ppm and-3.86ppm ₂(1/4) and H ^-(1/4), wherein do not exist any solid matrix effect or possible other to point out to have confirmed above-mentioned solid NMR to point out.XPS spectrum to the LiH*Br record has shown the H at about 9.5eV and 12.3eV ^-(1/4) peak, it coincide from the result of LiH*Br and KH*I; Yet sodium mark hydrogen hydride has shown the H that when not having the halide peak, has 6eV in addition ^-(1/3) two of the XPS peak mark hydrogen attitudes.From H with the 12.5keV electron-beam excitation ₂(1/4) also observes and have common H ₂Energy 4 ²The prediction rotational transition of energy doubly.

As data such as NMR displacement, ToF-SIMs quality, XPS binding energy, FTIR and emission spectrum be comprise one aspect of the present invention antigravity system mark hydrogen product characteristic and can identify it.

I. mark hydrogen

Have by

The hydrogen atom of the binding energy that (wherein p is the integer greater than 1, is preferably 2～137) provides is the product of H catalytic reaction of the present invention.The binding energy of atom, lewis' acid (being also referred to as ionization energy) is to remove an electronics energy needed from atom, lewis' acid.Hydrogen atom hereinafter with the binding energy that provides in the equation (35) is called as " mark hydrogen atom " or " mark hydrogen ".Radius

(a wherein _HBe the radius of ordinary hydrogen atom and p is an integer) the mark of mark hydrogen be

Has radius a _HThe hydrogen atom hereinafter be called as " ordinary hydrogen atom " or " normal hydrogen atom ".Common atomic hydrogen is characterised in that its binding energy is 13.6eV.

Mark hydrogen is through the ordinary hydrogen atom and has

m·27.2eV (36)

The suitable catalyst reaction of clean reaction enthalpy form, wherein m is an integer.It is believed that catalysis speed along with clean reaction enthalpy more near with m27.2eV coupling and increase.Have been found that have be in m27.2eV ± 10%, preferred ± 5% catalyst with interior clean reaction enthalpy is applicable to most the application.

This catalytic action releases energy and follows the corresponding of size of hydrogen atom to reduce r from hydrogen atom _n=na _HFor example, discharge 40.8eV from H (n=1) to the catalysis of H (n=1/2), and the radius of hydrogen is from a _HBe decreased to

Thereby catalysis system is by making that to the ionization of continuous energy level the summation of ionization energy of t electronics is that about m27.2eV (wherein m is an integer) provides separately from t electronics of atom.

Another instance of this type of catalyst that is provided by above (equation (6-9)) relates to the lithium metal.First and second ionization energy of lithium are respectively 5.39172eV and 75.64018eV.Therefore, Li to Li ²⁺Twice ionization (t=2) reaction have the clean reaction enthalpy of 81.0319eV, it is equivalent to m=3 in the equation (36).

$81.0319\mathrm{eV}+\mathrm{Li}\left(m\right)+H\left[\frac{a_H}{p}\right]\&RightArrow;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="Li"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">Li</figure-callout>}}^{2+}+{2e}^{-}+H\left[\frac{a_H}{(p+3)}\right]+[{(p+3)}^2-p^2]\&CenterDot;13.6\mathrm{eV}---\left(37\right)$

Li ²⁺+2e ^-→Li(m)+81.0319eV (38)

And overall reaction is

In another embodiment, catalysis system relates to caesium.First and second ionization energy of caesium are respectively 3.89390eV and 23.15745eV.Cs to Cs ²⁺Twice ionization (t=2) to react on be the clean reaction enthalpy with 27.05135eV, it is equivalent to m=1 in the equation (36).

$27.05135\mathrm{eV}+\mathrm{Cs}\left(m\right)+H\left[\frac{a_H}{p}\right]\&RightArrow;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="Cs"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">Cs</figure-callout>}}^{2+}+2e^{-}+H\left[\frac{a_H}{(p+1)}\right]+[{(p+1)}^2-p^2]\&CenterDot;13.6\mathrm{eV}---\left(40\right)$

Cs ²⁺+2e ^-→Cs(m)+27.05135eV (41)

And overall reaction is

Another catalysis system relates to the potassium metal.First, second of potassium is respectively 4.34066eV, 31.63eV, 45.806eV with the 3rd ionization energy.K to K ³⁺Three ionization (t=3) to react on be the clean reaction enthalpy with 81.7767eV, it is equivalent to m=3 in the equation (36).

$81.7767\mathrm{eV}+K\left(m\right)+H\left[\frac{a_H}{p}\right]\&RightArrow;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="K"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">K</figure-callout>}}^{3+}+{3e}^{-}+H\left[\frac{a_H}{(p+3)}\right]+[{(p+3)}^2-p^2]\&CenterDot;13.6\mathrm{eV}---\left(43\right)$

K ³⁺+3e ^-→K(m)+81.7426eV (44)

And overall reaction is

The energy as the energy of being emitted during the catalytic action is more much higher than the energy that loses to catalyst.With conventional chemical reacting phase ratio, the energy that is discharged is bigger.For example, when hydrogen and oxygen process burning formation water

$H_2\left(g\right)+\frac{1}{2}{O}_2\left(g\right)\&RightArrow;H_{2}O\left(l\right)---\left(46\right)$

The enthalpy of formation of known water is Δ H _f=-286kJ/ mole or 1.48eV/ hydrogen atom.By contrast, discharge the clean enthalpy of 40.8eV through each (n=1) ordinary hydrogen atom of catalytic action.And, further catalysis transition can take place:

or the like.In case catalysis begins, mark hydrogen is further self-catalysis in the process that is called disproportionation (disproportionation).This mechanism is similar to the mechanism of inorganic ions catalysis.But the mark hydrogen catalysis is owing to enthalpy and the better coupling of m27.2eV have the reaction speed higher than inorganic ions catalyst.

Mark hydrogen hydride ion of the present invention can form through the reaction of electron source and mark hydrogen (promptly have the hydrogen atom of the binding energy of

approximately, wherein

and p are the integers greater than 1).Mark hydrogen hydride ion is by H ^-(n=1/p) or H ^-(1/p) expression:

$H\left[\frac{a_H}{p}\right]+e^{-}\&RightArrow;H^{-}(n=1/p)---\left(47\right)$

$H\left[\frac{a_H}{p}\right]+e^{-}\&RightArrow;H^{-}(1/p)---\left(48\right)$

Mark hydrogen hydride ion is different with the ordinary hydrogen anion, and the latter is contained binding energy ordinary hydrogen atomic nucleus and two electronics for about 0.8eV.Latter's hereinafter is called as " ordinary hydrogen anion " or " normal hydrogen anion ".Mark hydrogen hydride ion contains hydrogen nuclei and two the indifference electronics (its binding energy is shown in equation (49-50)) that comprise protium, deuterium or tritium.

The binding energy of mark hydrogen hydride ion can be used following formulate:

Wherein p is the integer greater than 1, and s=1/2, π are circumference ratios,

Be pulling out of Planck's constant, μ _oBe the permeability of vacuum, m _eBe electron mass, μ _eBe by

The electron mass of the minimizing that provides, wherein m _pBe protonatomic mass, a _HBe the radius of hydrogen atom, a _oIt is Bohr radius and e is an elementary charge.Radius is provided by following formula

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="HDA0000150069910000021.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}_2=r_1=a_0(1+\sqrt{s(s+1)});$ $s=\frac{1}{2}---\left(50\right)$

Mark hydrogen hydride ion H as the function (wherein p is an integer) of p ^-(n=1/p) binding energy is shown in table 1.

Table 1. as the function of p mark hydrogen hydride ion H ^-(n=1/p) representative binding energy (equation (49))

According to the present invention, the mark hydrogen hydride ion (H that has according to the binding energy of equation (49-50) is provided ^-), said binding energy in p=2～23 o'clock greater than the binding energy (about 0.75eV) of ordinary hydrogen anion p=24 (H ^-) time binding energy less than the binding energy of ordinary hydrogen anion.For the p=2 to p=24 of equation (49-50), the hydride ion binding energy is respectively 3eV, 6.6eV, 11.2eV, 16.7eV, 22.8eV, 29.3eV, 36.1eV, 42.8eV, 49.4eV, 55.5eV, 61.0eV, 65.6eV, 69.2eV, 71.6eV, 72.4eV, 71.6eV, 68.8eV, 64.0eV, 56.8eV, 47.1eV, 34.7eV, 19.3eV and 0.69eV.This paper also provides the exemplary composition that contains new hydride ion.

The exemplary compounds that comprises one or more mark hydrogen hydride ions and one or more other elements also is provided.This compounds is called as " mark hydrogen hydride compound ".

The ordinary hydrogen material is a characteristic with following binding energy: (a) hydride ion, 0.754eV (" ordinary hydrogen anion "); (b) hydrogen atom (" ordinary hydrogen atom ") 13.6eV; (c) diatomic hydrogen molecule, 15.3eV (" ordinary hydrogen molecule "); (d) hydrogen molecular ion, 16.3eV (" ordinary hydrogen molecular ion "); And (e) H ₃ ⁺, 22.6eV (" common three hydrogen molecular ions ").When mentioning the form of hydrogen among this paper, " normally " and " common " is synonym.

Another execution mode according to the present invention provides a kind of compound, and said compound contains the hydrogen material that at least a binding energy increases, and for example: (a) hydrogen atom, it has approximately

Binding energy (for example exist About 0.9～1.1 times of scope in binding energy), wherein p is 2～137 integer; (b) hydride ion (H ^-), it has approximately

Binding energy (for example exist

About 0.9～11 times of scope in binding energy), wherein p is 2～24 integer; (c) H ₄ ⁺(1/p); (d) three mark hydrogen molecular ion H ₃ ⁺(1/p), it has approximately Binding energy (for example exist

0.9～11 times of scope in binding energy), wherein p is 2～137 integer; (e) two mark hydrogen, it has approximately

Binding energy (for example exist

0.9～1.1 times of scope in binding energy), wherein p is 2～137 integer; (f) two mark hydrogen molecular ions, it has approximately

Binding energy (for example exist

0.9～11 times of scope in binding energy), wherein p is 2～137 integer.

According to another implementation of the invention, a kind of compound is provided, it contains the hydrogen material that at least a binding energy increases, (a) two mark hydrogen molecular ions for example, and it has approximately

Total energy (for example exist

About 0.9～11 times of scope in total energy), wherein p is an integer,

Be pulling out of Planck's constant, m _eBe electron mass, c is the light velocity in the vacuum, and μ is the nuclear quality that reduces, and (b) two mark hydrogen molecules, and it has approximately

Total energy (for example exist

About 0.9～11 times of scope in total energy), wherein p is integer and a _oIt is Bohr radius.

According to an embodiment of the invention; Wherein compound contains the hydrogen material that electronegative binding energy increases; Compound also comprises one or more cations, for example proton, common

or common

This paper provides a kind of method that is used to prepare the compound that contains at least one mark hydrogen hydride ion.This compound hereinafter is called as " mark hydrogen hydride compound ".This method comprise with atomic hydrogen with have the catalyst reaction of the clean reaction enthalpy of

approximately (wherein m be greater than 1 integer, be preferably integer less than 400); Has the hydrogen atom of the binding energy increase of the binding energy of

(wherein p is an integer, preferably 2～137 integer) approximately with generation.Another product of catalytic reaction is an energy.The hydrogen atom that binding energy increases can react with electron source, to produce the hydride ion that binding energy increases.The hydride ion that binding energy increases can contain the compound of the hydride ion of at least a binding energy increase with one or more cationoid reactions with generation.

New hydrogen composition of matter comprises:

(a) hydrogen material at least a neutrality, positively charged or electronegative (hereinafter referred to as " the hydrogen material that binding energy increases "), the binding energy that it has

(i) greater than the binding energy of corresponding ordinary hydrogen material, or

(ii) greater than the binding energy of following any hydrogen material; The corresponding ordinary hydrogen material of said any hydrogen material be unsettled or since the binding energy of ordinary hydrogen material be less than environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) following heat energy perhaps is not observed for negative value; And

(b) at least a other elements.Compound hereinafter of the present invention is called as " hydrogen compound that binding energy increases ".

Under this background, " other elements " is meant the element the hydrogen material that increases except binding energy.Therefore, other elements shown in can be ordinary hydrogen material or any element except hydrogen.In one group of compound, the hydrogen material that other elements and binding energy increase is neutral.In another group compound, the hydrogen material that other elements and binding energy increase is charged, thereby said other elements provide balancing charge and form neutral compound.Last group of compound is characteristic with molecular linkage and coordination bonding; The back is a characteristic with the ionic bonding for one group.

New compound and molecular ion also is provided, and it comprises

(a) hydrogen material at least a neutrality, positively charged or electronegative (hereinafter referred to as " the hydrogen material that binding energy increases "), the total energy that it has

(i) greater than the total energy of corresponding ordinary hydrogen material, or

(ii) greater than the total energy of following any hydrogen material; The corresponding ordinary hydrogen material of said any hydrogen material be unsettled or since the ordinary hydrogen material can be less than environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) following heat energy perhaps is not observed for negative value; And

(b) at least a other elements.

The hydrogen material can be the summation of removing all electronics energy needed from said hydrogen material.Hydrogen material of the present invention can be greater than the total energy of corresponding ordinary hydrogen material.Hydrogen material with total energy of increase of the present invention is also referred to as " binding energy increase hydrogen material ", maybe be less than first electron binding energy of corresponding ordinary hydrogen material although have first electron binding energy of some execution mode of hydrogen material of the total energy of increase.For example first binding energy of the hydride ion of the equation of p=24 (49-50) is less than first binding energy of ordinary hydrogen anion, and the hydride ion of the equation of p=24 (49-50) can than corresponding ordinary hydrogen anion total energy much bigger.

New compound and molecular ion also is provided, and it comprises

(a) hydrogen material a plurality of neutrality, positively charged or electronegative (hereinafter referred to as " the hydrogen material ") that binding energy increases, the binding energy that it has

(i) greater than the binding energy of corresponding ordinary hydrogen material, or

(ii) greater than the binding energy of following any hydrogen material; The corresponding ordinary hydrogen material of said any hydrogen material be unsettled or since the binding energy of ordinary hydrogen material be less than environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) following heat energy perhaps is not observed for negative value; And

(b) selectively a kind of other elements.Compound hereinafter of the present invention is called as " hydrogen compound that binding energy increases ".

The hydrogen material that binding energy increases can be through forming one or more mark hydrogen atoms and one or more electronics, mark hydrogen atom, compound reaction, wherein above-claimed cpd contain hydrogen material that at least a said binding energy increases and at least a be not other atoms, molecule or the ion of the hydrogen material of binding energy increase.

New compound and molecular ion also is provided, and it comprises

(a) hydrogen material a plurality of neutrality, positively charged or electronegative (hereinafter referred to as " the hydrogen material that binding energy increases "), the total energy that it has

(i) greater than the total energy of common molecular hydrogen, or

(ii) greater than the total energy of any hydrogen material, the corresponding ordinary hydrogen material of said any hydrogen material be unsettled or since the ordinary hydrogen material can be less than environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) following heat energy perhaps is not observed for negative value; And

(b) selectively a kind of other elements.Compound hereinafter of the present invention is called as " hydrogen compound that binding energy increases ".

In one embodiment; Compound is provided; It contains at least a hydrogen material that is increased by the binding energy of the following group of forming that is selected from: (a) have hydride ion (" hydride ion that binding energy increases " or " mark hydrogen hydride ion ") according to the binding energy of equation (49-50), said binding energy in p=2～23 o'clock greater than the binding energy (about 0.8eV) of ordinary hydrogen anion during at p=24 less than the binding energy of ordinary hydrogen anion; (b) binding energy is greater than the hydrogen atom (" hydrogen atom that binding energy increases " or " mark hydrogen ") of the binding energy (about 13.6eV) of ordinary hydrogen atom; (c) first binding energy is greater than the hydrogen molecule (" hydrogen molecule that binding energy increases " or " two mark hydrogen ") of about 15.3eV; And (d) binding energy greater than the molecular hydrogen ion of about 16.3eV (" the molecular hydrogen ion that binding energy increases " or " two mark hydrogen molecular ion ").

II. dynamic response device and system

According to another implementation of the invention, the hydrogen catalyst reactor that is used for produce power and low energy hydrogen material is provided.As shown in fig. 1, hydrogen catalyst reactor 70 comprises container 72, heat exchanger 80 and the generator (for example steam generator 82 and turbine 90) that has energy response mixture 74.In one embodiment, catalysis relate to from the atomic hydrogen in source 76 and catalyst 78 reactions to form more low-energy hydrogen " mark hydrogen " and to produce power.When reactant mixture (constituting) reaction by hydrogen and catalyst when forming more low-energy hydrogen, heat exchanger 80 absorptions are by heat that catalytic reaction discharged.Heat exchanger is with heat and steam generator 82 exchanges, and steam generator 82 absorbs heat and produces steam from interchanger 80.Energy response device 70 also comprises turbine 90, and it receives steam and to generator 97 machine power is provided from steam generator 82, and generator 97 can be converted into electric energy with steam, and it can be received to do work or to be used for dissipating by load 95.In one embodiment, reactor can by heat pipe at least part surround, said heat pipe with heat transferred to load.Load can be Stirling-electric hybrid or the steam engine that produces electricity.Stirling-electric hybrid or steam engine can be used for static or mobile power.Select as another kind, hydride electric power or electric power system can with thermal transition be used for static or mobile power.Being used for distributed power is Cyclone Power Technologies Mark V engine with moving the suitable steam engine of using.Other converters are known by those skilled in the art.For example, system can comprise thermoelectricity or thermion converter.Reactor can be one of multitubular reactor assembly.

In one embodiment, energy response mixture 74 contains energy releasable material 76, the solid fuel of for example supplying through service duct 62.Reactant mixture can comprise the source or the isotopic source of molecular hydrogen of hydrogen isotope atom; And the source of catalyst 78; It removes about m27.2eV to form more low-energy atomic hydrogen (wherein m is integer (preferably less than 400 integer)) through resonance, and the reaction that wherein forms than the hydrogen of lower state takes place through said hydrogen is contacted with catalyst.Catalyst can be in fusion, liquid, state gas or solid.Catalytic reaction releases energy with the for example form of heat and forms at least a in more low-energy hydrogen isotope atom, more low-energy hydrogen molecule, hydride ion and the more low-energy hydrogen compound.Therefore, the power pond also comprises more low-energy hydrogenation reactor.

But the electrolysis of the disassociation of hydrogen source hydrogen, water (comprising thermal dissociation), water, from the hydrogen of hydride or from the hydrogen of metal-hydrogen solution.In another embodiment, the molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst through mixture 74 dissociates into atomic hydrogen with the molecular hydrogen of energy releasable material 76.This dissociation catalyst or disassociation agent also can absorb hydrogen, deuterium or tritium atom and/or molecule and comprise for example element, compound, alloy or the mixture of noble metal (for example palladium and platinum), refractory metal (for example molybdenum and tungsten), transition metal (for example nickel and titanium), inner transition element (for example niobium and zirconium).Preferably, the disassociation agent has high surface, for example like noble metal or Al such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir, Re or Rh ₂O ₃, SiO ₂On Ni, perhaps their combination.

In one embodiment, through by t electronics of atom or ion to the ionization of continuous energy level so that the ionization energy of t electronics and for about m27.2eV catalyst is provided, wherein t and m are integers.Catalyst also can be provided by the transfer of t electronics between the ion of participating in.T electronics provides following clean reaction enthalpy from an ion to another ion shifting: the ionization energy that the t of electron donability ion ionization energy sum deducts t electronics of electronics acceptance ion equals about m27.2eV (wherein t and m are integers).In another embodiment, catalyst comprises the MH (for example NaH) with the atom M that combines with hydrogen, and the enthalpy of m27.2eV is that ionization energy sum by M-H bond energy and t electronics provides.

In one embodiment; Catalyst source comprises that it provides about

to add or deduct the clean enthalpy of 1eV usually through the catalysis material 78 of catalyst supply passage 61 supplies.Catalyst comprises atom, ion, molecule and the mark hydrogen of acceptance from the energy of atomic hydrogen and mark hydrogen.In execution mode, catalyst can comprise and is selected from AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C ₂, N ₂, O ₂, CO ₂, NO ₂And NO ₃Molecule and Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K ⁺, He ⁺, Ti ²⁺, Na ⁺, Rb ⁺, Sr ⁺, Fe ³⁺, Mo ²⁺, Mo ⁴⁺, In ³⁺, He ⁺, Ar ⁺, Xe ⁺, Ar ²⁺And H ⁺And Ne ⁺And H ⁺At least a material in atom or the ion.

In an execution mode of dynamical system, heat is removed through heat exchanger with heat exchange medium.Heat exchanger can be a water wall and medium can be a water.Heat can directly be shifted is used for space and process heating.Selectively, the phase transformation of heat exchanger medium (for example water) experience for example is converted into steam.This conversion can occur in the steam generator.Steam can be used in hot machine (for example steam turbine and steam generator), produce.

An execution mode of hydrogen catalyst energy and low energy hydrogen material generate reactor 5 (be used for recirculation or regenerate fuel of the present invention) is shown in Fig. 2, and comprises boiler 10, hydrogen source 12, steam pipe and steam generator 13, generator (for example turbine) 14, water condenser 16, moisturizing source 17, fuel recycle device 18 and the hydrogen-two mark hydrogen separators 19 that contain fuel reaction mixture 11 (but it can be the mixture of hydrogen source, catalyst source and optional evaporating solvent).In step 1, the fuel reaction that contains catalyst source and hydrogen source is to form mark hydrogen and more low-energy hydrogen product, and said fuel for example is gas, liquid, solid or the multiphase mixture that contains a plurality of phases.In step 2, thereby the fuel of consumption is reprocessed to supply the generation of boiler 10 maintaining heat power again.The heat that produces in the boiler 10 forms steam in pipe and steam generator 13, it is transported to turbine 14, and turbine 14 is again through providing power to produce to generator.In step 3, water is condensed through water condenser 16.The loss of any water can be replenished to accomplish circulation by water source 17 and come the conversion of maintaining heat to electric power.In step 4, more low-energy hydrogen product for example mark hydrogen hydride compound can be removed with two mark hydrogen, thereby and unreacted hydrogen can be sent back to fuel recycle device 18 or hydrogen source 12 and replenished the fuel of recirculation with the fuel that is added back to consumption.Gaseous product can separate through hydrogen-two mark hydrogen separators 19 with unreacted hydrogen.Can use fuel recycle device 18 that spawn mark hydrogen hydride compound is separated and remove.Processing can be carried out in boiler or when fuel is sent back to, carry out in the boiler outside.Therefore, this system can comprise further that at least a gas and mass transfer device reach removing, regenerate and supply again of consume fuel with mobile response thing and product.Replenish 12 addings in fuel reprocessing process for the hydrogen that in the formation of mark hydrogen, is consumed, and can relate to hydrogen recirculation, that do not consume from the source.The fuel maintaining heat power of recirculation produces and produces with driving power device.

Reactor can turn round with continuous mode, follows hydrogen to add and and separates and is the interpolation or the displacement of the least degrading of counteracting reactant.As other a kind of selection, the fuel of reaction is by product cyclic regeneration.In an execution mode of back one scheme; Reactant mixture comprises following substances; Said material can generate the reactant of atom or molecular catalyst and atomic hydrogen; It is reaction formation mark hydrogen further, and regenerate through the step that generation catalyst and the formed product material of atomic hydrogen can pass to major general's product and H-H reaction.In one embodiment, reactor comprises moving-burden bed reactor, and it can further comprise the fluidized reactor part, and wherein reactant is continued supply and accessory substance is removed and regenerate and be back to reactor.In one embodiment, more low-energy hydrogen product (for example mark hydrogen hydride compound or two mark hydrogen molecule) is collected along with the regeneration of reactant.And mark hydrogen hydride ion can form other compounds or be converted into two mark hydrogen molecules at the regeneration period of reactant.

Reactor can also comprise separator, this separator for example can be through the evaporation of solvent (if exist solvent) component of separated product mixture.Separator for example can comprise the sieve that is used for carrying out through physical property such as size difference mechanical separation.Separator also can be the separator of density variation that utilizes the component of mixture, for example cyclone separator.For example, be based on the density variation in the suitable medium (for example stressed inert gas) and can separate at least two kinds in the group that is selected from carbon, metal (like Eu) and mineral products (like KBr) through centrifugal force.The separation of component also can be based on the difference of dielectric constant and chargeability.For example, can be based on carbon being applied electrostatic charge and utilizing electric field that it is removed from mixture carbon is separated from metal.When one or more components of mixture are magnetic, can use magnet to realize separating.Mixture can be stirred above the combination of independent serial kicker magnet or serial kicker magnet and one or more sieves, with based on magnetic-particle adhering to more by force or attract at least a in the size difference with two types of particles and cause and separate for magnet.In an execution mode in the magnetic field that utilizes sieve and apply, the magnetic field that is applied is that gravity has increased additional force, passes sieve to draw less magnetic-particle, and other particles of mixture are retained on the sieve greatly because of its size.

Reactor can also comprise based on different phase transformations or reaction and separate the separator of one or more components.In one embodiment, phase transformation comprises uses the heater fusion, through as gravity filtration, use the auxiliary filtration of gas-pressurized, centrifugation and through methods known in the art separating liquids from solid such as application vacuum.Reaction can comprise decomposition (decomposing like hydride) or form the reaction of hydride, and separate can be respectively through the fusion corresponding metal and subsequently it is separated and realize through mechanical separation hydride powder.The latter can realize through sieving.In one embodiment, phase transformation or reaction can produce desired reactant or intermediate.In some embodiments, comprise that the regeneration of any desired separating step can occur in the inside or the outside of reactor.

Can additive method well known by persons skilled in the art be used for separation of the present invention through using normal experiment.Usually, mechanical separation can be divided into four groups: sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration and screening.In one embodiment, the separation of particle can and be used at least a acquisition the in the grader through screening.Can in parent material, select the size and dimension of particle to separate with the product that obtains expectation.

Dynamical system can comprise further that the catalyst condenser is to keep the catalyst vapor pressure through surface temperature control is controlled in the temperature of the value that is lower than the reaction tank temperature.The desired value that the catalyst vapor that surface temperature is maintained at can provide expectation is pressed.In one embodiment, the catalyst condenser is the pipe grid in the pond.In having the execution mode of heat exchanger, the flow velocity of heat transfer medium can be controlled in the speed of condenser in the lower temperature of desired ratio main heat exchanger.In one embodiment, working media is a water, and the flow velocity at condenser place is higher than waterwall place flow velocity, so that condenser is in lower, desired temperatures.The working media stream that separates can be mixed and is transported for space and process heating again or is used to be converted into steam.

Pond of the present invention comprises catalyst disclosed herein, reactant mixture, method and system, and wherein the pond is served as reactor and at least a component and come activation, initiation, increases and/or keep reaction and make reactant regeneration.According to the present invention, the pond comprises at least a catalyst or catalyst source, at least one atom hydrogen source and container.The combination of electrolytic cell energy response device of the present invention (like the eutectic salts electrolytic cell), plasma electrolysis reactor, isolated electrode reactor, RF plasma reactor, gas-pressurized energy response device, gas discharge energy response device (preferred pulse discharge, more preferably pulse pinch plasma discharge), microwave pond energy response device and glow discharge pond and microwave and/or RF plasma reactor comprises: hydrogen source; A kind of solid-state, fusion, liquid and heterogeneous catalyst source or reactant, it causes the mark H-H reaction with any in these states through the reaction between the reactant; Contain reactant or have the container of hydrogen and catalyst at least, the reaction that wherein forms more low-energy hydrogen takes place or takes place through the reaction like M or MH catalyst such as (M are an alkali metal) through hydrogen is contacted with catalyst; And be used for component that more low-energy hydrogen product is removed alternatively.In one embodiment, promote to form reaction through oxidation reaction than the hydrogen of lower state.Oxidation reaction can be in the following manner at least a reaction speed that forms mark hydrogen that improves: accept the highly charged cation that forms through the energy of accepting from atomic hydrogen from the electronics of catalyst and neutralization.Therefore, can turn round with the mode that this kinds of oxidation reaction is provided in these ponds.In one embodiment, electrolytic cell or plasma pond can provide oxidation reaction at anode, and hydrogen and the catalyst reaction through providing like methods such as sputters wherein is to form mark hydrogen through participating in oxidation reaction.In another embodiment, the pond comprises earthing conductor, as also being in the filament of higher temperature.Can supply power to filament.Can be charged floating like conductors such as filaments with respect to the pond.The ground wire that in one embodiment, can boil and remove (boil off) electronics and serve as those electronics that go out by catalyst ionization like heat conductors such as filaments.Boil the electronics that removes can in the catalyst of ionization.In one embodiment, the pond also comprises magnet so that the catalyst of ionization is left in the electronics skew of ionization, thereby improves the speed of mark H-H reaction.

H can with come Na freely ²⁺And K ³⁺Etc. the electron reaction of the formation of catalyst ion and stable each other.H can be by H ₂Form with the reaction of disassociation agent.In one embodiment, will be added into like NaHMg TiC, NaH MgH like hydrogen such as Pt/Ti disassociation agent ₂TiC, KH Mg TiC, KH MgH ₂TiC, NaH Mg H ₂With KH Mg H ₂In reactant.In addition, can produce H through in the pond, using like hot filaments such as Pt or W filaments.Can add like inert gases such as He to increase the hydrogen atom population to be used for reorganization through increasing the H half-life.Many gas atoms have high electron affinity, and can serve as the electronics scavenger of catalyst ionization.In one embodiment, to reactant mixture one or more atoms are provided.In one embodiment, hot filament provides said atom.Suitable metal and element through heating evaporation is (being electron affinity in the bracket): Li (0.62eV); Na (0.55eV); Al (0.43eV); K (0.50eV); V (0.53eV); Cr (0.67eV); Co (0.66eV); Ni (1.16eV); Cu (1.24eV); Ga (0.43eV); Ge (1.23eV); Se (2.02eV); Rb (0.49eV); Y (0.30eV); Nb (0.89eV); Mo (0.75eV); Tc (0.55eV); Ru (1.05eV); Rh (1.14eV); Pd (0.56eV); Ag (1.30eV); In (0.3eV); Sn (1.11eV); Sb (1.05eV); Te (1.97eV); Cs (0.47eV); La (0.47eV); Ce (0.96eV); Pr (0.96eV); Eu (0.86eV); Tm (1.03eV); W (0.82eV); Os (1.1eV); Ir (1.56eV); Pt (2.13eV); Au (2.31eV); Bi (0.94eV).Diatomic and more the polyatom material in many situations, have similar electron affinity and also be suitable electron acceptor.Suitable diatomic electron acceptor is Na ₂(0.43eV) and K ₂(0.497eV), it is the Na of gaseous state and the principal mode of K.

Mg can not form stable anion (electron affinity EA=0eV).Therefore, electron acceptor in the middle of it can serve as.Mg can serve as the reactant of the formation mark hydrogen in the mixture, and said mixture comprises the source (like KH or NaH) of catalyst and H and like reducing agents such as alkaline-earth metal, like carriers such as TiC with as at least two kinds in the oxidants such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth halide.Other atoms that can not form stable anion also can serve as intermediate to accept the electronics from ionized catalyst.Electronics can be transferred to through shifted the ion that forms by the H energy.Electronics also can be transferred to oxidant.The metal of the suitable electron affinity with 0eV is Zn, Cd and Hg.

In one embodiment, reactant comprises catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like NaH or KH), optional reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal or hydride (like Mg and MgH ₂)), carrier (like carbon, carbide or boride) and optional oxidant (like metal halide or hydride).Suitable carbon, carbide and boride are carbon black, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC, Ti ₃SiC ₂, YC ₂, TaC, Mo ₂C, SiC, WC, C, B ₄C, HfC, Cr ₃C ₂, ZrC, CrB ₂, VC, ZrB ₂, NbC and TiB ₂In one embodiment, reactant mixture contacts with electrode, and said electrode conduction is from the electronics of catalyst ionization.Electrode can be the pond body.Electrode can comprise the electric conductor of high surface area, like stainless steel wool.Conduction to electrode can be through carrying out like metal carbides conductive carrier such as (like TiC).Electrode can have positive bias, and can be further with the pond in counterelectrode (like the center line electrode) link to each other.Counterelectrode can with reactants separate, and can be further return path be provided for electric current through the conduction of the first positive bias electrode.Return current can contain anion.Said anion maybe be through forming in the reduction to electrode.Anion can comprise atom or diatomic alkali metal anion, like Na ^-, K ^-, Na ₂ ^-And K ₂ ^-Can form by metal or hydride (like NaH or KH) and keep metallic vapour through the pond being remained on higher temperature (for example about 300 ℃～1000 ℃) (like Na ₂Or K ₂).Anion can also comprise the H that is formed by atomic hydrogen ^-The electrode raising reduction rate that can have high surface through use.In one embodiment, the pond can comprise like chemical dissociation agent chemical dissociation agent, filament or exhaust apparatus such as (like Pt/Ti).Electrode, disassociation agent or filament contain electron emitter usually being reduced to ion like materials such as gaseous materials.Through applying, can make electron emitter become more effective electron source.The emitter of suitable coating is W or Sr or the Ba doping metals electrode or the filament of thoriate.Utilize the external power source of restriction electric current, the discharge that can between electrode, keep lower-wattage.

In the execution mode of liquid fuel within battery, this pond is in following temperature operation, and wherein with regard to regard to the power that makes solvent reclamation that pond power is compared, the decomposition rate of solvent is insignificant.In the case, said temperature is lower than the temperature in the time of can obtaining satisfied power transformation efficiency through more conventional approach (for example utilizing those methods of vapor recycle), can use more lower boiling working media.In another embodiment, utilize can the raise temperature of working media of heat pump.Therefore, the power pond that is utilized in the temperature operation that is higher than environment can be supplied with in order to space and process heating, wherein utilizes like assemblies such as heat pumps the temperature of working media is raise.The phase transformation of liquid to gas can appear in the abundant rising along with temperature, and gas can be used to do pressure volume (PV) merit.The PV merit can comprise provides power with generating to generator.Medium meeting condensation, and the working media of condensation then can be back to reactor cell, in power recirculates, to be heated and recirculation again.

In an execution mode of reactor, the heterogeneous catalysis agent composition that comprises liquid phase and solid phase flows and passes through reactor.Should flow and to realize through pumping.Mixture can be a slurry.Can in the hot-zone, add hot mixt causing that hydrogen catalysis is a mark hydrogen, thereby heat release is to keep this hot-zone.Product can flow out the hot-zone, and reaction-ure mixture can be regenerated by product.In another embodiment, at least a solid of multiphase mixture can pass through the gravity charging and inflow reactor.Solvent can be dividually or with one or more solids inflow reactor in combination.Reactant mixture can comprise at least a by in the group of disassociation agent, high surface (HSA) material, R-Ni, Ni, NaH, Na, NaOH and solvent composition.

In one embodiment, one or more reactants (preferred halogen source, halogen gas, oxygen source or solvent) are injected the mixture of other reactants.Control said injection, to optimize excessive energy and the power that forms reaction from mark hydrogen.Can control the temperature in pond when injecting and the speed of injection optimizes with realization.Utilize the known method of process engineering those skilled in the art, can control other technological parameters and mix to realize further optimization.

Transform for power, each pond type can be joined to machinery or electrodynamic any known converter with heat energy or plasma, and said converter comprises for example hot machine, steam or gas turbine system, Stirling-electric hybrid or thermion converter or thermoelectric converter.Other plasma converter comprises magnetic mirror magnetohydrodynamics generator, plasma dynamics generator, gyrotron, photon bunching microwave power converter, electric charge vacillate power or photovoltaic converter.In one embodiment, the pond comprises at least one cylinder of internal-combustion engine.

III. hydrogen pond and solid, liquid and heterogeneous fuel reaction device

According to an embodiment of the invention, the reactor that is used to produce mark hydrogen and power can adopt the form of reactor cell.Reactor of the present invention is shown among Fig. 3.Reactant mark hydrogen is provided by the catalytic reaction of using catalyst.Catalysis can occur in the gas phase or solid-state or liquid in.

The reactor of Fig. 3 comprises having and can hold vacuum or greater than the reaction vessel 261 of the chamber 260 of atmospheric pressure.The hydrogen source 262 that is communicated with chamber 260 is delivered to said chamber through hydrogen service duct 264 with hydrogen.Controller 263 is placed controls pressure and the flow that gets into the hydrogen of container through hydrogen service duct 264.Pressure in the pressure inductor 265 monitoring containers.Vacuum pump 266 is used to through vacuum line 267 said chamber emptying.

In one embodiment, catalysis occurs in the gas phase.Catalyst can be become gaseous state through the pond temperature being remained on higher temperature (it determines the vapour pressure of catalyst conversely).The hydrogen reactant of atom and/or molecule also is maintained at can be in the desired pressure in any pressure limit.In one embodiment, pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, preferably in the scope of about 10 person of outstanding talent's holder～about 100 holders.In another embodiment, pressure is maintained in the pond that remains on the desired operation temperature through the mixture with catalyst source (for example source metal) and corresponding hydride (for example metal hydride) and confirms.

The suitable catalyst source 268 that is used for producing the mark hydrogen atom can be placed on catalyst container 269, and forms the catalyst of gaseous state through heating.Reaction vessel 261 has the catalyst supply passage 270 that is used for the catalyst of gaseous state is transported to from catalyst container 269 reative cell 260.As other a kind of selection, catalyst can be placed in the chemically-resistant thing open containers (for example uncovered ware (boat)) of reaction vessel interior.

Hydrogen source can be hydrogen and molecular hydrogen.Hydrogen can be dissociated into atomic hydrogen by the molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst.This dissociation catalyst or disassociation agent comprise the noble metal on for example Raney's nickel (R-Ni), noble metal and the carrier.Noble metal can be Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir and Rh, and carrier can be Ti, Nb, Al ₂O ₃, SiO ₂And the combination at least a.Other disassociation agent have comprise that Pd on Pt on the carbon that hydrogen overflows catalyst or the carbon, nickel fiber mat, Pd sheet, Ti are continuous, the Ti or Ni silk floss or pad, the TiH that are electroplate with Pt or Pd, Pt is black and Pd is black, refractory metal (for example molybdenum and tungsten), transition metal (for example nickel and titanium), inner transition element (for example niobium and zirconium) and other these type of materials well known by persons skilled in the art.In one embodiment, hydrogen dissociates on Pt or Pd.Pt or Pd can be applied to carrier material for example titanium or Al ₂O ₃On.In another embodiment, the disassociation agent is for example tungsten and a molybdenum of refractory metal, and the material of disassociation can maintain the temperature of rising by temperature-controlling module 271, and temperature-controlling module 271 can adopt the form of the heater coil shown in cross section in Fig. 3.Heater coil is by power supply 272 power supplies.Preferably, the material of disassociation is maintained at the operating temperature in pond.The disassociation agent also can be in the temperature work that is higher than Chi Wen dissociating more effectively, and higher temperature can be avoided catalyst condensation in the disassociation agent.Hydrogen disassociation agent also can through hot filament (for example by power supply 274 supply power 273) provide.

In one embodiment, the hydrogen disassociation taking place makes the hydrogen atom of disassociation contact with gaseous catalyst to produce the mark hydrogen atom.Through the temperature that the catalyst container heater of using by power supply 276 power supply 275 comes control catalyst container 269, catalyst vapor is pressed the pressure that maintains expectation.When catalyst is placed in the uncovered ware of inside reactor, through the temperature (through regulating the power supply of uncovered ware) of the uncovered ware of control catalyst catalyst vapor is pressed to maintain desired value.Heater coil 271 through being supplied power by power supply 272 can be with the working temperature of pond temperature control in expectation.Pond (being called osmotic cell) also can comprise internal-response chamber 260 and external hydrogen container 277, thereby through making hydrogen diffuse through the wall 278 of separating two Room hydrogen is supplied to said pond.Available heater control wall temperature is with the speed of control diffusion.The speed of diffusion can be come further control through the pressure of the hydrogen in the control hydrogen reservoir.

In order catalyst pressure to be maintained the level of expectation, the osmotic cell that has as hydrogen source can be sealed.As other a kind of selection, the pond also is included in the high-temperature valve in each inlet or exit, makes the valve of haptoreaction admixture of gas be maintained at desired temperatures.The pond can further comprise absorbent or trap 279 optionally collecting the hydrogen compound that more low-energy hydrogen material and/or binding energy increase, and can further comprise and be used to discharge two mark hydrogen product selectivity valves 280.

In one embodiment, like the reaction in of reactants such as solid fuel or heterogeneous catalyst fuel mixture 281 through the container 260 that uses heater 271 heating.The reactant that further adds like at least a exothermic reactant (preferably having dynamics fast) etc. can be through control valve 283 and connector 284 by container 282 inflow ponds 260.The reactant that is added can be halogen source, halogen, oxygen source or solvent.Reactant 281 can comprise the material with the reactant reaction that is added.For example, can add halogen, perhaps can add oxygen source to form oxide to reactant 281 to form halide with reactant 281.

Catalyst can be at least a in the group of atom lithium, potassium or caesium, NaH molecule, 2H and mark hydrogen atom, and wherein catalytic reaction comprises disproportionated reaction.Can through with the pond temperature maintenance at about 500 ℃～1000 ℃ and lithium catalyst is become gaseous state.Preferably, the pond is maintained at about 500 ℃～750 ℃.Pond pressure can be maintained at and be lower than atmospheric pressure, preferably in about 10 person of outstanding talent's holders～about 100 holders.Most preferably, at least one in the pressure of catalyst pressure and hydrogen maintain through mixture catalyst metals and corresponding hydride (for example lithium and lithium hydride, potassium and hydrofining, sodium and sodium hydride and caesium and cesium hydride) come in the pond of the operating temperature that remains in expectation definite.The catalyst that is in gas phase can comprise lithium atom or lithium source metal from metal.Preferably, lithium catalyst is maintained at the pressure of being confirmed by the mixture of lithium metal that is in about 500 ℃～1000 ℃ operating temperature and lithium hydride, and more preferably, confirms when pressure is in 500 ℃～750 ℃ operating temperature in the pond.In other execution modes, K, Cs and Na replace Li, and wherein catalyst is atom K, atom Cs and molecule NaH.

In an execution mode of the gas pond reactor that comprises catalyst container or uncovered ware, the Na of gaseous state, NaH catalyst or be maintained in the pond with respect to overheated state for the container of pond vapor source or the steam in the uncovered ware like gaseous catalysts such as Li, K and Cs steams.In one embodiment, overheated steam has reduced the condensation at least a disassociation agent in the disclosed hereinafter hydrogen disassociation agent of catalyst or metal and the metal hydride molecule.In comprising the execution mode of Li conduct from the catalyst of container or uncovered ware, container or uncovered ware are maintained at the temperature of Li evaporation.H ₂Can be maintained at the pressure that is lower than following pressure: the LiH that can form remarkable molar fraction in this pressure and reservoir temperature.The pressure and temperature that reaches this condition can be from given thermoisopleth H known in the art ₂The datagram of the corresponding LiH molar fraction of pressure is confirmed.In one embodiment, higher temperature operation contain the agent that dissociates the pond reative cell so that Li not wall or the disassociation agent on condensation.H ₂Can flow to the pond to increase transport catalyst speed from container.Mobile (for example flowing out flowing of pond from catalyst container to pond then) is to remove mark hydrogen product to avoid the method for mark hydrogen product inhibitory reaction.In other execution modes, K, Cs and Na replace Li, and wherein catalyst is atom K, atom Cs and molecule NaH.

Hydrogen is supplied to reaction from hydrogen source.For example, hydrogen is supplied through the infiltration from hydrogen reservoir.The pressure of hydrogen reservoir can be 10 holders～10,000 holder, is preferably 100 holders～1000 holders, and most preferably is approximately atmospheric pressure.Can be about 100 ℃～3000 ℃ in temperature, be preferably about 100 ℃～1500 ℃ and the time operation pond that most preferably is about 500 ℃～800 ℃.

Hydrogen source can be from the decomposition of the hydride that is added.Through infiltration supply H ₂Pond design be a kind of pond design that comprises the interior metal hydride that places airtight container, wherein atom H goes out in seeping at high temperature.Said container can contain Pd, Ni, Ti or Nb.In one embodiment, hydride is placed in the sealed tube (for example Nb pipe) that contains hydride and at two ends and seals with sealer (for example Swagelocks).Under the situation of sealing, hydride can be alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride.As other a kind of selection; Under the situation of this situation and inner hydride reagent, hydride can be at least a in the group of hydride and their alloy of saloid type hydride (saline hydride), titanium hydride, vanadium, niobium and tantalum hydride, zirconium and hafnium hydride, rare earth metal hydride, yttrium and scandium hydride, transition elements hydride, intermetallic.

In one embodiment, the hydride that has an operating temperature (± 200 ℃) that is the basis with every kind of hydride decomposition temperature is selected from least a in the following tabulation:

Rare earth hydride with about 800 ℃ operating temperature; Lanthanum hydride with about 700 ℃ operating temperature; Gadolinium hydride with about 750 ℃ operating temperature; Neodymium hydride with about 750 ℃ operating temperature; Yttrium hydride with about 800 ℃ operating temperature; Scandium hydride with about 800 ℃ operating temperature; Ytterbium hydride with about 850 ℃～900 ℃ operating temperature; Titanium hydride with about 450 ℃ operating temperature; Cerium hydride with about 950 ℃ operating temperature; Praseodymium hydride with about 700 ℃ operating temperature; Zirconium-titanium (50%/50%) hydride with about 600 ℃ operating temperature; Alkali metal/alkali metal hydride mixture (for example Rb/RbH or K/KH) with about 450 ℃ operating temperature; With the alkaline-earth metal with about 900 ℃～1000 ℃ operating temperature/alkaline earth metal hydride mixture (Ba/BaH for example ₂).

The metal that is in gaseous state can comprise the diatomic covalent molecule.An object of the present invention is to provide catalyst atom for example Li and K and Cs.Therefore, reactor can further comprise at least a disassociation agent in metallic molecule (" MM ") and the metal hydride molecule (" MH ").Preferably, catalyst source, H ₂The disassociation agent of source and MM, MH and HH (wherein M is a catalyst atom) is complementary under the pond condition like expectations such as temperature and reactant concentrations, to operate.Using H ₂Under the situation of hydride source, in one embodiment, its decomposition temperature is in the temperature range that produces desired catalyst vapor pressure.Hydrogen source from hydrogen reservoir under the situation of reative cell infiltration, the catalyst source that preferably is used for ongoing operation is Sr and Li metal, because its vapour pressure separately can be in 0.01 holder to 100 expected ranges that hold in the palm in the temperature that infiltration takes place.In other execution modes of osmotic cell, the pond is reduced to the temperature that the vapour pressure of volatile catalyst is maintained desired pressure with the pond temperature afterwards at the hot operation that allows infiltration.

In the execution mode of gas cell, the disassociation agent comprises the component that produces catalyst and H from the source.Surface catalyst (for example Pt on the Ti or Pd, iridium, or independent rhodium or the rhodium on base material (for example Ti)) also can play the effect as the disassociation agent of the molecule of the combination of catalyst and hydrogen atom.Preferably, the disassociation agent has high surface, for example Pt/Al ₂O ₃Or Pd/Al ₂O ₃

H ₂The source also can be H ₂Gas.In this execution mode, pressure can monitored and control.(difference is K or Cs metal and LiNH for example using catalyst and catalyst source ₂) time this is possible because they have volatility at low temperature, thereby allow to use high-temperature valve.LiNH ₂The essential operating temperature and the corrosivity that have also reduced the Li pond are lower, and this allows when using feedthrough (feed through), to carry out long period of operation at filament under as the situation in the plasma of hydrogen dissociator and filament pond.

Have NaH and comprise disassociation agent and the Na in the container in filament and the reactor cell as the more another execution mode of the gas cell hydrogen reactor of catalyst.H ₂Can flow to the main chamber via container.Power can pass through control gaseous flow velocity, H ₂Pressure and Na vapour pressure are controlled.The latter can control through the control reservoir temperature.In another embodiment, the mark H-H reaction through use external heater to heat to start and atom H provide by the disassociation agent.

Reactant mixture can stir through means known in the art (for example mechanical agitation or mixing).Stirring system can comprise one or individual PZT (piezoelectric transducer).Each PZT (piezoelectric transducer) can provide ultrasonic agitation.Reaction tank can be vibrated, and contains just like agitating elements such as stainless steel ball or tungsten balls, and it vibrates with stirred reaction mixture.In another embodiment, mechanical agitation comprises ball milling.Reactant also can utilize these methods, preferably come mixed reactant through ball milling.Mixing also can be through carrying out like aerodynamics methods such as sputters.

In one embodiment, catalyst forms through mechanical agitation (for example utilize in vibration, ultrasonic agitation and the ball milling of agitating element at least a).The extruding of mechanical shock or sound wave (as ultrasonic) can the induce reaction reaction or the physical change of thing, thus the formation of catalyst (preferred NaH molecule) caused.Reaction-ure mixture can comprise or can not comprise solvent.Reactant can be a solid, like solid NaH, its by mechanical agitation to form the NaH molecule.As other a kind of selection, reactant mixture can comprise liquid.Mixture can have at least a Na material.The Na material can be the component of liquid mixture, and perhaps it can be in the solution.In one embodiment, through the high-speed stirred metal sodium metal is disperseed.Can solvent temperature be remained the fusing point just above metal.

IV. fuel type

An embodiment of the invention are to a kind of fuel that comprises the reactant mixture of hydrogen source and catalyst source at least, and said catalyst source is supported the catalytic reaction of hydrogen formation gas phase, liquid phase and solid phase or possible mixing mark hydrogen mutually.The reactant that is suitable for solid and liquid fuel that this paper is given also is to comprise reactant and the reaction that mixes heterogeneous fuel mutually with reaction.

In some embodiments, an object of the present invention is to provide catalyst atom (like Li and K and Cs) and molecular catalyst NaH.Metal forms the diatomic covalent molecule.Therefore; In solid fuel, liquid fuel and heterogeneous fuel execution mode; Reactant comprises alloy, compound, compound source, mixture, suspension and solution, and said reactant can form with metallic catalyst M reversiblely and decompose or react to provide like catalyst such as Li or NaH.In another embodiment, at least a in catalyst source and the atom hydrogen source also comprises at least a reactant, and its reaction is to form at least a in catalyst and the atomic hydrogen.In another embodiment; Reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst or NaH catalyst source or like other catalyst such as Li or K; They can be through one or more reactants or reactant mixture the reaction of material form, perhaps can transform and form through physics.Said conversion can be the solvation that adopts appropriate solvent to carry out.

Reactant mixture can also comprise solid to be supported in lip-deep catalytic reaction.Catalyst or can apply from the teeth outwards like catalyst sources such as NaH.Coating can realize through utilizing will to mix with NaH like carriers such as active carbon, TiC, WC, R-Ni like methods such as ball millings.Reactant mixture can comprise heterogeneous catalyst or heterogeneous catalyst source.In one embodiment, through wetting (preferably through using) in advance like aprotic solvent such as ethers, will be on like carriers such as active carbon, TiC, WC or polymer like catalyst-coated such as NaH.Carrier also can comprise inorganic compound such as alkali halide, preferred NaF and HNaF ₂In at least a, wherein NaH serves as catalyst and uses and contains fluorous solvent.

In the execution mode of liquid fuel within, reactant mixture comprises at least a with in the solvent of catalyst source, catalyst, hydrogen source and catalyst.In another embodiment, solid fuel of the present invention and liquid fuel also comprise the combination of the two, and and then also comprise gas phase.Be in heterogeneous catalysis like reactants such as catalyst and atomic hydrogen and sources thereof and be known as multi-phase reaction mixture, and fuel is known as heterogeneous fuel.Therefore, fuel comprise at least a carry out to mark hydrogen (state is provided by equation (35)) transition hydrogen source with cause the reactant mixture of the catalyst of transition, at least a of the reactant of said reactant mixture is in liquid phase, solid phase and the gas phase.Use is called heterogeneous catalysis usually in the art with the catalysis that reactant is in out of phase catalyst, and said heterogeneous catalysis is an embodiment of the invention.Heterogeneous catalysis is provided for taking place the surface of chemical reaction above that, and comprises execution mode of the present invention.The reactant that is suitable for solid and liquid fuel that this paper is given also is the reactant and the reaction of heterogeneous fuel with reaction.

For any fuel of the present invention,, can catalyst or catalyst source (like NaH) be mixed with other components (like carrier (like the HSA material)) of reactant mixture through like methods such as mechanical mixture or through ball milling.Can add extra hydrogen in all cases and form mark hydrogen to keep reaction.Hydrogen can be in any desired pressure, is preferably 0.1 atmospheric pressure～200 atmospheric pressure.Substituting hydrogen source comprises NH ₄X (X is an anion, preferred halide), NaBH ₄, NaAlH ₄, borine and metal hydride be (like alkali metal hydride, alkaline earth metal hydride (preferred MgH ₂) and rare earth metal hydride (preferred LaH ₂And GdH ₂)) group at least a.

A. carrier

In some embodiments, solid of the present invention, liquid and heterogeneous fuel comprise carrier.Carrier comprises special character to its function.For example, when the time spent of doing that carrier plays electron acceptor or conduit, carrier is conductivity preferably.In addition, when carrier disperseed reactant, carrier preferably had high surface.In the former situation, can comprise electric conductive polymer like carriers such as HSA carriers, like active carbon, Graphene with can be macromolecular polycyclic heteroaryl aromatic hydrocarbon.Carbon can preferably comprise active carbon (AC); But also can comprise other forms; The carbon that the carbon (preferred nanometer powder) that applies like microporous carbon, vitreous carbon, coke, graphitic carbon, carbon, the transition metal powders with preferred 1～10 carbon-coating (more preferably 3 layers) with disassociation agent metal (like Pt or Pd, wherein wt % is 0.1 weight %～5 weight %) and metal or alloy applies like transition metal (among preferred Ni, Co and the Mn at least a).Can insert metal as intercalation with carbon.When the metal that is inserted into is Na and catalyst when being NaH, preferred Na intercalation is saturated.Preferably, carrier has high surface.The common organic conductive polymer classes that can serve as carrier be gather (acetylene), gather (pyrroles), gather (thiophene), gather (aniline), gather (fluorenes), gather (3-alkylthrophene), gather tetrathiafulvalene, gather naphthalene, gather (to diphenyl sulfide) and gather in the group of (to styrene) at least-kind.Polymer such as polyacetylene, the polyanilines etc. of these linear skeletons are considered to " atrament (black) " or " melanin (melanin) " usually in the art.Carrier can be a mixed copolymer, like one of polyacetylene, polypyrrole and polyaniline.Preferably, the conducting polymer carrier is at least a in the common derivative of polyacetylene, polyaniline and polypyrrole.Other carriers comprise other elements beyond the de-carbon, like conductive polymer poly nitrogenize sulphur ((S-N) _x).

In another embodiment, carrier is a semiconductor.Carrier can be an IV family element, like carbon, silicon, germanium and α-gray tin.Except that as the element materials such as silicon and germanium, semiconductor carrier also comprises like compound-materials such as GaAs and indium phosphides, perhaps like alloys such as SiGe or aluminium arsenides.In one embodiment, can be a small amount of through adding when the crystal growth (1ppm～10ppm) strengthen conductivity for example like materials such as silicon and germanium crystals like alloys such as boron or phosphorus.Can with through the semiconductor grinding powdered that mixes to serve as carrier.

In some embodiments; The HSA carrier is a metal; Like transition metal, noble metal, intermetallic compound, rare earth, actinium series, lanthanide series, preferred La, Pr, Nd and Sm, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, metalloid, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and comprise a kind of in the alloy (like lanthanum alloy, preferably LaNi5 and Y-Ni) of at least two kinds of metals or element in this group.Carrier can be like at least a noble metal among Pt, Pd, Au, Ir and the Rh, perhaps is on noble metal such as the titanium on the carrier Pd (Pt/Ti or Pd/Ti) on Pt or the titanium.

In other execution modes, the HSA material comprises at least a in the following material: cubic boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, buergerite boron nitride powder, heterogeneous diamond, boron nitride nano-tube, silicon nitride, aluminium nitride, titanium nitride (TiN), TiAlN (TiAlN), tungsten nitride, be coated with carbon metal or alloy (preferred nanometer powder) as Co, Ni, Fe, Mn and other have preferred 1～10 carbon-coating and more preferably at least a, the carbon (being preferably nanometer powder) that metal or alloy applies in the transition metal powders of 3 layers (carbon that applies like at least a transition metal among preferred Ni, Co and the Mn), carbide (being preferably powder), beryllium oxide (BeO) powder, rare-earth oxide powder (like La ₂O ₃, Zr ₂O ₃, Al ₂O ₃, sodium aluminate) and carbon (like fullerene, Graphene or nanotube (preferred single wall)).

Carbide can comprise one or more of following of bonding: like calcium carbide (CaC ₂) type such as salt such as type of grade, like carborundum (SiC) and boron carbide (B ₄C or BC ₃) wait covalent compound and like interstitial compounds such as tungsten carbides.Carbide can be that acetylide is (like Au ₂C ₂, ZnC ₂And CdC ₂) or methide (like Be ₂C, aluminium carbide (Al ₄C ₃)) and A ₃MC type carbide (wherein mostly A is rare earth or transition metal such as Sc, Y, La-Na, Gd-Lu, and M is metal or semimetal major element such as Al, Ge, In, Tl, Sn and Pb).Have

The carbide of ion can comprise at least a in the following carbide: carbide

(cation M wherein ^IComprise a kind of in alkali metal or the coinage metal), carbide M ^IIC ₂(cation M wherein ^IIComprise alkaline-earth metal) and preferred carbide

(cation M wherein ^IIIComprise Al, La, Pr or Tb).Carbide can comprise

Ion in addition is like YC ₂, TbC ₂, YbC ₂, UC ₂, Ce ₂C ₃, Pr ₂C ₃And Tb ₂C ₃Ion in the group.Carbide can comprise sesquialter carbide such as Mg ₂C ₃, Sc ₃C ₄And Li ₄C ₃Carbide can comprise double carbide as containing those double carbides of lanthanide series metal and transition metal, and it can also comprise C ₂Unit such as Ln ₃M (C ₂) ₂(wherein M is Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os and Ir), Dy ₁₂Mn ₅C ₁₅, Ln _3.67FeC ₆, Ln ₃Mn (C ₂) ₂(Ln=Gd and Tb) and ScCrC ₂Carbide can also be from " centre " transition metal carbide (like cementite (Fe ₃C or FeC ₂: Fe)) classification.Carbide can be group of the lanthanides carbide (MC ₂And M ₂C ₃) (like lanthanum carbide (LaC ₂Or La ₂C ₃), yttrium carbide), at least a in the group of actinium series carbide, transition metal carbide (like scandium carbide, titanium carbide (TiC), vanadium carbide, chromium carbide, manganess carbide and cobalt carbide, niobium carbide, molybdenum carbide, ramet, zirconium carbide and hafnium carbide).Other suitable carbide comprise Ln ₂FeC ₄, Sc ₃CoC ₄, Ln ₃MC ₄(M=Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir), Ln ₃Mn ₂C ₆, Eu _3.16NiC ₆, ScCrC ₂, Th ₂NiC ₂, Y ₂ReC ₂, Ln ₁₂M ₅C ₁₅(M=Mn, Re), YCoC, Y ₂ReC ₂At least a with in other carbide known in the art.

In one embodiment, carrier is conductive carbide such as TiC, TiCN, Ti ₃SiC ₂Or WC and HfC, Mo ₂C, TaC, YC ₂, ZrC, Al ₄C ₃, SiC and B ₄C.Other suitable carbide comprise YC ₂, TbC ₂, YbC ₂, LuC ₂, Ce ₂C ₃, Pr ₂C ₃And Tb ₂C ₃Suitable carbide in addition comprises Ti ₂AlC, V ₂AlC, Cr ₂AlC, Nb ₂AlC, Ta ₂AlC, Ti ₂AlN, Ti ₃AlC ₂, Ti ₄AlN ₃, Ti ₂GaC, V ₂GaC, Cr ₂GaC, Nb ₂GaC, Mo ₂GaC, Ta ₂GaC, Ti ₂GaN, Cr ₂GaN, V ₂GaN, Sc ₂InC, Ti ₂InC, Zr ₂InC, Nb ₂InC, Hf ₂InC, Ti ₂InN, Zr ₂InN, Ti ₂TlC, Zr ₂TlC, Hf ₂TlC, Zr ₂TlN, Ti ₃SiC ₂, Ti ₂GeC, Cr ₂GeC, Ti ₃GeC ₂, Ti ₂SnC, Zr ₂SnC, Nb ₂SnC, Hf ₂SnC, Hf ₂SnN, Ti ₂PbC, Zr ₂PbC, Hf ₂PbC, V ₂PC, Nb ₂PC, V ₂AsC, Nb ₂AsC, Ti ₂SC, Zr ₂SC0.4 and Hf ₂At least a in the group of SC.Carrier can be a metal boride.Carrier or HSA material can be boride, preferred conductive two-dimension netted boride such as MB ₂(wherein M is metal such as Cr, Ti, Mg, Zr and Gd) (CrB ₂, TiB ₂, MgB ₂, ZrB ₂, GdB ₂) at least a.

In the execution mode of a carbon-HSA material, Na does not insert in the carbon carrier, perhaps not through forming acetylide with the carbon reaction.In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source (preferred NaH) do not insert in the HSA material (like fullerene, CNT and zeolite).The HSA material can also comprise graphite, Graphene, diamond-like-carbon (DLC), hydrogenation diamond-like-carbon (HDLC), diamond dust, graphitic carbon, vitreous carbon and have the carbon that other metals (like Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Y, Pd and Pt) perhaps comprise the alloy of other elements, like fluorohydrocarbon, preferred fluoro graphite, fluoro diamond or carbon tetrafluoride (C ₄F).The HSA material can be the fluoride passivation, and metal or carbon as fluoride applies perhaps comprise fluoride (like metal fluoride, preferred as alkali or alkali earth metal fluoride).

Suitable carrier with high surface area is an active carbon.Active carbon can be activated or activation again through physics or chemical activation.Before a kind of activation can comprise carbonization or oxidation, a kind of activation in back can comprise uses the chemicals dipping.

Reactant mixture can also comprise like carriers such as polymer supports.Polymer support can be selected from and gather (tetrafluoroethene) (like TEFLON ^TM); The polyethylene ferrocene; Polystyrene; Polypropylene; Polyethylene; Polyisoprene; Gather (amino phosphine nitrile); The polymer (like polyethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol oxide and polypropylene glycol or PPOX) (preferred aryl groups ether) that contains ether unit; PPG (as gathers (tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG; PolyTHF; " Terathane "; " gather THF ")); Polyvinyl formal and from those polymer (like polyethylene glycol oxide and PPOX) of the reaction of epoxides.In one embodiment, HSA is fluorine-containing.Carrier can comprise at least a in the group of fluorine-containing organic molecule, fluorohydrocarbon, fluoroalkyl compound and fluoro-ether.Exemplary fluorine-containing HSA is TEFLON ^TM, TEFLON ^TM-PFA, polyvinyl fluoride, PVF, gather (vinylidene fluoride), vinylidene difluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and perfluoroalkoxy.

B. solid fuel

Solid fuel comprises the catalyst that forms mark hydrogen or catalyst source (as be selected from LiH, Li, NaH, Na, KH, K, RbH, Rb and CsH catalyst at least a), atom hydrogen source; And at least a in HSA carrier, absorbent, dispersant and other solid chemical reaction things; Said other solid chemical reaction things are carried out one or more following functions: (i) physics or the chemical change of reactant through reacting (like the reaction between one or more components of reactant mixture) or at least a component through the experience reactant mixture form catalyst or atomic hydrogen and (ii) reactant cause, increase and keep catalyst reaction to form mark hydrogen.Pond pressure can be preferably～100 atmospheric pressure of about 1 holder.Reaction temperature is preferably about 100 ℃～900 ℃.Solid-fuelled many instances that the present invention provides (reactant mixture that comprises the liquid fuel (desolventizing outer) that contains solvent) are not to be intended to carry out exclusive list.Based on the present invention, those skilled in the art other reactant mixtures have been instructed.

Hydrogen source can comprise that hydrogen or hydride and disassociation agent are (like Pt/Ti, Pd, Pt or the Ru/Al of Pt/Ti, hydrogenation state ₂O ₃, Ni, Ti or Nb powder).Have a kind of at least a in the metal dust of can comprising in HSA carrier, absorbent and the dispersant at least, like Ni, Ti or Nb powder, R-Ni, ZrO ₂, Al ₂O ₃, NaX (X=F, Cl, Br, I), Na ₂O, NaOH and Na ₂CO ₃In one embodiment, metal catalytic NaH molecule is from forming like source such as Na material and H source.Metal can be transition metal, noble metal, intermetallic compound, rare earth metal, lanthanide series metal and actinide metals, and like other metals such as aluminium and tin.

C. mark H-H reaction activator

The mark H-H reaction can be through one or more chemical reaction activation or initiation and growth.These reactions can have several types; For example: (i) exothermic reaction; Said exothermic reaction provides activation energy for the mark H-H reaction, and (ii) coupling reaction, said coupling reaction provide at least a to support the mark H-H reaction in catalyst source or the atomic hydrogen; (iii) radical reaction; Said radical reaction is served as in the mark H-H reaction process acceptor from the electronics of catalyst in one embodiment, (iv) oxidation-reduction reaction, and said redox reaction is served as in the mark H-H reaction process acceptor from the electronics of catalyst in one embodiment; (v) exchange reaction; As comprise the anion exchange of halide, sulfide, hydride, arsenide, oxide, phosphide and nitride exchange, said exchange reaction promoted in one embodiment catalyst along with its accept by atomic hydrogen forms mark hydrogen energy and by the effect of ionization and (vi) absorbent, carrier or the matrix mark H-H reaction of assisting; Said reaction can provide at least a in the following aspect: the chemical environment that the mark H-H reaction is provided; Thereby play the effect that metastatic electron promotes the H catalyst function, carry out the change of reversible transition or other physical changes or its electronic state and combine more low-energy hydrogen product with the degree that improves the mark H-H reaction or in the speed at least one.In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises carrier, preferred conduction property carrier, so that reaction can be activated.

In one embodiment; Catalyst such as Li, K and NaH play the effect that at full speed forms mark hydrogen through quickening rate-limiting step, promptly from catalyst remove de-electromation through accepting the non-radiation type resonance energy that forms mark hydrogen since atomic hydrogen to shift during ionization at catalyst.Through using carrier or HSA material (like active carbon (AC), Pt/C, Pd/C, TiC or WC) to disperse respectively like catalyst such as Li and K atom and NaH molecules; The typical metal form of Li and K can be converted into atomic form, and the ionic species of NaH can be converted into molecular forms.Preferably, consider the surface modification with other substance reactions of reactant mixture the time, carrier has high surface and conductivity.Cause that the atomic hydrogen transition forms the reaction needed catalyst (like Li, K or NaH) and the atomic hydrogen of mark hydrogen, wherein NaH serves as the atom hydrogen source in catalyst and the concerted reaction.The reactions step that is shifted by the non-radiation type energy of the integral multiple 27.2eV of atomic hydrogen to catalyst produces the catalyst and the free electron of ionization, and it induces reaction and stops rapidly because of the electric charge accumulation.Also can serve as conductivity electronics acceptor like carriers such as AC, and final electron acceptor reactant (comprising oxidant, free radical or its source) is added into electronics that reactant mixture discharges by catalyst reaction with final removing to form mark hydrogen.In addition, can reducing agent be added into reactant mixture reacts with accelerating oxidation.Collaborative electron acceptor reaction is preferably exothermic reaction, with reacting by heating thing and raising speed.The activation energy of reaction can pass through like O with increasing ₂Or CF ₄Provide with oxidation or the radical reactions quick, heat release such as reaction of Mg or Al, wherein like CF _xWith F and O ₂With free radical such as O play final through as the acceptance of carriers such as AC from the effect of the electronics of catalyst.Perhaps other oxidants or the radical source of combination can be selected from O separately ₂, O ₃, N ₂O, NF ₃, M ₂S ₂O ₈(M is an alkali metal), S, CS ₂And SO ₂, MnI ₂, EuBr ₂, other materials of providing in AgCl and " electron acceptor reaction " part group.

Preferably, oxidant is accepted at least two electronics.Respective anionic can be S ^2-, (four thioxalic acid root anion),

With

Two electronics can be accepted by the catalyst of twice ionization in like catalytic reaction processes such as NaH and Li (equation (25-27) and (37-39)).Add electron acceptor to reactant mixture or reactor and be applicable to all pond execution modes of the present invention, like solid fuel and heterogeneous catalyst execution mode and electrolytic cell and plasma pond (like glow discharge, RF, microwave and potential barrier-electrode plasma pond with the plasma electrolysis pond of pulse mode continued operation).Also can conductive carrier (preferably non-reacted) be added in the reactant of each these pond execution mode like AC.An execution mode in microwave plasma pond comprises that hydrogen dissociator (like the metal surface in plasma chamber interior) is to support hydrogen atom.

In execution mode, as reactant mixtures such as catalyst source, energy response source (as with oxygen source, halogen source and radical source at least a and metal, and carrier) material, compound or mixtures of material can make up use.The compound of reactant mixture or the reactive element of material also can make up use.For example, the source of fluorine or chlorine can be N _xF _yAnd N _xCl _yMixture, perhaps halogen can be with for example compound N _xF _yCl _rForm mix.Combination can be confirmed by normal experiment by one of skill in the art.

A. exothermic reaction

In one embodiment, the reactant mixture at least a material that comprises catalyst source or catalyst (as among NaH, K and the Li at least a) and hydrogen source or hydrogen and react.The heat release of reaction possibility is very big, and can have rapid kinetics, to be the reaction of mark hydrogen catalysis activation energy is provided.Reaction can be an oxidation reaction.Suitable oxidation reaction is an oxygen carrier (like solvent, preferred ether solvents) and the reaction of metal (as in Al, Ti, Be, Si, P, rare earth metal, alkali metal and the alkaline-earth metal at least a).More preferably, exothermic reaction forms alkali metal or alkaline-earth halide (preferred MgF ₂) or the halide of Al, Si, P and rare earth metal.Suitable halide reaction is the reaction that comprises at least a (as in Al, rare earth metal, alkali metal and the alkaline-earth metal at least a) in halid material (like solvent, preferred fluorohydrocarbon solvent) and metal and the metal hydride.Metal or metal hydride can be catalyst or catalyst source, like NaH, K or Li.Reactant mixture can comprise NaH and NaAlCl at least ₄Or NaAlF ₄, product NaCl is respectively and NaF.Reactant mixture can comprise NaH at least and contain fluorous solvent, and product is NaF.

Generally speaking, to mark H-H reaction the product of the exothermic reaction of activation energy is provided can be metal oxide or metal halide (preferred fluorinated thing).Suitable product is Al ₂O ₃, M ₂O ₃(M=rare earth metal), TiO ₂, Ti ₂O ₃, SiO ₂, PF ₃Or PF ₅, AlF ₃, MgF ₂, MF ₃(M=rare earth metal), NaF, NaHF ₂, KF, KHF ₂, LiF and LiHF ₂Ti carries out in the execution mode of exothermic reaction therein, and catalyst is the Ti with second ionization energy of 27.2eV (m=1 in the equation (5)) ²⁺Reactant mixture can comprise NaH, Na, NaNH ₂, among NaOH, special teflon, fluorohydrocarbon and Ti source (like Pt/Ti or the Pd/Ti) at least two kinds.Al carries out in the execution mode of exothermic reaction therein, and catalyst is AlH given in the table 2.Reactant mixture can comprise at least two kinds among NaH, Al, carbon dust, fluorohydrocarbon (preferably like phenyl-hexafluoride or PF 5070 equal solvent), Na, NaOH, Li, LiH, K, KH and the R-Ni.Preferably, provide the exothermic reaction products of activation energy to be reproduced to be formed for forming the reactant of mark hydrogen and another circulation that discharges corresponding power.Preferably, through electrolysis the metal fluoride product is regenerated as metal and fluorine gas.Electrolyte can comprise eutectic mixture.Metal can be hydrogenated and carbon product and any CH ₄Can be fluoridized to form original metal hydride and fluorohydrocarbon solvent respectively with hydrocarbon products.

In an execution mode of the exothermic reaction that the transition of activation mark hydrogen is reacted, at least a corresponding oxide that is oxidized in the group of rare earth metal (M), Al, Ti and Si is respectively like M ₂O ₃, Al ₂O ₃, Ti ₂O ₃And SiO ₂Oxidant can be ether solvents (as 1,4-benzodioxan (BDO)) and can also comprise fluorocarbon (like phenyl-hexafluoride (HFB) or PF 5070) and react with accelerated oxidation.In an exemplary reaction, mixture comprises at least a in the two of NaH, active carbon, Si and Ti at least a and BDO and the HFB in the two.In the situation of Si as reducing agent, product S iO ₂Through H at high temperature ₂Reduction can be regenerated as Si, perhaps forms Si and CO and CO through regenerating with the carbon reaction ₂Some execution mode that forms the reactant mixture of mark hydrogen comprises the catalytic reaction of catalyst or catalyst source (as among Na, NaH, K, KH, Li and the LiH at least a), activation hydrogen to form exothermic reactant source or the exothermic reactant (preferably having rapid kinetics) and the carrier of mark hydrogen.Exothermic reactant can comprise oxygen source and react to form the material of oxide with oxygen.When x and y were integer, preferred oxygen source was H ₂O, O ₂, H ₂O ₂, MnO ₂, oxide, carbon oxide (preferred CO or CO ₂), nitrogen oxide N _xO _y(like N ₂O and NO ₂), sulfur oxide S _xO _y(preferably like M ₂S _xO _yOxides such as (M are an alkali metal), it can be alternatively uses with oxidation catalyst (like silver ion)), Cl _xO _yLike Cl ₂O and ClO ₂(preferably from NaClO ₂), concentrated acid and composition thereof is (like HNO ₂, HNO ₃, H ₂SO ₄, H ₂SO ₃, (preferably, acid forms nitryl cation (NO for HCl and HF ₂ ⁺))), NaOCl, I _xO _y(preferred I ₂O ₅), P _xO _y, S _xO _y, inorganic compound the oxygen-containing functional group of oxide or hydroxide (like NaOH) and perchlorate (wherein cation is like catalyst sources such as Na, K and Li), organic compound of oxo anion (like nitrite, nitrate, chlorate, sulfate, phosphate), metal oxide (like cobalt oxide) and catalyst (like ether; Preferred dimethoxy-ethane, dioxane and 1; A kind of in the 4-benzodioxane (BDO)); And reactant species can comprise at least a in the group of rare earth metal (M), Al, Ti and Si, and corresponding oxide is respectively M ₂O ₃, Al ₂O ₃, Ti ₂O ₃And SiO ₂Reactant species can comprise the metal or the element of at least a oxide products in organizing down: Al ₂O ₃Aluminium oxide, La ₂O ₃Lanthana, MgO magnesia, Ti ₂O ₃Titanium oxide, Dy ₂O ₃Dysprosia, Er ₂O ₃Erbium oxide, Eu ₂O ₃Europium oxide, LiOH lithium hydroxide, Ho ₂O ₃Holimium oxide, Li ₂O lithia, Lu ₂O ₃Luteium oxide, Nb ₂O ₅Niobium oxide, Nd ₂O ₃Neodymia, SiO ₂Silica, Pr ₂O ₃Praseodymium oxide, Sc ₂O ₃Scandium oxide, SrSiO ₃Strontium silicate, Sm ₂O ₃Samarium oxide, Tb ₂O ₃Terbium oxide, Tm ₂O ₃Thulium oxide, Y ₂O ₃Yittrium oxide and Ta ₂O ₅Tantalum oxide, B ₂O ₃Boron oxide and zirconia.Carrier can comprise carbon, preferred active carbon.Metal or element can be at least a in Al, La, Mg, Ti, Dy, Er, Eu, Li, Ho, Lu, Nb, Nd, Si, Pr, Sc, Sr, Sm, Tb, Tm, Y, Ta, B, Zr, S, P, C and the hydride thereof.

In another embodiment, oxygen source can be that oxide is (like M ₂O, wherein M is an alkali metal, preferred Li ₂O, Na ₂O and K ₂O), peroxide is (like M ₂O ₂, wherein M is an alkali metal, preferred Li ₂O ₂, Na ₂O ₂And K ₂O ₂) and superoxides (like MO ₂, wherein M is an alkali metal, preferred Li ₂O ₂, Na ₂O ₂And K ₂O ₂) at least a.The ion peroxide can also comprise the ion peroxide of Ca, Sr or Ba.

In another embodiment, has one or more in the group: MNO under a kind of comprising at least in the oxygen source of the catalytic reaction of activation H formation mark hydrogen and exothermic reactant source or the exothermic reactant (preferably having rapid kinetics) ₃, MNO, MNO ₂, M ₃N, M ₂NH, MNH ₂, MX, NH ₃, MBH ₄, MAlH ₄, M ₃AlH ₆, MOH, M ₂S, MHS, MFeSi, M ₂CO ₃, MHCO ₃, M ₂SO ₄, MHSO ₄, M ₃PO ₄, M ₂HPO ₄, MH ₂PO ₄, M ₂MoO ₄, MNbO ₃, M ₂B ₄O ₇(lithium tetraborate), MBO ₂, M ₂WO ₄, MAlCl ₄, MGaCl ₄, M ₂CrO ₄, M ₂Cr ₂O ₇, M ₂TiO ₃, MZrO ₃, MAlO ₂, MCoO ₂, MGaO ₂, M ₂GeO ₃, MMn ₂O ₄, M ₄SiO ₄, M ₂SiO ₃, MTaO ₃, MCuCl ₄, MPdCl ₄, MVO ₃, MIO ₃, MFeO ₂, MIO ₄, MClO ₄, MScO _n, MTiO _n, MVO _n, MCrO _n, MCr ₂O _n, MMn ₂O _n, MFeO _n, MCoO _n, MNiO _n, MNi ₂O _n, MCuO _nAnd MZnO _nOxo anion, oxidant, molecular oxidation agent such as the V of (wherein M is Li, Na or K and n=1,2,3 or 4), oxo anion, strong acid ₂O ₃, I ₂O ₅, MnO ₂, Re ₂O ₇, CrO ₃, RuO ₂, AgO, PdO, PdO ₂, PtO, PtO ₂, I ₂O ₄, I ₂O ₅, I ₂O ₉, SO ₂, SO ₃, CO ₂, N ₂O, NO, NO ₂, N ₂O ₃, N ₂O ₄, N ₂O ₅, Cl ₂O, ClO ₂, Cl ₂O ₃, Cl ₂O ₆, Cl ₂O ₇, PO ₂, P ₂O ₃And P ₂O ₅, NH ₄(wherein X is nitrate anion or other suitable anion that those skilled in the art knew to X, as comprises F ^-, Cl ^-, Br ^-, I ^-, NO ₃ ^-, NO ₂ ^-, SO ₄ ^2-, HSO ₄ ^-, CoO ₂ ^-, IO ₃ ^-, IO ₄ ^-, TiO ₃ ^-, CrO ₄ ^-, FeO ₂ ^-, PO ₄ ^3-, HPO ₄ ^2-, H ₂PO ₄ ^-, VO ₃ ^-, ClO ₄ ^-And Cr ₂O ₇ ^2-A kind of with in other anionic group of reactant).Reactant mixture can comprise reducing agent in addition.In one embodiment, N ₂O ₅Reaction by the mixture of reactant forms the mixture of reactant such as HNO ₃And P ₂O ₅(it is according to 2P ₂O ₅+ 12HNO ₃To 4H ₃PO ₄+ 6N ₂O ₅Reaction).

Oxygen or wrap oxygen containing compound and participate in the execution mode of exothermic reaction O therein ₂Can serve as catalyst or catalyst source.The bond energy of oxygen molecule is 5.165eV, and oxygen atom first, second with the 3rd ionization energy be respectively 13.61806eV, 35.11730eV and 54.9355eV.Reaction O ₂→ O+O ²⁺, O ₂→ O+O ³⁺And 2O → 2O ⁺About 2,4 and 1 times of E are provided respectively _hClean enthalpy, and comprise through accepting to form the catalyst reaction of mark hydrogen by the energy that H forms mark hydrogen.

In addition, the source of the exothermic reaction of activation mark H-H reaction can be that metal alloy forms reaction, and the Pd and the metal alloy between the Al that preferably cause through fusion Al form reaction.Exothermic reaction preferably produces high energy particle and forms reaction with activation mark hydrogen.Reactant can be pyrogen or pyrotechnic composition.In another embodiment, can be through activation energy being provided at very high temperature (as at about 1000 ℃～5000 ℃, preferred about 1500 ℃～2500 ℃) operant response thing.Reaction vessel can comprise high temperature stainless steel alloy, refractory metal or alloy, aluminium oxide or carbon.Higher temperature of charge can be realized through reactor heating or through exothermic reaction.

Exothermic reactant can comprise halogen (preferred fluorine or chlorine) and with fluorine or chlorine reaction formation respectively fluoride or muriatic material.Suitable fluorine source is: fluorocarbons, and like CF ₄, phenyl-hexafluoride and PF 5070; The xenon fluoride is like XeF ₂, XeF ₄And XeF ₆B _xX _y, preferred BF ₃, B ₂F ₄, BCl ₃Or BBr ₃SF _x, like silicon fluoride; Nitrogen fluoride (N _xF _y), preferred NF ₃, NF ₃O; SbFx; BiF _x, preferred BiF ₅N _xCl _y, preferred NCl ₃S _xX _y, preferred SCl ₂Or S _xF _y(X is a halogen; X and y are integer), like SF ₄, SF ₆Or S ₂F ₁₀Fluoridize phosphorus; M ₂SiF ₆(wherein M is an alkali metal) is like Na ₂SiF ₆And K ₂SiF ₆MSiF ₆(wherein M is an alkaline-earth metal) is like MgSiF ₆, GaF ₃, PF ₅MPF ₆(wherein M is an alkali metal); MHF ₂(wherein M is an alkali metal) is like NaHF ₂And KHF ₂K ₂TaF ₇KBF ₄K ₂MnF ₆And K ₂ZrF ₆Wherein also can consider other analogue compounds, as have substituted those analogue compounds of another kind of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal (as as one of among alkali-metal Li, Na or the K).Suitable chlorine source is Cl ₂Gas, SbCl ₅And chlorocarbon is (like CCl ₄And chloroform).Reactant species can comprise at least a in the following group: alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal or hydride, rare earth metal (M), Al, Si, the corresponding fluoride with formation of Ti or muriatic P.Preferably, reactant alkali metal is corresponding to the alkali metal of catalyst, and alkaline earth metal hydride is MgH ₂, rare earth metal is La, and Al is a nanometer powder.Carrier can comprise carbon, the carbon that uses in preferred active carbon, microporous carbon and the Li ion battery.Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably, reactant species and fluorine or chlorine are in and the about identical stoichiometric proportion of the element of fluorine or chlorine, catalyst excess, be preferably with the about identical mol ratio of the element of fluorine or chlorine reaction, and carrier is excessive.

Exothermic reactant can comprise halogen gas (preferred chlorine or bromine) or halogen gas source (like HF, HCl, HBr, HI, preferred CF ₄Or CCl ₄) and form halid material with halogen reaction.Halogen source can be an oxygen source also, like C _xO _yX _r, wherein X is a halogen, and x, y and r are integer and are well known in the art.Reactant species can comprise at least a in the following group: the corresponding halid P of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal or hydride, rare earth metal, Al, Si and formation.Preferably, reactant alkali metal is corresponding to the alkali metal of catalyst, and alkaline earth metal hydride is MgH ₂, rare earth metal is La, and Al is a nanometer powder.Carrier can comprise carbon, preferred active carbon.Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably, reactant species and halogen are the stoichiometric proportion that approximately equates, catalyst excess, be preferably with the about identical mol ratio of the element of halogen reaction, and carrier is excessive.In one embodiment, reactant comprises: catalyst source or catalyst such as Na, NaH, K, KH, Li, LiH and H ₂Halogen gas, preferred chlorine or bromine gas; Mg, MgH ₂In at least a; Rare earth element, preferred La, Gd or Pr; Al; And carrier, preferred carbon, like active carbon.

B. radical reaction

In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is a radical reaction, preferred halide or oxygen free radical reaction.The source of halide free radical can be halogen (preferred F ₂Or Cl ₂) or fluorocarbons (preferred CF ₄).The source of F free radical is S ₂F ₁₀The reactant mixture that comprises halogen gas can also comprise radical initiator.Reactor can comprise ultraviolet source to form free radical (preferred halogen free radical, more preferably chlorine or fluoro free radical).Radical initiator is those radical initiators known in the field, like peroxide, azo-compound and metal ion source (like slaine, preferably as as Co ²⁺The CoCl in source ₂In cobalt halide or as Fe ²⁺The FeSO in source ₄).The latter preferably with like H ₂O ₂Or O ₂React Deng oxygen species.Free radical can be neutral.

Oxygen source can comprise the atom hydrogen source.Oxygen can be singlet oxygen.In one embodiment, singlet oxygen is by NaOCl and H ₂O ₂Reaction form.In one embodiment, oxygen source comprises O ₂, and can also comprise radical source or radical initiator, to increase the radical reaction of radical reaction, preferred O atom.Radical source or oxygen source can be at least a in ozone or the ozonide.In one embodiment, reactor comprises ozone source, as in oxygen, discharging to reactant mixture ozone to be provided.

Radical source or oxygen source can also comprise per-compound, H ₂O ₂, contain compound, the N of azo group ₂O, NaOCl, Fenton reagent or similar reagents, OH root or its source, perxenate ion or its source (like alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal perxenate, preferred sodium perxenate (Na ₄XeO ₆) or cross xenic acid potassium (K ₄XeO ₆)), four xenon oxide (XeO ₄) and xenic acid (H ₄XeO ₆) and metal ion source (like slaine) at least a.Slaine can be FeSO ₄, AlCl ₃, TiCl ₃In at least a, and preferred as as Co ²⁺The CoCl in source ₂In cobalt halide.

In one embodiment, like free radicals such as Cl by reactant mixture (NaH+MgH for example ₂+ like active carbon carriers such as (AC)+like Cl ₂Deng halogen gas) in like Cl ₂Form Deng halogen.Free radical can be by Cl ₂With like CH ₄Deng the reactant mixture of hydrocarbon as be higher than 200 ℃ higher temperature and form.With respect to hydrocarbon, the molal quantity of halogen can be excessive.Chlorocarbon product and Cl free radical can react with reducing agent, to be provided for forming the activation energy and the approach of mark hydrogen.Carbon product can be through utilizing synthesis gas (syngas) and fischer-tropsch reaction or through being that methane is regenerated with the direct hydrogen reduction of carbon.Reactant mixture can comprise the higher temperature O of (as being higher than 200 ℃) ₂And Cl ₂Mixture.Mixture can react to form Cl _xO _y(x and y are integer) is like ClO, Cl ₂O and ClO ₂Reactant mixture can comprise the H that can react the higher temperature (as being higher than 200 ℃) that forms HCl ₂And Cl ₂Reactant mixture can comprise can react formation H ₂The H that is in summary high-temperature (as being higher than 50 ℃) of O ₂And O ₂With complexing agent, like Pt/Ti, Pt/C or Pd/C.Complexing agent can play a role at elevated pressures (as be higher than 1 atmospheric pressure, be preferably about 2 atmospheric pressure～100 atmospheric pressure).Reactant mixture can be non-stoichiometric, is beneficial to free radical and singlet oxygen and forms.System can also comprise ultraviolet source or the plasma source that forms free radical, like RF, microwave or glow discharge, preferred high voltage pulse plasma source.Reactant can also comprise catalyst to form at least a in atom free radical (like Cl, O and H), singlet oxygen and the ozone.Catalyst can be a noble metal, like Pt.In an execution mode that forms the Cl free radical, the Pt catalyst is maintained at and is higher than the platinum chloride (like PtCl ₂, PtCl ₃And PtCl ₄) the temperature of decomposition temperature, PtCl ₂, PtCl ₃And PtCl ₄Decomposition temperature be respectively 581 ℃, 435 ℃ and 327 ℃.In one embodiment, can reclaim Pt from the product mixtures that comprises metal halide, its mode is to be insoluble in the appropriate solvent wherein and to remove solution through metal halide being dissolved in Pt, Pd or its halide.Can heat the solid that possibly comprise carbon and Pt or Pd with through the corresponding halid Pd on Pt or the carbon that is decomposed to form on the carbon.

In one embodiment, N ₂O, NO ₂Or NO gas is added in the reactant mixture.N ₂O and NO ₂Can serve as the NO radical source.In another embodiment, the NO free radical preferably passes through NH ₃Oxidation in the pond, produce.Reaction can be NH ₃With O ₂In the platinum of higher temperature or the reaction on platinum-rhodium.NO, NO ₂And N ₂O can be through generating like the known commercial runs such as ostwald process that reach subsequently through aber process.In one embodiment, exemplary sequence of steps is:

Particularly, aber process can be used for utilizing as the catalyst such as some oxide that contain α-iron under higher temperature and pressure by N ₂And H ₂Produce NH ₃It is NO, NO with ammoxidation that ostwald process is used in like catalyst places such as hot platinum or platinum-rhodium catalysts ₂And N ₂O.Disclosed method regeneration more than alkali nitrates can utilize.

System and reactant mixture can cause and support combustion reaction, so that at least a in singlet oxygen and the free radical to be provided.Combustion reactant can be non-chemical dose, the free radical that is beneficial to react with other mark H-H reaction reactants and the formation of singlet oxygen.In one embodiment, suppress explosive reaction and be beneficial to reaction steady in a long-term, perhaps set off an explosion reaction to realize required mark H-H reaction speed by appropriate reaction thing and mol ratio.In one embodiment, the pond comprises at least one cylinder of internal-combustion engine.

C. electron acceptor reaction

In one embodiment, reactant mixture also comprises electron acceptor.When thereby energy in catalytic reaction process is transferred to catalyst when forming mark hydrogen by atomic hydrogen, electron acceptor can serve as the acceptor (sink) from the electronics of self-catalysis agent ionization.Electron acceptor can be that the material of conducting polymer or metallic carrier, oxidant (like VI family element, molecule and compound), free radical, formation stabilized radical and the material with high electron affinity are (like halogen atom, O ₂, C, CF _{1,2,3 or 4}, Si, S, P _xS _y, CS ₂, S _xN _y) and also comprise those compounds, Au, At, the Al of O and H _xO _y(x and y are integers, preferably are Al (OH) in one embodiment ₃Intermediate A lO with the Al of R-Ni reaction ₂), ClO, Cl ₂, F ₂, AlO ₂, B ₂N, CrC ₂, C ₂H, CuCl ₂, CuBr ₂, MnX ₃(X=halide), MoX ₃(X=halide), NiX ₃(X=halide), RuF _{4,5 or 6}, ScX ₄(X=halide), WO ₃At least a in other atoms known with those skilled in the art and the molecule with high electron affinity.In one embodiment, through accepting non-radiation type resonance energy from atomic hydrogen and shifting during ionization, carrier serves as the acceptor from the electronics of catalyst at catalyst.Preferably, carrier is a kind of conductive carrier at least and forms stable free radical.Suitable examples of such carriers is an electric conductive polymer.Carrier can form anion above macrostructure, as forming C ₆The carbon of the Li ion battery of ion.In another embodiment, carrier is a semiconductor, preferably is doped to strengthen conductivity.Reactant mixture also comprises free radical or its source, like O, OH, O ₂, O ₃, H ₂O ₂, F, Cl and NO, it can serve as the scavenger of the formed free radical of carrier in the catalytic process.In one embodiment, can form complex compound with catalyst or catalyst source (like alkali metal) like free radicals such as NO.In another embodiment, carrier has unpaired electron.Carrier can be paramagnetic, for example rare earth element or like Er ₂O ₃Deng compound.In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source such as Li, NaH, K, Rb or Cs are impregnated to electron acceptor (like carrier), and add other components of reactant mixture.Preferably, carrier is to have the NaH of insertion or the AC of Na intercalation.

D. oxidation-reduction reaction

In one embodiment, the mark H-H reaction is through the oxidation-reduction reaction activation.In an illustrative embodiments, reactant mixture comprises at least two kinds of materials in the group of catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidant, reducing agent and carrier.Reactant mixture also can comprise lewis acid, like 13 family's trihalids, and preferred AlCl ₃, BF ₃, BCl ₃And BBr ₃In at least a.In some embodiments, each reactant mixture comprises at least a material that is selected from the following component kind (i)～(iii).

(i) be selected from the catalyst of Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH.

(ii) be selected from H ₂Gas, H ₂The hydrogen source of gas source or hydride.

Suitable oxidant is metal halide, sulfide, oxide, hydroxide, selenides, nitride and arsenide and phosphide, and for example, alkaline-earth halide is (like BaBr ₂, BaCl ₂, BaI ₂, CaBr ₂, MgBr ₂Or MgI ₂), rare earth metal halide is (like EuBr ₂, EuBr ₃, EuF ₃, LaF ₃, GdF ₃, GdBr ₃, LaF ₃, LaBr ₃, CeBr ₃, CeI ₂, PrI ₂, GdI ₂And LaI ₂), second or tertiary system transition metal halide (like YF ₃), alkaline-earth metal phosphide, nitride or arsenide are (like Ca ₃P ₂, Mg ₃N ₂And Mg ₃As ₂), metal boride is (like CrB ₂Or TiB ₂), alkali halide (like LiCl, RbCl or CsI), metal sulfide is (like Li ₂S, ZnS, Y ₂S ₃, FeS, MnS, Cu ₂S, CuS and Sb ₂S ₅), metal phosphide is (like Ca ₃P ₂), transition metal halide is (like CrCl ₃, ZnF ₂, ZnBr ₂, ZnI ₂, MnCl ₂, MnBr ₂, MnI ₂, CoBr ₂, CoI ₂, CoCl ₂, NiBr ₂, NiF ₂, FeF ₂, FeCl ₂, FeBr ₂, TiF ₃, CuBr, VF ₃And CuCl ₂), metal halide is (like SnBr ₂, SnI ₂, InF, InCl, InBr, InI, AgCl, AgI, AlI ₃, YF ₃, CdCl ₂, CdBr ₂, CdI ₂, InCl ₃, ZrCl ₄, NbF ₅, TaCl ₅, MoCl ₃, MoCl ₅, NbCl ₅, AsCl ₃, TiBr ₄, SeCl ₂, SeCl ₄, InF ₃, PbF ₄And TeI ₄), metal oxide or hydroxide are (like Y ₂O ₃, FeO, NbO, In (OH) ₃, As ₂O ₃, SeO ₂, TeO ₂, BI ₃, CO ₂, As ₂Se ₃), metal nitride is (like Mg ₃N ₂Or AlN), metal phosphide is (like Ca ₃P ₂), SF ₆, S, SbF ₃, CF ₄, NF ₃, KMnO ₄, NaMnO ₄, P ₂O ₅, LiNO ₃, NaNO ₃, KNO ₃And metal boride is (like BBr ₃).Suitable oxidant comprises BaBr ₂, BaCl ₂, EuBr ₂, EuF ₃, YF ₃, CrB ₂, TiB ₂, LiCl, RbCl, CsI, Li ₂S, ZnS, Y ₂S ₃, Ca ₃P ₂, MnI ₂, CoI ₂, NiBr ₂, ZnBr ₂, FeBr ₂, SnI ₂, InCl, AgCl, Y ₂O ₃, TeO ₂, CO ₂, SF ₆, S, CF ₄, NaMnO ₄, P ₂O ₅, LiNO ₃List at least a.Suitable oxidant comprises EuBr ₂, BaBr ₂, CrB ₂, MnI ₂At least a with in the list of AgCl.Suitable sulfide oxidation agent comprises Li ₂S, ZnS and Y ₂S ₃In at least a.In some embodiments, the oxide oxidant is Y ₂O ₃

In other execution modes; Each reactant mixture comprises at least a material that is selected from the said components kind (i)～(iii), and comprise (iv) be selected from as alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, second and tertiary system transition metal and metals such as rare earth metal and aluminium at least a reducing agent.Preferably, reducing agent is for being selected from Al, Mg, MgH ₂, Si, La, B, Zr and Ti powder and H ₂Group in a kind of.

In other execution modes; Each reactant mixture comprises at least a material that is selected from the said components kind (i)～(iv); And comprise (v) carrier, as be selected from the conductive carrier of AC, the 1%Pt on carbon or Pd (Pt/C, Pd/C) and carbide (preferred TiC or WC).

Reactant can be any mol ratio, but in some embodiments, and they such as are approximately at mol ratio.

Comprise (i) catalyst or catalyst source, (ii) hydrogen source, (iii) oxidant, (iv) reducing agent and (v) the suitable reaction system of carrier comprises NaH or the KH as catalyst or catalyst source and H source, as the BaBr of oxidant ₂, BaCl ₂, MgBr ₂, MgI ₂, CaBr ₂, EuBr ₂, EuF ₃, YF ₃, CrB ₂, TiB ₂, LiCl, RbCl, CsI, Li ₂S, ZnS, Y ₂S ₃, Ca ₃P ₂, MnI ₂, CoI ₂, NiBr ₂, ZnBr ₂, FeBr ₂, SnI ₂, InCl, AgCl, Y ₂O ₃, TeO ₂, CO ₂, SF ₆, S, CF ₄, NaMnO ₄, P ₂O ₅, LiNO ₃In a kind of, as the Mg or the MgH of reducing agent ₂(MgH wherein ₂Also can serve as the H source) and as AC, TiC or the WC of carrier.In with the situation of tin halide as oxidant, in catalytic mechanism, the Sn product can serve as at least a in reducing agent and the conductive carrier.

Comprising (i) catalyst or catalyst source, (ii) hydrogen source, (iii) oxidant and (iv) in the another kind of suitable reaction system of carrier, comprise NaH or KH, as the EuBr of oxidant as catalyst or catalyst source and H source ₂, BaBr ₂, CrB ₂, MnI ₂With a kind of among the AgCl with as AC, TiC or the WC of carrier.Reactant can be any mol ratio, but preferably they such as are approximately at mol ratio.

Catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidant, reducing agent and carrier can be any required mol ratio.In having an execution mode of reactant, comprise KH or NaH catalyst, comprise CrB ₂, AgCl ₂And metal halide (its from alkaline-earth metal, transition metal or rare earth metal halide, preferred bromide or iodide (like EuBr ₂, BaBr ₂And MnI ₂)) group at least a oxidant, comprise Mg or MgH ₂Reducing agent with comprise the carrier of AC, TiC or WC, its mol ratio is approximately identical.Rare earth metal halide can through corresponding halogen or hydrogen halides such as HBr and metal directly reaction form.Dihalide can pass through H ₂Reduction trihalid and forming.

Extra oxidant is to have the oxidization of intermediates agent that high dipole moment or formation have high dipole moment.Preferably, has in the acceptant catalytic reaction process of material of high dipole moment electronics from catalyst.This material can have high electron affinity.In one embodiment, electron acceptor has and partly is full of or the approximate electron shell that partly is full of, as having the sp that partly is full of respectively ³, 3d and 4f shell Sn, Mn and Gd or Eu compound.The representative oxide of back one type is corresponding to LaF ₃, LaBr ₃, GdF ₃, GdCl ₃, GdBr ₃, EuBr ₂, EuI ₂, EuCl ₂, EuF ₂, EuBr ₃, EuI ₃, EuCl ₃And EuF ₃Metal.In one embodiment, the compound that oxidant comprises is nonmetal (as among the P, S, Si and the C that preferably have high oxidation state at least a) also comprises and has high electronegative atom, at least a as among F, Cl or the O.In another embodiment, the compound of oxidant package containing metal (as have among Sn and the Fe of low-oxidation-state (like II) at least a), and comprise and have low electronegative atom, at least a as among Br or the I.With a negatively charged ions such as or

than with two negatively charged ions such as

or

more popular.In one embodiment, oxidant comprises like the compound corresponding to the metal halide with low-melting metal, so that it can be used as the product fusion and from the pond, removes.The oxidant of suitable low-melting-point metal is the halide of In, Ga, Ag and Sn.Reactant can be any mol ratio, but preferably they such as are approximately at mol ratio.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises (i) and comprises from the metal of I family element or the catalyst or the catalyst source of hydride, and (ii) hydrogen source is like H ₂Gas or H ₂Gas source or hydride; The oxidant that (iii) comprises following atom or ion or compound; Said atom or ion or compound comprise at least a from the element of 13,14,15,16 and 17 families; Said element is preferably selected from the group of F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se and Te, the (iv) reducing agent of containing element or hydride, and said element or hydride are preferably selected from Mg, MgH ₂, Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metal (like La) one or more elements or hydride and (v) carrier, said carrier are preferably conductive carrier and preferably do not form another kind of compound with other substance reactions of reactant mixture.Appropriate carriers preferably comprises carbon (like carbon such as the Pt/C or the Pd/C of AS, Graphene, use metal impregnation) and carbide (preferred TiC or WC).

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises (i) and comprises from the metal of I family element or the catalyst or the catalyst source of hydride, and (ii) hydrogen source is like H ₂Gas or H ₂Gas source or hydride; (iii) oxidant, said oxidant package halide, oxide or sulfide compound, preferable alloy halide, oxide or sulfide; More preferably from the halide of the element of IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, 12d family and group of the lanthanides; And most preferably transition metal halide or lanthanide series metal halide, the (iv) reducing agent of containing element or hydride, said element or hydride are preferably selected from Mg, MgH ₂, Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metal (like La) one or more elements or hydride and (v) carrier, said carrier are preferably and conductivity and preferably do not form another kind of compound with other substance reactions of reactant mixture.Appropriate carriers preferably comprises carbon (like carbon such as the Pt/C or the Pd/C of AS, use metal impregnation) and carbide (preferred TiC or WC).

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source, and can also comprise like other materials such as reducing agent, carrier and oxidants, and wherein said mixture comprises and is selected from BaBr ₂, BaCl ₂, TiB ₂, CrB ₂, LiCl, RbCl, LiBr, KI, MgI ₂, Ca ₃P ₂, Mg ₃As ₂, Mg ₃N ₂, AlN, Ni ₂Si, Co ₂P, YF ₃, YCl ₃, YI ₃, NiB, CeBr ₃, MgO, Y ₂S ₃, Li ₂S, GdF ₃, GdBr ₃, LaF ₃, AlI ₃, Y ₂O ₃, EuBr ₃, EuF ₃, Cu ₂S, MnS, ZnS, TeO ₂, P ₂O ₅, SnI ₂, SnBr ₂, CoI ₂, FeBr ₂, FeCl ₂, EuBr ₂, MnI ₂, InCl, AgCl, AgF, NiBr ₂, ZnBr ₂, CuCl ₂, InF ₃, alkali metal, alkali metal hydride, alkali halide (like LiBr, KI, RbCl), alkaline-earth metal, alkaline earth metal hydride, alkaline-earth halide is (like BaF ₂, BaBr ₂, BaCl ₂, BaI ₂, CaBr ₂, SrI ₂, SrBr ₂, MgBr ₂And MgI ₂), at least two kinds of materials among AC, carbide, boride, transition metal, rare earth metal, Ga, In, Sn, Al, Si, Ti, B, Zr and the La.

E. exchange reaction, hot reversible reaction and regeneration

In one embodiment, at least a in oxidant and reducing agent, catalyst source and the catalyst can carry out reversible reaction.In one embodiment, oxidant is a halide, preferable alloy halide, more preferably at least a in transition metal, tin, indium, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and the rare earth metal halide, most preferably rare earth metal halide.The preferred halide exchange reaction of reversible reaction.Preferably, the energy of reaction is very low, makes that halide can reversible exchange between at least a and oxidant of temperature in reducing agent, catalyst source and catalyst of the temperature of normal temperature～3000 ℃, preferred normal temperature～1000 ℃.Molecular balance is moved to drive the mark H-H reaction.Move to change through variations in temperature or reaction density or ratio and realize.Reaction can keep through adding hydrogen.In a representative reactions, be exchanged for

N wherein ₁, n ₂, x and y be integer, X is a halide, and M _OxBe the metal of oxidant, M _Rcd/catBe at least a metal in reducing agent, catalyst source and the catalyst.In one embodiment, one or more are arranged in reactant is hydride, and reaction also relates to reversible hydride exchange except that the halide exchange.Except that other reaction conditions such as temperature and reactant concentration, can also control reversible reaction through the control hydrogen pressure.Exemplary reaction does

In one embodiment, one or more in the reactant are hydride, and reaction relates to reversible hydride exchange.Except that other reaction conditions such as hydrogen pressure and reactant concentration, can also control reversible reaction through the control temperature.Exemplary reaction does

N wherein ₁, n ₂, n ₃, n ₄, n ₅, x, y and z comprise 0 integer, M _CatBe the metal of catalyst source and catalyst, and M _RedBe a kind of metal in the reducing agent.Reactant mixture can comprise catalyst or catalyst source, hydrogen or hydrogen source, carrier and at least a or multiple as in alkaline-earth metal, the alkali metal reducing agents such as (like Li), and like another kind of hydride such as alkaline earth metal hydride or alkali metal hydrides.In comprising a catalyst or catalyst source execution mode of (it comprises at least a alkali metal such as KH or NaH), regeneration realizes to form original metal hydride through evaporation alkali metal with its hydrogenation.In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source comprise NaH or KH, and the metal reactant that is used for hydride exchange comprises Li.Then, product LiH regenerates through thermal decomposition.Be superior to the vapour pressure of the vapour pressure of Na or K, so the former can be evaporated optionally with hydrogenation and quilt are added back with the regenerative response mixture again far above Li.In another embodiment, the reducing agent or the metal that are used for the hydride exchange can comprise two kinds of alkaline-earth metal, like Mg and Ca.Regenerative response can also comprise the thermal decomposition of another metal hydride under the vacuum, and wherein hydride is like MgH ₂Or CaH ₂Etc. product.In one embodiment, hydride is intermetallic compound, or as comprises the mixture of the hydride of among Na, Ca and the Ma at least two kinds and H.The hydride that mixes can have the decomposition temperature lower than the most stable monometallic hydride.In one embodiment, hydride reduces H ₂Pressure is to prevent the hydrogen embrittlement of reactor assembly.Carrier can comprise carbide such as TiC.Reactant mixture can comprise NaH TiC Mg and Ca.The alkaline earth metal hydride product is (like CaH ₂) can under vacuum, decompose at higher temperature for example＞700 ℃.Alkali metal such as Na can be evaporated and hydrogenation again.Other alkaline-earth metal such as magnesium also can evaporate and condensation with being separated.Reactant can be by reorganization to form initial reaction mixture.Reagent can be any mol ratio.In another embodiment, the metal of evaporation such as Na return through tube core or capillary structure.Tube core can be the tube core of heat pipe.As other a kind of selection, the metal of condensation can fall back in the reactant through gravity.Can supply with hydrogen to form NaH.In another embodiment, the reducing agent or the metal that are used for hydride exchange can comprise alkali metal or transition metal.Reactant can also comprise halide such as alkali halide.Suitable reactant mixture is NaH TiC Mg Li, NaH TiC MgH ₂Li, NaH TiC Li, NaH Li, NaH TiC Mg LiH, NaH TiC MgH ₂LiH, NaH TiC LiH, NaH LiH, NaH TiC, NaH TiC Mg LiBr, NaH TiC Mg LiCl, KH TiC Mg Li, KH TiC MgH ₂Li, KH TiC Li, KH Li, KH TiC Mg LiH, KH TiC MgH ₂LiH, KH TiC LiH, KH LiH, KH TiC, KH TiC Mg, LiBr and KH TiC Mg LiCl.Other suitable reactant mixtures are NaH MgH ₂TiC, NaH MgH ₂TiC Ca, Na MgH ₂TiC, Na MgH ₂TiC Ca, KH MgH ₂TiC, KH MgH ₂TiC Ca, K MgH ₂TiC and K MgH ₂TiC Ca.Other suitable reactant mixtures comprise NaH Mg, NaH Mg TiC and NaH Mg AC.AC is for preferably being used for the NaH+Mg carrier, because Na or Mg be all with any degree intercalation, and the surface area of AC is very big.Reactant mixture can comprise the mixture of the fixing hydride of reaction volume, to be based upon the required hydrogen pressure of selected temperature.The hydride mixture can comprise alkaline-earth metal and hydride thereof, like Mg and MgH ₂In addition, can add hydrogen.Suitable pressure limit is 1 atmospheric pressure～200 atmospheric pressure.Suitable reactant mixture is KH Mg TiC+H ₂, KH MgH ₂TiC+H ₂, KH Mg MgH ₂TiC+H ₂, NaH Mg TiC+H ₂, NaH MgH ₂TiC+H ₂With NaH Mg MgH ₂TiC+H ₂In the group one or more.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture can comprise at least two kinds in catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like alkali metal hydride), reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal, Li or LiH) and absorbent or the carrier (like alkali halide).In course of reaction, non-conductive carrier can be converted into conductive carrier, like metal.Reactant mixture can comprise NaH Mg and LiCl or LiBr.Then, in course of reaction, can form conductivity Li.An exemplary result of the test does

031010WFCKA2#1626; 1.5 " LDC; 8.0gNaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2+20.0g TiC#105; Tmax:575 ℃; Ein:284kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.9kJ; Energy gain: 4.2.

The temperature range of mark H-H reaction for taking place in suitable range of reaction temperature.Temperature can be in reactant mixture at least a component melts, carry out phase transformation, carry out chemical modification in the scope of the temperature that at least two kinds of components of (as decomposing) or mixture react.Reaction temperature can be 30 ℃～1200 ℃.Suitable temperature range is 300 ℃～900 ℃.At least the range of reaction temperature that comprises the reactant mixture of NaH can be greater than 475 ℃.The reaction temperature that comprises the reactant mixture of metal halide or hydride can be equal to or higher than the regenerative response temperature.Comprise the reactant mixture of alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or rare earth metal halide and comprise alkali metal or the proper temperature scope of the catalyst of alkali metal hydride or catalyst source is 650 ℃～850 ℃.Form like MC for comprising _xAlkali metal carbons such as (M are an alkali metal) is as the reaction of mixture of products, and temperature range can be equal to or higher than the formation temperature of alkali metal carbon.Reaction can be at MC _xDecompression is regenerated as the temperature of the reaction of M and C and carries out.

In one embodiment, volatile materials is like metals such as alkali metal.Proper metal comprises Na and K.In regenerative process, metal can condensation in the colder part (as comprising the vertical tube that points to sidewall of reactor) of system.Can in the metal container, add metal.Container can have at subsurface hydrogen supplies with feed source to form like metal hydrides such as NaH or KH, and the metal column that wherein is positioned at pipe keeps hydrogen near said supply source.Metal hydride can be formed at the inside of capillary system (like the capillary pipe structure of heat pipe).Capillary can optionally be brought metal hydride in the part of the reactor with reactant mixture into through capillarity, makes metal hydride be added into reactant mixture.With respect to metal liquid, capillary possibly be more prone to select to be used for ionic liquid.Hydrogen in the tube core can be in is enough to keep the pressure that metal hydride is a liquid.

Reactant mixture can comprise at least two kinds in catalyst or catalyst source, hydrogen or hydrogen source, carrier, reducing agent and the oxidant.In one embodiment, intermetallic compound can serve as at least a in solvent, carrier and the reducing agent.Intermetallic compound can comprise the mixture of at least two kinds of alkaline-earth metal (like the mixture of Mg and Ca) or alkaline-earth metal (like Mg) and transition metal (like Ni).Intermetallic compound can serve as at least a solvent that is used for catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source.Can be through solvent with NaH or KH solvation.Reactant mixture can comprise NaH Mg Ca and carrier (like TiC).Carrier can be an oxidant, like carbon or carbide.In one embodiment, like alkaline-earth metal (like Mg) equal solvent and catalyst or catalyst source (for example) interaction formation NaH molecule, thereby allow further reaction with formation mark hydrogen like alkali metal hydrides such as NaH ionic compounds.H can regularly be added simultaneously in this temperature operation in the pond ₂To keep heat to produce.

In one embodiment, oxidant is (like alkali halide, alkaline-earth halide or rare earth metal halide, preferred LiCl, LiBr, RbCl, MgF ₂, BaCl ₂, CaBr ₂, SrCl ₂, BaBr ₂, BaI ₂, EuX ₂Or GdX ₃(wherein X is halide or sulfide), most preferably EuBr ₂) and catalyst or catalyst source (preferred NaH or KH) and optional reducing agent (preferred Mg or MgH ₂) reaction, to form M _OxOr M _OxH ₂Halide or sulfide (like NaX or KX) with catalyst.Rare earth metal halide can be through optionally removing catalyst or catalyst source and optional reducing agent is regenerated.In one embodiment, M _OxH ₂Can thermal decomposition, and hydrogen can be through removing like methods such as pumpings.Halide exchange (equation (54-55)) forms the metal of catalyst.This metal can be used as melt liquid or is removed as the gas that evaporates or distil, and stays metal halide such as alkali metal or rare earth metal halide.Liquid can be for example through as method such as centrifugation or remove through the inert gas that pressurizes.Catalyst or catalyst source can be by hydrogenations again, so that be incorporated into the initial reactant regeneration in the initial mixture with rare earth metal halide and carrier in case of necessity.When using Mg or MgH ₂During as reducing agent, Mg can be through adding H ₂Form hydride, fusion hydride and remove liquid and at first removed.Therein in X=F execution mode, MgF ₂Product can through with like EuH ₂Deng the F of rare earth metal exchange and be converted into MgH ₂, the MgH of fusion wherein ₂Removed continuously.Reaction can be at high pressure H ₂Under be beneficial to MgH ₂Formation and selective removal.Reducing agent can and be added in the reactant of other regeneration to form initial reactant mixture by hydrogenation again.In another embodiment, exchange reaction occurs between at least a in metal sulfide or oxide and reducing agent, catalyst source and the catalyst of oxidant.All types of example system is 1.66g KH+1g Mg+2.74g Y ₂S ₃+ 4g AC and 1g NaH+1g Mg+2.26g Y ₂O ₃+ 4g AC.

The selective removal of catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent can be continuous, and wherein catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent can recirculation or regeneration in reactor at least in part.Reactor can also comprise distillation assembly or reflux assembly (like the distiller 34 of Fig. 4) to remove catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent and to make it return the pond.Optional is that it can be hydrogenated or further reaction, and this product can be returned.The pond can be filled with inert gas and H ₂Mixture.This admixture of gas can comprise and compare H ₂Heavy gas, thus make H ₂Be floated to reactor head.This gas can be at least a among Ne, Ar, Ne, Kr and the Xe.As other a kind of selection, this gas can be alkali metal or hydride, like K, K ₂, KH or NaH.This gas can form in high temperature (boiling point that for example is about metal) running through making the pond.Has high concentration H ₂Part can be colder so that metal vapors is in this zone condensation.Metal vapors can with H ₂Reaction forms metal hydride, and this hydride can return the pond.Hydride can be returned through another approach outside the approach that causes the metal transportation.Proper metal is catalyst or catalyst source.Metal can be an alkali metal, and hydride can be alkali metal hydride, for example is respectively Na or K and NaH or KH.LiH is being stable below 900 ℃, and 688.7 ℃ of fusions; Therefore, can it be added back to reactor and thermal decomposition does not take place in the corresponding regeneration temperature that is lower than the LiH decomposition temperature.

Reaction temperature can two extremely brisk between the circulation, make the continuous recirculation of reactant to move through balance.In one embodiment, thus system's heat exchange can make between pond Wen Zaigao value and the low value to change rapidly balance is moved forward and backward to increase the mark H-H reaction.

In another embodiment, reactant can be transported to thermal reaction area by mechanical system (like conveyer belt or screw rod).Heat can be by being obtained and be supplied to by heat exchanger like turbine and generator even load.When product was retracted thermal reaction area in circulation, product can cyclic regeneration or regeneration in batches.Regeneration can be heat regeneration.Regeneration can realize through the metals such as metal of evaporation as formation catalyst or catalyst source.The metal of removing can be hydrogenated and before getting into thermal reaction area, merge with remaining reactant mixture.Merging can also comprise blend step.

Regenerative response can comprise the catalytic reaction with substance (like hydrogen).In one embodiment, the source of catalyst and H is that KH and oxidant are EuBr ₂The regenerative response that heat drives can be

2KBr+Eu→EuBr ₂+2K (57)

Or

2KBr+EuH ₂→EuBr ₂+2KH. (58)

As other a kind of selection, H ₂Regenerated catalyst and oxidant such as the KH and the EuBr that can serve as catalyst or catalyst source respectively ₂:

3KBr+1/2H ₂+EuH ₂→EuBr ₃+3KH (59)

Then, EuBr ₂Pass through H ₂Reason EuBr also ₃Form.Possible route is

EuBr ₃+1/2H ₂→EuBr ₂+HBr (60)

HBr can recirculation:

HBr+KH→KBr+H ₂ (61)

Clean reaction is:

2KBr+EuH ₂→EuBr ₂+2KH (62)

The speed that heat drives regenerative response can well known by persons skilled in the artly have more low-energy another different approaches and improves through using:

2KBr+H ₂+Eu→EuBr ₂+2KH (63)

3KBr+3/2H ₂+ Eu → EuBr ₃+ 3KH or (64)

EuBr ₃+1/2H ₂→EuBr ₂+HBr (65)

The reaction that equation (63) provides is possible, because at H ₂There is balance between metal when existing and the corresponding hydride, as

Reaction path possibly relate to more low-energy intermediate steps well known by persons skilled in the art, as

2KBr+Mg+H ₂→ MgBr ₂+ 2KH and (67)

MgBr ₂+Eu+H ₂→EuBr ₂+MgH ₂ (68)

Reactant mixture can comprise carrier, like TiC, YC ₂, B ₄C, NbC and Si nanometer powder.

KH or karat gold genus can be used as melt liquid or are removed as the gas that evaporates or distil, remaining metal halide such as alkali metal or rare earth metal halide.Liquid can through as method such as centrifugation or remove through the inert gas that pressurizes.In other execution modes; Another kind of catalyst or catalyst source such as NaH, LiH, RbH, CsH, Na, Li, Rb, Cs can substitute KH or K; And oxide can comprise another kind of metal halide, like another kind of rare earth metal halide or alkaline-earth halide, and preferred MgF ₂, MgCl ₂, CaBr ₂, CaF ₂, SrCl ₂, SrI ₂, BaBr ₂Or BaI ₂

Under the very little situation of reactant-product energy gap, reactant can heat be regenerated.For example, on thermodynamics, advantageously, the given reaction heat of following formula is reversed through some approach

EuBr ₂+2KH→2KBr+EuH ₂ ΔH＝-136.55kJ ?(69)

To realize following formula:

2KBr+Eu→EuBr ₂+2K (70)

Through dynamically removing potassium, can drive reaction and accomplish better.The reaction that equation (70) provides has obtained affirmation in the following manner: under argon atmospher, be that 2 to 1 mixture (3.6g (30 mM) KBr and 2.3g (15 mM) Eu) reacted 4 hours in the uncovered ware of aluminium oxide in 1050 ℃ of mol ratios with KBr and Eu, said uncovered ware is in 1 inch OD quartz ampoule and be wrapped in the nickel foil.The potassium metal is evaporated by the hot-zone, and identifies that through XRD primary product is EuBr ₂In another embodiment, EuBr ₂The reaction that provides according to equation (70) forms in the following manner: the mol ratio that makes the KBr that is wrapped in the stainless steel foil crucible and Eu is about 2 to 1 mixture (4.1g (34.5 mM) KBr and 2.1g (13.8 mM) Eu) reaction; Said crucible is arranged in 0.75 inch stainless steel tube, and said stainless steel tube is in 1 inch OD vacuum seal quartz ampoule and an end opening.Being reflected at vacuum carried out 1 hour in 850 ℃.The potassium metal is evaporated by the hot-zone, and identifies that through XRD primary product is EuBr ₂In one embodiment, reactant mixture such as salt mixture are used to reduce the fusing point of regenerative response thing.Suitable mixture is the eutectic salts mixture of the multiple cation (like alkali metal cation) of multiple catalyst.In another embodiment, the mixture of metal, hydride or other compounds or element is used to reduce the fusing point of regenerative response thing.

Energy balance from the non-mark hydrogenation of this mark hydrogen catalyst system is basic energy neutral (energy neutral); Thereby along with being kept each power and the regeneration cycle that constitutes continuous power source simultaneously, each circulation discharges 900kJ/ mole EuBr under the situation of experiment measuring ₂Observed power density is about 10W/cm ³Temperature range is the container material range of set temperature through losing efficacy.The clean fuel balance of mark H-H reaction is to form H ₂(1/4) the 50MJ/ mole H that is consumed ₂

In one embodiment, oxidant is EuX ₂(X is a halogen) hydrate, wherein water can be used as the small amount of matter existence so that its stoichiometry is lower than 1.Oxidant can also comprise europium, halide and oxide, like EuOX, and preferred EuOBr or itself and EuX ₂Mixture.In another embodiment, oxidant is EuX ₂Like EuBr ₂, and carrier is carbide, like YC ₂Or TiC.

In one embodiment, metallic catalyst or catalyst source (like K or Na) at exchange reaction (like the halide exchange reaction) and oxidant (like EuBr ₂) regeneration evaporate from the hot-zone when taking place.Catalyst metals can condensation in the condensation compartment with valve (like gate valve or gate), and said valve isolates this compartment and main reactor compartment when cutting out.Through adding like hydrogen sources such as hydrogen, catalyst metals can be hydrogenated.Then, can hydride be added back reactant mixture.In one embodiment, valve is opened, and hydride is heated to fusing point, so that it flows back to reaction compartment.Preferred condensation compartment is positioned at main reaction compartment top, and part realizes through gravity so that flow at least.Hydride also can be by mechanically add-back.Other appropriate reaction systems of heat regeneration comprise NaH or KH and alkali halide (like LiBr, LiCl, KI and RbCl) or alkaline-earth halide at least (like MgF ₂, MgCl ₂, CaBr ₂, CaF ₂, SrCl ₂, SrI ₂, BaCl ₂, BaBr ₂Or BaI ₂).

Reactant mixture can comprise as reducing agent or as the intermetallic compound of carrier (like Mg ₂Ba), and can comprise the mixture of oxidant, like the mixture of alkaline-earth halide self (like MgF ₂+ MgCl ₂) or the mixture of itself and alkali halide (like KF+MgF ₂Or KMgF ₃).These reactants can be by the product heat regeneration of reactant mixture.At MgF ₂+ MgCl ₂In the regenerative process, MgCl ₂The product that can be used as the exchange reaction of Cl and F is dynamically removed.This removal can or precipitate from liquid mixture through evaporation, distillation at least in the later case to be carried out.

In another embodiment, reactant-product energy gap is bigger, and reactant still can be through removing at least a material by heat regeneration.For example, in the temperature that is lower than 1000 ℃, disadvantageous on thermodynamics is that the reaction heat that following formula is provided reverses

MnI ₂+2KH+Mg→2KI+Mn+MgH ₂ ΔH＝-373.0kJ (71)

But, through removing, there is the approach of some realization following formulas like materials such as K:

2KI+Mn→MnI ₂+2K (72)

Therefore, unequilibrium thermodynamics is suitable for, and manyly only considers that its disadvantageous reaction system on thermodynamics of epuilibrium thermodynamics of closed system can regenerate.

Through dynamically removing potassium, can drive the reaction that equation (72) provides and accomplish better.The reaction that equation (72) provides is confirmed as follows: be to react in 0.75 inch vertical stainless steel tube of OD of 2 to 1 the end opening of mixture in 1 inch OD vacuum seal quartz ampoule the mol ratio of KI and Mn.Be reflected under the vacuum and carried out 1 hour in 850 ℃.The potassium metal is evaporated by the hot-zone, and through XRD identification of M nI ₂Product.

The metal halide that in another embodiment, can serve as oxidant comprises alkali metal such as KI, LiBr, LiCl or RbCl, perhaps alkaline-earth halide.Suitable alkaline-earth halide is a magnesium halide.Reactant mixture can comprise catalyst source and H source (like KH or NaH), oxidant (like MgF ₂, MgBr ₂, MgCl ₂, MgBr ₂, MgI ₂In a kind of and mixture (like MgBr ₂And MgI ₂), perhaps mixed halide compound (like MgIBr)), reducing agent (like the Mg metal dust) and carrier be (like TiC, YC ₂, Ti ₃SiC ₂, TiCN, SiC, B ₄C or WC).An advantage of magnesium halide oxidant is, need not to remove the Mg powder for making the regeneration of reactant oxidant.Regeneration can be carried out through heating.The regenerative response that heat drives can be

2KX+Mg→MgX ₂+2K (73)

Or

2KX+MgH ₂→MgX ₂+2KH (74)

Wherein X is F, Cl, Br or I.In other execution modes, another kind of alkali metal or alkali metal hydride such as NaH can replace KH.

In other execution modes, the metal halide that can serve as oxidant comprises alkali halide such as KI, and wherein metal also is the metal of catalyst or catalyst source.Reactant mixture can comprise mixture, reducing agent (like the Mg metal dust) and the carrier of catalyst source and H source (KH or NaH), oxidant (as among KX or the NaX a kind of, wherein X is F, Cl, Br or I) or oxidant (like TiC, YC ₂, B ₄Ground rice end in C, NbC and the Si).An advantage of this type of halide oxidant is that system is simplified to be used for the regeneration of reactant oxidant.Regeneration can be carried out through heating.The regenerative response that heat drives can be

KX+KH→KX+K(g)+H ₂ (75)

Alkali metal such as K can be used as that steam is collected, hydrogenation again, and are added into reactant mixture, to form initial reaction mixture.

LiH is being stable below 900 ℃, and 688.7 ℃ of fusions; Therefore, lithium halide (LiCl and LiBr) can serve as the oxidant or the halide of hydride-halide exchange reaction, wherein in regenerative process, forms initial lithium halide along with LiH reacts, and another kind of catalyst such as K or Na are by preferential evaporation.Reactant mixture can comprise catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source such as KH or NaH, and can also comprise reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal, for example Mg powder), carrier (like YC ₂, TiC or carbon) and oxidant (like alkali halide, for example LiCl or LiBr) in one or more.Product can comprise catalyst metals halide and lithium hydride.Energy-producing mark H-H reaction and regenerative response can be respectively:

MH+LiX→MX+LiH (76)

With

MX+LiH→M+LiX+1/2H ₂ (77)

Wherein M is catalyst metals such as alkali metal such as K or Na, and X is halide such as Cl or Br.M is because of the high volatile volatile of M and the relative instability preferential evaporation of MH.Metal M hydrogenation and be back to reactant mixture dividually so that its regeneration.In another embodiment, Li has replaced LiH in regenerative response, because it has the vapour pressure more much lower than K.For example at 722 ℃, the vapour pressure of Li is 100Pa; And in similar temperature, promptly 756 ℃, the vapour pressure of K is 100kPa.So K can be by optionally evaporation in MX in equation (77) and the regenerative response process between Li or the LiH.In other execution modes, use another kind of alkali metal M to replace K.

In another embodiment, the reaction that forms mark hydrogen comprises at least a in exchanging with halide of hydride exchange between at least two kinds of materials (like two kinds of metals).At least a metal can be to form the catalyst of mark hydrogen or the source of catalyst, like alkali metal or alkali metal hydride.Hydride exchange can be at least two kinds of hydride, at least a metal and at least a hydride, at least two kinds of metal hydrides, at least a metal and at least a metal hydrides, and between the two or more materials or relate between other this type of combination of exchange of two or more materials and carrying out.In one embodiment, the hydride exchange forms as (M ₁) _x(M ₂) _yH _zIn hybrid metal hydride, wherein x, y and z are integer, and M ₁And M ₂Be metal.In one embodiment, the hydride of mixing comprises alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal, like KMgH ₃, K ₂MgH ₄, NaMgH ₃And Na ₂MgH ₄Reactant mixture can be among NaH and the KH at least a, like at least a metals such as alkaline-earth metal or transition metal and like carriers such as carbon or carbide.Reactant mixture can comprise NaH Mg and TiC or NaH or KH Mg TiC and MX (like LiX), and wherein X is a halide.The hydride exchange can occur between NaH and at least a other metals.

In one embodiment; Catalyst is like the metal of metal, intermetallic compound, prop up at least a atom or the ion of block materials such as the metal that carries and compound, and at least one electronics of wherein said atom or ion accepts the round number times of 27.2eV of the atom of self-forming mark hydrogen.In one embodiment, Mg ²⁺For forming the catalyst of mark hydrogen, because its 3rd ionization energy (IP) is 80.14eV.Catalyst can form with plasma, perhaps comprises the reactant compound of mark hydroformylation reaction mixture.Suitable Mg compound is for providing Mg in environment ²⁺Compound so that the resonance energy of the 81.6eV that its 3rd IP more provides when the m=3 near matching equation (5).Exemplary magnesium compound comprises halide, hydride, nitride, carbide and boride.In one embodiment, metal hydride such as the Mg of hydride for mixing _x(M ₂) _yH _z, wherein x, y and z are integer, and M ₂Be metal.In one embodiment, the hydride of mixing comprises alkali metal and Mg, like KMgH ₃, K ₂MgH ₄, NaMgH ₃And Na ₂MgH ₄Catalyst reaction is provided by equation (6-9), wherein Cat ^Q+Be Mg ²⁺, r=1, and m=3.In another embodiment, Ti ²⁺For forming the catalyst of mark hydrogen, because its 3rd ionization energy (IP) is 27.49eV.Catalyst can form with plasma, perhaps comprises the reactant compound of mark hydroformylation reaction mixture.Suitable Ti compound is for providing Ti in environment ²⁺Compound so that its 3rd IP resonance energy of the 27.2eV that when m=1, provides of matching equation (5) closer.Exemplary titanium compound comprises halide, hydride, nitride, carbide and boride.In one embodiment, metal hydride such as the Ti of hydride for mixing _x(M ₂) _yH _z, wherein x, y and z are integer, and M ₂Be metal.In one embodiment, the hydride of mixing comprises at least a and Ti of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, like KTiH ₃, K ₂TiH ₄, NaTiH ₃, Na ₂TiH ₄And MgTiH ₄

Block magnesium metal comprises Mg ²⁺Ion and in metal lattice as the metal electron on the plane of opposite charges.The 3rd ionization energy of Mg is IP ₃=80.1437eV.This energy increases E _bThe Mg mole metal bond energy of=147.1kJ/ mole (1.525eV) makes IP ₃And E _bSummation be about 3 * 27.2eV, its coupling Mg serve as the required energy of catalyst (equation (5)).The 3rd electronics of ionization can be through comprising the Mg of ionization ²⁺The metallic particles at center combines or ground connection.Similarly, the calcium metal comprises Ca ²⁺Ion and in metal lattice as the metal electron on the plane of opposite charges.The 3rd ionization energy of Ca is IP ₃=50.9131eV.This energy increases E _bThe Ca mole metal bond energy of=177.8kJ/ mole (1.843eV) makes IP ₃And 2E _bSummation be about 2 * 27.2eV, its coupling Ca serve as the required energy of catalyst (equation (5)).The 4th ionization energy of La is IP ₄=49.95eV.This energy increases E _bThe La mole metal bond energy of=431.0kJ/ mole (4.47eV) makes IP ₄And E _bSummation be about 2 * 27.2eV, its coupling La serve as the required energy of catalyst (equation (5)).Other these metalloids that the ionization energy of lattice ion and the summation of lattice energy or its low multiple approximate m27.2eV (equation (5)) can serve as catalyst, for example Cs (IP ₂=23.15eV), Sc (IP ₃=24.75666eV), Ti (IP ₃=27.4917eV), Mo (IP ₃=27.13eV), Sb (IP ₃=25.3eV), Eu (IP ₃=24.92eV), Yb (IP ₃=25.05eV) and Bi (IP ₃=25.56eV).In one embodiment, Mg or Ca are the catalyst sources of reactant mixture of the present disclosure.Can control reaction temperature, form the speed of the reaction of mark hydrogen with control.Reaction temperature can be about 25 ℃～2000 ℃.Suitable temperature range is melting point metal+/-150 ℃.Ca also can serve as catalyst, because preceding four ionization energy (IP ₁=6.11316eV, IP ₂=11.87172eV, IP ₃=50.9131eV, IP ₄=67.27eV) summation is 136.17eV, i.e. 5 * 27.2eV (equation (5)).

In one embodiment, the catalyst reaction energy is ionization energy and the H like materials such as atom or ions ₂Bond energy (4.478eV) or H ^-The summation of ionization energy (IP=0.754eV).The 3rd ionization energy of Mg is IP ₃=80.1437eV.H ^-With the Mg that in metal lattice, comprises ²⁺The catalytic reaction of ion has the H corresponding to IP ^-+ Mg IP ₃The enthalpy that is about 3 * 27.2eV (equation (5)).The 3rd ionization energy of Ca is IP ₃=50.9131eV.H ^-With the Ca that in metal lattice, comprises ²⁺The catalytic reaction of ion has the H corresponding to IP ^-+ Ca IP ₃The enthalpy that is about 2 * 27.2eV (equation (5)).The 4th ionization energy of La is IP ₄=49.95eV.H ^-With the La that in metal lattice, comprises ³⁺The catalytic reaction of ion has the H corresponding to IP ^-+ La IP ₄The enthalpy that is about 2 * 27.2eV (equation (5)).

In one embodiment; One or more ionization energy of the ion of metal lattice add that the energy that is less than or equal to metallicl work function is the multiple of 27.2eV; The reaction that makes ion-conductance leave for the metal tape that reaches the metal ionization limit has sufficient energy, with the energy of coupling catalyst H to the required acceptance of mark hydrogen attitude.Metal can be positioned on the carrier that increases work function.Appropriate carriers is carbon or carbide.The latter's work function is about 5eV.The 3rd ionization energy of Mg is IP ₃=80.1437eV, the 3rd ionization energy of Ca is IP ₃=50.9131eV, and the 4th ionization energy of La is IP ₄=49.95eV.Therefore, each in these metals on carbon or carbide support can serve as respectively have 3 * 27.2eV, the catalyst of 2 * 27.2eV and the clean enthalpy of 2 * 27.2eV.The work function of Mg is 3.66eV; Therefore, Mg can serve as the catalyst of 3 * 27.2eV separately.

Shift the binding energy of the electronics of having eliminated center charge and acceptor to the energy of acceptor (like atom or ion) by H., energy allows its transfer when equaling the 27.2eV of integral multiple.Be that ion is present in the lattice under the situation of outer-shell electron of ion of metal or compound at the acceptor electronics, make the energy accepted vacuum ionization energy greater than the acceptor electronics.Lattice energy has increased the amount that is less than or equal to work function, and work function is that electronics begins restricted minute energy from lattice ionization.In one embodiment; One or more ionization energy of the ion of metal lattice add that the energy that is less than or equal to metallicl work function is 27.2 multiple, and the energy that reaction had that makes ion-conductance leave for the metal tape that reaches the metal ionization limit is enough to mate catalysis H to the required energy of mark hydrogen attitude.Metal can be positioned on the carrier that increases work function.Appropriate carriers is carbon or carbide.The latter's work function is about 5eV.The 3rd ionization energy of Mg is IP ₃=80.1437eV, the 3rd ionization energy of Ca is IP ₃=50.9131eV, and the 4th ionization energy of La is IP ₄=49.95eV.Therefore, each in these metals on carbon or carbide support can serve as respectively have 3 * 27.2eV, the catalyst of 2 * 27.2eV and the clean enthalpy of 2 * 27.2eV.The work function of Mg is 3.66eV; Therefore, Mg can serve as the catalyst of 3 * 27.2eV separately.Identical mechanism is applicable to ion or compound.When one or more ionization energy of the ion of ionic lattice added that the energy that is less than or equal to the compound work function is the multiple of 27.2eV, this type of ion can serve as catalyst.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises Mg or Ca, and comprises solvent and optional carrier.Appropriate solvent comprises other solvents that provide in ether, hydrocarbon, fluorohydrocarbon, aromatic series, heteroaromatic solvent and " liquid fuel: organic and fusion solvent system " part.Other appropriate solvent also are those disclosed solvents in " organic solvent " part and " inorganic solvent " part.Appropriate solvent is hexamethyl phosphoramide (OP (N (CH ₃) ₂) ₃), ammonia, amine, ether, complexing solvent, crown ether and cryptand, and added crown ether or cryptand like ether or acid amides (like THF) equal solvent.

Magnesium can form complex compound: magnesium anthracene oxolane (THF) can be in the following manner obtains the high response Mg of high surface by it: utilize heat and through in like organic solvents such as toluene or normal heptanes with ultrasonic wave or reclaim anthracene simultaneously with THF or under solid-state, heat in a vacuum in solid-state this complex compound that decomposes with heat down in a vacuum.Mg with high surface also can be by the MgH that uses the complex catalysis preparation ₂Dehydrogenation and obtaining.In another embodiment, Mg suspends or dissolving as complex compound (like magnesium anthracene oxolane (THF)).This type of complex compound can be in the balance with the Mg metal that serves as catalyst.The mark hydroformylation reaction mixture can comprise high surface Mg, carrier, hydrogen source (like H ₂Or hydride) and optional other reactants such as oxidant.Like TiC, WC, TiCN, YC ₂, SiC and B ₄At least a carrier among the C can be regenerated through the evaporating volatile metal.Can remove Mg through utilizing anthracene oxolane (THF) cleaning, wherein form the Mg complex compound.Can reclaim Mg through this complex compound of thermal decomposition.

Can be used as emulsion like bulk metal catalyst such as Mg or Ca floats on a liquid.This liquid can be the solvent with viscosity and density of this metal that is enough to suspend, like mineral oil or chloroform.This liquid can be the salt of fusion.Suspension can have the long life-span so that to keep the energy minimization of emulsion.Metal can be formed on liquid suspension or the mixture in the another kind of metal.With arbitrary proportion and the miscible proper metal of Mg is Na and K.Temperature when forming liquid mixture is respectively 97.7 ℃ and 63 ℃.Reaction temperature can remain about or be higher than this temperature.Mg also can be dissolved among the Al, is 50/50 and temperature when being higher than 450 ℃ at atom % wherein, and mixture is a liquid.As other a kind of selection, Mg can use Y (like the Y of 5 atom %～10 atom %) to dissolve, and it is a liquid at about 600 ℃.Ca can be formed on liquid suspension or the mixture in the another kind of metal.With any ratio and the miscible proper metal of Ca is Na.Temperature when forming liquid mixture is 97.6 ℃.Ca can be dissolved among La or the Eu.

In another embodiment, comprise intermetallic compound like bulk metal catalyst such as Mg or Ca.Like Mg ²⁺Energy level at the metal ion center in the metal lattice is changed in intermetallic compound, make ionization energy more near meeting m27.2eV so that serve as the catalyst that forms mark hydrogen.Suitable exemplary Mg intermetallic compound is Mg-Ca, Mg-Ag, Mg-Ba, Mg-Li, Mg-Bi, Mg-Cd, Mg-Ga, Mg-In, Mg-Cu and Mg-Ni and hydride thereof.Exemplary mixture and fusing point thereof are Mg Ca (27/73 atom %, MP=443 ℃), Mg Ag (77.43/22.57 atom %, MP=472 ℃), Mg Ba (65/35 atom %; MP=358 ℃), Mg Li (30/70 atom %; MP=325 ℃), Mg Bi (41.1/59.9 atom %, MP=553 ℃), Mg Cd (50/50 atom %, MP=400 ℃), Mg Ga (50/50 atom %; MP=370 ℃), Mg In (50/50 atom %; MP=460 ℃), Mg Cu (85/15 atom %, MP=487 ℃) and Mg Ni (76.5/23.5 atom %, MP=506 ℃).Suitable exemplary Ca intermetallic compound is Ca-Cu, Ca-In, Ca-Li, Ca-Ni, Ca-Sn, Ca-Zn and hydride thereof.Exemplary mixture and fusing point thereof are Ca Cu (75.7/24.3 atom %; MP=482 ℃), Ca In (5/95 atom %; MP=300 ℃), Ca Li (40/60 atom %, MP=230 ℃), Ca Ni (84/16 atom %, MP=443 ℃), Ca Sn (15/95 atom %; MP=500 ℃) and Ca Zn (72.6/27.4 atom %, MP=391 ℃).In other execution modes, dissolving metal is in intermetallic compound.The Ca of the intermetallic compound of the Ca that exemplary formation dissolving is excessive and the suitable mixture of other metals are Ca Li (50/50 atom %) and Ca Mg (70/30 atom %), and other suitable mixtures can be confirmed through phasor by those skilled in the art.Reactant mixture can also comprise like carriers such as TiC.The H atomic source is added in the metal that suspends or dissolve.This source can be hydrogen or hydride and optional hydrogen disassociation agent.Reaction temperature can remain near the temperature that forms liquid or on.

In one embodiment, catalyst comprises the metal or the compound of the 27.2eV that ionization energy equals integral multiple (confirming through the x-ray photoelectron power spectrum).In one embodiment, NaH serves as catalyst and H source, and wherein reaction temperature remains 638 ℃ of fusing points that are higher than NaH when hydrogen pressure surpasses 107.3 crust.

The Al metal can serve as catalyst.First, second is respectively 5.98577eV, 18.82856eV and 28.44765eV with the 3rd ionization energy, thereby Al to Al ³⁺Ionization be 53.26198eV.This enthalpy adds the Al bond energy coupling 2 * 27.2eV of fault location.

The another kind of material that satisfies this catalyst condition of clean enthalpy that integral multiple 27.2eV is provided is the combination of hydrogen atom and another material (like atom or ion), and making the summation of ionization energy of one or more electronics of hydrogen atom and these other materials thus is m27.2 (equation (5)).For example, the ionization energy of H is 13.59844eV, and Ca first, second with the 3rd ionization energy be IP ₁=6.11316eV, IP ₂=11.87172eV and IP ₃=50.9131eV.Therefore, Ca and H can serve as the catalyst that clean enthalpy is 3 * X27.2eV.Ca also can serve as catalyst, because the 3rd, the third and fourth (IP the first, ₄=67.27eV) summation of ionization energy is 5 * 27.2eV.In one situation of back, because H (1/4) is based on its stability but preferred situation, so the H atom of Ca institute catalysis can transition be H (1/4) attitude, causes that wherein Ca ionization is Ca ⁴⁺The energy that the is transferred to Ca 54.56eV that comprises the 81.6eV part that forms intermediate H* (1/4) and discharge as the part decay energy of H* (1/4).

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprise catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source (like KH or NaH), carrier (like metal carbides, preferred TiC, Ti ₃SiC ₂, WC, TiCN, B ₄C, SiC or YC ₂, perhaps metal is like transition metal such as Fe, Mn or Cr), reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal) and can serve as at least two kinds in the alkaline-earth halide of oxidant.Preferably, the alkaline-earth halide Oxidizing and Reducing Agents comprises same alkaline-earth metal.The exemplary reaction mixture comprises KH Mg TiC or YC ₂MgCl ₂KH Mg TiC or YC ₂MgF ₂KH Ca TiC or YC ₂CaCl ₂KH Ca TiC or YC ₂CaF ₂KH Sr TiC or YC ₂SrCl ₂KH Sr TiC or YC ₂SrF ₂KH Ba TiC or YC ₂BaBr ₂With KH Ba TiC or YC ₂BaI ₂

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source (like KH or NaH) and carrier (like metal carbides, like TiC, Ti ₃SiC ₂, WC, TiCN, B ₄C, SiC or YC ₂, perhaps metal is like transition metal such as Fe, Mn or Cr).Appropriate carriers is to cause that catalyst and hydrogen form so that H forms those carriers of mark hydrogen.The exemplary reaction mixture comprises KH YC ₂KH TiC; NaH YC ₂With NaH TiC.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source, like alkali metal hydride.Suitable reactant is KH and NaH.Reactant mixture can also comprise reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal, preferred Mg), and can comprise carrier in addition, and wherein said carrier can be carbon (like active carbon), metal or carbide.Reactant mixture can also comprise oxidant, like alkaline-earth halide.In one embodiment, oxidant can be a carrier, like carbon.Carbon can comprise like forms such as graphite and active carbons, and can also comprise hydrogen disassociation agent, like Pt, Pd, Ru or Ir.This type of suitable carbon can comprise Pt/C, Pd/C, Ru/C or Ir/C.Oxide can form intercalation compound with one or more metals or reactant mixture.Metal can be the metal of catalyst or catalyst source, like alkali metal.In an exemplary reaction, intercalation compound can be KC _x, wherein x can be 8,10,24,36,48,60.In one embodiment, intercalation compound can be regenerated as metal and carbon.Regeneration can be carried out through heating, and wherein metal can dynamically be removed with compulsive reaction and further accomplish.The proper temperature of regeneration is about 500 ℃～1000 ℃, preferred about 750 ℃～900 ℃.Can come further to promote reaction through adding another species (like gas).Gas can be inert gas or hydrogen.Hydrogen source can be a hydride, like catalyst source (like KH) or oxidizer source (like MgH ₂).Suitable gas can be inert gas and nitrogen.As other a kind of selection, gas can be the mixture of ammonia or itself and other gas.Gas can be through removing like pumping.Other displacing agents comprise the intercalator different with the intercalator that comprises catalyst or catalyst source, as are different from the alkali-metal another kind of alkali metal corresponding to catalyst or catalyst source.Exchange can be dynamic, perhaps takes place off and on, so that at least some catalyst or catalyst source obtain regeneration.Carbon is by also obtaining regeneration like the modes such as the easier decomposition of intercalation compound that formed by displacing agent.This can take place through heating or through the using gases displacing agent.Any methane or the hydrocarbon that are formed by carbon and hydrogen can suitably be restructured as carbon and hydrogen on the catalyst.Methane also can with like metal reactions such as alkali metal to form corresponding hydride and carbon.Suitable alkali metal is K and Na.

NH ₃Solution dissolving K.In one embodiment, NH ₃Can be in fluid density in the time of in inserting carbon.Then, it can serve as by MC _xThe solvent of regenerative carbon, and NH ₃From reative cell, removed easily as gas.In addition, NH ₃Can react with the formation acid amides (like KNH reversiblely with like M such as K ₂), it can drive from MC _xMiddle completion of extracting the reaction of M.In one embodiment, certain pressure and under other reaction conditions with NH ₃Add to MC _x, so that carbon regeneration when removing M.Under vacuum, remove NH then ₃It can obtain reclaiming in another regeneration cycle.

In another embodiment, through using the solvent extraction metal of metal, can be with alkali metal from intercalation product such as MC _xRemove in (M is an alkali metal), to form metal and carbon.Dissolving alkali-metal appropriate solvent is hexamethyl phosphoramide (OP (N (CH ₃) ₂) ₃), ammonia, amine, ether, complexing solvent, crown ether and cryptand, and added crown ether or cryptand like ether or acid amides (like THF) equal solvent.Use Ultrasound Instrument can improve the alkali-metal speed of removing.In one embodiment; Flow through power generating part and flow to product regeneration portion of reactant mixture (as comprise catalyst or catalyst source and also comprise hydrogen or the reactant mixture of hydrogen source (like alkali metal hydride, for example KH or NaH), reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal) and carbon carrier (like active carbon)).Regeneration can realize through using any metal that is inserted into of solvent extraction.Solvent can be evaporated to remove alkali metal.Metal can be hydrogenated and combine to form initial reaction mixture with the carbon and the reducing agent of regeneration, and said initial reaction mixture flow to power section subsequently to accomplish the circulation that a power produces and regenerates.Dynamic response portion can remain on higher temperature with the energy of initiation quantitative response.Keep temperature and (like solvent evaporation etc.) provides the thermal source of heat to form reaction from mark hydrogen to any other step of circulation.

In one embodiment, keep reaction condition (like the pond operating temperature) so that intercalation compound dynamically forms and decomposes, wherein energy and regenerative response are kept synchronously.In another embodiment, make temperature cycles so that the balance between intercalation formation and the decomposition moves, thereby alternately keep energy and regenerative response.In another embodiment, metal and carbon can be by the intercalation compound electrochemical regenerations.In this case, the pond also comprises negative electrode and anode, and can also comprise negative electrode and the anodic compartment that electrically contacts through suitable salt bridge.The reduction carbon can be oxidized to carbon, and hydrogen can be reduced to hydride so that reactant (like KH and AC) by KC _xRegeneration.In one embodiment, the pond comprises liquid potassium K _mThe graphite cathode of anode and insertion.Electrode can pass through dielectric and salt bridge coupling.Electrode can be through solid-state potassium-vitreous electrolyte coupling, and said dielectric can provide K ⁺Ion is by the conveying of anode to negative electrode.Anode reaction can be

K ⁺+e ^-→K _m (78)

The level (stage) that cathode reaction possibly relate to like n-1 to n changes, and its middle rank is high more, and the amount of the K of insertion is few more.In be changed to 3 grades situation by 2 grades, the reaction at negative electrode place can be

3C ₂₄K→2C ₃₆K+K ⁺+e ^- (79)

So overall reaction is

3C ₂₄K→2C ₃₆K+K _m (80)

Can circulate or operation off and in the pond, wherein dynamic response is carried out behind reactant regeneration or partial regeneration.The variation of the caused electromotive force of injection current can cause that the mark H-H reaction proceeds in system.

In at least a execution mode in comprising catalyst or catalyst source, hydrogen or hydrogen source and oxidant, carrier and reducing agent (wherein oxidant can comprise a kind of carbon of form); For example in reactant mixture KH Mg AC, oxidation reaction has obtained reproducible metal intercalation compound under higher temperature and vacuum.As other a kind of selection, carbon can be through using the displacement Gas reclamation.Pressure can be higher than or be about 0.1 atmospheric pressure～500 atmospheric pressure.Suitable gas is H ₂, inert gas, N ₂Or CH ₄, perhaps other volatile hydrocarbons.Preferably, the carbon of reduction is (like KC _x/ AC) be regenerated as carbon (like AC) and need not oxidation or make K reaction for can not thermal transition returning the compound of K.Through after like modes such as evaporation or distillations K being removed from carbon, can remove displacement gas by pump, K can or not be hydrogenated and return in the pond, and carries out energy response once more.

Can be to the carbon charging of mixing, to improve the catalysis speed that forms mark hydrogen.Charging can change the chemical potential of reactant.Can apply high voltage with the reactant electrodes in contact with the counterelectrode that does not contact through using with reactant.Voltage can apply in reaction is carried out.Can adjust pressure (like hydrogen pressure) so that can avoid the voltage of glow discharge simultaneously to the reactant charging.Voltage can be direct current (DC) or radio frequency (RF) voltage, perhaps comprises any desired frequency or the waveform of the pulse of any skew of having in maximum voltage range and any voltage max, and duty cycle.In one embodiment, counterelectrode and reactant electrically contact, and pass through so that electric current remains in the reactant.Counterelectrode can have back bias voltage, and conductivity cell ground connection.As other a kind of selection, can polarity reversal be come.Can introduce second electrode, make reactant between electrode, and electric current passes through at least a the flowing in the reactant between electrode.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises KH, Mg and active carbon (AC).In other execution modes, reactant mixture comprises one or more among LiH Mg AC, NaH Mg AC, KH Mg AC, RbH Mg AC, CsH Mg AC, Li Mg AC, Na Mg AC, K Mg AC, Rb Mg AC and the Cs Mg AC.In other illustrative embodiments, reactant mixture comprises KH Mg AC MgF ₂, KH Mg AC MgCl ₂, KH Mg AC MgF ₂+ MgCl ₂, KH Mg AC SrCl ₂With KH Mg AC BaBr ₂In one or more.Reactant mixture can comprise as reducing agent or as the intermetallic compound such as the Mg of carrier ₂Ba, and comprise the mixture of oxidant, like the mixture of alkaline-earth halide self (like MgF ₂+ MgCl ₂) or the mixture of itself and alkali halide (like KF+MgF ₂Or KMgF ₃).These reactants can be by the product heat regeneration of reactant mixture.

When temperature is higher than 527 ℃, K can intercalation in carbon.In one embodiment, the pond is moved at higher temperature, the feasible K that can not be formed on intercalation in the carbon.In one embodiment, in this temperature K is added in the reaction tank.The pond reactant can also comprise like reducing agents such as Mg.H ₂Pressure can maintain the level that original position is formed KH, as is 5 atmospheric pressure～50 atmospheric pressure.

In another embodiment, use another kind of material to replace AC, said material reacts to form corresponding ionic compound such as MC with catalyst or catalyst source (like K) _x(M is for comprising M ⁺With

Alkali metal).This material can serve as oxidant.This material can with at least a formation intercalation compound in catalyst, catalyst source and the hydrogen source (like K, Na, NaH and KH).Suitable insertion material is hexagonal boron nitride and metal chalcogenide.Suitable chalkogenide is those chalkogenides with hierarchy, like MoS ₂And WS ₂The chalkogenide of layering can be one or more in the following inventory of formation: TiS ₂, ZrS ₂, HfS ₂, TaS2, TeS ₂, ReS ₂, PtS ₂, SnS ₂, SnSSe, TiSe ₂, ZrSe ₂, HfSe ₂, VSe ₂, TaSe ₂, TeSe ₂, ReSe ₂, PtSe ₂, SnSe ₂, TiTe ₂, ZrTe ₂, VTe ₂, NbTe ₂, TaTe ₂, MoTe ₂, WTe ₂, CoTe ₂, RhTe ₂, IrTe ₂, NiTe ₂, PdTe ₂, PtTe ₂, SiTe ₂, NbS ₂, TaS ₂, MoS ₂, WS ₂, NbSe ₂, TaSe ₂, MoSe ₂, WSe ₂And MoTe ₂Other suitable illustrative embodiments are silicon, doped silicon, silicide, boron and boride.Suitable boride comprises those borides of the two-dimensional network that forms double-stranded and image-stone China ink that kind.Conductive two-dimension netted boride can have like MB ₂Molecular formula, wherein M is a metal, like Cr, Ti, Mg, Zr and Gd (CrB ₂, TiB ₂, MgB ₂, ZrB ₂, GdB ₂) at least a.It can be that heat is reversible that compound forms.Reactant can the heat regeneration through the catalyst of removing catalyst source.

In one embodiment, make the maximized first power phase operating temperature of mark hydrogen yield operate following reactant mixture: saidly to comprise reactant mixture comprises the intercalation compound (like metallic graphite carbon, metal hydride graphite or similar compound) of the element beyond the carbon as the formation of oxidant reactant.Can the pond temperature be changed into second value or the scope of the regeneration that is beneficial to most in the regeneration cycle then.Be lower than in the situation of power cycle temperature in the regeneration cycle temperature, can use heat exchanger to reduce temperature.Be higher than in the situation of power cycle temperature in the regeneration cycle temperature, can use the heater elevated temperature.Heater can be the resistance heater that utilizes the electricity that heat energy produced that disengages in the power cycle.System can comprise heat exchanger, and is like contracurrent system, wherein minimum in the reactant hot cooling that makes regeneration thermal loss when regenerating.Select as the another kind beyond the resistance heating, can use the heat pump mixture to be consumed with reduction.Thermal loss also can be through reducing to minimum from hot transfer to colder object (as using the pond of heat pipe).Can be with reactant through the hot-zone continuous feed to cause the mark H-H reaction; And it is further flowed or be sent to another zone, compartment, reactor or system (wherein in batches, intermittently or regenerate continuously), wherein regeneration product can be static or mobile.

In one embodiment, NaOH is the NaH source in the regeneration cycle.NaOH and Na to Na ₂The reaction of O and NaH does

NaOH+2Na → Na ₂O+NaH (44.7kJ/ mole) (81)

Exothermic reaction can driving N aH (g) formation.Therefore, NaH is decomposed into Na or metal and can serves as the reducing agent that forms catalyst n aH (g).The product of the reaction of the generation NaH catalyst that provides as for example equation (81) in one embodiment, and the Na that forms ₂O and hydrogen source reaction are to form the NaOH that can further serve as the NaH catalyst source.In one embodiment, the regenerative response of the NaOH of equation (81) does in the presence of atomic hydrogen

Na ₂O+1/2H → NaOH+Na Δ H=-11.6kJ/ moles of NaOH (82)

NaH → Na+H (1/3) Δ H=-10,500kJ/ mole H (83)

With

NaH → Na+H (1/4) Δ H=-19,700kJ/ mole H (84)

Therefore, come little amount of N aOH and Na and the atom hydrogen source in source such as Na metal or NaH freely or the catalysis source that atomic hydrogen serves as the NaH catalyst, and its a plurality of circulations through those regenerative responses of providing like equation (81-84) form the mark hydrogen of high yield.The reaction that equation (82) provides can strengthen with by H through using hydrogen disassociation agent ₂Form atom H.Suitable disassociation agent comprises at least a of the group that is selected from noble metal, transition metal, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ni, Ti (and these elements are arranged on the carrier).Reactant mixture can comprise NaH or NaH source and NaOH or NaOH source, and can also comprise as alkaline-earth metal reducing agents such as (like Mg) and carrier (like carbon or carbide, for example TiC, YC ₂, TiSiC ₂And WC) at least a in.

In one embodiment, KOH is the source of K and KH in the regeneration cycle.KOH and K to K ₂The reaction of O and KH does

KOH+2K → K ₂O+KH (+5.4kJ/ mole) (85)

In the process that forms KH, the mark H-H reaction takes place.In one embodiment, K ₂O and hydrogen source reaction form the KOH of the reactant that can further serve as equation (85).In one embodiment, the regenerative response of the KOH of equation (85) does in the presence of atomic hydrogen

K ₂O+1/2H ₂→ KOH+K Δ H=-63.1kJ/ mole KOH (86)

KH → K+H (1/4) Δ H=-19,700kJ/ mole H (87)

Therefore, come karat gold freely to belong to or a small amount of KOH in source such as KH and K and atom hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen serve as the catalysis source in the KH source of catalyst, and its a plurality of circulations through those regenerative responses of providing like equation (85-87) form the mark hydrogen of high yield.The reaction that equation (86) provides can strengthen with by H through using hydrogen disassociation agent ₂Form atom H.Suitable disassociation agent comprises at least a of the group that is selected from noble metal, transition metal, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ni, Ti (and these elements are arranged on the carrier).Reactant mixture can comprise KH or KH source and KOH or KOH source, and can also comprise as alkaline-earth metal reducing agents such as (like Mg) and carrier (like carbon or carbide, for example TiC, YC ₂, TiSiC ₂And WC) at least a in.

The component of reactant mixture can be any mol ratio.The proper proportion that comprises the reactant mixture of catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like NaH or KH), reducing agent, solvent or hydride exchange reaction thing (like alkaline-earth metal, for example Mg) and carrier is the former two for mol ratio such as being similar to, and carrier is excessive.The proper proportion of exemplary NaH or KH+Mg and carrier (like AC) is respectively 5%, 5% and 90%, and wherein each mole % can change 10 percentage points but to add be 100% together.When carrier was TiC, exemplary proper proportion was respectively 20%, 20% and 60%, and wherein each mole % can change 10 percentage points but to add be 100% together.Comprise catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like NaH or KH), reducing agent, solvent or hydride exchange reaction thing (like alkaline-earth metal; Mg for example), the proper proportion of reactant mixture that comprises metal halide (like alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, Ag, In or rare earth metal halide) and the carrier of oxidant or halide exchange reaction thing is the former two for mol ratio such as being similar to; Mol ratios such as metal halide is or slightly not enough, and carrier is excessive.Exemplary NaH or KH+Mg+MX or MX ₂The proper proportion of (wherein M is that metal and X are halide) and carrier (like AC) is respectively 10%, 10%, 2% and 78%, and wherein each mole % can change 10 percentage points but to add be 100% together.At carrier is in the situation of TiC, and exemplary proper proportion is respectively 25%, 25%, 6% and 44%, and wherein each mole % can change 10 percentage points but to add be 100% together.

In one embodiment; Power set shown in Figure 2 comprise multitubular reactor, and wherein control mark H-H reaction between reactor in time (what produce power forms the catalysis of mark hydrogen by H) is exported with the required drive of keeping passing in time with regenerative response.Can heating bath with initiation reaction; And the energy that forms reaction from mark hydrogen can be stored in the caloic (caloic that it comprises the caloic in pond and under controlled condition, is transmitted by heat transfer medium and control system), and is desired to the contribution of the power of passing in time to realize.Regenerative response can be united in a plurality of ponds with dynamic response and carried out to keep continuous running.Can carry out heat regeneration, wherein heat can be at least partially or completely provides by forming the energy that mark hydrogen discharged.Regeneration can with each containing unit of linking to each other of pipe (reactor) of multitubular reactor in carry out.The pond that the heat of in one embodiment, coming ultromotivity to produce the pond is regenerated owing to thermal gradient flow to.Flow and can carry out through the thermal conductivity medium that comprises cooling agent, wherein flowing receives the control of valve and at least one flow governor and pump.

In an execution mode shown in Figure 5, reactor comprises and is used for making reactant produce the main reactor 101 of power and second Room 102 that is communicated with main reactor through the catalysis by hydrogen to mark hydrogen.Two Room reactors 110 comprise one group of multiple unit device, and it comprises multitubular reactor 100.Each unit also comprises heat exchanger 103.Each pond can have thermal boundary (like heat guard or air gap) and shift to control heat.Heat exchanger can be provided to make the coldest part to be positioned at second Room apart from main reaction chamber zone farthest.Temperature can be approached the bottom of main reaction chamber and rising gradually along with heat exchanger.Heat exchanger can comprise the pipe that is centered around around the reative cell, to keep the temperature gradient along heat exchanger.Heat exchanger can have the pipeline 107 of the hottest part to the heat load (like steam generator 104, steam turbine 105 and generator 106) from interchanger.This pipeline can the bottom near main reactor as shown in Figure 5, and can also be the part of the main circulation loop 115 of sealing.Heat from the multitubular reactor system can be transferred to heat load through heat exchanger 111, and heat exchanger 111 is isolated the heat transfer medium and the heat load (like generator system 104,105 and 106) of dynamical system (major loop).Working fluid in the power conversion system (like high-temperature steam) can be through pipeloop 113 with condenser 112 (it can also comprise heat extraction formula heat exchanger) and as being accepted from the Low Temperature Steam of turbine.This power circulation system can comprise the secondary loop 116 that is used for working media (like steam and water).In comprising another execution mode of single loop heat transfer system, pipeline 115 directly links to each other with steam generator 104, and recurrent canal 108 directly links to each other with condenser 112, and the circulation in wherein arbitrary structure can provide through circulating pump 129.

In one embodiment, each chamber is vertical.The coldest part with heat exchanger of cold intake pipeline 108 can be positioned at the top of second Room with counterflow heat exchanger; Wherein heat transfer medium (like fluid or gas) becomes more and more hotter by the direction of top to the main chamber of second Room, wherein near the middle part of main chamber, utilizes pipe 107 with the heat heat load of removing and lead.Each chamber can opening and closing and be communicated with or isolate through chamber isolation valve (like gate valve between each chamber or gate).Reactor 110 can also air inclusion discharge pipe 121 (it can comprise vacuum pump 127).Waste gas can be separated by mark hydrogen separator 122, and mark hydrogen can be used in the chemicals manufacturing in the system 124.Hydrogen can be collected by hydrogen recovery device 123, and hydrogen recovery device 123 can make the hydrogen of recovery return (adding the gaseous hydrogen from feeder 125 alternatively) through pipeline 120.

At a usage example property reactant KH and SrBr ₂Execution mode in, can carry out mark Hydrogen Energy quantitative response, open gate valve then, K is at SrBr ₂Move to the cold top of second Room when in the main chamber, forming, close this valve, K is hydrogenated, and opens this valve, and the main chamber falls back in KH, closes this valve, so form the SrBr of the reaction utilization regeneration of mark Hydrogen Energy ₂Carry out with KH.The Mg metal also can be collected in second Room.Open condensation because its low volatility, Mg can divide with K, and separately return first Room.In another embodiment, KH can be replaced by another kind of alkali metal or alkali metal hydride, and oxidant SrBr ₂Can be by another kind of oxidant replacement.Reactor is preferably metal, and it can hot operation and can in the temperature range of operation, not form intermetallic compound with Sr.Suitable reactor material is stainless steel and nickel.Reactor can comprise Ta or Ta coating, and can also comprise the intermetallic compound that the further intermolecular compound of opposing forms, like the intermetallic compound of Sr and stainless steel or nickel.

Reaction can be controlled through the pressure of control inert gas, and said inert gas can be introduced through hydrogen inlet pipe 120, and discharges through gas outlet pipe 121.Can open the sluices so that catalyst (like K) is evaporated to chamber 102 by reative cell 101.Can the dehydrogenation of using gases discharge pipe pump.Can not resupply catalyst or hydrogen source (like KH), perhaps can control quantity delivered to stop according to expectation or reduction power.Reducing agent (like Mg) can be hydrogenated, to pass through adding H via feeder 120 and gate ₂Or through directly adding H via independent pipeline ₂And underspeed.The caloic of reactor 110 can be so that temperature be no more than the fault level when the reactant complete reaction, and wherein stopping regeneration cycle can being kept.

Be higher than in the situation of hydride decomposition temperature at temperature of reactor, can be added back to thermal reaction mixture being significantly less than in the time period of its thermal decomposition time like hydride such as KH.LiH is being stable below 900 ℃, and 688.7 ℃ of fusions; Therefore, can it be added back to reactor, and thermal decomposition not take place in the corresponding regeneration temperature that is lower than the LiH decomposition temperature.The suitable reactant mixture that comprises LiH is LiH Mg TiC SrCl ₂, LiH Mg TiC SrBr ₂With LiH Mg TiC BaBr ₂The suitable reactant mixture that comprises LiH is LiH Mg TiC SrCl ₂, LiH Mg TiC SrBr ₂, LiH Mg TiC BaBr ₂With LiH Mg TiC BaCl ₂

The hot pond of regenerating can be by other pond heating that produce power.Heat transmission in power and the regeneration cycle process between the pond can be carried out through the valve of control flowing coolant.In one embodiment, the pond can comprise cylinder, is 1 inch～4 inches pipe like diameter.The pond can be kept somewhere in heat-conducting medium (like solid-state, liquid state or gaseous medium).Medium can be the water that can seethe with excitement, and said boiling is through for example carrying out in the pattern of the nucleate boiling at pool wall place.As other a kind of selection, medium can be melt metal or salt or solid (like the copper bullet).The pond can be a square or rectangular, to conduct heat betwixt more effectively.The pond of regenerating in one embodiment, maintains on the regeneration temperature through the heat transmission that comes ultromotivity to generate the pond in the circulation.Hot transmission can be carried out through the thermal conductivity medium.Power produces the pond and possibly produce than the required higher temperature of regeneration, to keep the portion of hot transmission to these ponds.Heat load (like heat exchanger or steam generator) can be accepted the heat from the thermal conductivity medium.Around suitable position is positioned at.This system can comprise and keeps the thermal boundary that the thermal conductivity medium is in the temperature that is higher than heat load.This thermal boundary can comprise heat guard or air gap.Power produces those ponds that the pond heating is regenerated, thereby makes power output on statistics, to reach constant level along with the increase of the quantity in pond.Therefore, energy is gratifying constant.In one embodiment, control the circulation in each pond, be selected regenerated reactor heat supply to select power to produce the pond.Circulation can be controlled through the control reaction condition.Can control the Kai Heguan that makes the metal vapors condensation leave the device of reactant mixture, to control the circulation in each pond.

In another embodiment, heat flow can be passive, and also can be initiatively.Can a plurality of ponds be kept somewhere in the thermal conductivity medium.Medium can be a high-termal conductivity.Suitable medium can be solid (like metal, comprising copper, aluminium and stainless steel), liquid (like the salt of fusion) or gas (like inert gas, for example helium or argon).

Multitubular reactor can comprise the pond of horizontal alignment, and its long axis direction along the pond has dead space (dead space), and said dead space can be escaped metal vapors (like alkali metal) at regeneration period.Metal can temperature can be maintained at the position that is lower than Chi Wen with the inner cold-zone that contacts, pond in condensation.Suitable position is in the end in pond.The cold-zone can receive the heat exchanger of speed to maintain desired temperature through having variable hot joining.Condenser zone can comprise have can pent valve (like gate valve) chamber.The metal of condensation (like K) can be hydrogenated, and hydride can be back to reactor through for example machinery or means such as pneumatic.Can pass through the means known in the art stirred reaction mixture, said method is mechanical mixture or mechanical agitation for example, comprises low-frequency vibration or ultrasonic wave.Mix and also can carry out through Pneumatic method, for example using gases (like hydrogen or inert gas) sprays.

(it comprises the pond of horizontal alignment comprising the multitubular reactor in pond; And the long axis direction along the pond has dead space; Make metal vapors (like alkali metal) to escape at regeneration period) another execution mode in, be maintained the temperature lower along a zone on the length direction in pond than reactant mixture.Metal can be along this cold-zone condensation.Can receive the heat exchanger of speed that said cold-zone is maintained desired temperature through having variable and controlled hot joining.Heat exchanger can comprise conduit or the heat pipe with flowing coolant.Receive flow velocity or Heat Transfer of Heat Pipe on Heat Pipe speed in the isoparametric conduit of surface area based on being controlled by, can the temperature in cold-zone and pond be controlled to be desired value like its pressure, temperature and hot joining.Because of the existence of hydrogen in the pond, the metal of condensation (like K or Na) can be hydrogenated.Hydride can be back in the reactor, and through the major axis rotation pond around the pond said hydride is mixed with other reactants.Rotation can wherein can utilize transmission device to make the pond synchronous by Motor Drive.Be mixed reactant, rotation can be alternately to carry out with counter clockwise direction clockwise.The pond can be overturn 360 ° off and on.Rotation can be carried out with high angular speed, the feasible variation minimum that takes place to the heat transmission of heat trap.Can fast rotational be superimposed upon on the constant slowly rotary speed, to realize further mixing of possible Residual reactants (like metal hydride).Can hydrogen be supplied to each pond through the hydrogen pipeline or through the infiltration that sees through pool wall or hydrogen permeability film, wherein hydrogen is supplied to the chamber that has one or more ponds.Can also supply with hydrogen through brine electrolysis.Electrolytic cell can comprise the rotary components in pond, like the cylindrical rotating shaft along the centerline direction of reactor cell.

As other a kind of selection, can make one or more inner scraping sheets (wiper blade) or blender inswept above inner surface, so that formed hydride is mixed with other reactants.Each swipe sheet or blender can around with the axle rotation of pond axis.Can utilize inner magnetic of swiping sheet and outside Magnetic Field Source of rotating to be coupled and drive the scraping sheet.Magnetic flux can see through like chamber walls such as stainless steel walls.In one embodiment, the rotary speed in control pond or the rotary speed of sheet or blender of swiping are to form metal hydride in the metal vapors reaction and to make the power output maximization during with reaction mixture.Reaction tank can be the tubular body with circle, ellipse, square, rectangle, triangle or polygon cross section.Heat exchanger can comprise pipe or the conduit that is loaded with cooling agent, its can have square or rectangle and circle, ellipse, triangle or polygon cross section to obtain required surface area.Square or rectangular pipe array can comprise the continuous surface that is used for heat exchange.The surface of each pipe or conduit can increase the material transformation with fin or other surface areas.

In another embodiment, reactor comprises a plurality of districts with different temperatures, with the multiple selected component of condensed product mixture selectively or from the multiple selected component of product mixtures.These components can be regenerated as initial reactant.In one embodiment, cold-zone makes the alkali metal condensation, like the alkali metal of catalyst or catalyst source (as among Na and the K at least a).Another district's condensation second component is like alkaline-earth metal (like magnesium).The temperature in first district can be 0 ℃～500 ℃, and the temperature in second district can be 10 ℃～490 ℃, and it is lower than the temperature in first district.The temperature in each district can be through heat exchanger or the gatherer control with variable and controlled efficient.

In another embodiment, reactor comprises and can be in vacuum or have the inlet that is used at least a gaseous state, liquid state or solid-state material greater than the reative cell of atmospheric pressure and one or more, and at least one material outlet.An outlet can comprise the vacuum pipeline of gases such as being used for pumping such as hydrogen.Reative cell also comprises the reactant that forms mark hydrogen.Reactor also comprises the heat exchanger that is positioned at reative cell.Heat exchanger can comprise cooling agent and use conduit.Conduit can distribute in the entire reaction chamber, to accept the heat from the reactant mixture that is reacting.Each conduit can have the adiabatic barrier between reactant mixture and catheter wall.As other a kind of selection, the thermal conductivity of wall can make in operation process and have temperature gradient between the reactant and cooling agent.Heat guard can be vacuum gap or air gap.Conduit can be to penetrate reactant mixture and sealed the pipe with the wiper seal property of keeping reative cell at the breakthrough point place.Can control the flow velocity of cooling agent (like water), think and keep the temperature required of reative cell and reactant.In another embodiment, conduit is replaced by heat pipe, and said heat pipe is removed heat and it is passed to like hot receivers such as radiator or boiler (heat sink) from reactant mixture.

In one embodiment, a plurality of ponds that the thermocouple that utilization is provided with tube bank joins, the mark H-H reaction is kept with batch mode and is regenerated, and wherein the pond heating of the power generation phase that is in of circulation is in the pond of regeneration period.In the design of the formula of having a rest during this time pond power, along with pond quantity increases, heat power is constant on statistics, perhaps controls the pond and circulates and realize stable power.Through utilizing hot machine, can realize heat power to electrodynamic conversion like circulations such as Rankine machine, Bretton machine, Stirling-electric hybrid or steam engine circulations.

The circulation of each pond reactant and product that can be through control mark hydrogenation and controlled.In one embodiment, the chemistry of driving mark hydrogen formation relates to the halide-hydride exchange reaction between alkali metal hydride catalyst and hydrogen source and the metal halide oxidant (like alkaline-earth metal or alkali halide).Be reflected at spontaneous carrying out in the closed system.But when system is an open system so that the alkali metal of initial hydrogenation thing is when being evaporated or removing from other reactants, the back reaction that forms initial alkali metal hydride and alkaline-earth halide is that heat is reversible.The alkali metal quilt of condensation subsequently is hydrogenation and retrieval system again.As shown in Figure 6; The pond comprises reative cell 130 and the metal condensation separated by gate or gate valve 132 and hydrogenation room 131 again, and mobile, the hydrogenation again of metal of said gate or gate valve 132 metallic vapour through the control evaporation and the resupplying of alkali metal hydride of regeneration are controlled power and regenerative response.Through heat exchanger 139 (as having the water-cooled coil pipe that variable hot joining receives speed), in condensation chamber, can keep a cold-zone that is in desired temperatures.Therefore, the pond shown in Fig. 6 comprises two chambers of being separated by gate or gate valve 132.When reative cell 130 sealings, the forward reaction of mark hydrogen and alkali halide and alkaline earth metal hydride product takes place to form.Then, valve is opened, and is evaporated and in by another catalyst case 131 of coolant circuit 139 cooling in the condensation at volatility alkali metal, causes that from the heat in other ponds product metal and halide exchange.Valve cuts out, and chills and H-H reaction form alkali metal hydride, open valve once more and resupply with the initial alkali metal hydride with reactant and regeneration.Hydrogen is recovered and adds to replenish the hydrogen that formation mark hydrogen is consumed with the hydrogen that replenishes.Utilize pump 134 hydrogen to be pumped by reative cell through blast pipe 133.Mark hydrogen is discharged at pipe 135 places.Residual hydrogen is through pipeline 136 recovery and with being supplied to catalyst case from the supplemental hydrogen (make-up hydrogen) that hydrogen source adds through pipeline 138 through pipeline 137.The pond of horizontal alignment is to make to have bigger surface area so that the another kind design of catalyst evaporation.In this situation, hydride is through mechanical mixture rather than only resupply through the gravity charging.In another embodiment, the pond can vertically tilt, and falls into reative cell and mixing therein to cause hydride.

Power generation pond is increased to its temperature and is higher than the required temperature of regeneration.Then; A plurality of ponds 141 of Fig. 7 and a plurality of ponds 148 of Fig. 8 are arranged in the tube bank 147; Be arranged in the boiler 149 of Fig. 8 and restrain 147, make the pond that to regenerate through the heat transmission that comes ultromotivity to generate the pond in the circulation maintain the temperature that is higher than regeneration temperature (700 ℃ according to appointment).Tube bank can be arranged in the boiler case.With reference to Fig. 7, thermal gradient drives the heat transmission between the pond 141 in each tube bank of the different phase be in the power regenerating circulation.Be to realize for example following Temperature Distribution, that is, the maximum temperature power of gradient generate side be 750 ℃ to being about 700 ℃ in lower temperature regeneration side, the pond is kept somewhere in the high-termal conductivity medium.High conductivity material 142 (like the copper bullet) is conducted heat between the pond effectively and heat is passed towards periphery, keeps the Temperature Distribution in the tube bank simultaneously, achieves regeneration and keep central temperature to be lower than the desired temperature of materials limitations.Heat is passed to cooling agent (like water) at last, cooling agent boiling around each tube bank that comprises boiler tube 143.The proper temperature of boiling water is 250 ℃～370 ℃.These temperature height are to being enough to realize nucleate boiling (it is passed to the effective means of aqueous medium for heat); But be lower than the maximum that sets through vapour pressure excessive when being higher than the temperature of this scope.In one embodiment, because temperature that need be much higher in each pond tube bank, therefore temperature gradients between each tube bank and heat load, waste water and follow-on system.In one embodiment, the thermal boundary of locating is on every side kept this gradient.In the tube bank of each multitubular reactor pond is embedded in cylindrical ring body or the tube bank confinement tube 144, and between inner ring body and outer ring body, exist heat guard or vacuum gap 145 with temperature gradients.The control that heat is transmitted can be through changing gas pressure or realizing through the gas that has desired thermal conductivity in this gap use in this gap.The outer wall of outer ring body 143 contacts with water, wherein on this surface, nucleate boiling takes place, thereby in boiler, produces steam, as shown in Figure 10.Steam turbine can be accepted the steam from waste water, and can utilize generator for electricity generation as shown in Figure 11.

Boiler 150 shown in Fig. 9 comprises many ponds tube bank 151, pond reative cell 152, accepts metal vapors and make the catalyst case 153 of its hydrogenation, the conduit 154 that contains hydrogen discharge and supply pipeline and catalyst case ooling channel, cooling agent 155 (like water) and steam manifold 156.The electricity generation system that shows among Figure 10 comprises boiler 158, pressure turbine 159, low-pressure turbine 160, generator 161, steam-water separator 162, condenser 163, cooling tower 164, cooling water pump 165, condenser pump 166, boiler feedwater cleaning system 167, phase I feedwater heater 168, degasification feed-tank 169, water supply pump 170, booster 171, product storage and processor 172, reagent storage and processor 173, vacuum system 174, start heater 175, electrolysis tank 176, hydrogen supply source 177, coolant lines 178, cooling agent valve 179, reactant and product pipeline 180 and reactant and product line valve 181.Can reckon with other parts and modification in the present invention, these are that those skilled in the art know.

Select the width of pool size, pond quantity and vacuum gap in each tube bank, with in each tube bank, keep temperature required distribution, from the temperature required and suitable boiling surface heat flux of the waste water of locating around the kinetic current in pond.The response parameter of design analysis can obtain based on experiment, shown in experiment relate to various possible hydride-halide exchange reactions and cause that mark hydrogen forms and comprise other reactants of reaction of can heat regenerating as described herein with remarkable dynamics and energy gain.Exemplary operating parameters from the project engineering purpose is: 5W/cc～10W/cc, 300KJ/ mole～400kJ/ mole oxidant, the 150kJ/ mole is carried K, with respect to 3: 1 energy gain of regeneration chemistry, 50MJ/ mole H ₂, regeneration temperature is 650 ℃～750 ℃, is enough to keep the pond operating temperature of regeneration temperature in the pond in the corresponding period that is in energy regeneration circulation, the recovery time is 10 minutes, and the reaction time is 1 minute.

In a hot system of exemplary 1MW, tube bank is made up of 33 2 meters long pipes that closely pile up, and each pipe has the internal diameter (ID) of 5cm, and keeps somewhere in high-termal conductivity copper bullet.Therefore, each pipe has the dischargeable capacity a little less than 4 liters.Because power phase and regeneration period duration were respectively 1 minute and 10 minutes, therefore the selection (multiple of cyclostage (11 minutes)) of 33 pipes obtains the constant in time instant power from tube bank.The tube bank confinement tube has the internal diameter of 34cm and the wall thickness of 6.4mm.Boiler tube internal diameter and wall thickness are respectively 37.2cm and 1.27cm.Use the typical reaction parameter, each pipe in the tube bank produces the time average power of heat power for about 1.6kW, and each tube bank produces the heat power of about 55kW.Temperature in the tube bank is about 782 ℃ to 664 ℃ towards the surface in gap of center.The heat flux of boiler tube surface is about 22kW/m ², its with the temperature maintenance of boiler tube outer surface at 250 ℃, and Lve Gao and be enough to cause the nucleate boiling of surface.The energy density of reaction is increased to above 7W/cc or shortens the recovery time and can reduce the boiling flux that causes bigger boiling efficient.About 18 thermal outputs that this type of tube bank should produce 1MW.

The another kind of system design of boiler shown in Figure 9 is presented among Figure 11.This system comprises the tube bank of many ponds and the conduct of at least one thermocouple couplet and passes the periphery water wall of the heat load of gap heat transmission.The reactant mixture that forms mark hydrogen comprises high surface conductive carrier and reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal).These materials also can be high-termal conductivity, so that it can replace the high conductivity material of the tube bank of Fig. 9 at least in part.Said chemical substance helps around transmitting heat between the pond and it is passed to, in this array, to keep suitable heat distribution and thermal gradient simultaneously.The steam that is generated in the pipe of water wall can flow in turbine and the generator with the direct generation of electricity, and perhaps the water wall can be delivered to steam in the primary steam loop, and said primary steam loop transfers heat to the indirect steam loop through heat exchanger.Said secondary loop can make turbine and generator operation with generating.

This system comprises a plurality of reactor cell arrays or has the pond tube bank of heat trap separately.As shown in Figure 11, reactor cell 186 can be a square or rectangular, to realize tight contact.The pond can be in the tube bank 185 in groups, and heat is passed to the load 188 that occurs in the tube bank, wherein restrains temperature and is maintained the required temperature of regeneration at least.Can temperature gradients between tube bank and heat load (like heat trap or interchanger 188).Heat exchanger can comprise the water wall or have the surrounding tube group of flowing coolant, wherein flows to keep and can be enclosed in the heat guard 189 through at least one pump.Reactor assembly can comprise the air gap 187 between the tube bank 185 in heat trap or interchanger 188 and each multitubular reactor pond or multitubular reactor pond.Hot transmitting control can be through changing the gas pressure in the air gap 187 between tube bank wall 185 and heat trap or the interchanger 188 or carrying out through the gas that has required thermal conductivity in use wherein.

The circulation of controlling each pond to be selected regenerated reactor heat supply to select power to produce the pond.As other a kind of selection, power produces the pond and heats those ponds of regenerating with at random mode, makes power output on statistics, to reach constant level along with the increase of the quantity in pond.Therefore, power is constant on statistics.

In another embodiment, system comprises the power density gradient that is outwards raise by the center, distributes in whole tube bank, to keep desired temperatures.In another embodiment, heat is passed to boiler by the pond through heat pipe.Heat pipe can be connected with heat exchanger, perhaps directly contacts with cooling agent.

In one embodiment, kept continuously and regenerate in each pond mid-score H-H reaction, the heat of wherein coming the power of self-heating Reversible Cycle to produce the phase is initial reactant provides energy from the regeneration of product.Because reactant carries out this two kinds of patterns simultaneously in each pond, therefore the heat power output from each pond is constant.Through utilizing hot machine, can realize heat power to electrodynamic conversion like circulations such as Rankine machine, Bretton machine, Stirling-electric hybrid or steam engine circulations.

The multitubular reactor system of continuous generation power as shown in Figure 12 comprises a plurality of plane layers repeatedly of heat guard 192, reactor cell 193, thermal conductivity medium 194 and heat exchanger or gatherer 195.In one embodiment, each pond is a round tube, and heat exchanger is parallel with the pond and accept heat consistently.The individual unit of the multitubular reactor system that Figure 13 has shown; This system comprises chemicals 197 (its comprise in reactant and the product at least a), heat-insulating material 198, reactor 199 and has the thermally conductive materials 200 of the embedded water pipe 201 that comprises heat exchanger or gatherer.

Each pond produces power continuously and is higher than the required temperature of regeneration so that its temperature of charge is increased to.In one embodiment, the reaction of formation mark hydrogen is the hydride exchange between alkali metal hydride catalyst and hydrogen source and alkaline-earth metal or the lithium metal.Reactant, exchange reaction, product and regenerative response and parameter are open in this article.The multitube reaction system that comprises Figure 12 of insulator layer, reactor cell and heat exchanger is alternately kept continuous power through the pond thermal gradient.The reactant alkali metal hydride is in the following manner and cyclic regeneration: product decomposes, and alkali metal evaporates in the bottom zone that raises through the temperature of utilizing condensation reaction to keep, and hydrogenation again in the colder top region of keeping through heat trap.Rotation scraping sheet makes the alkali metal hydride of regeneration combine with reactant mixture again.

After the existence of hydrogen (be included as and make the additional hydrogen of hydrogen that hydride consumed) was hydrogenated in because of the pond, hydride was back to the bottom of reactor and mixes with other reactants at the metal (like K or Na) of condensation.Can make one or more inner scraping sheets or blender inswept, so that formed hydride is mixed with other reactants along interior pool wall.Optional is, centers on its major axis rotation through making the pond, and alkali metal hydride is combined with other reactants again and carries out chemical mixing.This rotation also is passed to postrotational new tip position with the heat of the bottom position in pond; Therefore, it provides the interior pond of control temperature gradient to be used for the another kind of mode that alkali metal is carried.But corresponding heat transfer speed is higher, thereby needs low-down rotary speed with the maintaining heat gradient.The mixing in scraping sheet or pond can be by Motor Drive, and wherein the pond can utilize transmission device and synchronously.Mix also and can carry out through magnetic induction through the pool wall (like the stainless steel pool wall) of hypotonicity.

In another embodiment, initial alkali metal hydride is regenerated in the following manner: 400 ℃～550 ℃ evaporations, and in low about 100 ℃ temperature condensation in the presence of hydrogen, said H-H reaction forms alkali metal hydride.Therefore, in each pond that drives heat regeneration the reactant of higher temperature and than the cold-zone between have thermal gradient.The pond horizontal alignment, and along the pond axially have a dead space, said dead space makes alkali metal vapour in the cyclic regeneration process, can break away from reactant along the bottom in pond.Metal along the top in pond than the cold-zone in condensation.Maintain desired condensing temperature than cool region through heat trap, said heat trap comprises the boiler tube that variable hot joining receives speed that has at the top that is in each pond.Heat exchanger comprises and has the water wall that the water that flows is heated to be the boiler tube of steam.Particularly, saturated water flows through water pipe, absorbs the energy of autoreactor, and evaporation forms steam.In another illustrative embodiments, the thermal reactor district is 750 ℃ ± 200 ℃, is maintained at the temperature of low 50 ℃～300 ℃ of the temperature of specific heat reactor zone than the cold-zone.Reactant mixture and hot regenerative response can comprise those mixtures of the present invention and reaction.For example, suitable reactant mixture comprises alkali metal or its hydride, hydrogen source, reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal, for example Mg or Ca) and carrier (like TiC, Ti ₃SiC ₂, WC, TiCN, B ₄C, SiC and YC ₂) at least two kinds.Reactant can carry out hydride-halide exchange reaction, and regenerative response can be the reverse exchange reaction that heat drives.

Heat finally is passed to the water that in the pipe around each reactor cell, seethes with excitement, and wherein boiler tube forms the water wall.The proper temperature of boiling water is 250 ℃～370 ℃.These temperature height are to being enough to realize nucleate boiling (the effective means of transmitting to the heat of aqueous medium); But be lower than the maximum that sets through vapour pressure excessive when being higher than the temperature of this scope.The nucleate boiling of water occurs in the inner surface of each boiler tube 201 of Figure 13, and wherein because pipe is placed in the high-termal conductivity medium 200 (like copper) thereby has kept the even temperature distribution in the water wall, the water that is not evaporated to steam in addition is recycled.Heat arrives at boiler tube by the top pool wall medium of flowing through.Even, therefore between each top, pond and heat load, boiling water and follow-on system, kept second temperature gradient because the low side in warm gradient also needs much higher temperature in each pond.Be higher than the ability that the pond produces heat because boiler tube removes the ability of heat, therefore can keep the second external heat gradient through between the first half of pool wall and pool wall, adding one or more thermal boundarys.Required high inner pond mild temperature gradient realizes through at least one and thermal conductivity medium in the outer wall of the first half in pond and each boiler tube are completely cut off.Thermal conductivity and the capacity of heat exchanger of the medium that thermal boundary, boiler tube passed of the first half boiler tube through the adjustment pond and the steam flow rate in the pipe, but be optimal value with pond temperature and gradient through the heating transmitting control.In last situation, thermal boundary can each self-contained air gap or vacuum gap, and it can become according to gas composition and pressure.

The multitube reaction system can be assembled into steam generator system shown in Figure 14, with output steam.This steam generator system comprises multitube reaction system shown in Figure 12 and cooling agent (saturated water) flow regulations systems.Comprise the reaction system heating saturated water of reactor 204 and produce steam.Saturated flow in flow regulations systems (i) collection vapor collection pipeline 205 and the inlet recirculation pipe 206 is also imported these current the steam-separator 207 of separate vapour and water; (ii) use water recirculation that recirculation pump 209 makes separation through boiler tube 208, outlet recirculation pipe 210 and water distribution pipe line 211 with (iii) export and guide steam to get into main steam pipe 212 to arrive at turbine or load and heat exchanger.Pipeline and pipeline can be by thermal insulation to prevent thermal loss.Input cooling agent (as from the condensed water of turbine or from the water that returns of heat load and heat exchanger) returns water pipe 213 through inlet and imports, and through the booster 214 rising pressure that enter the mouth.

The steam that is generated in the pipe of water wall can flow in turbine and the generator with the direct generation of electricity, and perhaps the water wall can be fed to steam in the primary steam loop, and said primary steam loop transfers heat to the indirect steam loop through heat exchanger.The secondary loop can make turbine and generator operation with generating.In execution mode shown in Figure 15, steam generates in steam generator system, and exports main steam pipe to by steam-separator.Steam turbine is accepted the steam from boiled water, and uses generator to generate electricity.Steam is condensed also blowback to steam generator system.The electricity generation system that shows among Figure 15 comprises boiler 217, heat exchanger 218, pressure turbine 219, low-pressure turbine 220, generator 221, steam-water separator 222, condenser 223, cooling tower 224, cooling water pump 225, condenser pump 226, boiler feedwater cleaning system 227, phase I feedwater heater 228, degasification feed-tank 229, water supply pump 230, booster (214 among Figure 14), product storage and processor 232, reagent storage and processor 233, vacuum system 234, start heater 235, electrolysis tank 236, hydrogen supply source 237, coolant lines 238, cooling agent valve 239, reactant and product pipeline 240 and reactant and product line valve 241.Can reckon with other parts and modification in the present invention, these are that those skilled in the art know.

Consider a hot system of exemplary 1MW.For the pond bottom temp is in the following ranges; Promptly; The high temperature power generation side of gradient is 400 ℃～550 ℃ and to be in the regeneration side temperature at top low about 100 ℃, and as shown in Figure 12, the pond only has heat trap at the top; Energy-producing reactant is arranged in the bottom, and the base section in pond is by thermal insulation.Selected system design parameters is (1) pool size, the quantity in pond in (2) system, and (3) are around the thermal endurance of the material of the Lower Half in pond; (4) at the thermal boundary of the first half of the outer wall in pond; The thermal conductivity of the medium of the first half that centers on the pond that (5) boiler tube passed, the thermal boundary at (6) outer boiler tube wall place, (7) boiler tube quantity, size and spacing; (8) steam pressure and (9) flow of steam and recirculation rate.The selective system design parameter, to realize or to keep following required operational factor: the temperature in (1) each pond and inside and outside temperature gradient, (2) are from temperature and (3) suitable boiling surface heat flux of the boiling water on every side of the kinetic current in pond.The response parameter of design analysis can be obtained by experiment based on various possible hydride exchange reactions, and said hydride reaction causes the formation of mark hydrogen and comprises with remarkable dynamics and energy gain can be by the reaction of heat regeneration.Power and biochemical again and parameter are disclosed in this article.Typical operational factor from the project engineering purpose is: the constant power of 0.25W/cc, 0.67W/g reactant, 0.38g/cc reactant density, 50MJ/ mole H ₂Biochemical again with respect to hydride is 2: 1 energy gain; Keep the reaction and the recovery time that equate of constant power output; With the temperature that is respectively 550 ℃ and 400 ℃～450 ℃ that is used for power and regeneration, wherein reaction temperature is enough to the alkali metal of evaporation tank bottom, and the internal heat gradient is kept the regeneration temperature of Chi Dingbuchu.Utilize reactant and energy density, the gross mass that generates continuous thermodynamic reactant volume of 1MW and reactant is respectively 3940 liters and 1500kg.Use 0.25% reactant activity coefficient, total reaction volume is 15.8m ³

In sample design, it is that 176cm, external diameter are that 30.5cm, cylindrical shape wall thickness are the stainless steel reaction pond of 0.635cm and the thick 3.81cm of end plate that boiler comprises 140 length.This wall thickness satisfies following designing requirement: because of the balance decomposition pressure of the decisive reactant NaH of exemplary pressure, internal pressure is 330PSI in the time of 550 ℃.Each pond weighs 120kg and exports the heat power of 7.14kW.The Lower Half of each pipe is embedded in the heat guard.Copper that water pipe passed or aluminium bomb (high-termal conductivity medium) are round the first half in each pond.Temperature in the pond is 550 ℃ at diapire place in the face of 400 ℃ at the wall surface place of copper or aluminium bomb.Shown in figure 13, the external diameter of each reactor (OD) is that the external diameter that the cross section span of 30.5cm is 0.32cm by six thickness is boiler (water) the pipe covering of 2.54cm, and these pipes evenly distribute with centre-to-centre spacing of 5.08cm.The heat flux of the inner surface of each boiler tube is about 11.8kW/m ², this value with the temperature maintenance of each boiler tube outer surface at 367 ℃.

In one embodiment, the heat power of reactant generation is used to generate 360 ℃ saturated steam.Figure 16 has shown the flow chart that steam produces.The water of room temperature (about 25 ℃) flows in the heat exchanger, and it mixes with saturated steam and is heated to 360 ℃ saturation temperature through the condensation of steam at this place.In the porch of steam-separator 252, it is 18.66MPa that booster 251 is increased to the pressure of water 360 ℃ the time.Saturated water flows through the boiler tube of the water wall of steam generator system 253, to produce the steam of identical temperature and pressure.The part of steam flows back to heat exchanger and is about to the water that returns from the turbine entering with preheating, and its another part gets into turbine to produce electric power simultaneously.In addition, make the unevaporated water recirculation of Shui Bizhong to keep even temperature along each boiler tube.For realizing this point, the vapor collection pipeline is accepted steam and unevaporated water and is sent to steam-separator 252.Through the water distribution pipe line with water by the base section blowback of separator to boiler tube.To turbine, wherein sub-fraction turns to heat exchanger to steam, with the return water of preheating from turbine by the overhead stream of separator 252.In the system of 140 reactors, the flow velocity of the saturated water in the boiler tube is 2.78kg/s, and total steam output flow velocity is 1.39kg/s.

In one embodiment, reactant comprises at least two kinds in catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like KH), carrier (like carbon) and the reducing agent (like Mg).Product can be the metal-carbon product, like intercalation product MH _yC _xAnd MC _x(y can be mark or integer, and x is an integer) is like KC _xReactor can comprise one or more reactant supply sources, reative cell, from reative cell, eliminate heat exchanger and a plurality of container of accepting product (like KCx) and making at least a regeneration in the reactant of heat, and said reative cell is maintained at higher temperature so that mobile reactant reacts to form mark hydrogen therein.Can be through heating and applying vacuum by MH _yC _xAnd MC _xIn at least aly make carbon and M or MH regeneration, the metal M of wherein collected evaporation can be hydrogenated.At reducing agent is in the situation of metal, and reducing agent also can reclaim through evaporating.Each metal or hydride can be collected in some reactant supply sources.In the reactant supply source one can comprise and be used for regenerative carbon and have carbon and each container of optional reducing agent.

The heat that is used to regenerate can be through the power supply from mark hydrogen.Heat can be used the heat exchanger transmission.Heat exchanger can comprise at least one heat pipe.Heat from the regeneration container that heats can be transferred into line load such as heat exchanger or boiler.The flowing of reactant or product (comprising the reactant or the product of carbon like those) can mechanically be carried out or utilize gravity to realize at least in part.The mechanical transport device can be auger or conveyer belt.Than the recovery time in short a lot of situation, the volume of regeneration container can surpass the volume of thermal reaction area in the mark H-H reaction.This volume can be proportional, to keep the constant flow through reaction zone.

In one embodiment, the speed of evaporation, distillation or the volatilization of volatile metal (like alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal) receives the restriction of reactant with respect to the surface area of the vacuum space of its top.This speed can improve with other means that new surface are exposed to the vacuum space through the rotation pond or through mixing.In one embodiment, the particle like reactants such as reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal, for example Mg) and carrier combines to reduce its surface area.For example, Mg is 650 ℃ of fusions, and can combine reducing surface area with the TiC particle, and this can be through making metal (as being MgH with Mg hydrogenation ₂) hydrogenation forms powder and revise through grinding or pulverizing then.Appropriate method is a ball milling.Select as another kind, hydride can be melted and remove as liquid, perhaps in the situation of the gathering that can improve carrier granular, remains liquid.Suitable hydride is MgH ₂,, be 327 ℃ because its fusing point is very low.

In one embodiment, carrier has high surface.Can be to obtain the mode synthetic vectors of this character.For example, the TiC powder can use plasma torch (plasma torch) or other plasma systems to synthesize.The volatility titanium compound is (like TiCl ₄) and fluid carbon compound (like hydrocarbon, for example methane) can flow in the plasma.Can control particle diameter through control like reaction conditions such as pressure, gas flow rate, reactant ratio and wall temperatures.Similarly, can use inflow wherein forming volatility carbonization thing (like methane) and volatility tungsten compound in the plasma of WC reaction (like WCl ₅) synthesize WC.In these two kinds of example scenario, can fine powder be collected in the trap that is arranged in effluent stream.

In one embodiment, reactor comprises fluid bed, and wherein liquid reactants can comprise the coating that is on the carrier.Can in a stage after reactant reaction forms the product that comprises mark hydrogen, solids be left.Separation can utilize cyclone separator (cyclone seperator) to carry out.Separate to make the metal vapors condensation, thereby to force some product generation back reactions to become at least a initial reaction thing again.The initial reaction mixture is reproduced, and is preferably regenerated by heat.

In one embodiment, the composite material K/KH Mg MgX of fusion ₂(X is a halide) comprises the coating on the TiC carrier, rather than as the existence mutually that separates.K also comprises steam, and its pressure is preferably higher in the power phase.Reactor preferably is higher than the required temperature (600 ℃ according to appointment～800 ℃) of regeneration in the temperature of power phase.In being equal to or higher than regeneration temperature makes reactant regeneration through the halide exchange reaction process, K is condensed and forms KH.Condensation can be carried out in about 100 ℃～400 ℃ temperature, wherein can have H ₂To form KH.For carrying out the K condensation at low temperature and carry out the halide exchange reaction at high temperature, reaction system can also comprise the separator that from steam, removes degranulation.This make can be in a part or chamber heated particle and in another part or chamber condensing steam.

In other execution modes, hot reversible reaction also comprises exchange reaction, preferably the exchange reaction between the material of two kinds of each self-contained at least a metallic atoms.Exchange can be carried out between the metal of the metal (like alkali metal) of catalyst and exchangeable object (like oxidant).Exchange also can be carried out between oxidant and reducing agent.The material of exchange can be an anion, like halide, hydride, oxide, sulfide, nitride, boride, carbide, silicide, arsenide, tellurides, phosphide, nitrate, sulfur hydrogen salt, carbonate, sulfate, disulfate, phosphate, hydrophosphate, dihydric phosphate, perchlorate, chromate, bichromate, cobalt oxide and other oxo anion and anion well known by persons skilled in the art.It is transition metal, tertiary system transition metal, noble metal, rare earth metal, Al, Ga, In, Sn, As, Se and Te that at least a in the exchangeable object can comprise alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, second.The anion that suitable quilt exchanges is halide, oxide, sulfide, nitride, phosphide and boride.The suitable metal that is used to exchange is alkali metal (preferred Na or K), alkaline-earth metal (preferred Mg or Ba) and rare earth metal (preferred Eu or Dy), and it is separately as metal or hydride.Exemplary catalyst reactant and exemplary exchange are reflected at hereinafter and provide.These reactions are not to be intended to carry out exhaustive, and other instances are known to those skilled in the art.

4g AC3-3+1g Mg+1.66g KH+2.5g DyI2, Ein:135.0kJ, dE:6.1kJ, TSC: do not have, Tmax:403 ℃, theoretical value is 1.89kJ, and gain is 3.22 times,

4g AC3-3+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.09g EuF3, Ein:185.1kJ, dE:8.0kJ, TSC: do not have, Tmax:463 ℃, theoretical value is 1.69kJ, and gain is 4.73 times,

KH 8.3gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+CrB ₂3.7gm, Ein:317kJ, dE:19kJ, no TSC and Tmax are about under 340 ℃, and theoretical energy is heat absorption 0.05kJ, and gaining is infinity,

0.70g TiB ₂, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g CA-III 300 active carbon powders (AC3-4) are used up.Energy gain is 5.1kJ, does not rise sharply but observe Chi Wen.The highest pond temperature is 431 ℃, and theoretical value is 0.

0.42g LiCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-4 are used up.Energy gain is 5.4kJ, does not rise sharply but observe Chi Wen.The highest pond temperature is 412 ℃, and theoretical value is 0, gains to be infinity.

1.21g RbCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-4, energy gain is 6.0kJ, does not rise sharply but observe Chi Wen.The highest pond temperature is 442 ℃, and theoretical value is 0.

4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+0.87g LiBr; Ein:146.0kJ; DE:6.24kJ; TSC: do not observe; Tmax:439 ℃, absorb heat in theory,

KH 8.3gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+YF ₃7.3gm; Ein:320kJ; DE:17kJ; No TSC and Tmax are about 340 ℃; Energy gain is about 4.5X (X is about 0.74kJ*5=3.7kJ),

NaH 5.0gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+BaBr ₂14.85gm (dry); Ein:328kJ; DE:16kJ; No TSC and Tmax are about 320 ℃; Energy gain 160X (X is about 0.02kJ*5=0.1kJ),

KH 8.3gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+BaCl ₂10.4gm; Ein:331kJ; DE:18kJ does not have TSC and Tmax is about 320 ℃.Energy gain is about 6.9X, and (X is about 0.52 * 5=2.6kJ)

NaH 5.0gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+MgI2 13.9gm; Ein:315kJ; DE:16kJ does not have TSC and Tmax is about 340 ℃.Energy gain is about 1.8X (X is about 1.75x5=8.75kJ)

4g AC3-2+1g Mg+1g NaH+0.97g ZnS; Ein:132.1kJ; DE:7.5kJ; TSC: do not have; Tmax:370 ℃, theoretical value is 1.4kJ, and gain is 5.33 times,

2.74g Y ₂S ₃, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g CA-III 300 active carbon powders (300 ℃ of dryings), energy gain is 5.2kJ, does not rise sharply but observe Chi Wen.The highest pond temperature is 444 ℃, and theoretical value is 0.41kJ, and gain is 12.64 times,

4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.82g Ca ₃P ₂Ein:133.0kJ; DE:5.8kJ; TSC: do not have; Tmax:407 ℃, absorb heat in theory, gaining is infinity.

20g AC3-5+5g Mg+8.3g KH+9.1g Ca3P2, Ein:282.1kJ, dE:18.1kJ, TSC: do not have, Tmax:320 ℃, absorb heat in theory, gaining is infinity.

In one embodiment, hot regenerative response system comprises:

(i) be selected from least a catalyst or the catalyst source of NaH and KH;

(ii) be selected from NaH, KH and MgH ₂At least a hydrogen source;

(iii) be selected from alkaline-earth halide (like BaBr ₂, BaCl ₂, BaI ₂, CaBr ₂, MgBr ₂Or MgI ₂), rare earth metal halide is (like EuBr ₂, EuBr ₃, EuF ₃, DyI ₂, LaF ₃Or GdF ₃), second or tertiary system transition metal halide (like YF ₃), metal boride is (like CrB ₂Or TiB ₂), alkali halide (like LiCl, RbCl or CsI), metal sulfide be (like Li ₂S, ZnS or Y ₂S ₃), metal oxide is (like Y ₂O ₃) and metal phosphide, nitride or arsenide (like alkaline-earth metal phosphide, nitride or arsenide, for example Ca ₃P ₂, Mg ₃N ₂And Mg ₃As ₂) at least a oxidant;

(iv) be selected from Mg and MgH ₂At least a reducing agent; With

(v) be selected from a kind of carrier of AC, TiC and WC.

Can carry out in the example system of heat regeneration at another, exchange at catalyst or catalyst source (like NaH or KH) and the alkaline-earth halide that can serve as oxidant (like BaBr ₂Or BaCl ₂) between carry out.Alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal are not miscible in any part.The fusing point of Ba and Mg is respectively 727 ℃ and 1090 ℃; Therefore the separation in the regenerative process is easy to realize.In addition, Mg and Ba are lower than about 32% intermetallic compound in temperature maintenance at about atom % that does not form Ba below 600 ℃ the time.BaCl ₂, MgCl ₂, BaBr ₂And MgBr ₂Generation heat be respectively-the 855.0kJ/ mole ,-the 641.3kJ/ mole ,-the 757.3kJ/ mole and-the 524.3kJ/ mole; Therefore ba halides is more favourable than magnesium halide.So hot regeneration can be by suitable reactant mixture (like KH or NaH Mg TiC and BaCl ₂Or BaBr ₂) realize that it forms alkali halide and alkaline earth metal hydride.Regeneration can realize in the following manner: add hot and evaporate alkali metal so that it is through being collected like means such as condensations.Catalyst can be by hydrogenation again.In one embodiment, alkali-metal removing driven the reaction that forms alkaline-earth halide again.In other execution modes, when being necessary, hydride can decompose through under vacuum, heating.Because MgH ₂327 ℃ of fusions, it is therefore preferable that also optionally removing liquid through fusion in case of necessity separates it with other products.

F. the auxiliary mark H-H reaction of absorbent, carrier or matrix

In another embodiment, exchange reaction is absorbed heat.In such execution mode, metallic compound can serve as the preferred vector that is used for the mark H-H reaction or matrix or be used to improve product absorbent at least a of mark H-H reaction speed.Exemplary catalyst reactant and exemplary carrier, matrix or absorbent provide hereinafter.These reactions are not to be intended to carry out exhaustive, and other instances are known to those skilled in the art.

4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+2.23g Mg ₃As ₂, Ein:139.0kJ, dE:6.5kJ, TSC: do not have, Tmax:393 ℃, absorb heat in theory, gaining is infinity.

20g AC3-5+5g Mg+8.3g KH+11.2g Mg ₃As ₂, Ein:298.6kJ, dE:21.8kJ, TSC: do not have, Tmax:315 ℃, absorb heat in theory, gaining is infinity.

1.01g Mg ₃N ₂, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-4 be in 1 " in heavy wall (heavy duty) pond, energy gain is 5.2kJ, does not rise sharply but observe Chi Wen.The highest pond temperature is 401 ℃, and theoretical value is 0, gains to be infinity.

0.41g AlN, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-5 are in 1 " in the heavy wall pond, energy gain is 4.9kJ, does not rise sharply but observe Chi Wen.The highest pond temperature is 407 ℃, absorbs heat in theory.

In one embodiment, hot regenerative response system comprise be selected from (i)～(at least two kinds of components v):

(i) be selected from NaH, KH and MgH ₂At least a catalyst or catalyst source;

(ii) be selected from least a hydrogen source of NaH and KH;

(iii) be selected from metal arsenide (like Mg ₃As ₂) and metal nitride (like Mg ₃N ₂Or AlN) at least a oxidant, matrix, second carrier or absorbent;

(iv) be selected from Mg and MgH ₂At least a reducing agent; With

(v) be selected from least a carrier of AC, TiC or WC.

D. liquid fuel: organic and fusion solvent system

Other execution modes comprise solid (like the salt of fusion) or the liquid flux that is contained in the fusion in the chamber 200.Can turn round the evaporating liquid solvent in the temperature that is higher than solvent boiling point through making the pond.Can be dissolved or suspended in the solvent like reactants such as catalyst, the reactant that perhaps forms catalyst and H can suspend or be dissolved in the solvent.The solvent of evaporation can serve as the gas that improves the speed of hydrogen catalyst reaction formation mark hydrogen with catalyst.The solid of fusion or the solvent of evaporation can be maintained through utilizing heater 230 heating.Reactant mixture can also comprise solid carrier, like the HSA material.Reaction can take place on the surface because of solid, liquid or the gas-solvent of fusion and the interaction of catalyst and hydrogen (like K or Li+H or NaH).In an execution mode that uses heterogeneous catalyst, the solvent of mixture can improve catalyst reaction speed.

In comprising the execution mode of hydrogen, can make H with the form that blasts bubble ₂Pass through solution.In another embodiment, the H that the pond pressurization is dissolved with raising ₂Concentration.In another embodiment, reactant is stirred, preferably about the boiling point of organic solvent with the fusing point of inorganic solvent about the temperature high-speed stirred.

The organic solvent reactant mixture can be heated, preferably about 26 ℃～400 ℃, more preferably in about 100 ℃～300 ℃ heating.It is the temperature of liquid and the temperature that is lower than the temperature that causes that the NaH molecule decomposes fully that the inorganic solvent mixture can be heated above solvent.

Solvent can comprise melt metal.Proper metal has low melting point, for example is Ga, In and Sn.In another embodiment, melt metal can be served as carrier, like conductive carrier.Reactant mixture can comprise at least three kinds in catalyst or catalyst source, hydrogen or hydrogen source, metal, reducing agent and the oxidant.Can be turned round in the pond, so that metal melting.In one embodiment, catalyst is selected from NaH or KH (it also serves as hydrogen source), and reducing agent is Mg, and oxidant is EuBr ₂, BaCl ₂, BaBr ₂, AlN, Ca ₃P ₂, Mg ₃N ₂, Mg ₃As ₂, MgI ₂, CrB ₂, TiB ₂, alkali halide, YF ₃, MgO, Ni ₂Si, Y ₂S ₃, Li ₂S, NiB, GdF ₃And Y ₂O ₃In a kind of.In another embodiment, oxidant is MnI ₂, SnI ₂, FeBr ₂, CoI ₂, NiBr ₂, a kind of among AgCl and the InCl.

A. organic solvent

Organic solvent can comprise can one or more following part, and said part can be modified to other solvents through adding functional group.Said part can comprise hydrocarbon (like alkane, cycloalkane, alkene, cycloolefin, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbon, heterocyclic hydrocarbon and combination thereof), ether, halogenated hydrocarbons (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, idohydrocarbon, preferred fluorohydrocarbon), amine, sulfide, nitrile, phosphamide (OP (N (CH for example ₃) ₂) ₃) and amino phosphine nitrile at least a.Said group can comprise amino; Cycloalkyl; Alkoxy carbonyl; Cyanic acid; Carbamyl; Contain C; O; N; The heterocycle of S; Sulfo group; The alkoxyl sulfonyl; Phosphono; Hydroxyl; Halogen; Alkoxyl; Alkyl hydrosulfide; Acyloxy; Aryl; Thiazolinyl; Aliphatic group; Acyl group; Carboxyl; Amino; Cyano alkoxy; Diazo; The carboxyalkyl formamido group; The thiazolinyl sulfenyl; The cyano alkoxy carbonyl; The carbamyl alkoxy carbonyl; Alkoxycarbonyl amino; The cyanic acid alkyl amino; Alkoxy carbonyl alkyl is amino; Alkylthio is amino; Alkyl sulfonamides alkyl amino; The oxygen base; Hydroxyalkyl; Carboxyalkyl carbonyl oxygen base; The cyanic acid alkyl; The carbonylic alkyl sulfenyl; Arylamino; Heteroaryl amino; Alkoxy carbonyl; Alkyl carbonyl oxy; Cyano alkoxy; The alkoxy carbonyl alkoxyl; The carbamyl alkoxyl; The carbamyl alkyl carbonyl oxy; Thio alkoxy; Nitro; Alkoxy aryl; Halogenated aryl; Aminoaryl; The alkyl amino aryl; Tolyl; Alkenyl aryl; The pi-allyl aryl; Thiazolinyl oxygen Ji Fangji; Pi-allyl oxygen Ji Fangji; Cyano-aryl; The carbamyl aryl; The carboxyl aryl; The alkoxy carbonyl aryl; Alkyl-carbonyl oxygen Ji Fangji; Thioaryl; The alkoxyl thioaryl; At least a in sulfonamides aryl and the nitro aryl.Preferably, said group comprises at least a in alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyl, cyanic acid, the heterocycle that contains C, O, N, S, sulfo group, phosphono, halogen, alkoxyl, alkyl sulfide alcohol radical, aryl, thiazolinyl, aliphatic group, acyl group, alkyl amino, thiazolinyl sulfenyl, arylamino, heteroaryl amino, halogenated aryl, aminoaryl, alkyl amino aryl, alkenyl aryl, pi-allyl aryl, thiazolinyl oxygen Ji Fangji, pi-allyl oxygen Ji Fangji and the cyano-aryl.

In an execution mode that comprises liquid flux, catalyst n aH is at least a in the component of reactant mixture, and is formed by reactant mixture.Reactant mixture can also comprise NaH, Na, NH ₃, NaNH ₂, Na ₂NH, Na ₃N, H ₂O, NaOH, NaX (X is an anion, is preferably halide), NaBH ₄, NaAlH ₄, Ni, Pt are black, Pd is black, R-Ni, the R-Ni that is doped with Na material (as among Na, NaOH and the NaH at least a), HSA carrier, absorbent, dispersant, hydrogen source be (like H ₂) and the group of hydrogen disassociation agent at least a.In other execution modes, replace Na with Li, K, Rb or Cs.In one embodiment, solvent has halogen functional group, preferred fluorine.Suitable reactant mixture comprises at least a in phenyl-hexafluoride and the octafluoro naphthalene, and it is added into catalyst (like NaH) and mixes with carrier (like active carbon), fluoropolymer or R-Ni.In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises from one or more materials in the group of Na, NaH, solvent (preferred fluorinated solvents) and HSA material.The suitable fluorinated solvents that is used to regenerate is CF ₄The suitable carrier or the HSA material that are used for fluorinated solvents and NaH catalyst are NaF.In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises NaH, CF at least ₄And NaF.Other fluorine class carriers or absorbent comprise M ₂SiF ₆(wherein M is alkali metal, for example Na ₂SiF ₆And K ₂SiF ₆), MSiF ₆(wherein M is alkaline-earth metal, for example MgSiF ₆), CaF ₃, PF ₅, MPF ₆(wherein M is an alkali metal), MHF ₂(wherein M is alkali metal, for example NaHF ₂And KHF ₂), K ₂TaF ₇, KBF ₄, K ₂MnF ₆And K ₂ZrF ₆, wherein, can consider other similar compounds, for example have a substituted compound of another kind of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal (as with among Li, Na or the K a kind of) as alkali metal.

B. inorganic solvent

In another embodiment, reactant mixture comprises at least a inorganic solvent.This solvent can comprise the inorganic compound of fusion in addition, like the salt of fusion.Inorganic solvent can be the NaOH of fusion.In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises catalyst, hydrogen source and is used for the inorganic solvent of this catalyst.Catalyst can be at least a among NaH molecule, Li and the K.Solvent can be the salt or the eutectic of fusion or fusion, for example at least a in the salt of the fusion of the group of alkali halide and alkaline-earth halide.The inorganic solvent of NaH catalyst reaction mixture can comprise the low melt eutectic of the mixture of alkali halide (like NaCl and KCl).Solvent can be a low melting point salt, preferred Na salt, for example NaI (660 ℃), NaAlCl ₄(160 ℃), NaAlF ₄With as the NaMX with metal halide more stable than NaX ₄At least a in the similar compound of (wherein M is a metal, and X is a halide).Reactant mixture can also comprise like carriers such as R-Ni.

The inorganic solvent of Li catalyst reaction mixture can comprise the low melt eutectic of the mixture of alkali halide (like LiCl and KCl).The salt solvent of fusion can comprise the stable fluorine kind solvent to NaH.LaF ₃Fusing point be 1493 ℃, and the fusing point of NaF is 996 ℃.Mixture (having other fluorides alternatively) with the proper proportion ball milling comprises stable and preferred fluoride-salt solvent 600 ℃～700 ℃ of fusions to NaH.In the execution mode of the salt of a fusion, reactant mixture comprises NaH+ salt mixture (like MP=454 ℃ of NaF-KF-LiF (11.5-42.0-46.5)) or NaH+ salt mixture (like MP=492 ℃ of LiF-KF (52%-48%)).

V. regenerative system and reaction

Sketch map according to the system that is used for recirculation or generative fuel of the present invention is as shown in Figure 4.In one embodiment, the accessory substance of mark H-H reaction comprises metal halide MX, preferred NaX or KX.Then, fuel recycle device 18 (Fig. 4) comprises the separator 21 that inorganic compound such as NaX are separated from carrier.In one embodiment, separator or its assembly comprise screening machine (shifter) or the cyclone separator 22 that the density contrast based on material separates.Another separator or its assembly comprise magnetic separator 23, and wherein magnetic-particle (like nickel or iron) is through the magnet sucking-off, and nonmagnetic substance (like MX) then flows and passes through separator.In another embodiment; Separator or its assembly comprise dissolving of otherness product or suspension system 24; Can be thereby this system comprises with at least a component can separate than dissolving of the much bigger degree of another kind of component or the mixed solvent washing lotion 25 that suspends; And all right inclusion compound recovery system 26 of said separator or its assembly is like solvent evaporation device 27 and compound gatherer 28.As other a kind of selection, recovery system comprises settling vessel 29 and compound drier and gatherer 30.In one embodiment, the used heat from turbine that shows among Fig. 4 14 and water condenser 16 is used at least one (Fig. 4) in heating fumigators 27 and the drier 30.The heat that is used for any other stage of recirculator 18 (Fig. 4) all possibly comprise used heat.

Fuel recovery device 18 (Fig. 4) also comprises electrolysis tank 31, and it is metal and halogen gas or other halogenated product or halide product with the MX electrolysis of reclaiming.In one embodiment, electrolysis occurs in the energy response device 36, preferably carries out electrolysis by fused mass (like the eutectic fused mass).Separately collect the gas and the metallic product of electrolysis respectively at high volatile volatile gas collector 32 places and metal collectors 33 places, in the situation of metal mixture, metal collectors 33 can also comprise metal distiller or separator 34.If initial reactant is a hydride; Then metal is by hydrogenation reactor 35 hydrogenations, said hydrogenation reactor 35 comprise pressure can less than, greater than with entrance and exit 37, hydrogen inlet 38 and valve 39 thereof, hydrogen supply source 40, gas vent 41 and valve 42 thereof, pump 43, heater 44 and the pressure and temperature meter 45 of the pond that equals atmospheric pressure 36, metal and hydride.In one embodiment, hydrogen supply source 40 comprises the water electrolyser with hydrogen and oxygen separator.The metallic product of separating in halogenation reactor 46 by halogenation at least in part, halogenation reactor 46 comprise pressure can less than, greater than with the pond that equals atmospheric pressure 47, carbon inlet and halogenated products outlet 48, fluorine gas inlet 49 and valve 50, halogen gas supply source 51, gas vent 52 and valve 53 thereof, pump 54, heater 55 and pressure and temperature meter 56.Preferably, reactor also contains catalyst and other reactants, its can cause metal 57 become have desired oxidation state and stoichiometric proportion halide as product.At least two kinds in metal or metal hydride, metal halide, carrier and other initial reactants are recycled to boiler 10 and generate circulation to be used for another power after the mixing in blender 58.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, Mg, MnI ₂With carrier, active carbon, WC or TiC.In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through MnI ₂The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

2KH+MnI ₂→2KI+Mn+H ₂ (106)

Mg+MnI ₂→MgI ₂+Mn (107)

KI and MgI ₂Can by the salt electrolysis of fusion I ₂, K and Mg.Fusion electrolysis can utilize the downs cell of downs cell (Downs cell) or transformation to carry out.Can be beneficial to mechanical separator separates Mn with optional sieve.Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂Can through fusion with pass through Solid-Liquid Separation and separate.The iodide that are used for electrolysis can be from the washing lotion of using appropriate solvent (like the deoxidation air water) flushing product gained.Can filter this solution to remove carrier (like AC) and optional transition metal.Solid can be by centrifugation and dry, and the used heat that preferably is used to the ultromotivity system carries out.As other a kind of selection, halide can separate through Solid-Liquid Separation is carried out in its fusion subsequently.In another embodiment, lighter AC can be at first through separating with other product like methods such as cyclonic separation.K and Mg are immiscible, can use H ₂Gas is (preferably from H ₂The electrolysis of O) makes metal (like the K) hydrogenation of separation.Metal iodide can be through utilizing the metal that separates or utilizing the known response of the metal that does not separate with AC to form.In one embodiment, Mn and HI reaction forms MnI ₂And H ₂, H ₂Recirculation and and I ₂Reaction forms HI.In other execution modes, utilize other metals (preferred transition metal) to replace Mn.Another kind of reducing agent (like Al) can replace Mg.Another kind of halide, preferred chloride can replace iodide.LiH, KH, RbH or CsH can replace NaH.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, Mg, AgCl and carrier, active carbon.In one embodiment, the source of exothermic reaction is the oxidation reaction through the metal hydride of AgCl, as

KH+AgCl→KCl+Ag+1/2H ₂ (108)

Mg+2AgCl→MgCl ₂+2Ag (109)

KCl and MgCl ₂Can by the salt electrolysis of fusion Cl ₂, K and Mg.Fusion electrolysis can utilize the downs cell of downs cell or transformation to carry out.Can utilize mechanical separator Ag to be separated with optional sieve.Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂Can through fusion with pass through Solid-Liquid Separation and separate.The chloride that is used for electrolysis can be from the washing lotion of using appropriate solvent (like the deoxidation air water) flushing product gained.Can filter this solution to remove carrier (like AC) and optional Ag metal.Solid can be by centrifugation and dry, and the used heat that preferably is used to the ultromotivity system carries out.As other a kind of selection, halide can separate through Solid-Liquid Separation is carried out in its fusion subsequently.In another embodiment, lighter AC can be at first through separating with other product like methods such as cyclonic separation.K and Mg are immiscible, can use H ₂Gas is (preferably from H ₂The electrolysis of O) makes metal (like the K) hydrogenation of separation.Metal chloride can be through utilizing the metal that separates or utilizing the known response of the metal that does not separate with AC to form.In one embodiment, Ag and Cl ₂Reaction forms AgCl and H ₂, H ₂Recirculation and and I ₂Reaction forms HI.In other execution modes, utilize other metals (preferred transition metal or In) to replace Ag.Another kind of reducing agent (like Al) can replace Mg.Another kind of halide, preferred chloride can replace iodide.LiH, KH, RbH or CsH can replace NaH.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture is regenerated by the mark hydroformylation reaction product.In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, the solid fuel reactant mixture comprises KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH ₂And alkaline-earth halide is (like BaBr ₂) and carrier (active carbon, WC or preferred TiC).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through BaBr ₂Metal hydride or the oxidation reaction of metal, as

2KH+Mg+BaBr ₂→2KBr+Ba+MgH ₂ (110)

2NaH+Mg+BaBr ₂→2NaBr+Ba+MgH ₂ (111)

Ba, magnesium, MgH ₂, NaBr and KBr fusing point be respectively 727 ℃, 650 ℃, 327 ℃, 747 ℃ and 734 ℃.Therefore, through keeping MgH ₂With add H alternatively ₂(preferably with MgH ₂Fusion), and liquid separated with mixture of reaction products, can be with MgH ₂Separate with any Ba-Mg intermetallic compound with barium.Optional is that it can be Mg by thermal decomposition.Then, can residual product be added into electrolyzing fused thing.Solid carrier and Ba deposition are to form preferred separable layer.As other a kind of selection, Ba can be through fusion as fluid separation applications.Then, can electrolysis NaBr or KBr to form alkali metal and Br ₂The latter and Ba reaction form BaBr ₂As other a kind of selection, Ba is an anode, and BaBr ₂Directly in anodic compartment, form.Alkali metal can hydrogenation after electrolysis, perhaps through in the negative electrode compartment, blasting H ₂Come in the negative electrode compartment, to form in the process of electrolysis.Then, MgH ₂Or Mg, NaH or KH, BaBr ₂Return reactant mixture with carrier.In other execution modes, use another kind of alkaline-earth halide (like BaI ₂, MgF ₂, SrCl ₂, CaCl ₂Or CaBr ₂) replacement BaBr ₂

In another embodiment, owing to have less capacity volume variance between reactant and the product, so regenerative response need not electrolysis and can take place.The reaction that equation (110-111) provides can reverse like conditions such as temperature or hydrogen pressures through changing.As other a kind of selection, can with fusion or volatile materials (like K or Na) selectivity remove, carry out to opposite direction to drive reaction, so that reactant regeneration or can further react and be added back in the pond material with formation initial reaction mixture.In another embodiment, volatile materials can continuous backflow, to keep the reversible reaction between catalyst or catalyst source (like NaH, KH, Na or K) and the initial oxidant (like alkaline-earth halide or rare earth metal halide).In one embodiment, backflow uses distiller (distiller 34 as shown in Figure 4) to realize.Distiller comprises the tube core or the capillary system of the drop that forms volatile materials (like K or otheralkali metal).Drop can drop down onto in the reative cell through gravity.Tube core or capillary can be similar to the tube core or the capillary of motlten metal heat pipe, and perhaps distiller can comprise the motlten metal heat pipe.Heat pipe can make volatile materials (like metal, for example K) be back to reactant mixture through tube core.In another embodiment, can form hydride on surface or the structure and its machinery is wiped collecting.Hydride can fall to being back in the reactant mixture through gravity.Return supply can be continuously or batch (-type) carry out.In this embodiment, the pond can be level and have vapor space along the trunnion axis in pond, and condenser portion can be positioned at the end in pond.Be present in the volatile materials (like K) in the pond amount can for stoichiometric proportions such as the metal of oxidant is about or less so that when volatile materials was carried in the pond, its restriction caused the formation of oxidant in the back reaction.Can under controlled optimum pressure, hydrogen be supplied to the pond.Hydrogen can be blasted reactant mixture to increase its pressure.Hydrogen can flow through material to keep desired hydrogen pressure.Can remove the heat of condensation portion through heat exchanger.Hot transmission can be carried out through the boiling of cooling agent (like water).Boiling can be a nucleate boiling, to improve heat transfer speed.

Comprise in the execution mode of the reactant mixture that surpasses a kind of volatile materials (like metal) at another, each material can evaporate or distil is gaseous state and condensation.Based on the difference of the relation of vapour pressure between the material and temperature, each material can be in the zones of different condensation.Each material can further react with other reactants (like hydrogen), perhaps directly is back to reactant mixture.The reactant mixture that merges can comprise the initial reaction mixture of regeneration to form mark hydrogen.Reactant mixture can comprise at least two kinds of materials in the group of catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidant, reducing agent and carrier.Carrier also can comprise oxidant.Carbon or carbide are this type of suitable carriers.Oxidant can comprise alkaline-earth metal (like Mg), and catalyst and H source can comprise KH.K and Mg can heat volatilizes, and as band and the condensation of separation.K can be through using H ₂Handle and be hydrogenated and be KH, and KH can be back to reactant mixture.As other a kind of selection, K is returned, form KH with H-H reaction then.Mg can directly be back to reactant mixture.Through when forming mark hydrogen and produce power, product can be continuously or is regenerated off and on and be back to initial reactant.The corresponding H that is consumed is replenished to keep power output.

In another embodiment, can change like reaction conditions such as temperature or hydrogen pressures so that the reaction reverse.In this case, react initial forward and carry out, to form mark hydrogen and reactant mixture product.Then, the product except that low energy hydrogen is converted into initial reactant.This can carry out through following mode: change reaction condition, and add possibly or remove and initial those products that use or form or reactant perhaps other products or reactant of the similar product of part or reactant at least.Therefore, forward reaction and regenerative response carry out with the circulation that replaces.Can add hydrogen to replenish the hydrogen that mark hydrogen is consumed in forming.In another embodiment, reaction condition (like the temperature that raises) is kept, and wherein reversible reaction is optimised, makes forward reaction and back reaction all take place with the mode that can obtain desired, preferred the highest mark hydrogen formation speed.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, the solid fuel reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, Mg, FeBr ₂And carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through FeBr ₂The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

2NaH+FeBr ₂→2NaBr+Fe+H ₂ (112)

Mg+FeBr ₂→MgBr ₂+Fe (113)

NaBr and MgBr ₂Can by the salt electrolysis of fusion Br ₂, Na and Mg.Fusion electrolysis can utilize the downs cell of downs cell or transformation to carry out.Fe is ferromagnetic and can be beneficial to mechanical separator and optional sieve comes Magnetic Isolation.In another embodiment, ferromagnetic Ni can replace Fe.Unreacted Mg or MgH ₂Can through fusion with pass through Solid-Liquid Separation and separate.The bromide that is used for electrolysis can be from the washing lotion of using appropriate solvent (like the deoxidation air water) flushing product gained.Can filter this solution to remove carrier (like AC) and optional transition metal.Solid can be by centrifugation and dry, and the used heat that preferably is used to the ultromotivity system carries out.As other a kind of selection, halide can separate through Solid-Liquid Separation is carried out in its fusion subsequently.In another embodiment, lighter AC can be at first through separating with other product like methods such as cyclonic separation.Na and Mg are immiscible, can use H ₂Gas is (preferably from H ₂The electrolysis of O) makes metal (like the Na) hydrogenation of separation.Metal bromide can be through utilizing the metal that separates or utilizing the known response of the metal that does not separate with AC to form.In one embodiment, Fe and HBr reaction forms FeBr ₂And H ₂, H ₂Recirculation and and Br ₂Reaction forms HBr.In other execution modes, utilize other metals (preferred transition metal) to replace Fe.Another kind of reducing agent (like Al) can replace Mg.Another kind of halide, preferred chloride can replace bromide.LiH, KH, RbH or CsH can replace NaH.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, the solid fuel reactant mixture comprises KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH ₂, SnBr ₂And carrier (active carbon, WC or TiC).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through SnBr ₂Metal hydride or the oxidation reaction of metal, as

2KH+SnBr ₂→2KBr+Sn+H ₂ (114)

2NaH+SnBr ₂→2NaBr+Sn+H ₂ (115)

Mg+SnBr ₂→MgBr ₂+Sn (116)

Tin, magnesium, MgH ₂, NaBr and KBr fusing point be respectively 119 ℃, 650 ℃, 327 ℃, 747 ℃ and 734 ℃.Tin-magnesium alloy will be when being higher than certain temperature (as 400 ℃) Mg of the about 5 weight % of fusion, given like its alloy phase diagram.In one embodiment, tin separates with halide with carrier with magnesium metal and alloy in the following manner: motlten metal is with alloy and separate liquid phase and solid phase.Alloy can with H ₂Forming MgH ₂The thermotonus of solid and tin metal.Can separate solid phase and liquid phase so that MgH to be provided ₂And tin.MgH ₂Can thermal decomposition be Mg and H ₂As other a kind of selection, optionally unreacted Mg and any Sn-Mg alloy are being converted into solid MgH ₂With the temperature of liquid tin, can be with H ₂Original position is added into product.Tin can being selected property be removed.Then, can be with MgH ₂Heating is also removed as liquid.Next, can through as following method from carrier, remove halide: (1) is with their fusions and be separated, and (2) are based on the cyclonic separation (wherein preferred closely knit carrier is like WC) of density contrast, or screen based on its size difference (3).As other a kind of selection, can halide be dissolved in the appropriate solvent, and through separating liquid phase and solid phase like methods such as filtrations.Can be with liquid evaporation, can be Na or K and possible Mg metal (unmixing and separate separately) by the fused mass electrolysis with halide then.In another embodiment, K forms through the halid reduction that utilizes the Na metal, and said Na metal is regenerated through the electrolysis of sodium halide (preferably with mark hydrogen reactor in the identical halide of formed halide).In addition, collect halogen gas (like Br from electrolyzing fused thing ₂), and form SnBr with the Sn reaction of isolating ₂, SnBr ₂With NaH or KH and Mg or MgH ₂Recirculation is to be used for another circulation of mark H-H reaction together, and wherein hydride is through using H ₂Gas hydrogenation and forming.In one embodiment, formed HBr, and formed SnBr with the Sn reaction ₂HBr can pass through Br ₂With H ₂Reaction form, perhaps through blasting H ₂And the formation in the anode place (it has the advantage that reduces the electrolysis ability) in electrolytic process.In another embodiment, use another kind of metal (preferred transition metal) to replace Sn, and another kind of halide (like I) can replace Br.

In another embodiment, in initial step, all product and HBr reactant aqueous solution, and with this solution concentration with from MgBr ₂Be settled out SnBr in the KBr solution ₂Can other appropriate solvent and separation method be used to separate this salt.Then with MgBr ₂With the KBr electrolysis be Mg and K.As other a kind of selection, utilize mechanical or pass through the selective solvent method at first with Mg or MgH ₂Remove, thereby only need the KBr electrolysis.In one embodiment, Sn as fused mass from solid MgH ₂In remove MgH ₂Can be through in mark H-H reaction process or add H afterwards ₂And form.Then with MgH ₂Or Mg, KBr and carrier are added in the electrolyzing fused thing.Carrier sinks to crystallizing field because of its big particle diameter.MgH ₂Separate with KBr formation partial melting thing and based on density.Mg and K unmixing, and K also forms independent phase, makes Mg and K be separated collection.Anode can be Sn, thus K, Mg and SnBr ₂Be electrolysate.Anode can be a liquid tin, perhaps can liquid tin can be injected on the anode with bromine reaction and form SnBr ₂In this case, the energy gap of regeneration is the compound energy gap and relative value corresponding to the higher element energy gap of the element product of two electrode.In another embodiment, reactant comprises KH, carrier and SnI ₂Or SnBr ₂Sn can be used as liquid and removes, and all the other products (like KX) and carrier may be added in the electrolyzing fused thing, and wherein carrier separates based on density.In this case, preferred closely knit carrier is like WC.

Reactant can comprise oxygen compound, to form oxide products, like oxide and reducing agent (Mg, the MgH of catalyst or catalyst source (like NaH, Li or K) ₂, Al, Ti, B, Zr or La) oxide.In one embodiment, reactant can be through regenerating oxide and acid (like halogen acids, preferred HCl) reaction to form corresponding halide (like chloride).In one embodiment, the carbonizable substance of oxidation (like carbonate, bicarbonate, carboxylic acid), carboxylic acid material (like oxalic acid or oxalates) can be by metal or metal hydride reduction.Preferably, Li, K, Na, LiH, KH, NaH, Al, Mg and MgH ₂In at least a with comprise the substance reaction of carbon and oxygen and form the respective metal oxide or hydroxide and carbon.Each respective metal can be regenerated through electrolysis.Electrolysis can use the salt (like the fuse salt of eutectic mixture) of fusion to carry out.Halogen gas electrolysate (like chlorine) can be used to form the corresponding acid (like HCl) as the part of regeneration cycle.Halogen acids HX can be through with halogen gas and hydrogen reaction with form through hydrogen halide is dissolved in the water alternatively.Preferably, hydrogen forms through brine electrolysis.Oxygen can be the reactant of mark hydroformylation reaction mixture, perhaps can react to form the oxygen source of mark hydroformylation reaction mixture.The step of oxide mark hydroformylation reaction product and acid reaction can be comprised the solution that uses acid flushing product to comprise slaine with formation.In one embodiment, mark hydroformylation reaction mixture and corresponding product mixtures comprise carrier, like carbon, and preferred active carbon.Metal oxide can be through being dissolved in the aqueous acid and and carrier separating.Therefore, can use acid flushing product, and can further filter component with separate reacted mixture.Water can utilize the heat used heat of dynamical system (preferably from) to remove through evaporation, and can salt (like metal chloride) be added in the electrolysis mixture to form metal and halogen gas.In one embodiment, methane or hydrocarbon products can be restructured as hydrogen and optional carbon or carbon dioxide.As other a kind of selection, methane is separated from gaseous product mixture and as commodity selling.In another embodiment, through methods known in the art (like fischer-tropsch reaction), can make methane form other hydrocarbon products.Through interpolation interference gas (like inert gas) with through keeping unfavorable conditions (like hydrogen pressure or the temperature that reduces) can suppress the formation of methane.

In another embodiment, metal oxide is by the direct electrolysis of eutectic mixture.Oxide (like MgO) can form hydroxide (like Mg (OH) with the water reaction ₂).In one embodiment, hydroxide is reduced.Reducing agent can be alkali metal or hydride, like Na or NaH.Product hydroxide can be used as the salt of fusion by directly electrolysis.Mark hydroformylation reaction product (like alkali metal hydroxide) also can be as commodity and the corresponding halide of acquisition.Halide can be halogen gas and metal by electrolysis then.Halogen gas can be used as commercial industrial gasses.Can use preferably hydrogen from brine electrolysis with metal hydride, and be supplied in the reactor a part as the mark hydroformylation reaction mixture.

The method and system that utilizes those skilled in the art to know, reducing agent (like alkali metal) can be by comprising respective compound (preferred NaOH or Na ₂O) product regeneration.A kind of method is included in the mixture (like eutectic mixture) carries out electrolysis.In another embodiment, the reducing agent product can comprise at least a oxide, like reducing agent metal oxide (for example MgO).Hydroxide or oxide can be dissolved in the weak acid (like hydrochloric acid) to form corresponding salt, like NaCl or MgCl ₂The processing of using acid to carry out also can be an anhydrous response.These gases can be vaporized in low pressure.Can use product reducing agent (like alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal) to handle salt to form initial reducing agent.In one embodiment, second reducing agent is an alkaline-earth metal, preferred Ca, wherein NaCl or MgCl ₂Be reduced to Na or Mg metal.Additional product CaCl ₃Be recovered and recirculation.In another embodiment, use H at high temperature ₂Reduced oxide.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, O ₂And carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through O ₂The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

MgH ₂+O ₂→Mg(OH) ₂ (117)

MgH ₂+1.5O ₂+C→MgCO ₃+H ₂ (118)

NaH+3/2O ₂+C→NaHCO ₃ (119)

2NaH+O ₂→2NaOH (120)

Any MgO product can through with the water reaction conversion be hydroxide

MgO+H ₂O→Mg(OH) ₂ (121)

Sodium or magnesium carbonate, bicarbonate and comprise carbon and other materials of oxygen can reduce with Na or NaH:

NaH+Na ₂CO ₃→3NaOH+C+1/H ₂ (122)

NaH+1/3MgCO ₃→NaOH+1/3C+1/3Mg (123)

Can use Na or NaH with Mg (OH) ₂Be reduced to Mg:

2Na+Mg(OH) ₂→2NaOH+Mg (124)

Then, NaOH can be Na metal and NaH and O by electrolysis directly by fused mass ₂Can adopt Castner Process.The suitable negative electrode and the anode that are used for alkaline solution are nickel.Anode also can be carbon, noble metal (like Pt), carrier (as be coated with noble metal (like Pt) Ti), or the anode of fixed size.In another embodiment, through reacting with NaCl, NaOH is converted into NaCl, wherein NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl ₂Can with the H from water electrolysis ₂Reaction is to form HCl.The electrolysis of the NaCl of fusion can utilize the downs cell of downs cell or transformation to carry out.As other a kind of selection, HCl can produce through chloric alkali electrolysis.The NaCl aqueous solution that is used for this electrolysis can be from the washing lotion of using HCl aqueous solution flushing product.Can filter this solution removing carrier (like AC), and can centrifugalize and dry this carrier, preferably use used heat to carry out from dynamical system.

In one embodiment, reactions step comprises: (1) use HCl aqueous solution flushing product with from as materials such as hydroxide, oxide and carbonate formation metal chloride, (2) utilize water gas shift reaction and the fischer-tropsch reaction CO with any generation ₂Pass through H ₂Reduction and be converted into water and C, wherein carbon is recycled as carrier in the step 10 and water and can be used in the step 1,4 or 5, and filter and dry support (like AC) (3), the wherein dry step that can comprise centrifugation, (4) are H with water electrolysis ₂And O ₂To be supplied to step 8～10, (5) form H by the electrolysis of the NaCl aqueous solution alternatively ₂With HCl being supplied to step 1 and 9, separate and dry metal chloride (6), (7) are metal and chlorine with the fused mass electrolysis of metal chloride, Cl is passed through in (8) ₂With H ₂Reaction form HCl to be supplied to step 1, (9) are through making any metal hydride utilize the O that adds from step 4 to form corresponding initial reactant and (10) with H-H reaction ₂Perhaps use from the O that separates from atmosphere ₂Form initial reaction mixture.

In another embodiment, at least a in magnesia and the magnesium hydroxide is Mg and O by the fused mass electrolysis ₂Fused mass can be the NaOH fused mass, and wherein Na also can be by electrolysis.In one embodiment, oxycarbide (like carbonate and bicarbonate) can be decomposed into CO and CO ₂In at least a, can they be added in the reactant mixture as oxygen source.As other a kind of selection, the oxycarbide material is (like CO ₂And CO) can be carbon and water by hydrogen reduction.CO ₂Can be reduced through water-gas shift reaction and fischer-tropsch reaction with CO.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, CF ₄And carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through CF ₄The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

2MgH ₂+CF ₄→C+2MgF ₂+2H ₂ (125)

2MgH ₂+CF ₄→CH ₄+2MgF ₂ (126)

4NaH+CF ₄→C+4NaF+2H ₂ (127)

4NaH+CF ₄→CH ₄+4NaF (128)

NaF and MgF ₂Can be F by the fusion electrolysis of the extra HF of comprising of possibility ₂, Na and Mg.Na and Mg are immiscible, can use H ₂Gas is (preferably from H ₂The electrolysis of O) makes the metal hydride of separation.F ₂Gas can with carbon and any CH ₄Reaction is so that CF ₄Regeneration.Select and preferably, the anode of electrolytic cell comprises carbon as another kind, and holding current and electrolytic condition are so that CF ₄Be the anode electrolysis product.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, P ₂O ₅(P ₄O ₁₀) and carrier, active carbon.In one embodiment, the source of exothermic reaction is for passing through P ₂O ₅The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

5MgH ₂+P ₂O ₅→5MgO+2P+5H ₂ (129)

5NaH+P ₂O ₅→5NaOH+2P (130)

Phosphorus can pass through at O ₂Middle burning is converted into P ₂O ₅

2P+2.5O ₂→P ₂O ₅ (131)

The MgO product can through with the water reaction conversion be hydroxide

MgO+H ₂O→Mg(OH) ₂ (132)

Can use Na or NaH with Mg (OH) ₂Be reduced to Mg:

2Na+Mg(OH) ₂→2NaOH+Mg (133)

Then, NaOH can be Na metal and NaH and O by electrolysis directly by fused mass ₂, perhaps can through with the HCl reaction conversion be NaCl, NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl wherein ₂Can with the H from water electrolysis ₂Reaction is to form HCl.In one embodiment, metal (like Na and Mg) through with preferably from the H of brine electrolysis ₂Reaction can be converted into corresponding hydride.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, the solid fuel reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, NaNO ₃With carrier, active carbon.In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through NaNO ₃The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

NaNO ₃+NaH+C→Na ₂CO ₃+1/2N ₂+1/2H ₂ (134)

NaNO ₃+1/2H ₂+2NaH→3NaOH+1/2N ₂ (135)

NaNO ₃+3MgH ₂→3MgO+NaH+1/2N ₂+5/2H ₂ (136)

Sodium or magnesium carbonate, bicarbonate and comprise carbon and other materials of oxygen can reduce with Na or NaH:

NaH+Na ₂CO ₃→3NaOH+C+1/H ₂ (137)

NaH+1/3MgCO ₃→NaOH+1/3C+1/3Mg (138)

Carbonate also can be decomposed into hydroxide and CO by aqueous medium ₂

Na ₂CO ₃+H ₂O→2NaOH+CO ₂ (139)

Utilize water gas shift reaction and fischer-tropsch reaction, the CO that is produced ₂Can pass through H ₂Reducing and reacting is water and C

CO ₂+H ₂→CO+H ₂O (140)

CO+H ₂→C+H ₂O (141)

The MgO product can through with the water reaction conversion be hydroxide

MgO+H ₂O→Mg(OH) ₂ (142)

Can use Na or NaH with Mg (OH) ₂Be reduced to Mg:

2Na+Mg(OH) ₂→2NaOH+Mg (143)

Alkali nitrates can utilize method known to those skilled in the art regeneration.In one embodiment, NO ₂Can be through generating like the known commercial runs such as ostwald process that reach subsequently through aber process.In one embodiment, exemplary sequence of steps is:

Particularly, aber process can be used for utilizing like the catalyst such as some oxide that contain α-iron at higher temperature and pressure by N ₂And H ₂Produce NH ₃It is NO with ammoxidation that ostwald process is used in like catalyst places such as hot platinum or platinum-rhodium catalysts ₂Heat can be the used heat from dynamical system.NO ₂Can be dissolved in the water to form nitric acid, nitric acid and NaOH, Na ₂CO ₃Or NaHCO ₃Reaction is to form sodium nitrate.Then, residual NaOH can be Na metal and NaH and O by electrolysis directly by fused mass ₂, perhaps can through with the HCl reaction conversion be NaCl, NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl wherein ₂Can with the H from water electrolysis ₂Reaction is to form HCl.In one embodiment, metal (like Na and Mg) through with preferably from the H of brine electrolysis ₂Reaction can be converted into corresponding hydride.In other execution modes, use Li and K to replace Na.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, SF ₆And carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through SF ₆The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

4MgH ₂+SF ₆→3MgF ₂+4H ₂+MgS (145)

7NaH+SF ₆→6NaF+3H ₂+NaHS (146)

NaF and MgF ₂And sulfide can be Na and Mg by fusion electrolysis that can the extra HF of comprising.The fluorine water electrolytic gas can react the SF that can dynamically remove to form with sulfide ₆Gas.SF ₆With F ₂Separation can separate or use and carry out through means known in the art, for example low temperature distillation (cryo-distillation), film like the chromatography of media such as molecular sieve.NaHS is 350 ℃ of fusions, and can be the part of the electrolysis mixture of fusion.Any MgS product can form NaHS with the Na reaction, and wherein reaction can original position take place in electrolytic process.S and metal can be the products that forms in the electrolytic process.As other a kind of selection, metal can so that form more stable fluoride, perhaps can add F on a small quantity ₂To form fluoride.

3MgH ₂+SF ₆→3MgF ₂+3H ₂+S (147)

6NaH+SF ₆→6NaF+3H ₂+S (148)

NaF and MgF ₂Can be F by fusion electrolysis that can the extra HF of comprising ₂, Na and Mg.Na and Mg are immiscible, can use H ₂(preferred addition is from H for gas ₂The electrolysis of O) makes the metal hydride of separation.F ₂Gas can be with reaction of Salmon-Saxl so that SF ₆Regeneration.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, NF ₃And carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through NF ₃The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

3MgH ₂+2NF ₃→3MgF ₂+3H ₂+N ₂ (149)

6MgH ₂+2NF ₃→3MgF ₂+Mg ₃N ₂+6H ₂ (150)

3NaH+NF ₃→3NaF+1/2N ₂+1.5H ₂ (151)

NaF and MgF ₂Can by the salt electrolysis of the fusion that can comprise HF in addition F ₂, Na and Mg.Mg ₃N ₂To MgF ₂Conversion can in fused mass, take place.Na and Mg are immiscible, can use H ₂Gas is (preferably from H ₂The electrolysis of O) makes the metal hydride of separation.F ₂Gas can with NH ₃Preferably in the reactor that copper is filled, react to form NF ₃Ammonia can be produced by aber process.As other a kind of selection, NF ₃Can pass through NH ₄The electrolysis of F in anhydrous HF forms.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, the solid fuel reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, Na ₂S ₂O ₈And carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through Na ₂S ₂O ₈The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

8MgH ₂+Na ₂S ₂O ₈→2MgS+2NaOH+6MgO+6H ₂ (152)

7MgH ₂+Na ₂S ₂O ₈+C→2MgS+Na ₂CO ₃+5MgO+7H ₂ (153)

10NaH+Na ₂S ₂O ₈→2Na ₂S+8NaOH+H ₂ (154)

9NaH+Na ₂S ₂O ₈+C→2Na ₂S+Na ₂CO ₃+5NaOH+2H ₂ (155)

Any MgO product can through with the water reaction conversion be hydroxide

MgO+H ₂O→Mg(OH) ₂ (156)

The carbonate of sodium or magnesium, bicarbonate and comprise carbon and other materials of oxygen can reduce with Na or NaH:

NaH+Na ₂CO ₃→3NaOH+C+1/H ₂ (157)

NaH+1/3MgCO ₃→NaOH+1/3C+1/3Mg (158)

MgS can burn in oxygen, and hydrolysis exchange with formation sodium sulphate with Na, and electrolysis is Na ₂S ₂O ₈

2MgS+10H ₂O+2NaOH→Na ₂S ₂O ₈+2Mg(OH) ₂+9H ₂ (159)

Na ₂S can burn in oxygen, is hydrolyzed to sodium sulphate, and electrolysis is to form Na ₂s ₂O ₈

2Na ₂S+10H ₂O→Na ₂S ₂O ₈+2NaOH+9H ₂ (160)

Can use Na or NaH with Mg (OH) ₂Be reduced to Mg:

2Na+Mg(OH) ₂→2NaOH+Mg (161)

Then, NaOH can be Na metal and NaH and O by electrolysis directly by fused mass ₂, perhaps can through with the HCl reaction conversion be NaCl, NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl wherein ₂Can with the H from water electrolysis ₂Reaction is to form HCl.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, the solid fuel reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, S and carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation reaction through the metal hydride of S, as

MgH ₂+S→MgS+H ₂ (162)

2NaH+S→Na ₂S+H ₂ (163)

Magnesium sulfide can through with the water reaction conversion be hydroxide

MgS+2H ₂O→Mg(OH) ₂+H ₂S (164)

H ₂S can decompose in higher temperature, perhaps is used for SO ₂Be converted into S.Vulcanized sodium can be converted into hydroxide through burning and hydrolysis

Na ₂S+1.5O ₂→Na ₂O+SO ₂

Na ₂O+H ₂O→2NaOH (165)

Can use Na or NaH with Mg (OH) ₂Be reduced to Mg:

2Na+Mg(OH) ₂→2NaOH+Mg (166)

Then, NaOH can be Na metal and NaH and O by electrolysis directly by fused mass ₂, perhaps can through with the HCl reaction conversion be NaCl, NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl wherein ₂Can with the H from water electrolysis ₂Reaction is to form HCl.SO ₂Can use H ₂Temperature raising is reduced.

SO ₂+2H ₂S→3S+2H ₂O (167)

In one embodiment, metal (like Na and Mg) through with preferably from the H of brine electrolysis ₂Reaction can be converted into corresponding hydride.In other execution modes, S and metal can be through being regenerated by the fused mass electrolysis.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, N ₂O and carrier (active carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through N ₂The oxidation reaction of the metal hydride of O, as

4MgH ₂+N ₂O→MgO+Mg ₃N ₂+4H ₂ (168)

NaH+3N ₂O+C→NaHCO ₃+3N ₂+1/2H ₂ (169)

The MgO product can through with the water reaction conversion be hydroxide

MgO+H ₂O→Mg(OH) ₂ (170)

Magnesium nitride also can be hydrolyzed to magnesium hydroxide:

Mg ₃N ₂+6H ₂O→3Mg(OH) ₂+3H ₂+N ₂ (171)

Sodium carbonate, bicarbonate and comprise carbon and other materials of oxygen can reduce with Na or NaH:

NaH+Na ₂CO ₃→3NaOH+C+1/H ₂ (172)

Can use Na or NaH with Mg (OH) ₂Be reduced to Mg:

2Na+Mg(OH) ₂→2NaOH+Mg (173)

Then, NaOH can be Na metal and NaH and O by electrolysis directly by fused mass ₂, perhaps can through with the HCl reaction conversion be NaCl, NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl wherein ₂Can with the H from water electrolysis ₂Reaction is to form HCl.The ammonia of making by aber process oxidized (equation (144)), and the control temperature is beneficial to the N that other gases with the homeostatic reaction product mixtures separate ₂The generation of O.

In exemplary mark hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture comprises NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, Cl ₂And carrier (like active carbon, WC or TiC).Reactor can also comprise high energy light (preferred ultraviolet light) source, with disassociation Cl ₂Thereby cause the mark H-H reaction.In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from through Cl ₂The oxidation reaction of metal hydride, as

2NaH+Cl ₂→2NaCl+H ₂ (174)

MgH ₂+Cl ₂→MgCl ₂+H ₂ (175)

NaCl and MgCl ₂Can by the salt electrolysis of fusion Cl ₂, Na and Mg.The electrolysis of the NaCl of fusion can utilize the downs cell of downs cell or transformation to carry out.The NaCl that is used for this electrolysis can be from the washing lotion of using aqueous solution flushing product.Can filter this solution removing carrier (like AC), and preferably use used heat can centrifugalize and dry this carrier from dynamical system.Na and Mg are immiscible, can use H ₂Gas is (preferably from H ₂The electrolysis of O) metal of hydrogenation separation.Example results is following:

4g WC+1g MgH ₂+ 1g NaH+0.01mol Cl ₂, by being used for Cl ₂The UV lamp that dissociates into Cl causes, Ein:162.9kJ, and dE:16.0kJ, TSC:23-42 ℃, Tmax:85 ℃, theoretical value is 7.10kJ, gain is 2.25 times.

Comprise catalyst or catalyst source (like NaH, K or Li or its hydride), reducing agent (like alkali metal or hydride, preferred Mg, MgH ₂Or Al) and oxidant (like NF ₃) reactant can regenerate through electrolysis.Preferably, through electrolysis, the metal fluoride product is regenerated as metal and fluorine gas.Electrolyte can comprise eutectic mixture.Mixture can also comprise HF.NF ₃Can pass through NH ₄F in anhydrous HF electrolysis and regenerate.In another embodiment, NH ₃With F ₂In the reactors such as reactor of filling, react like copper.Utilization helps F ₂The condition that generates uses the anode or the carbon anode of dimensionally stable can make F through electrolysis ₂Regeneration.SF ₆Can pass through S and F ₂Reaction and regenerate.Through thermal decomposition, H ₂Reduction, be oxidized to oxide or hydroxide and reaction be halide and electrolysis subsequently and in the process of fusion electrolysis metal halide with the halogen gas reaction at least a, can make any metal nitride regeneration that possibly in the mark H-H reaction, form.NCl ₃Can perhaps pass through ammonium salt (like NH through the reaction of ammonia and chlorine ₄Cl) form with the reaction of chlorine.Chlorine can be from the electrolysis of chloride salt (Tathagata those salt in the product reactant mixture).NH ₃Can utilize aber process to form, wherein hydrogen can be from electrolysis, preferably from the electrolysis of water.In one embodiment, NCl ₃Pass through NH ₃And ammonium salt is (like NH ₄Cl) at least a and Cl in ₂The original position that is reflected in the reactor of gas forms.In one embodiment, BiF ₅Can pass through BiF ₃With the F that forms by the metal fluoride electrolysis ₂Reaction and regenerate.

Serve as alternatively in the execution mode of reducing agent of heat release priming reaction at oxygen or halogen source, oxygen or halide product preferably pass through electrolytic regeneration.Electrolyte can comprise eutectic mixture, like Al ₂O ₃And Na ₃AlF ₆MgF ₂, NaF and HF; Na ₃AlF ₆NaF, SiF ₄And HF; And AlF ₃, NaF and HF mixture.SiF ₄To Si and F ₂Electrolysis can be undertaken by the alkali metal fluoride eutectic mixture.Because Mg and Na have low compatibility, thus they can fused mass mutually in separation.Because Al and Na have low compatibility, thus they can fused mass mutually in separation.In another embodiment, electrolysate can pass through separated.In another embodiment, through with C and Cl ₂Form CO and TiCl ₄Reaction, can make Ti ₂O ₃Regeneration, and TiCl ₄Further form Ti and MgCl with the Mg reaction ₂Mg and Cl ₂Can regenerate through electrolysis.At product is in the situation of MgO, and Mg can be through the regeneration of Pidgeon method.In one embodiment, MgO and Si reaction forms SiO ₂With Mg gas, and make the Mg condensation of gas.Product S iO ₂Can be at high temperature by H ₂Reduce and be regenerated as Si and perhaps form Si and CO and CO through reacting with carbon ₂In another embodiment, Si regenerates through for example utilizing in the calcium chloride of fusion method electrolysis such as electrolysis soild oxide.In one embodiment, chlorate or perchlorate (like alkali metal chlorate or perchlorate) are regenerated through electrolytic oxidation.Can be aluminate and perchlorate with the bittern electrolytic oxidation.

For making reactant regeneration, need remove on the metallic carrier through diluted acid and possibly form any oxide coating, and separate with reactant or product mixtures subsequently.In another embodiment, carbide by oxide through discharging carbon monoxide with carbon reaction or carbon dioxide is regenerated.

Comprise in the situation of solvent at reactant mixture, can other reactants or the product of solvent with plan regeneration be separated, its mode is that the utilization evaporation is except that desolvating perhaps through filtering or centrifugalize solid retained.In the situation that has other volatile components (like alkali metal), they can be through being heated to suitable high temperature so that its being selected property of evaporation remove.For example, collecting metal (like the Na metal) through distillation keeps carrier (like carbon).Na can be NaH and be back to and added solvent so that in the carbon of reactant mixture regeneration by hydrogenation again.The solid (like R-Ni) of isolating also can obtain independent regeneration.The R-Ni that separates can be to be hydrogenated in the atmospheric hydrogen in 0.1 atmospheric pressure～300 through being exposed to pressure.

Form in the situation of decomposing in the process of mark hydrogen in catalyst reaction at solvent, solvent can be regenerated.For example, the catabolite of DMF can be dimethylamine, carbon monoxide, formic acid, sodium formate and formaldehyde.In one embodiment, utilize reaction or the reaction of methyl formate and dimethyl amine in methyl alcohol of dimethylamine and carbon monoxide to generate dimethyl formamide.It can also be through preparing dimethylamine and formic acid reaction.

In one embodiment, exemplary ether solvents can be by the product regeneration of reactant mixture.Preferably, choice reaction mixture and condition are so that the reaction speed of ether minimizes with respect to the speed that forms mark hydrogen, thereby the degraded of any ether is all insignificant for the energy that is produced by mark hydrogen.Therefore, ether can be as required after removing the ether catabolite by add-back.As other a kind of selection, can select ether and reaction condition, make that the ether product can be isolated and ether obtains regeneration.

Execution mode comprises at least a in the following situation: HSA is a fluoride, and HSA is a metal, and solvent is fluoridized.Metal fluoride can be a product.Metal and fluorine gas can be regenerated through electrolysis.Electrolyte can comprise fluoride, like NaF, MgF ₂, AlF ₃Or LaF ₃, and can comprise at least a other materials (like HF) in addition and reduce other salt (like United States Patent (USP) the 5th, 427, No. 657 in those disclosed salt) of fluoride fusing point.Excessive HF can dissolve LaF ₃Electrode can be carbon (like a graphite), also can form fluorocarbons according to the catabolite of expectation.In one embodiment; At least a magnetic-particle that comprises in the metal or alloy that is coated with carbon (like Co, Ni, Fe, other transition metal powders or the alloy of carbon coating) that is preferably nanometer powder and the carbon that is preferably the metal coated of nanometer powder (as be coated with the carbon of transition metal or alloy, in the carbon that preferred Ni, Co, Fe and Mn are coated with at least a).The use magnet can be with the mixture separation such as mixture of magnetic-particle and fluoride (like NaF) and carbon.The particle of collecting can be used as a part of recirculation of the reactant mixture that is used to form mark hydrogen.

In one embodiment, through separated product and electrolysis subsequently, catalyst or catalyst source (as NaH with contain fluorous solvent) by the product regeneration that comprises NaF.The method of separating NaF can be to use has lower boiling polar solvent flushing mixture, carries out one or many filtration and evaporation subsequently so that NaF to be provided solid.Electrolysis can be a fusion electrolysis.The salt of fusion can be like mixtures such as eutectic mixtures.Preferably, mixture comprises like NaF known in the art and HF.Sodium metal and fluorine gas can be collected from electrolysis.Na can form NaH with the H reaction.Fluorine gas can form the fluorohydrocarbon that can serve as solvent with hydrocarbon reaction.The HF fluorinated product can be back to the electrolysis mixture.As other a kind of selection, reactant mixture can fluoridized and be back to hydrocarbon and carbon product (like benzene and graphitic carbon) respectively.Through methods known in the art, carbon can be cracked into has more low-melting fragment of fluoridizing more for a short time to serve as solvent.Solvent can comprise mixture.The degree of fluoridizing can be used as control hydrocarbon catalytic reaction method of velocity.In one embodiment, utilize carbon electrode or the reaction through carbon dioxide and fluorine gas, the electrolysis of the fluoride salt (preferred as alkali fluoride) through fusion produces CF ₄Any CH ₄Also can be fluoridized with hydrocarbon products and to be CF ₄And fluorohydrocarbon.

Suitable fluorine-containing HSA material and can be those materials known in the art and method with the method that fluorocarbons forms said HSA material is like United States Patent (USP) the 3rd, 929; No. 920, No. the 3rd, 925,492, United States Patent (USP), United States Patent (USP) the 3rd; 925; No. 263 and United States Patent (USP) the 4th, 886, No. 921 disclosed materials and methods.Other methods comprise: like United States Patent (USP) the 4th; 139; Disclosedly in No. 474 gather the preparation of two carbon list fluorides (poly-dicarbon monofluoride), like United States Patent (USP) the 4th, 447, the method for the continuous fluorination of disclosed carbon in No. 663, like United States Patent (USP) the 4th; Disclosed manufacturing mainly comprises by formula (C in 423, No. 261 ₂F) _nThe method of the graphite fluoride that gathers two carbon list fluorides of expression, like United States Patent (USP) the 3rd, 925, in No. 263 disclosed preparation gather the method for carbon list fluoride, like United States Patent (USP) the 3rd; The preparation method of disclosed graphite fluoride in 872, No. 032, like United States Patent (USP) the 4th, 243; In No. 615 disclosed preparation gather the method for two carbon list fluorides, like United States Patent (USP) the 4th, 438, in No. 086 disclosed haptoreaction through carbon and fluorine gas prepare the method for graphite fluoride, like United States Patent (USP) the 3rd; In 929, No. 918 disclosed fluorographite synthetic, like United States Patent (USP) the 3rd, 925; Disclosed preparation gathers the method for carbon list fluoride and like Lagow etc., J.C.S.Dalton in No. 492; 1268 (1974) is disclosed for graphite-fluorine chemistry provides the mechanism of novel synthesis, and wherein disclosed material comprises said HSA material in this article.With regard to the material category of reactor, the corrosivity in view of fluorine gas can adopt monel metal (Monel metal), nickel, steel or copper.Material with carbon element comprises amorphous carbon (like carbon black, petroleum coke, petroleum pitch coke and charcoal) and crystalline carbon (like native graphite, Graphene and electrographite, fullerene and nanotube (preferred single-walled nanotube)).Preferably, Na does not insert carbon carrier and does not form acetylide yet.This type of material with carbon element can use with various forms.Usually preferably, the powder formed carbon material has and is no more than 50 microns average grain diameter, but slightly greatly also is suitable for.Except that Powdered material with carbon element, other forms also are suitable for.Material with carbon element can be piece shape, sphere, bar shaped and fiber shape.Reaction can be carried out in the reactor that is selected from fluid bed-type of reactor, rotary kiln type reactor and disc type tower reactor.

In another embodiment, utilize additive and make fluorocarbons regeneration.Carbon also can be by the inorganic reaction thing (like CoF ₃) fluoridize in outside, pond or original position.Reactant mixture can also comprise the inorganic reactant source of fluoridizing (like Co, CoF, CoF ₂And CoF ₃In a kind of, it can be added in the reactor and regeneration, perhaps it can form in the pond operation process that is formed mark hydrogen by reactant mixture) and possible another kind of reagent (like F ₂Gas) and the optional catalytic metal (like Pt or Pd) of fluoridizing.Additive can be to form NH ₄The NH of F ₃At least a can being fluoridized with quilt in carbon and the hydrocarbon with the NH4F reaction.In one embodiment, reactant mixture also comprises and can react the HNaF so that it is fluoridized with carbon ₂Fluorocarbons can original position form or form in mark hydrogen reactor outside.Fluorocarbons can serve as solvent or HSA material.

At least a in solvent, carrier or absorbent comprises in the execution mode of fluorine, and product possibly comprise the fluoride of carbon (if solvent or carrier are fluorinated organic compound) and catalyst metals (like NaHF ₂And NaF).Except that more low-energy hydrogen product (like minute subfraction hydrogen), this also can discharge or collect.Utilize F ₂, carbon can be used as CF ₄Gas and by the erosion remove CF ₄Can in another circulation of reaction, produce power as reducing agent.Remaining NaF and NaHF ₂Product can be Na and F by electrolysis ₂Na can with H-H reaction to form NaH, F ₂Can be used to the etching carbon product.NaH, remaining NaF and CF ₄Can be merged with aitiogenic another circulation of operation power to form mark hydrogen.In other execution modes, Li, K, Rb or Cs can replace Na.

VI. other liquid and heterogeneous fuel execution mode

In the present invention, " liquid flux execution mode " comprises any reactant mixture and comprises the fuel of liquid flux accordingly, like liquid fuel and heterogeneous fuel.

In comprising another execution mode of liquid flux, a kind of among atom sodium and the molecule NaH provided by the Na of metal, lewis' acid form and the reaction between at least a other compounds or the element.The source of Na or NaH can be metal Na, comprise the inorganic compound of Na (like NaOH) and other suitable Na compounds (like NaNH ₂, Na ₂CO ₃And Na ₂O, NaX (X is a halide) and NaH (s)) at least a.Other element can be H, displacing agent or reducing agent.Reactant mixture can comprise at least a in the following material: (1) solvent, (2) sodium source is like Na (m), NaH, NaNH ₂, Na ₂CO ₃, Na ₂At least a among the R-Ni of the R-Ni that O, NaOH, NaOH mix, NaX (X is a halide) and NaX doping, (3) hydrogen source is like H ₂Gas and disassociation agent and hydride, (4) displacing agent is like alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal; Preferred Li; (5) reducing agent, at least a as in the following metal, said metal for example is alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, lanthanide series metal, transition metal (like Ti, aluminium, B); Metal alloy (like AlHg, NaPb, NaAl, LiAl) and source metal independent or that combine with reducing agent (like alkaline-earth halide, transition metal halide, lanthanide series metal halide and aluminium halogenide).Preferably, the alkali metal reducing agent is Na.Other suitable reducing agents comprise metal hydride, like LiBH4, NaBH ₄, LiAlH ₄, NaAlH ₄, RbBH ₄, CsBH ₄, Mg (BH ₄) ₂Or Ca (BH ₄) ₂Preferably, reducing agent and NaOH reaction is to form NaH molecule and Na product (like Na, NaH (s) and Na ₂O).The NaH source can be the R-Ni and the reactant that the comprise NaOH reducing agent (like the Al intermetallic compound of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal or R-Ni) of NaH catalyst (as be used to form).Other exemplary agents are alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal and oxidant, like AlX ₃, MgX ₂, LaX ₃, CeX ₃And TiX _n(wherein X is a halide, preferred Br or I).In addition, reactant mixture can comprise another kind of compound, and said compound comprises absorbent or dispersant, as being doped into the Na in the disassociation agent (like R-Ni) ₂CO ₃, Na ₃SO ₄And Na ₃PO ₄In at least a.Reactant mixture can also comprise carrier, and wherein carrier can be doped with at least a reactant of said mixture.Carrier can preferably have high surface area, and it helps producing the NaH catalyst by reactant mixture.Carrier can comprise R-Ni, Al, Sn, Al ₂O ₃(like γ, β or alpha-aluminium oxide), sodium aluminate (β-aluminate (β-alumina) have other ions (like Na ⁺) exist and have a desirable composition Na ₂O11Al ₂O ₃), lanthanide metal oxide is (like M ₂O ₃(preferred M=La, Sm, Dy, Pr, Tb, Gd and Er)), Si, silica, silicate, zeolite, lanthanide series metal, transition metal, metal alloy (like the alloy of alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal and Na), rare earth metal, SiO ₂-Al ₂O ₃Or SiO ₂At least a in the group of the Ni that carries and other metals that is carried (as in platinum, palladium or the ruthenium of supported on alumina at least a).Carrier can have high surface and comprise high surface (HSA) material, like R-Ni, zeolite, silicate, aluminate, aluminium oxide, aluminum oxide nanoparticle, porous Al ₂O ₃, Pt, Ru or Pd/Al ₂O ₃, carbon, Pt/C or Pd/C, inorganic compound be (like Na ₂CO ₃, silica and zeolitic material (preferred Y zeolite powder) and carbon (like fullerene or nanotube).In one embodiment, like Al ₂O ₃(with the disassociation agent Al of (if existence) ₂O ₃Carrier) carrier and reactant (like lanthanide series metal) reaction such as is to form the carrier of surface modification.In one embodiment, surfaces A l and lanthanide series metal exchange and the substituted carrier of formation lanthanide series metal.This carrier can be doped with NaH molecular source (like NaOH) and react with reducing agent (like lanthanide series metal).Follow-up reaction with substituted carrier of lanthanide series metal of lanthanide series metal will can significantly not change it, and the NaOH of lip-deep doping can be reduced to the NaH catalyst through the reaction with the reducing agent lanthanide series metal.Provide herein in other execution modes, Li, K, Rb or Cs can replace Na.

Reactant mixture comprises in the execution mode that liquid flux of NaH catalyst source therein, and the NaH source can be the alloy of Na and hydrogen source.This alloy can comprise at least a in the alloy known in the art; The alloy of sodium metal and one or more otheralkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, Al, Sn, Bi, Ag, In, Pb, Hg, Si, Zr, B, Pt, Pd or other metals for example, and hydrogen source can be H ₂Or hydride.

Can be any required mol ratio like reagent such as NaH molecular source, sodium source, NaH source, hydrogen source, displacing agent and reducing agents.Its mol ratio separately is greater than 0 and less than 100%.Preferably, mol ratio is similar.

In a liquid flux execution mode, reactant mixture comprises at least a material in the group of being made up of solvent, Na or Na source, NaH or NaH source, metal hydride or metal hydride source, the reactant that is used to form metal hydride or reactant source, hydrogen disassociation agent and hydrogen source.Reactant mixture can also comprise carrier.The reactant that is used to form metal hydride can comprise lanthanide series metal, preferred La or Gd.In one embodiment, La can form LaH with the NaH reaction reversiblely _n(n=1,2,3).In one embodiment, the hydride exchange reaction forms the NaH catalyst.Reversible general reaction can be provided by following formula

The reaction that equation (176) provides is applicable to other MH type catalyst that provide in the table 2.Reaction can be carried out with the formation of hydrogen simultaneously, and said hydrogen can be by disassociation to form atomic hydrogen, and atomic hydrogen and Na reaction form the NaH catalyst.The disassociation agent is preferably Pt, Pd or Ru/Al ₂O ₃At least a among powder, Pt/Ti and the R-Ni.Preferably, the disassociation agent carrier is (like Al ₂O ₃) be included in the surface at least with the substituent that La replaces Al, perhaps comprise Pt, Pd or Ru/M ₂O ₃Powder (wherein M is a lanthanide series metal).The disassociation agent can separate with the remainder of reactant mixture, and the agent that wherein dissociates transmits atom H.

Suitable liquid flux execution mode comprises solvent, NaH, La and at Al ₂O ₃The reactant mixture of Pd on the powder wherein can be to desolvate, to add H through removing ₂, through sieving separating NaH and lanthanum hydride, heating lanthanum hydride to form La and reactant mixture to be regenerated the execution mode that La mixes with NaH.As other a kind of selection, regeneration relates to that to separate Na and lanthanum hydride, heating lanthanum hydride be NaH, mixing La and NaH and the step of adding solvent with formation La, with Na hydrogenation with removing liquid through fusion Na.La can carry out through ball milling with mixing of NaH.

In the liquid flux execution mode, high surface area material (like R-Ni) is doped with NaX (X=F, Cl, Br, I).The R-Ni and the reagent reacting that mix, said reagent will replaces at least a with among formation Na and the NaH of above-mentioned halide.In one embodiment, reactant is at least a alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, at least a among preferred K, Rb, the Cs.In another embodiment, reactant is alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride, preferred KH, RbH, CsH, MgH ₂And CaH ₂In at least a.Reactant can be alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydride.Reversible general reaction can be provided by following formula

D. other MH type catalyst and reaction

Usually; The MH type hydrogen catalyst such as the table 2 that are used for producing mark hydrogen are given; The fracture of said mark hydrogen through the M-H key adds that the ionization from t the electronics of atom M provides; So that the summation of the ionization energy of a said bond energy and t electronics is about m27.2eV, wherein m is an integer to each self-ionization of a said t electronics to continuous energy level.Each MH catalyst provides in first row, and corresponding M-H bond energy provides in secondary series.The atom M of the MH material that provides is by ionization in first row, is the clean enthalpy of m27.2eV to provide behind the bond energy that adds in the secondary series.The enthalpy of catalyst provides in the 8th row, and wherein m provides in the 9th row.Provided the ionization potential (being also referred to as ionization energy or binding energy) of participating in the electronics of ionization.For example, the bond energy 1.9245eV of NaH provides in secondary series.The ionization potential of n electronics of atom or ion is by IP _nExpression is also provided by CRC.Also promptly, Na+5.13908eV → Na for example ⁺+ e ^-And Na ⁺+ 47.2864eV → Na ²⁺+ e ^-The first ionization potential IP ₁=the 5.13908eV and the second ionization potential IP ₂=47.2864eV provides in the second and the 3rd row respectively.The clean reaction enthalpy of the fracture of NaH key and twice ionization of Na is 54.35eV, as given in the 8th row, and m=2 in the equation (36), as given in the 9th row.In addition, H can form mark hydrogen with each MH molecular reaction of providing in the table 2, and the catalyst reaction product that said mark hydrogen has with respect to the independent MH that provides like exemplary equation (23) has increased by 1 quantum number p (equation (35)).

Table 2. can provide the MH type hydrogen catalyst of clean reaction enthalpy for about m27.2eV

VIII. hydrogen discharge power and plasma pond and reactor

Hydrogen discharge power of the present invention and plasma pond and reactor are shown in figure 17.The hydrogen discharge power of Figure 17 and plasma pond and reactor comprise gas discharge pond 307, and it comprises the glow discharge vacuum tank 315 that is full of hydrogen with chamber 300.Hydrogen source 322 is supplied to chamber 300 via hydrogen feed path 342 with hydrogen through control valve 325.Catalyst is comprised in the chamber, pond 300.Voltage and current source 330 impels electric current between negative electrode 305 and anode 320, to pass through.Electric current can be reversible.

In one embodiment, the material of negative electrode 305 can be a catalyst source, like Fe, Dy, Be or Pd.In hydrogen discharge power and plasma pond and another execution mode of reactor, wall of a container 313 be conduction and serve as negative electrode substituting electrode 305, and anode 320 can be a hollow, as is the stainless steel hollow anode.Discharge can be evaporated to catalyst with catalyst source.Molecular hydrogen can be dissociated to be formed for producing the hydrogen atom of mark hydrogen and energy through discharge.Disassociation in addition can be provided by the disassociation of the hydrogen in chamber agent.

Another execution mode of hydrogen discharge power and plasma pond and reactor (wherein catalytic action occurs in gas phase) has utilized controllable gaseous catalyst.The hydrogen atom of the gaseous state that is used for transforming to mark hydrogen is provided by the discharge of molecular hydrogen gas.Gas discharge pond 307 has and is used to make gaseous catalyst 350 to lead to the catalyst feed path 341 of reative cell 300 from catalyst container 395.392 pairs of catalyst containers of catalyst container heater 395 through having power supply 372 heat to reative cell 300 gaseous catalyst to be provided.Temperature (regulating heater 392 through relying on its power supply 372) through control catalyst container 395 is come the control catalyst vapour pressure.Reactor also comprises selectivity breather valve 301.Be placed on the inner chemical-resistant open containers (for example stainless, tungsten or ceramic uncovered ware) in gas discharge pond and can contain catalyst.Use the uncovered ware heater of related power supply that the catalyst in the uncovered ware of catalyst is heated to reative cell gaseous catalyst to be provided.Select as another kind, in higher temperature running glow gases discharge pond so that the catalyst distillation in the uncovered ware, seethe with excitement or be evaporated to gas phase.Temperature (through regulating heater with its power supply) through controlling uncovered ware or discharge pond is come the control catalyst vapour pressure.For fear of catalyst condensation in the pond, with the temperature of temperature maintenance in the temperature that is higher than catalyst source, catalyst container 395 or the uncovered ware of catalyst.

In one embodiment, catalytic action takes place in gas phase, and lithium is a catalyst, and through the pond temperature being maintained about 300 ℃～1000 ℃ and (for example lithium metal or lithium compound are like LiNH with the source of atom lithium ₂) become gaseous state.Most preferably, the pond is maintained at about 500 ℃～750 ℃.Atom and/or molecular hydrogen reactant can be maintained at pressure below atmospheric pressure, are preferably about 10 millitorrs～about 100 holders.Most preferably, confirm pressure through the mixture of in the pond that maintains the expectation operating temperature, keeping lithium metal and lithium hydride.The scope of operating temperature is preferably about 300 ℃～1000 ℃, and most preferably, and pressure is the pressure that the pond is reached when being in about 300 ℃～750 ℃ operating temperature.The pond can be heated coil (as among Figure 17 by power supply 385 power supply 380) be controlled at the operating temperature of expectation.The pond can comprise that also internal-response chamber 300 be supplied to the pond with external hydrogen container 390 so that hydrogen can spread through the hydrogen that passes the wall 313 of separating two Room.The temperature of wall can be controlled the speed with the control diffusion with heater.The speed of diffusion can be come further control through the hydrogen pressure in the control hydrogen reservoir.

Have the Li of comprising, LiNH ₂, Li ₂NH, Li ₃N, LiNO ₃, LiX, NH ₄X (X is a halide), NH ₃, LiBH ₄, LiAlH ₄And H ₂Another execution mode of system of reactant mixture of group in, through adding one or more reagent and making at least a reactant regeneration through plasma regeneration.Plasma can be like NH ₃And H ₂A kind of Deng in the gas.Plasma can maintain original position (in reaction tank) perhaps in the outside pond that is communicated with reaction tank.In another embodiment, K, Cs and Na replace Li, and wherein catalyst is atom K, atom Cs and molecule NaH.

For catalyst pressure is maintained aspiration level, can be with permeability pond sealing as hydrogen source.As other a kind of selection, this pond can also comprise high-temperature valve at inlet or outlet respectively, makes the valve of haptoreaction admixture of gas be maintained at desired temperature.

Can be through plasma pond temperature independently being controlled in the relative broad range with pool insulation with through the supplementary heating power that uses heater 380.Therefore, catalyst vapor is pressed and can be independent of plasma power and controlled.

Discharge voltage can be about 100 volts～10,000 volts.Electric current can be in any required scope under required voltage.And plasma can carry out pulse with any desired frequency range, offset voltage, crest voltage, peak value power and waveform.

In another embodiment, plasma can appear in the liquid medium (like the solvent of catalyst or as the solvent of the reactant of the material of catalyst source).

IX. fuel cell and battery

An execution mode of fuel cell and battery 400 is presented among Figure 18.The mark hydrogen reactant that comprises solid fuel or heterogeneous catalyst comprises the reactant that is used for the respective cells half-reaction.Based on this novel reaction, can be catalyst ionization-hydrogen transition pond (CIHT) for the better name of this fuel-cell device.In the operation process, the reaction of catalyst and atomic hydrogen is caused catalyst ionization and is followed instantaneous free electron to discharge by the non-radiation type energy of the 27.2eV of the integral multiple of atomic hydrogen to catalyst, and forms the mark hydrogen atom and discharge lot of energy.This reaction can occur in the anodic compartment 402, makes anode 410 finally accept the electronic current of ionization.Electric current also can be from the oxidation of the reducing agent in the anodic compartment.In an execution mode of fuel cell, anodic compartment 402 is served as anode.At least a among Li, K and the NaH can serve as the catalyst that is used to form mark hydrogen.Like carbon dust, carbide (like TiC, WC, YC ₂Or Cr ₃C ₂) or carrier such as boride can serve as the electronic conductor that electrically contacts with electrode (as serving as the anode of current collector).The electronics of conduction can be from the ionization of catalyst or the oxidation of reducing agent.As other a kind of selection, carrier can comprise with cross-over connection lead (lead) and is electrically connected on the anode of load and at least one in the negative electrode.Anode cross-over connection lead that is connected with load and negative electrode cross-over connection lead can be any conductors, like metal.

In one embodiment, oxidant reacts to form the mark hydrogen reactant, and the mark hydrogen reactant reacts then and forms mark hydrogen.As other a kind of selection, final electron acceptor reactant comprises oxidant.Oxidant or negative electrode-pond reactant mixture can be arranged in the negative electrode compartment 401 with negative electrode 405.As other a kind of selection, negative electrode-pond reactant mixture is by ion and electron transfer and in the negative electrode compartment, constitute.In an execution mode of fuel cell, negative electrode compartment 401 serves as negative electrode.In operation process, cation can be moved to the negative electrode compartment by anode.In some embodiments, this migration takes place through salt bridge 420.As other a kind of selection, anion is moved by negative electrode anode compartment through salt bridge 420.The ion of migration can be that the ion of ion, hydrogen of catalyst or catalyst source is (like H ⁺, H ^-Or H ^-At least a (1/p)) and in the counter ion of the compound that forms of the anionic reactive through catalyst or catalyst source and oxidant or oxidant.Each half-cell reaction thing can be at least a in the reactant of supplying in the following manner, keeping and regenerate: via passage 460 and 461 reactant is added into reactant source or product is moved to the container 430 and 431 that is used for product storage and regeneration (optional).Usually, suitable oxidant is as disclosed those oxidants of mark hydrogen reactant, like hydride, halide, sulfide and oxide.Suitable oxidant is metal hydride (like alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydride) and metal halide (like alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, rare earth metal, silver and indium metal halide) and oxygen or oxygen source, halogen (preferred F ₂Or Cl ₂) or halogen source (like CF ₄, SF ₆And NF ₃).Other suitable oxides comprise free radical or its source and as the source of counter of the positively charged of the component of negative electrode-pond reactant mixture, and its electronics of finally removing catalyst reaction and being discharged is to form mark hydrogen.

With reference to Figure 18; Fuel or CIHT battery 400 comprise the negative electrode compartment 401 with negative electrode 405, anodic compartment 402, salt bridge 420 with anode 410, have that electronics separately flows and the pond operation process of ion mass transfer in constitute the reactant of mark hydrogen reactant and hydrogen source.In general execution mode, the CIHT battery is a hydrogen fuel cell, and it produces electromotive force (EMF) by the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lower state (mark hydrogen) more.Therefore, it serves as fuel cell and the energy that is discharged by the mark H-H reaction is converted into being used for.In another embodiment, the CIHT battery produces at least a in electric power gain and the heat power gain, and the said electric power gain electric power that gain surpasses the electrolysis power that applies through electrode 405 and 410 with heat power gains and heat power gains.The pond hydrogen consuming forms mark hydrogen thereby needs to add hydrogen; Another kind of situation is, in one embodiment, the reactant that is used to form mark hydrogen has at least a in hot reproducibility or the electrolytic regeneration property.The differential responses thing is provided in different pond compartments or is in different conditions or condition (as in different temperatures, pressure and the concentration at least a) same reaction thing down, said pond compartment is continuous between compartment, to accomplish circuit through the pipeline that separates that is used for electronics and ion.Owing to the dependence of mark H-H reaction to the flow of matter between compartment, the thermal enhancement thereby the generation of the electromotive force between the electrode of the compartment that separates and electric power gain or system.Flow of matter provides at least a following situation: the formation of the reactant mixture of reaction generation mark hydrogen and the condition that the mark H-H reaction is taken place with remarkable speed.Flow of matter also needs electronics to carry in being connected the pipeline that separates of compartment with ion.Electronics can be from the oxidation of the ionization of catalyst in the course of reaction of atomic hydrogen and catalyst and reactant species (like atom, molecule, compound or metal) or in the reduction reaction at least one.The ionization of material in compartment (like anodic compartment 402) can be owing in the such reasons at least a: (1) is by the oxidation of said material, reduction and the caused favourable Gibbs free of reaction of migration ion (it is an electric neutrality with the charge balance in the compartment) of reactant species in different compartments (like negative electrode 401); (2) form the caused Gibbs free of reaction by mark hydrogen, said mark hydrogen forms reaction and takes place because of the oxidation of said material, reduction and the reaction (it causes the reaction that forms mark hydrogen) of migration ion of material in different compartments.The migration of ion can be carried out through salt bridge 420.The reaction of the reduction of the oxidation of material in another embodiment,, the material in different compartments and migration ion possibly not be spontaneous or possibly carry out with low velocity.Apply electroaffinity and carry out to force reaction, wherein said flow of matter provides at least a following situation: reaction is with the formation of the reactant mixture of generation mark hydrogen and the condition that the mark H-H reaction is taken place with remarkable speed.Can apply electroaffinity through external circuit 425.The reactant of each half-cell can be at least a in the reactant of supplying in the following manner, keeping and regenerate: via passage 460 and 461 reactant is added into reactant source or product is moved to the container 430 and 431 that is used for product storage and regeneration.

In one embodiment, at least a can the formation through the reaction of reactant mixture and a kind of reactant in atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst can react and catalysis is played a role by this reactant.The reaction that causes the mark H-H reaction can be at least a in the auxiliary catalytic reaction of exothermic reaction, coupling reaction, radical reaction, oxidation-reduction reaction, exchange reaction and absorbent, carrier or matrix.In one embodiment, the reaction of formation mark hydrogen provides electrochemistry power.The reactant mixture and the reaction (like exchange reaction of the present invention) that cause the mark H-H reaction are the bases of fuel cell, and the reaction development that in said fuel cell, forms mark hydrogen by hydrogen electric power.Because the half-reaction of OR pond has constituted the reactant mixture that produces mark hydrogen, and has accomplished circuit via the electron transfer of external circuit with via the ion mass transfer in the path that separates.Overall reaction through adding the generation mark hydrogen that provides with half-cell reaction can comprise the reaction type that is used for heat power and mark hydrogenation student of the present invention product with corresponding reactant mixture.Therefore, it is desirable to, the mark H-H reaction does not take place, and perhaps when not existing electronics to flow with the ion mass transfer, does not take place with considerable speed.Free energy Δ G from the mark H-H reaction has produced electromotive force, and according to the OR chemistry that constitutes the reactant mixture that produces mark hydrogen, said electromotive force can be oxidation potential or reduction potential.This electromotive force is used in and produces voltage in the fuel cell.Electromotive force V can express with free energy Δ G:

$V=\frac{-\mathrm{\&Delta;G}}{\mathrm{nF}}---\left(178\right)$

Wherein F is a Faraday constant.Suppose that the H transition is that the free energy of H (1/4) is a pact-20MJ/ mole, then voltage maybe be very high.

Produce in the situation of active mark hydrogen reactant in the anodic compartment of fuel cell at above-mentioned chemistry, see from catalytic mechanism, oxidation potential and electronics have contribution.Shown in equation (6-9), catalyst can comprise through accepted the material from the energy of atomic hydrogen by ionization.Based on the Δ G of reaction, the ionization of catalyst and H electronics provide the oxidation potential that is provided by equation (178) to the electromotive force of the transition of low electronic state.Because it is Na to Na that NaH forms mark hydrogen ²⁺The collaborative internal-response of ionization ((25-27) provides like equation), so equation (178) particularly suitable in this case.

In one embodiment, the anodic half-cell oxidation reaction comprises the catalytic ionization reaction.The cathode half-cell reaction can comprise H and be reduced to hydride.Exemplary reaction does

The anodic half-cell reaction:

The cathode half-cell reaction:

E wherein _RBe MgH ₂Also proper energy.Other suitable oxidants (like hydride) are NaH and KH.Along with the migration through suitable salt bridge of catalyst cation or hydride ion, catalyst and hydrogen can be regenerated in anodic compartment.Stable oxidation state at catalyst is in the situation of Cat, and the salt bridge reaction does

The salt bridge reaction:

Wherein 0.754eV is a hydride ionization energy, and 4.478eV is H ₂Bond energy.Catalyst or catalyst source can be the hydride that also can serve as the H source.So the salt bridge reaction does

The salt bridge reaction:

E wherein _LLattice energy for CatH.So fuel cell reaction can be through being kept to negative electrode compartment displacement hydrogen.Reaction is provided by following formula

Hydrogen can come comfortable Cat ^R+Reduction in formed excessive hydrogen from anodic compartment recirculation and from forming H subsequently to forming H (1/4) earlier through brine electrolysis ₂(1/4) replenishing of the hydrogen that is consumed.The energy of these reactions does

2H(1/4)→H ₂(1/4)+87.31eV (184)

H ₂O+2.962eV→H ₂+0.5O ₂ (185)

Suitable reactant is KH and NaH.The fuel cell reaction of balance that with the kJ/ mole is the KH that is provided by equation (179-185) of unit does

7873kJ/ mole+KH → K ³⁺+ 3e ^-+ H (1/4)+19,683kJ/ mole (186)

1.5(MgH ₂+2e ^-+E _R→Mg+2H ^-) (187)

K ³⁺+ 3H ^-→ KH+H ₂++ 7873kJ/ mole+213.8kJ/ mole+E _L(188)

1.5 (Mg+H ₂→ MgH ₂+ 75.30kJ/ mole) (189)

0.5 (2H (1/4) → H ₂(1/4)+the 8424kJ/ mole) (190)

For obtaining good being similar to, clean reaction is provided by following formula

0.5H ₂O → 0.5O+0.5H ₂(1/4)+24,000kJ/ mole (192)

The fuel cell reaction of the balance of the KH that is provided by equation (179-185) does

5248kJ/ mole+NaH → Na ²⁺+ 2e ^-+ H (1/3)+10,497kJ/ mole (193)

1(MgH ₂+2e ^-+E _R→Mg+2H ^-) (194)

Na ²⁺+ 2H ^-→ NaH+0.5H ₂+ 5248kJ/ mole+70.5kJ/ mole (195)

1 (Mg+H ₂→ MgH ₂+ 75.30kJ/ mole) (196)

Wherein the item 5248kJ/ mole of equation (195) comprises E _LFor obtaining good being similar to, clean reaction is provided by following formula

0.5H ₂O → 0.5O+H (1/3)+10,643kJ/ mole (198)

Additional energy discharges through following manner: H (1/3) transits to H (1/4) (equation (23-24)) and forms the H as end product subsequently ₂(1/4).The high energy of CIHT battery pile (cell stack) discharge with Scalable Performance make kinetic force with differential cloth, the using of distribution with the electrodynamic mode in center.In addition, can make the conversion hysteria power source,, compare cost with system and system complexity all will significantly reduce based on heat energy particularly because this system is direct electric energy type through the CIHT battery technology.Utilize the automobile construction of CIHT battery pile shown in Figure 19 to comprise CIHT battery pile 500, hydrogen source (like electrolytic cell and water tank or hydrogen case) 501, at least one motor 502, electronic control system 503 and gear train or gearbox 504.Generally speaking, application comprises heat (like resistance heating), electricity, power and aviation and other application well known by persons skilled in the art.In one situation of back, electric motor driven outside turbine can replace jet engine, and electric motor driven propeller can replace corresponding internal combustion engine.

In one embodiment, basic pond running principle relates to through hydride ion (H ^-) hydrogen ion of conductibility fused electrolyte carries and form at least a reaction in hydride and the mark hydrogen with catalyst (like alkali metal).A kind of exemplary electrolyte is the LiH that is dissolved among the eutectic fuse salt LiCl-KCl.In the pond, the H of fusion ^-Conductive electrolyte can be accommodated in the chamber that is formed between two hydrogen permeability solid metal foil electrodes (as in V, Nb, Fe, Fe-Mo alloy, W, Rh, Ni, Zr, Be, Ta, Rh, Ti and the Th paper tinsel at least a, it also serves as current collector).H ₂Gas at first spreads through cathode electrode, and passes through H+e at negative electrode-electrolyte interface ^-To H ^-Reaction form hydride.H ^-Ion moves under the chemical potential gradient effect then and passes through electrolyte.This gradient can produce through the existence of the catalyst in the anode pond (like alkali metal).H ^-Ion passes through reaction H at anode-electrolyte interface place ^-To H+e ^-Discharge electronics and form hydrogen atom.Hydrogen atom is through anode electrode diffusion, and with as the formation of catalyst reactions such as alkali metal metal hydride, metal-hydrogen molecule and mark hydrogen at least a.Anode current also can have the contribution of the ionization of catalyst.Can exist other reactants to cause the mark H-H reaction or to improve its speed in the anodic compartment, said other reactants for example are carrier (like TiC) and reducing agent, catalyst and hydride exchange reaction thing (like Mg or Ca).The electron stream that discharges through foreign current to realize charge balance.

Reactant can heat regeneration or electrolytic regeneration.Product can be regenerated in negative electrode or anodic compartment.Perhaps, utilize pump that they are delivered to regenerator, any biochemical again regeneration that may be used to initial reactant wherein of the present invention or well known by persons skilled in the art.The pond of carrying out the mark H-H reaction can be carried out the pond heat supply of the regeneration of reactant to those.Make during product heats up with the situation that realizes regeneration, CIHT battery product and regenerative response thing can be delivering to regenerator respectively or passing through heat exchanger during from regenerator, to reclaim heat and to improve battery efficiency and the system capacity balance.

Utilizing the ion migration to form in the execution mode of metal hydride, metal hydride (like metal hydride alkaline) is by thermal decomposition.H ₂Gas can pass through H ₂Permeability solid metal film separates with alkali metal, and moves in the cathode chamber in pond.The alkali metal of depleted of hydrogen can be shifted in the anode chamber in pond, relates to H thereby can keep ^-The reaction of carrying.

The ion of migration can be the ion like catalyst such as alkali metal, like Na ⁺Ion can be reduced, and can be alternatively with H-H reaction to form catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like KH or NaH), catalyst and H-H reaction formation mark hydrogen thus.Form energy generation EMF and heat that mark hydrogen is discharged.Therefore, in other execution modes, the mark H-H reaction can take place in the negative electrode compartment to offer help to forming pond EMF.

In one embodiment, anodic compartment comprises alkali metal, and said alkali metal is in temperature or the pressure higher than alkali metal identical in the negative electrode compartment.Pressure differential or temperature difference provide EMF, make like metals such as sodium in anodic oxidation.Ion through ion selective membrane (as to Na ⁺Ion has optionally βYang Hualv) carry.The ion of migration is reduced at negative electrode.For example, Na ⁺Be reduced and form Na.The negative electrode compartment also comprises hydrogen or the hydrogen source that provides as the reactant that forms mark hydrogen.Can there be other reactants in the negative electrode compartment, for example carrier (like TiC) and reducing agent, catalyst and hydride exchange reaction thing (like Mg or Ca).The H source can form hydride with the alkali metal reaction.In one embodiment, formed NaH.A kind of appropriate format of NaH is a molecular forms, and it is reaction formation mark hydrogen further.Forming the energy that is discharged from metal hydride and mark hydrogen is that ionization and ion are (like Na ⁺) migration further actuating force is provided, thereby improved the power output in pond.Any do not carry out forming the metal hydride (like NaH) of the reaction of mark hydrogen by H can be by thermal decomposition, make hydrogen and metal (like Na) recirculation.Through electromagnetic pump, can improve like the pressure of metals such as Na at anode pond compartment.

In a kind of hydride exchange reaction, the hydride exchange reaction can comprise the reduction except that the hydride of catalyst or catalyst source (like alkali metal hydride, for example LiH, KH or NaH) hydride in addition.Hydride ion makes the catalyst cationic stabilized of the highly ionized that is in activated state.The purpose of said different hydride is to force to be reflected on the positive direction that forms activated state and mark hydrogen carries out with higher degree.Suitable different hydride are that alkaline earth metal hydride is (like MgH ₂), different alkali metal hydride (like LiH and KH or NaH), transition metal hydride be (like TiH ₂) and rare earth metal hydride (like EuH ₂, GdH ₂And LaH ₂).

In one embodiment, electronics and catalyst ion reconfigure in transition state, thereby catalyst reaction can not take place.Provide catalyst that the counter ion of the catalyst (like hydride ion) of ionization can promote catalytic action and ionization (like Na from the outside ²⁺Or K ³⁺) formation.This can be further by as the conductive carrier (like TiC) of the component of reactant mixture and optional reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal or its hydride (like MgH ₂) or other sources of hydride ion) promote.Therefore, the CIHT battery can serve as battery and to variable load power is provided when needed, and wherein load flows electronics from anodic compartment and from the mobile completion circuit of the counter ion of negative electrode compartment.In addition, in one embodiment, at least a circuit in this electronics and the counter ion has improved the speed of mark H-H reaction.

With reference to Figure 18, fuel cell 400 comprises the negative electrode compartment 401 with negative electrode 405, the anodic compartment 402 with anode 410, salt bridge 420, mark hydrogen reactant and hydrogen source.The anodic compartment reactant can comprise catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source (like NaH or KH), and can also comprise one or more carriers (like TiC) and reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal and hydride thereof (like Mg and MgH ₂) and alkali metal and hydride (like Li and LiH) thereof at least a).Negative electrode compartment reactant can comprise the source of commutative material (like anion, for example halide or hydride).Suitable reactant is a metal hydride, like alkaline-earth metal or alkali metal hydride, for example MgH ₂And LiH.Corresponding metal (like Mg and Li) may reside in the negative electrode compartment.Salt bridge can comprise anionic conduction film and/or anion conductor.Salt bridge can by zeolite or aluminium oxide (such as with the saturated aluminium oxide of the cation of catalyst, for example sodium aluminate), the lanthanide series metal boride is (like MB ₆, wherein M is a lanthanide series metal) or alkaline earth boride (like MB ₆, wherein M is an alkaline-earth metal) form.Salt bridge can comprise hydride, and can selectivity conduction hydride ion.Hydride can have good thermal stability.Because its high-melting-point and heat decomposition temperature, suitable hydride is saloid type hydride (saline hydride) (like the hydride of lithium, calcium and boron) and metal hydride (like the hydride of rare earth metal (like Eu, Gd and La)).The back one situation in, H or proton can pass through metal diffusing, and in the surface by H ^-Be transformed or be converted into H ^-Negative electrode and anode can be electric conductors.Said conductor can be above-mentioned carrier, and also can comprise negative electrode and the anode cross-over connection lead that it is connected with load separately.The cross-over connection lead also is a conductor.Suitable conductor is metal, carbon, carbide or boride.Proper metal is transition metal, stainless steel, noble metal, interior transition metal (inner transition metal) (like Ag), alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb and Te.

The pond can comprise solid, fused mass or liquid cell.The latter can comprise solvent.Can control operating condition, with the state or the character of the expectation that obtains at least a reactant or pond part (like cathode pool reactant, anode pond reactant, salt bridge and pond compartment).Suitable state is solid-state, liquid state and gaseous state, and suitable character is ion and electronic conductivity, physical property, compatibility, diffusion velocity and reactivity.Be maintained in the situation of molten condition at one or more reactants, can the temperature of compartment be controlled to be and be higher than the reactant fusing point.Exemplary Mg, MgH ₂, K, KH, Na, NaH, Li and LiH fusing point be respectively 650 ℃, 327 ℃, 63.5 ℃, 619 ℃, 97.8 ℃, 425 ℃ (decomposition), 180.5 ℃ and 688.7 ℃.Heat can be from the catalytic action of hydrogen to mark hydrogen.As other a kind of selection, utilize the internal resistance through fuel cell or the heat that provides through external heater 450 with oxidant and/or the fusion of reducing agent reactant.In one embodiment, thereby CIHT battery insulated body surrounds formation double-walled vacuum envelope, the metal foil sleeve-board that is filled with opposing conduction and radiation heat loss's heat guard for example well known by persons skilled in the art.In one embodiment, the reactant of at least one in negative electrode and the anodic compartment is by solvent partial solventization at least.Solvent can catalyst-solvent or catalyst source, like alkali metal and hydride, and for example KH, K, NaH and Na.Appropriate solvent is those disclosed solvent in " organic solvent " part and " inorganic solvent " part.Dissolving alkali-metal appropriate solvent is hexamethyl phosphoramide (OP (N (CH ₃) ₂) ₃), ammonia, amine, ether, complexing solvent, crown ether and cryptand, and added crown ether or cryptand like ether or acid amides (like THF) equal solvent.

Fuel cell can also comprise at least one hydrogen system 460,461,430 and 431 that is used to measure, transmit and control the hydrogen that arrives at least one compartment.Hydrogen system can comprise pump, at least one valve, a pressure gauge and a reader and be used for the control system at least one supply hydrogen of negative electrode and anodic compartment.Hydrogen system can be recycled to another compartment by a compartment with hydrogen.In one embodiment, hydrogen system is with H ₂Gas is recycled to the negative electrode compartment by anodic compartment.Recirculation can be active or passive.In preceding a kind of situation, H ₂Can be by anode pump to negative electrode compartment in operation process, and in a kind of situation in back, H ₂Can be in according to the operation process of the reaction of equation (181-182) because of the pressure of anodic compartment accumulation by anode diffusion or flow to the negative electrode compartment.

Product can be regenerated in negative electrode or anodic compartment.Product can be sent to regenerator, wherein can use any of the present invention biochemical again so that initial reactant regeneration.The pond of carrying out the mark H-H reaction can be carried out the pond heat supply of the regeneration of reactant to those.

In one embodiment, fuel cell packets contains anode and negative electrode compartment, and it contains the salt bridge between anode and negative electrode, corresponding reactant mixture and the compartment separately.Compartment can comprise the non-conductive pool wall of inertia.The proper container material is that carbide and nitride are (like SiC, B ₄C, BC ₃Or TiN) or inside be coated with carbide and nitride (like SiC, B ₄C, BC ₃Or TiN) stainless steel tube.As other a kind of selection, the pond can stud with the inertia insulator, like MgO, SiC, B ₄C, BC ₃Or TiN.The pond can be processed by the electric conducting material with insulating spacer.Suitable pond material is stainless steel, transition metal, noble metal, refractory metal, rare earth metal, Al and Ag.The pond can have inertia insulated feedthrough device (feedthrough) separately.Appropriate insulation spacer and the material that is used for electric feedthrough device are that MgO and carbide and nitride are (like SiC, B ₄C, BC ₃Or TiN).Can use other ponds well known by persons skilled in the art, spacer and feedthrough device.Each self-contained stainless steel wool of exemplary negative electrode and anode, it utilizes silver solder to be connected in the pond feedthrough device through stainless steel cross-over connection lead.The exemplary anode reactant mixture comprises: (i) catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source, it is from K, KH, Na, NaH, Mg, MgH ₂, MgX ₂The group of (X is a halide), Li, LiH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH, optional (ii) reducing agent, it is from the group of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li and (iii) carrier, and it is from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC ₂Group.Exemplary cathode reaction mixture comprises: (i) oxide, it is from MX ₂(M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) and the group of LiX (X=H, Cl, Br), optional (ii) reducing agent, it is from the group of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li and optional (iii) carrier, and it is from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC ₂Group.Exemplary salt bridge comprises the metal hydride with high-temperature stability that is pressed into or forms sheet material.Salt bridge can be from metal hydride LiH, CaH ₂, SrH ₂, BaH ₂, LaH ₂, GdH ₂And EuH ₂Group.Can hydrogen or hydride be added into any pond compartment that also can comprise hydrogen disassociation agent (like Pd or Pt/C).At Mg ²⁺In the execution mode for catalyst, metal hydride such as the Mg of catalyst source for mixing _x(M ₂) _yH _z, x wherein, y and z are integer, and M ₂Be metal.In one embodiment, the hydride of mixing comprises alkali metal and Mg, like KMgH ₃, K ₂MgH ₄, NaMgH ₃And Na ₂MgH ₄

In one embodiment; Anode and cathode reaction comprise differential responses thing or the same reaction thing that is used to form mark hydrogen; But said same reaction thing is maintained at variable concentrations, different amount or under the differential responses condition at least one; Make between two half-cells, to develop voltage that said voltage can be supplied power to external loading through anode and negative electrode cross-over connection lead.In one embodiment, the anode reaction mixture comprises: (i) catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source, and as from K, KH, Na, NaH, Mg, MgH ₂, Ca, CaH ₂, Li, LiH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH group at least a, optional (ii) reducing agent, as from least a in the group of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li and (iii) carrier, as from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC ₂Group at least a.The cathode reaction mixture comprises: (i) catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source, and as from K, KH, Na, NaH, Mg, MgH ₂, MgX ₂(X is a halide), Ca, CaH ₂, Li, LiH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH group at least a and H ₂, optional (ii) reducing agent is as from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li and H ₂Group at least a and (iii) carrier, as from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC ₂Group at least a.Optional is that each half-cell reaction mixture can comprise oxidant, like MX ₂(M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) and the group of LiX (X=H, Cl, Br) at least a.In an illustrative embodiments, the anode reaction mixture comprises KH Mg TiC, and the cathode reaction mixture comprises NaH Mg TiC.In other illustrative embodiments, the pond comprises Mg MgH ₂TiC//NaH H ₂, KH TiC Mg//NaH TiC, KH TiC Li//NaH TiC, Mg TiC H ₂//NaH TiC, KH MgH ₂TiC Li//KH Mg TiC LiBr, KH Mg TiC//KH Mg TiC MX ₂(MX ₂Be alkaline-earth halide), NaH Mg TiC//KH Mg TiC MX ₂, wherein " // " represents salt bridge, and it can be a hydride.Can hydrogen or hydride be added into the pond compartment that also can comprise hydrogen disassociation agent (like Pd or Pt/C) arbitrarily.

In one embodiment, at least one pond comprises electrolyte in addition.Electrolyte can comprise the hydride of fusion.The hydride of fusion can comprise metal hydride, like alkali metal hydride or alkaline earth metal hydride.The hydride of fusion can be dissolved in the salt.Salt can have low melting point, as wherein a kind of cation can the eutectic salts identical with the cation of metal hydride.Salt can comprise the LiH that is dissolved in the LiCl/KCl mixture, perhaps like LiF/MgF ₂In mixture.Salt can comprise and has cationic one or more halide identical with the cation of catalyst, or the more stable compound of halide compound that forms than the reaction by the halide (like the mixture of LiH and LiCl/KCl) of catalyst and salt.Eutectic salts can comprise alkali earth metal fluoride (like MgF ₂) and the fluoride (like alkali metal fluoride) of catalyst metals.Catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source can comprise alkali metal hydride, like LiH, NaH or KH.As other a kind of selection, salt mixture comprises the alkali-metal mixed halide identical with catalyst metals, because will can not cause clean reaction with the halide-hydride exchange reaction of catalyst hydride.The mixture of the halide of suitable mixing and catalyst hydride is at least two kinds among KF, KCl, KBr and KI and KH and Li that replaces K or the Na.Preferably salt is the hydride ion conductor.Except that halide, other suitable molten salt electrolytes that can conduct hydride ion be hydroxide (as KH in KOH or NaH in NaOH) and the metal organic system (as be in NaAl (Et) ₄In NaH).The pond can be processed by metal (like Al or stainless steel), and it comprises graphite or boron nitride crucible.

Electrolyte can comprise the eutectic salts of two or more fluorides (like at least two kinds of compounds in the group of alkali halide and alkaline-earth halide).Exemplary salt mixture comprises LiF/MgF ₂, NaF/MgF ₂, KF/MgF ₂And NaF/CaF ₂The exemplary reaction mixture comprises NaH NaF MgF ₂TiC, NaH NaF MgF ₂Mg TiC, KH KF MgF ₂TiC, KH KF MgF ₂Mg TiC, NaH NaF CaF ₂TiC, NaH NaF CaF ₂Mg TiC, KH NaF CaF ₂TiC and KH NaF CaF ₂Mg TiC.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises and is loaded with hydride ion H ^-As the electrolyte of counter ion of migration, the cation balance that the ionization through catalyst in wherein said counter ion and the mark H-H reaction process produces.The generation heat of KCl and LiCl is respectively-436.50kJ/ mole and-408.60kJ/ mole.In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises molten salt electrolyte, like the alkali halide salts mixture, and for example KCl and LiCl.Mixture can be an eutectic mixture.The pond temperature can be maintained and be higher than the salt fusing point.Reactant mixture also comprises the hydride ion source, like alkali metal hydride, and for example LiH, KH or NaH.Reactant mixture can also comprise carrier (like TiC or C) and reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal or its hydride, for example Mg or MgH ₂) at least a.

Reactant mixture can comprise: (1) catalyst or catalyst source or hydrogen source; A kind of as among LiH, NaH, KH, RbH and the CsH; (2) can have high ion-conductivity and can make the electrolytical eutectic salts mixture that serves as that hydride ion passes through selectively, it comprises from two kinds of cations in the group of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba with from least a halide in the group of F, Cl, Br and I at least, and (3) can have the carrier of conductivity; Like carbide; Like TiC and (4) optional reducing agent and hydride exchange reaction thing, like alkaline-earth metal or alkaline earth metal hydride.

In an execution mode of CIHT battery, the block catalyst, (wherein appropriate carriers is selected from TiC, Ti like Mg, Ca or Mg and carrier or Ca and carrier ₃SiC ₂, WC, TiCN, B ₄C, SiC and YC ₂), comprise the reducing agent of anodic compartment.Electrolyte can comprise the salt such as eutectic mixture like the conduction hydride ion.Negative electrode can comprise the hydrogen permeability film, and optional is that anodic compartment also can comprise the hydrogen permeability film.Can hydrogen be provided to the negative electrode compartment, make it pass this film and form hydride ion, said hydride ion is through the migration of electrolyte anode compartment, and is oxidized to H in anodic compartment.H can spread through anode film, and forms mark hydrogen with the block catalyst reaction.In another execution mode of CIHT battery; Alkali metal or alkali metal hydride comprise catalyst or catalyst source; And the anode reaction mixture can also comprise at least a in reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal, for example Mg or Ca) and the carrier, and wherein appropriate carriers is selected from TiC, Ti ₃SiC ₂, WC, TiCN, B ₄C, SiC and YC ₂This reactant mixture can comprise the reducing agent of anodic compartment.Electrolyte can comprise salt, like the eutectic mixture of conduction hydride ion.In one embodiment, electrolyte comprises the alkali metal hydroxide of the fusion that can conduct hydride ion, like KOH.Negative electrode can comprise the hydrogen permeability film, and optional is that anodic compartment also can comprise the hydrogen permeability film.Can hydrogen be provided to the negative electrode compartment, make it pass this film and form hydride ion, said hydride ion is through the migration of electrolyte anode compartment, and is oxidized to H in anodic compartment.H can spread through anode film, and forms mark hydrogen with catalyst reaction.Select as another kind, H can with at negative electrode or anode film place or the catalyst reaction that in electrolyte, forms or exist.

In one embodiment, salt bridge comprises the solid that has high conductance for hydride ion.Salt bridge also can serve as electrolyte.At least a hydride that can comprise in salt bridge and the electrolyte is (like alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride, for example MgH ₂Or CaH ₂), halide (like alkali metal or alkaline-earth halide, for example LiF) and host material be (like Al ₂O ₃Powder) mixture.Mixture can be sintered, and wherein sintering can be at H ₂Carry out in the atmosphere.As other a kind of selection, salt bridge and optional electrolyte can be liquid, like the salt of fusion, wherein have a kind of salt bridge or electrolyte of being insoluble in negative electrode and the anodic half-cell reactant at least.An instance of the hydride conductor salt bridge of fusion is the eutectic fuse salt of LiH in LiCl/KCl.The example fractional hydrogen reactant is that catalyst source and hydrogen source (like NaH or KH), carrier (like TiC, C, Pd/C and Pt/C) and alkaline earth metal hydride are (like MgH ₂) or hydride of other heat regeneration (like LiH, MBH ₄And MAlH ₄At least a in (M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)).The half-cell compartment can be isolated or connected through the electric insulation spacer.Spacer also can serve as the carrier that is used for salt bridge.Salt bridge can comprise the salt of the fusion of being carried by spacer.Spacer can be MgO or BN fiber.The latter can be woven fabric or non-woven mat.In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like NaH or KH) are insoluble to salt bridge basically.Half and half pond reaction-ure mixture can be squeezed into plate and be attached to anode and the current collector of negative electrode.This plate can use at least one perforated sheet (for example sheet metal) fixing.As other a kind of selection, spacer can be that H is infiltrative, wherein H ^-Form H in the cathode half-cell interfacial reaction, H forms H through spacer and at the anodic half-cell interface ^-Come transport of H through forming H ^-Suitable spacer be fire-resistant metalloid (like V, Nb, Fe, Fe-Mo alloy, W, Rh, Ni, Zr, Be, Ta, Rh, Ti, Th) and rare earth and noble metal and alloy (like Pd and Pd/Ag alloy).The metal that comprises the H film possibly tend to improve H at the interface ^-The activity that/H transforms.This activity also can improve through utilizing concentration gradient.

In one embodiment; The CIHT battery comprises negative electrode compartment and anodic compartment; Wherein these two compartments can contain at least a identical reactant; Difference is, anodic compartment contains specially to be kept the mark H-H reaction and carry out one or more required selective reaction things of voltage between the pond, to develop with favourable speed.Anode contacts through salt bridge with the negative electrode compartment, and said salt bridge is an ion conductor, but is insulator basically for electronics.In one embodiment, salt bridge has selectivity to the hydride ion conductibility.In one embodiment, salt bridge can make the reactant materials except that the selective reaction thing between compartment, move or exchange.In one embodiment, anodic compartment contain catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (like NaH or KH), optional reducing agent (like alkaline-earth metal or hydride, for example Mg and MgH ₂) and one or more selective reaction things (like at least a carrier that also can serve as hydrogen disassociation agent).Carrier can comprise carbon, carbide or boride.Suitable carbon, carbide and boride are carbon black, TiC, Ti ₃SiC ₂, TiCN, SiC, YC ₂, TaC, Mo ₂C, WC, C, B ₄C, HfC, Cr ₃C ₂, ZrC, CrB ₂, VC, ZrB ₂, NbC and TiB ₂The appropriate carriers that also can serve as hydrogen disassociation agent is Pd/C, Pt/C Pd/MgO, Pd/Al ₂O ₃, Pt/MgO and Pt/Al ₂O ₃The half-cell compartment can be separated and be connected through the electric insulation spacer, and said electric insulation spacer can also serve as the carrier of salt bridge.Salt bridge can comprise the fuse salt that is carried by spacer.Fuse salt can be electrolyte, comprise the electrolyte of hydride and be dissolved at least a in the hydride in the electrolyte.As other a kind of selection, the spacer that can use the selective reaction thing to permeate replaces salt bridge.Spacer can have permeability for one or more ions or the compound of anodic compartment or negative electrode compartment reactant mixture, and does not have permeability for the selective reaction thing.In one embodiment, spacer does not have permeability for carrier.Spacer can be MgO or BN fiber.The latter can be woven fabric or non-woven mat.Because of the anodic compartment reactant that comprises the selective reaction thing specially and spacer or the salt bridge impenetrability for the selective reaction thing, selectivity has formed the mark H-H reaction of the catalyst of ionization in anodic compartment.

In one embodiment, the conveying of ion and electronics causes that at least a in addition the zone of mark hydrogen reactant in negative electrode or anodal compartment forms.The mark hydrogen reactant can form in electrolyte, the goals for H-H reaction is taken place: the interface of electrolyte, salt bridge, electrolyte and salt bridge, electrolyte-cathode interface and anode-electrolyte interface in following at least a position.Nickel electrode and electrolyte that negative electrode can comprise hydrogen permeability film (like nickel foil or pipe) or porous can comprise the eutectic salts (as being dissolved in the LiH among the LiCl-KCl) of carrying hydride ion.Hydrogen can permeate through film, and like Li ⁺Or K ⁺Can be reduced to like catalyst such as Li or K at electrolyte interface etc. catalyst ion, make Li or K and H form at the interface, and further reaction forms mark hydrogen.In this case, reduction potential raises.In one embodiment, the concentration of LiCl-KCl is about 58.5+41.2 mole %, and melt temperature is about 450 ℃, and LiH concentration is about 0.1 mole below the %.In another embodiment, LiH concentration can be any desired molar percentage, and saturation limit is about 8.5%.In another illustrative embodiments, electrolyte can comprise LiH+LiF+KF or NaF and optional carrier such as TiC.Electrolyte can comprise catalyst or the catalyst source and other suitable electrolyte beyond the LiH, like KH or NaH and NaBr+NaI, KOH+KBr, KOH+KI, NaH+NaAlEt ₄, NaH+NaAlCl ₄, NaH+NaAlCl ₄+ NaCl, NaH+NaCl+NaAlEt ₄A kind of with in other salt (like halide).The cation of at least a salt can be the cation of catalyst or catalyst source.In one embodiment, catalyst and H source can be through Cl ^-Or the oxidation of H and the HCl that forms.Cl ^-Can be from electrolyte.

An execution mode in hot pond comprises that a kind of reactant mixture distributes, and this distribution makes the zone location of catalyst reaction produce ion and electronics in the part.The distribution of reactant makes first district in the pond contain specially to keep the mark H-H reaction carries out one or more required selective reaction things with favourable speed, voltage between at least one first area in pond and at least one second area, to develop.In one embodiment, the pond comprises the conductivity wall, perhaps can comprise order wire circuit.Electron stream can flow through pool wall or circuit because of voltage.Reactant in the electron reduction second area (like hydride), thus anion produced, like hydride ion.Thereby anion can be by second area to first area migration completion circuit.Migration can be passed through solvent or fuse salt.Fuse salt can be electrolyte, comprise the electrolyte of hydride and be dissolved at least a in the hydride in the electrolyte.Spacer or salt bridge can maintain the selective reaction thing in the first area.Spacer or salt bridge also can be kept the isolation of segregate other reactants of expectation.Spacer or salt bridge can have selectivity to hydride ion.

In an illustrative embodiments, it is identical that anode and cathode reactant contain the carrier except that anodic compartment or zone specially.When not having salt bridge, physical isolation body and ion conductor can be limited in carrier in negative electrode compartment or the zone alternatively.For example, anode and cathode reaction mixture comprise NaH or KH and Mg, and the anode reaction mixture also comprises TiC.In other illustrative embodiments, the reactant mixture in two ponds comprises one or more catalyst, catalyst source and hydrogen source (like Li, LiH, Na, NaH, K, KH, Rb, RbH, Cs, CsH, Mg and MgH ₂In at least a) and reducing agent or hydride exchange reaction thing (like alkaline-earth metal or hydride, for example Mg, LiH, MBH ₄, MAlH ₄(M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and M ₂(BH ₄) ₂(M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)) at least a.Carrier is positioned at anodic compartment or zone only.The appropriate carriers that also can serve as hydrogen disassociation agent comprises carbon, carbide or boride.Suitable carbon, carbide and boride comprise carbon black, TiC, Ti ₃SiC ₂, YC ₂, TiCN, SiC, TaC, Mo ₂C, WC, C, B ₄C, HfC, Cr ₃C ₂, ZrC, CrB ₂, VC, ZrB ₂, NbC and TiB ₂The appropriate carriers that also can serve as hydrogen disassociation agent comprises Pd/C, Pt/C Pd/MgO, Pd/Al ₂O ₃, Pt/MgO and Pt/Al ₂O ₃Suitable anode reaction mixture comprises NaH Pd/Al ₂O ₃TiC+H ₂, NaH NaBH ₄TiC, NaH KBH ₄TiC, NaH NaBH ₄Mg TiC, NaH KBH ₄Mg TiC, KH NaBH ₄TiC, KH KBH ₄TiC, KH NaBH ₄Mg TiC, KH KBH ₄Mg TiC, NaH RbBH ₄Mg TiC, NaH CsBH ₄Mg TiC, KH RbBH ₄Mg TiC, KH CsBH ₄Mg TiC, NaH Mg TiC Mg (BH ₄) ₂, NaH Mg TiC Ca (BH ₄) ₂, KH Mg TiC Mg (BH ₄) ₂, KH Mg TiC Ca (BH ₄) ₂, NaH Mg TiC, KH Mg TiC, LiH Mg TiC, NaH Mg Pd/C, KH Mg Pd/C, LiH Mg Pd/C, NaH Mg Pt/C, KH Mg Pt/C, NaH Mg LiCl, KH Mg LiCl, KH KOH TiC and LiH Mg Pt/C.Except not existing the carrier, cathode reactant can be identical with it.

In one embodiment, antianode applies the electronics of positive bias with the self-ionization catalyst of collecting at least.In one embodiment, the electron collector that is positioned at anode is collected ionization electron, and its speed is with faster than the situation that does not have gatherer.Suitable speed is the fireballing speed that can form anion (like hydride ion) than electronics with reactant (like metal hydride) reaction on every side with the part.Therefore, gatherer forces electronics to pass through external circuit, and wherein voltage raises because of the energy that forms mark hydrogen discharges.Therefore, electron collector (positive potential that for example applies) serves as the source of activation energy that the mark H-H reaction of power is provided for the CIHT battery.In one embodiment, said bias voltage plays the effect like current amplifiers such as transistor (wherein, injecting little electric current causes is provided power by the mark H-H reaction big flow of current).Can control the voltage and the power output of other conditions (like temperature and hydrogen pressure) that are applied with the control battery.

In one embodiment, the pond comprises the anodic compartment that contains mark hydrogen catalyst reactant mixture (no H or H are limited), the negative electrode compartment that comprises hydrogen source (like hydrogen or hydride), connects the salt bridge (wherein conducting ion can be a hydride ion) of compartment and anode and the negative electrode that is electrically connected through external circuit through ionic conduction.Power can be transferred into the load that links to each other with external circuit, and perhaps power can be transferred into the pond that has with the additional power source of external circuit serial or parallel connection.Additional power source can provide the activation energy of mark H-H reaction, the feasible energy that amplifies of from the pond, exporting because of the energy that adds.In other execution modes, the electrolysis power that adds causes the migration of another kind of ion (for example halide or oxide), and wherein mass transfer is included in the mark H-H reaction takes place in the compartment.

In an execution mode of CIHT battery, product is regenerated through electrolysis.Fuse salt can comprise electrolyte.Product can be the alkali halide of catalyst metals and the hydride of at least the second metal (like alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride).Product can be reduced to halide metal and at electrolytic anode halide is reduced to halogen and oxidized at electrolysis cathode through applying voltage, and the polarity of its Semi-polarity and CIHT battery is opposite.Catalyst metals can form alkali metal hydride with H-H reaction.Halogen can form corresponding halide with metal hydride (like alkali metal hydride or alkaline earth metal hydride) reaction.In one embodiment, salt bridge has selectivity to halogen anion, and catalyst metals is in the CIHT anodic compartment, and second metal is in the CIHT negative electrode compartment.Since form electric energy that mark hydrogen discharged far above after the needed electric energy of regenerating, therefore the 2nd CIHT battery can make the first CIHT battery recycling, vice versa, makes in the circulation of power and regeneration, can export constant power by a plurality of batteries.An exemplary CIHT battery is NaH or KH Mg and carrier (like TiC//MX, wherein MX is metal halide, for example LiCl), and the salt bridge of being represented by " // " is the halogen anion conductor.Suitable halogen anion conductor is a halide salts, as is included under the operational factor of pond the electrolyte for the fusion of the alkali halide of solid, alkaline-earth halide and composition thereof, solid rare metal oxychloride and alkali halide or alkaline-earth halide.In one embodiment, Cl ^-Solid electrolyte can comprise metal chloride, metal halide and other halide compound (as being doped with KCl and PbF ₂, BiCl ₃PdCl ₂) and ion-exchange polymer (silicate, sodium phosphotungstate and sodium polyphosphate).Solid electrolyte can comprise the carrier of dipping.Exemplary solid electrolytes is for being impregnated with doped P bCl ₂Nonwoven glass cloth.In another embodiment; Counter ion is the ion beyond the halide; For example oxide, phosphide, boride, hydroxide, silicide, nitride, arsenide, selenides, tellurides, antimonide, carbide, sulfide, hydride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, disulfate, phosphate, hydrophosphate, dihydric phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, permanganate, chlorate, perchlorate, chlorite, cross chlorite, hypochlorite, bromate, perbromate, bromite, cross bromite, iodate, periodates, iodite, cross iodite, chromate, bichromate, tellurate, selenate, arsenate, silicate, borate, cobalt/cobalt oxide, tellurium oxide and other oxo anion (like the oxo anion of halogen), P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co and Te; CIHT negative electrode compartment contains the compound of counter ion, and salt bridge has selectivity to counter ion.Can be contained in the alkali metal hydride of anode through the exemplary CIHT power brick of electrolytic regeneration and at metal halide of negative electrode (like alkali metal or see the figure metal halide) and metal halide electrolyte (like the eutectic salts of fusion).Anode and negative electrode can also comprise hydride and halid metal respectively.

Based on Nernst equation, H ^-Increase cause electromotive force more become on the occasion of.The electromotive force of the negative value that more becomes helps the stabilisation of catalyst ion activated state.In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprises hydride exchangeability metal, to cause the negative value that can this special electromotive force more becomes.Proper metal is Li and alkaline-earth metal, like Mg.Reactant mixture can also comprise oxidant (like alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or transition metal halide) to reduce electromotive force.Oxide can be accepted electronics when forming catalyst ion.

Carrier can serve as capacitor and carry out the process that energy shifts from H, when the electronics of accepting from ionized catalyst, charge.The electric capacity of carrier can improve through adding the high dielectric constant dielectric that can mix with carrier, and perhaps operating temperature is a gaseous state to dielectric substance in the pond.In another embodiment, thus apply magnetic field so that drive mark H-H reaction forward by the electronic deflection of catalyst ionization and carry out.

In another embodiment, catalyst is reduced by ionization and in the anodic half-cell reaction.Reduction can form H through making hydrogen ⁺Carry out.H ⁺Can move to the negative electrode compartment through suitable salt bridge.Salt bridge can be proton-conductive films, PEM and/or proton conductor, as based on SrCeO ₃Solid-state Ca-Ti ore type proton conductor, SrCe for example _0.9Y _0.08Nb _0.02O _2.97And SrCeO _0.95Yb _0.05O ₃-α.H ⁺Can in the negative electrode compartment, react and form H ₂For example, H ⁺Can be reduced at negative electrode, perhaps with hydride such as MgH ₂Reaction forms H ₂In another embodiment, the cation transport of catalyst.Ion in migration is like Na ⁺In cationic situation, salt bridge can be the beta-alumina solid electrolyte.Liquid electrolyte such as NaAlCl ₄Also can be used for carrying like Na ⁺Plasma.

In two films shown in Figure 20 three compartment ponds, salt bridge can be included in the ionic conduction electrolyte 471 in the compartment 470 between anode 472 and the negative electrode 473.Electrode keeps separately, and can be sealed in inner reservoir wall, makes chamber wall and electrode be formed for the chamber 470 of electrolyte 471.Electrode and container electric insulation make it be isolated from each other.Any other conductor that possibly make the electrode electricity short circuit also must with the container electric insulation, to avoid short circuit.Anode and negative electrode can comprise the metal that has high osmosis for hydrogen.Electrode can comprise the geometry (like pipe electrode) that high surface area is provided, and perhaps it can comprise porous electrode.Hydrogen from negative electrode compartment 474 can diffuse through negative electrode, and reduces at the interface of negative electrode and salt bridge electrolyte 471 and to change H into ^-H ^-Electrolyte is passed through in migration, and is oxidized to H in electrolyte-anodic interface.H diffuses through anode, and in anodic compartment 475, forms mark hydrogen with catalyst reaction.H ^-Ionization provides reduction current at negative electrode with catalyst, and this reduction current is stated from externally in the circuit 476.H permeability electrode can comprise the Ag of V, Nb, Fe, Fe-Mo alloy, W, Mo, Rh, Ni, Zr, Be, Ta, Rh, Ti, Th, Pd, Pd coating, the V of Pd coating, Ti, rare earth metal, other refractory metals and the metal well known by persons skilled in the art of Pd coating.Electrode can be a metal forming.Chemical substance can be through any hydride of in anodic compartment, forming of heating with its thermal decomposition and heat regeneration.Hydrogen can flow to or pump to negative electrode compartment, so that initial cathode reactant regeneration.Regenerative response can take place in anode and negative electrode compartment, and perhaps the chemical substance in this or two compartments can be transported to one or more reaction vessels to regenerate.

In another embodiment, catalyst carries out H catalysis, and in the negative electrode compartment by ionization, also in the negative electrode compartment, be neutralized, make and can directly not flow because of catalytic reaction have net current.Produce the formation of the free energy of EMF from mark hydrogen, the formation of said mark hydrogen needs the mass transfer of ion and electronics.For example, the ion of migration can be (like H through material in anodic compartment ₂) oxidation and the H that forms ⁺H ⁺At least a through in electrolyte and the salt bridge (like PEM) to negative electrode compartment migration, and in the negative electrode compartment, be reduced to H or hydride, thus cause that the mark H-H reaction takes place.As other a kind of selection, H ₂Or hydride can be reduced formation H in the negative electrode compartment ^-Said reduction also forms catalyst, catalyst source and makes at least a among the atom H that the goals for H-H reaction can take place.H ^-The migration of anode compartment, wherein H ^-Or thereby another kind of material is realized circulation by ionization so that electronics to be provided to external circuit.The H of ionization can form H ₂, pump capable of using is with H ₂Be recirculated to the negative electrode compartment.

In another embodiment, metal is oxidized at anode.Metal ion transport is through electrolyte (like the salt or the solid electrolyte of fusion).Suitable fused electrolyte is the halide of the metal ion of migration.Metal ion is reduced at negative electrode, and wherein metal reacts and changes its activity.In suitable reaction, dissolving metal forms the intermetallic compound with at least a other metals in another kind of metal, and chemisorbed or physical absorption to surface are gone up or inserted as in the materials such as carbon.Metal can serve as catalyst or catalyst source.Cathode reactant also comprises hydrogen, and can comprise other reactants that cause that the mark H-H reaction takes place.Other reactants can comprise carrier (like TiC) and reducing agent, catalyst and hydride exchange reaction thing.Suitable exemplary Mg intermetallic compound comprises Mg-Ca, Mg-Ag, Mg-Ba, Mg-Li, Mg-Bi, Mg-Cd, Mg-Ga, Mg-In, Mg-Cu and Mg-Ni and hydride thereof.Suitable exemplary Ca intermetallic compound comprises Ca-Cu, Ca-In, Ca-Li, Ca-Ni, Ca-Sn, Ca-Zn and hydride thereof.Exemplary Na and K alloy or amalgam comprise those Na and K alloy or the amalgam of Hg and Pb.Other comprise Na-Sn and Li-Sn.Hydride can be by thermal decomposition.Intermetallic compound can be regenerated through distillation.The metal of regeneration can carry out recirculation.

In another embodiment, catalyst in the anodic compartment or catalyst source carry out ionization, and corresponding cation transport is through having optionally salt bridge for cation.Suitable cation is Na ⁺, and Na ⁺Selective membrane is a beta-alumina.Cation reduces in other reactants that contain hydrogen or hydrogen source and optional mark hydroformylation reaction mixture negative electrode compartment of (like in carrier, reducing agent, oxidant and the hydride exchanger one or more).The pond can be used as CIHT battery, electrolytic cell or combination and moves, and the electrolysis power that is wherein applied amplifies through the mark H-H reaction.

In one embodiment, electrolytical cation is (like the Li of eutectic salts LiCl/KCl ⁺) and optional LiH from anodic compartment through salt bridge to the migration of negative electrode compartment, and be reduced to metal or hydride, like Li and LiH.Another kind of exemplary electrolyte is included in the LiPF in dimethyl carbonate/ethylene carbonate ₆Pyrex can be spacers.In other execution modes, one or more alkali metal replace at least a among Li and the K.At K ⁺Replace Li ⁺In the situation as the ion that moves, can use solid potash glass electrolyte.In one embodiment, because like Li ⁺Isoionic migration, its reduction and any follow-up reaction (like hydride formation) and H occur in the negative electrode compartment to the catalysis of mark hydrogen attitude, to contribute to pond EMF.Being formed for the hydride of mark H-H reaction and the hydrogen source of H can be following hydride, and said hydride has the negative littler negative generation heat of absolute value that generates heat than the hydride of migration ion.At Li ⁺In the situation as the electronics that moves, suitable hydride comprises MgH ₂, TiH ₂, NaH, KH, RbH, CsH, LaNi _xMn _yH _zAnd Mg ₂NiH _x, wherein x, y and z are rationals.Replacing the K of Li or the suitable hydride of Na is MgH ₂The cathode reaction mixture can comprise other reactants that improve mark H-H reaction speed, like carrier, and TiC for example.

In one embodiment, serve as oxidant through the catalysis of hydrogen by the mark hydrogen that disclosed mark hydroformylation reaction mixture forms.Mark hydrogen

With negative electrode 405 reactions the form mark hydrogen hydride ion H of electronics at fuel cell ^-(1/p).Reducing agent and anode 410 reactions it is flowed through carrier 425 to negative electrode 405, and suitable cation are accomplished circuit through migrating to negative electrode compartment 401 by anodic compartment 402 through salt bridge 420 with supplies electrons.As other a kind of selection, suitable anion (like mark hydrogen hydride ion) is accomplished circuit through migrating to anodic compartment 402 by negative electrode compartment 401 through salt bridge 420.

The negative electrode half-reaction in pond is:

$H\left[\frac{a_H}{p}\right]+e^{-}\&RightArrow;H^{-}(1/p)---\left(199\right)$

The anode half-reaction is:

Reducing agent → reducing agent ⁺+ e ^-(200)

Total cell reaction is:

Reducing agent can be any electrochemical reduction agent, like zinc.In one embodiment, reducing agent has the high oxidation electromotive force and negative electrode can be a copper.In one embodiment, reducing agent comprises proton source, and wherein proton can be accomplished circuit through migrating to negative electrode compartment 401 by anodic compartment 402 through salt bridge 420, and perhaps hydride ion can move round about.Proton source comprises hydrogen, comprises hydrogen atom, compound (hydrogen compound higher like binding energy), water, molecular hydrogen, hydroxide, ordinary hydrogen anion, ammonium hydroxide and the HX of molecule and/or proton (X wherein ^-Be halide ion).In one embodiment, the oxidation generation proton and the gas that can in fuel cell running, discharge that comprise the reducing agent of proton source.

In another fuel cell execution mode, mark hydrogen source 430 is communicated with container 400 through mark hydrogen channel 460.Mark hydrogen source 430 is the ponds according to generation mark hydrogen of the present invention.In one embodiment, target compartment supply mark hydrogen or the higher compound of binding energy that produces through mark H-H reaction from reactant disclosed herein.Through heat or the higher hydrogen compound of chemical breakdown binding energy, also can mark hydrogen be supplied to negative electrode by oxidizer source.The exemplary oxidizer source 430 that passes through the generation of mark hydrogen reactant comprises

It has the cation M that combines with mark hydrogen hydride ion ^N+(wherein n is an integer) makes cation or atom M ^(n-1)+Binding energy be lower than mark hydrogen hydride ion

Binding energy.Other suitable oxidants reduce or react and produce at least a following material: (a) stoichiometry is different from the higher hydrogen compound of binding energy of reactant; (b) has the higher hydrogen compound of identical stoichiometric binding energy; It comprises the higher material of one or more binding energy; Said material has the binding energy higher than the respective substance of reactant; (c) mark hydrogen or mark hydrogen hydride (d) have two mark hydrogen of the binding energy higher than the two mark hydrogen of reactant, or (e) have the mark hydrogen of the binding energy higher than reactant mark hydrogen.

In some embodiments; Form the hydrogen that mark hydrogen consumed except only replenishing; Disclosed hereinly make reactant regeneration and keep power, chemistry, battery and the fuel cell system that low energy hydrogen forms reaction and can seal, the hydrogen fuel that is wherein consumed can be by the electrolysis acquisition of water.Fuel cell can be used for using widely, like generating, for example utility power, cogeneration of heat and power, power, ship power and aviation.In one situation of back, the CIHT battery can be the battery charge as the Electric aircraft energy storage device.

Power can be controlled through control cathode and anodic half-cell reactant and reaction condition.Suitable controlled parameter is hydrogen pressure and operating temperature.Fuel cell can be the parts that constitute a plurality of batteries that pile up.Fuel cell component can pile up, and can be through interconnecting at each contact with the forms of interconnection of series connection.Interconnect can be metal or the ceramic interconnect thing.Suitable interconnect is electric conducting material, pottery and metal-ceramic composite material.

In one embodiment, utilize optional external voltage and the polarity in pond is regularly reversed, so that at least a being removed in oxidation-reduction reaction product and the mark hydrogen product suppressed thereby eliminate product.Product also can be removed through physics and by the use of thermal means (respectively like ultrasonic and heating).

X. chemical reactor

The present invention is also to other reactors that are used to produce the higher hydrogen compound of binding energy of the present invention (like two mark hydrogen molecules and mark hydrogen hydride compound).The type that depends on the pond, other products of catalytic action are power and optional plasma and light.This type of reactor is known as " hydrogen reactor " or " hydrogen pond " hereinafter.Hydrogen reactor comprises the pond that is used to produce mark hydrogen.The form of chemical reactor or gas-fed fuel cell (like gas discharge pond, plasma torch pond or microwave power pond) can be adopted in the pond that is used to produce mark hydrogen.The illustrative embodiments that produces the pond of mark hydrogen can be taked the form of fuel liquid battery, solid fuel cell and heterogeneous fuel cell.Each is self-contained in these ponds: (i) atom hydrogen source; (ii) be selected from least a catalyst of the solid catalyst, melted catalyst, liquid catalyst, gaseous catalyst or its mixture that are used to produce mark hydrogen; (iii) be used for the container of hydrogen with the catalyst reaction that produces mark hydrogen.As used herein and such as the present invention consideration, term " hydrogen " unless refer in particular in addition not only comprise protium ( ¹H), also comprise deuterium ( ²H) and tritium ( ³H).In using the situation of deuterium, can expect tritium or the helium product that produces heterogeneous fuel and solid-fuelled relative trace as the reactant of mark H-H reaction.

An execution mode at the chemical reactor that is used for the synthetic compound (like mark hydrogen hydride compound) that comprises low energy hydrogen; Utilization is in molysite and the synthetic iron mark hydrogen hydride film of the Fe of positive oxidation oxygen, and said molysite can pass through the iron counter ion, preferably cementite, iron oxide or volatility molysite be (like FeI ₂Or FeI ₃) displacement and and H ^-(1/p) reaction.Catalyst can be K, NaH or Li.H can be from H ₂With disassociation agent such as R-Ni or Pt/Al ₂O ₃In another embodiment, iron mark hydrogen hydride can be by source of iron (iron halide that for example decomposes in the reactor operating temperature), catalyst (like NaH, Li or K) and hydrogen source (like H ₂Gas and disassociation agent (like R-Ni)) form.Manganese mark hydrogen hydride can be by manganese source (like organic metal, for example at 2 of reactor operating temperature decomposition, 4-glutaric acid Mn (II)), catalyst (like NaH, Li or K) and hydrogen source (like H ₂Gas and disassociation agent (like R-Ni)) form.In one embodiment, temperature of reactor maintains about 25 ℃～800 ℃, preferred about 400 ℃～500 ℃.

In one embodiment, because alkali metal is the covalency diatomic molecule in gas phase, the catalyst that therefore is used to form the higher compound of binding energy is by forming through the source with at least a other element reactions.Catalyst (like K or Li) can generate to form KHX LiHX (wherein X is a halide) through K or Li metal being dispersed in the alkali halide (like KX or LiX).Catalyst K or Li also can be through the K of evaporation ₂Or Li ₂Generate to form KH and K or LiH and Li respectively with atom H reaction.The higher hydrogen compound of binding energy can be MHX; Wherein M is an alkali metal; H is a mark hydrogen hydride; And X is the ion with an electric charge, and preferred X is one of halide and

.In one embodiment, be used to form the karat gold genus that reactant mixture comprises use KX (X=Cl, I) and the agent that dissociates (preferred nickel metal (like nickel sieve and R-Ni)) transforms respectively of KHI or KHCl (wherein H is a mark hydrogen hydride).Reaction is through remaining on reactant mixture higher temperature (being preferably 400 ℃～700 ℃) and adding hydrogen and carry out.Preferably, hydrogen pressure is maintained at about the gauge pressure of 5PSI.Therefore, MX is placed in the top of K, makes the K atomic migration through the halide lattice, and halide plays the effect that disperses K and serves as and is used for K ₂The disassociation agent, said K ₂The interface with from the H reaction of disassociation agent (like nickel sieve or R-Ni) to form KHX.

The appropriate reaction mixture that is used for composite score hydrogen hydride compound comprises at least two kinds of materials of the group of catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidant, reducing agent and carrier, and wherein oxidant is at least a source in sulphur, phosphorus and the oxygen, for example SF ₆, S, SO ₂, SO ₃, S ₂O ₅Cl ₂, F ₅SOF, M ₂S ₂O ₈, S _xX _y(like S ₂Cl ₂, SCl ₂, S ₂Br ₂, S ₂F ₂, CS ₂, Sb ₂S ₅), SO _xX _y(like SOCl ₂, SOF ₂, SO ₂F ₂, SOBr ₂), P, P ₂O ₅, P ₂S ₅, P _xX _y(like PF ₃, PCl ₃, PBr ₃, PI ₃, PF ₅, PCl ₅), PBr ₄F or PCl ₄F, PO _xX _y(like POBr ₃, POI ₃, POCl ₃Or POF ₃), PS _xX _y(like PSBr ₃, PSF ₃, PSCl ₃), phosphorous-nitrogen compounds is (like P ₃N ₅, (Cl ₂PN) ₃Or (Cl ₂PN) ₄, (Br ₂PN) _x(M is an alkali metal, and x and y are integer, and X is a halogen)), O ₂, N ₂O and TeO ₂Oxide can also comprise halide source, preferred fluorinated thing, for example CF ₄, NF ₃Or CrF ₂Mixture also can comprise the source of absorbent as phosphorus or sulphur, like MgS and MHS (M is an alkali metal).Suitable absorbent is following atom or compound, and it has caused the NMR peak and the mark hydrogen hydride peak that is positioned at the highfield at common H peak of the highfield skew of common H.Suitable absorbent comprises element S, P, O, Se and Te, perhaps comprises the compound that contains S, P, O, Se and Te.The general aspects that is used for the suitable absorbent of mark hydrogen hydride ion is that it forms chain, cage or ring with element form, doping elements form, and perhaps other elements with seizure and stable mark hydrogen hydride ion form chain, cage or ring.Preferably, can in solid or solution NMR, observe H ^-(1/p).In another embodiment, NaH or HCl serve as catalyst.A kind of suitable reactant mixture comprises MX and M ' HSO ₄, wherein M and M ' are alkali metal, preferably are respectively Na and K, and X is halogen, preferred Cl.

At least a reactant mixture that comprises in following each reaction is the suitable system that is used to produce power and is used to produce more low-energy hydrogen compound: (1) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, SF ₆And active carbon (AC), (2) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, S and active carbon (AC), (3) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, K ₂S ₂O ₈, Ag and AC, (4) KH catalyst, MgH ₂, K ₂S ₂O ₈And AC, (5) MH catalyst (M=Li, Na, K), Al or MgH ₂, O ₂, K ₂S ₂O ₈And AC, (6) KH catalyst, Al, CF ₄And AC, (7) NaH catalyst, Al, NF ₃And AC, (8) KH catalyst, MgH ₂, N ₂O and AC, (9) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, O ₂And active carbon (AC), (10) NaH catalyst, MgH ₂, CF ₄And AC, (11) MH catalyst (M=Li, Na or K), MgH ₂, P ₂O ₅(P ₄O ₁₀) and AC, (12) MH catalyst, MgH ₂, MNO ₃(M=Li, Na or K) and AC, (13) NaH or KH catalyst, Mg, Ca or Sr, transition metal halide (preferred FeCl ₂, FeBr ₂, NiBr ₂, MnI ₂) or rare earth metal halide (like EuBr ₂) and AC and (14) NaH catalyst, Al, CS ₂And AC.In other execution modes of the above exemplary reaction mixture that provides, the catalyst cation comprises a kind of among Li, Na, K, Rb or the Cs, and other materials of reactant mixture are selected from those materials of reaction 1～14.Reactant can be any desired ratio.

The mark hydroformylation reaction product is to have respectively respectively than at least a in the mark hydrogen molecule at the proton N MR peak of highfield skew and hydride ion of the proton N MR peak of common molecular hydrogen or hydride hydrogen (hydrogen hydride).In one embodiment; The hydrogen product combines with dehydrogenation element in addition; Wherein proton N MR peak is to the high field offset at the proton N MR peak of common molecule, material or compound with molecular formula identical with product, and perhaps said common molecule, material or compound are unstable in room temperature.

In one embodiment, the higher hydrogen compound of power and binding energy is produced by the reactions mixture, and said reactant mixture comprises two or more in the following material: LiNO ₃, NaNO ₃, KNO ₃, LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H ₂, carrier (like carbon, for example active carbon), metal or metal hydride reducing agent (preferred MgH ₂).Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably reactant mixture comprises 9.3 moles of %MH, 8.6 moles of %MgH ₂, 74 moles of %AC and 7.86 moles of %MNO ₃(M is Li, Na or K), wherein the mole % of each material can change in the scope of 10 percentage points of the given percentage of each material plus-minuss.After using NMR solvent (preferred deuterium is for DFM) extraction product mixture, utilize liquid NMR can observe product branch subfraction hydrogen and mark hydrogen hydride ion with preferred 1/4 attitude be respectively about 1.22ppm and-3.85ppm.Product M ₂CO ₃Can serve as the absorbent that is used for mark hydrogen hydride ion to form like MHMHCO ₃Deng compound.

In another embodiment, the higher hydrogen compound of power and binding energy produces through the reactions mixture, and said reactant mixture comprises two or more in the following material: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H ₂, metal or metal hydride reducing agent (preferred MgH ₂Or Al powder (preferred nanometer powder)), carrier (like carbon, preferred active carbon) and fluorine source (like fluorine gas or fluorocarbons, preferred CF ₄Or phenyl-hexafluoride (HFB)).Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably reactant mixture comprises 9.8 moles of %MH, 9.1 moles of %MgH ₂Or 9 moles of %Al nanometer powders, 79 moles of %AC and 2.4 moles of %CF ₄Or HFB (M is Li, Na or K), wherein the mole % of each material can change in the scope of 10 percentage points of the given percentage of each material plus-minuss.(preferred deuterium is for DFM or CDCl using the NMR solvent ₃) after the extraction product mixture, utilize liquid NMR can observe product branch subfraction hydrogen and mark hydrogen hydride ion with preferred 1/4 attitude be respectively about 1.22ppm and-3.86ppm.

In another embodiment, the higher hydrogen compound of power and binding energy produces through the reactions mixture, and said reactant mixture comprises two or more in the following material: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H ₂, metal or metal hydride reducing agent (preferred MgH ₂Or Al powder), carrier (like carbon, preferred active carbon) and fluorine source (preferred SF ₆).Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably reactant mixture comprises 10 moles of %MH, 9.1 moles of %MgH ₂Or 9 moles of %Al powder, 78.8 moles of %AC and 24 moles of %SF ₆(M is Li, Na or K), wherein the mole % of each material can change in the scope of 10 percentage points of the given percentage of each material plus-minuss.Suitable reactant mixture comprises NaH, the MgH of these mol ratios ₂Or Mg, AC and SF ₆(preferred deuterium is for DFM or CDCl using the NMR solvent ₃) after the extraction product mixture, utilize liquid NMR can observe product branch subfraction hydrogen and mark hydrogen hydride ion with preferred 1/4 attitude be respectively about 1.22ppm and-3.86ppm.

In another embodiment, the higher hydrogen compound of power and binding energy produces through the reactions mixture, and said reactant mixture comprises two or more in the following material: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H ₂, metal or metal hydride reducing agent (preferred MgH ₂Or Al powder), at least a source (preferred S or P powder, SF in carrier (like carbon, preferred active carbon) and sulphur, phosphorus and the oxygen ₆, CS ₂, P ₂O ₅And MNO ₃(M is an alkali metal)).Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably reactant mixture comprises 8.1 moles of %MH, 7.5 moles of %MgH ₂Or Al powder, 65 moles of %AC and 19.5 moles of %S (M is Li, Na or K), wherein the mole % of each material can change in the scope of 10 percentage points of the given percentage plus-minuss of each material.Suitable reactant mixture comprises NaH, the MgH of these mol ratios ₂Or Mg, AC and S powder.(preferred deuterium is for DFM or CDCl using the NMR solvent ₃) after the extraction product mixture, utilize liquid NMR can observe product branch subfraction hydrogen and mark hydrogen hydride ion with preferred 1/4 attitude be respectively about 1.22ppm and-3.86ppm.

In another embodiment, the higher hydrogen compound of power and binding energy produces through the reactant mixture that comprises NaHS.Mark hydrogen hydride ion can separate with NaHS.In one embodiment, solid-state reaction is at the inner formation H that takes place of NaHS ^-(1/4), its can with like solvent (preferred H ₂O) etc. proton source is further reacted and is formed H ₂(1/4).

The exemplary reaction mixture that is used to form branch subfraction hydrogen is 2g NaH+8g TiC+10g KI; 3.32g+KH+2g Mg+8g TiC 2.13g+LiCl; 8.3g KH+12g Pd/C; 20g TiC+2.5g Ca+2.5gCaH2; 20g TiC+5g Mg; 20g TiC+8.3g KH; 20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH; 20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.13g LiCl; 20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+2.1g LiCl; 12g TiC+0.1g Li+4.98g KH; 20g TiC+5g Mg+1.66g LiH; 4.98g KH+3g NaH+12g TiC; 1.66g KH+1g Mg+4g AC+3.92g EuBr ₃, 1.66g KH+10g KCl+1g Mg+3.92gEuBr ₃, 5g NaH+5g Ca+20g CAII-300+15.45g MnI ₂, 20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+5g Pt/Ti, 3.32g KH+2g Mg+8g TiC+4.95g SrBr ₂With 8.3g KH+5g Mg+20g TiC+10.4g BaCl ₂Reaction can be carried out 1 minute～24 hours 100 ℃～1000 ℃ temperature.Exemplary temperature and time are 500 ℃ or 24 hours.

In one embodiment, mark hydrogen hydride compound can be by purifying.Purification process can comprise at least a in the extraction of using appropriate solvent and the recrystallization.This method can further comprise chromatogram and the other technologies that are used to separate inorganic compound well known by persons skilled in the art.

In a liquid fuel execution mode, solvent has halogen functional group, preferred fluorine.Suitable reactant mixture comprises at least a in the phenyl-hexafluoride that is added into catalyst (like NaH) and the octafluoro naphthalene, and mixes with carrier (like active carbon), fluoropolymer or R-Ni.Reactant mixture can comprise the eutectic material that can be used in the application well known by persons skilled in the art.Suitably be applied as propeller and piston-mode motor fuel because of the high energy balance.In one embodiment, the product of expectation is at least a in the nanotube of fullerene and gathering.

In one embodiment, divide subfraction hydrogen H ₂(1/p) (preferred H ₂(1/4)) for can further reacting to form the product of corresponding hydride ion, said hydride ion can be used for using like hydride battery and face coat etc.Divide the subfraction hydrogen bond to rupture through impaction.H ₂(1/p) can be through dissociating at plasma or the intrafascicular energetic encounter of ion or electronics that utilizes.The mark hydrogen atom of disassociation can react to form the hydride ion of expectation again.

XI. experiment

A. flow type calorimetry in batches

The energy of the catalyst reaction mixture that the right side of the following is listed and dynamic equilibrium utilize volume to be about 130.3cm ³(internal diameter (ID) 1.5 ", long by 4.5 ", wall thickness 0.2 ") or volume be 1988cm ³(internal diameter (ID) 3.75 "; long 11 "; And wall thickness 0.375 ") cylindrical stainless steel reactor and current calorimeter obtain, said flow type calorimeter comprises the external water coolant coil of the 99+% (having realized error＜± 1%) of the energy that discharges in the vacuum chamber that contains each pond and the collecting pit.Energy recuperation is passed through gross output P _TIntegration and confirming in time.Power is provided by following formula

$P_T=\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{m}{C}_p\mathrm{\&Delta;T}---\left(202\right)$

Wherein

Be material flow, C _pBe specific heat of water, and Δ T is the absolute change of temperature between inlet and the outlet.Reaction causes through external heater being applied accurate power.Particularly, heater is applied the power (130.3cm of 100W～200W ³The pond) or the power (1988cm of 800W～1000W ³The pond).In this period of heating, reagent reaches mark H-H reaction threshold temperature, and wherein the beginning of reaction raises rapidly to confirm through the pond temperature usually.In case the pond temperature reaches about 400 ℃～500 ℃, just input power is set to zero.After 50 minutes, program points to zero with power.For improving the speed that heat is passed to cooling agent, utilize the helium of 1000 holders to be pressurizeed again in the chamber, the maximum of water temperature changes (outlet subtracts inlet) and is about 1.2 ℃.As determined through the complete equipilibrium of observing in the fluid thermal keyholed back plate, this device can reach balance fully in 24 hours time period.

In each test, through the input of integral and calculating energy and the energy output of corresponding power.Water density (0.998kg/ liter), specific heat of water (4.181kJ/kg ℃), the calibrated temperature difference and the time interval through with the volume flow rate of water and 19 ℃ the time multiply each other, and utilize equation (202) to calculate the heat energy of cool stream in each incremental time.The value of whole experiment is added up to obtain gross energy output.Gross energy E from the pond _TMust equal energy input E _InWith any net energy E _NetTherefore, net energy is provided by following formula

E _net＝E _T-E _in (203)

By energy balance, through following formula with respect to maximum theoretical E _MtConfirm waste heat E _Ex

E _ex＝E _net-E _mt (204)

The calibration test result has proved that the thermocouple of importing above 98% resistance-type with respect to the output cooling agent joins, and zero waste heat control has proved that through applied verification, calorimeter is accurate to error in 1%.The result provides as follows, and wherein Tmax is Gao Chiwen, and Ein is an intake, and dE is the measured output energy that surpasses intake.All energy all are heat releases.Wherein given on the occasion of the size of representing energy.In the experiment that utilizes block catalyst (like Mg) and carrier (like TiC), determined like mass spectrum and gas-chromatography, H ₂Dehydrogenation by the metal of container provides.

The calorimetry result

Pond #4326-031210WFJL1:20g TiC#112+5g Mg#6; Maximum temperature (Tmax): 685 ℃; Intake (Ein): 232.6kJ; (net energy) dE:6.83kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4327-031210WFJL2:20g TiC#112+5g Mg#6+1g LiH#1+2.5g LiCl#2+3.07g KCl#1 (500V, W-G, 1W, C); Tmax:612 ℃; Ein:381.6kJ; DE:9.59kJ; CIHT PS theoretical value :-1.93kJ; Chem theoretical value: 0kJ; Energy gain: 4.98.

Pond #369-031210WFRC3:8.3g KH-22+0.83g KOH-1+20g TiC-110; Tmax:722 ℃; Ein:492.5kJ; DE:6.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4320-031110WFJL4:20g Ti3SiC2-1+5g Mg#6+8.3g KH#22+2.13g LiCl#2 (12rpm); Tmax:604 ℃; Ein:514.1kJ; DE:11.97kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.05kJ; Energy gain: 3.93.

Pond #364-031110WFRC2:3g NaH-8+3g Mg-6+1.3g LiCl-2; Tmax:566 ℃; Ein:234.7kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.1kJ; Energy gain: 4.5; Energy/mole oxidant: 166.5kJ/mol.

Pond #365-031110WFRC3:5g NaH-8+5g Mg-6+2.13g LiCl-2; Tmax:710 ℃; Ein:490.5kJ; DE:7.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 4.4; Energy/mole oxidant: 158kJ/mol.

Pond #366-031110WFRC4:29g La-1+20g TiC-109; Tmax:728 ℃; Ein:588kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

031110WFCKA1#1630; " 1.0 thin-walled pond (LDC); 8.0g NaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2; Tmax:570 ℃; Ein:245kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.9kJ; Energy gain: 3.5.

031110WFCKA2#1629; 1.5 " LDC; 13.2gKH#22+8.0g Mg#6+16.64g BaCl2#4+32.0gTiC#107; Tmax:560 ℃; Ein:260kJ; DE:20kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.56kJ; Energy gain: 3.1.

031110WFCKA2#1628; 1.5 " LDC; 13.2gKH#22+8.0g Mg#6+16.64g BaCl2#4+32.0gTiC#107; Tmax:563 ℃; Ein:274kJ; DE:16kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.56kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

031010WFCKA1#1627; 1.5 " LDC; 8.0g NaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2+5.0gTiC#104; Tmax:584 ℃; Ein:294kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.9kJ; Energy gain: 2.8.

031010WFCKA2#1626; 1.5 " LDC; 8.0gNaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2+20.0g TiC#105; Tmax:575 ℃; Ein:284kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.9kJ; Energy gain: 4.2.

031010WFCKA3#1625; 1.5 " LDC; 8.0g NaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2+10.0gTiC#105; Tmax:560 ℃; Ein:293kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.9kJ; Energy gain: 2.8.

030910WFCKA2#1624; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0gNaH#8+5.0g Mg#6+2.13g LiCl#2+10.0gTiC#105+10.0g SiC#1; Tmax:570 ℃; Ein:281kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 4.4.

030910WFCKA3#1623；1.5″LDC；1.66g?LiH#1+4.5g?LiF#1+9.28g?KF#1+20.0gTiC#105；Tmax：580℃；Ein：321kJ；dE：4kJ。

Pond #4312-031010WFJL4:20g Ti3SiC2-1+5g Mg#6+8.3g KH#22+2.13g LiCl#2 (6rpm); Tmax:598 ℃; Ein:511.0kJ; DE:5.05kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.05kJ; Energy gain: 1.65.

Pond #4313-031010WFGH1:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2 (6rpm); Tmax:709 ℃; Ein:531.1kJ; DE:5.24kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.84kJ; Energy gain: 2.85.

Pond #361-031010WFRC3:5g NaH-8+5g Mg-6+20g MgB2-2; Tmax:713 ℃; Ein:503.3kJ; DE:6.2kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #362-031010WFRC4:8.3g KH-22+5g Mg-6+20g MgB2-2; Tmax:709 ℃; Ein:560kJ; DE:5.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4303-030910WFJL4:20g Ti3SiC2-1+5g Mg#6+8.3g KH#22+2.13g LiCl#2 (1rpm); Tmax:603 ℃; Ein:558.0kJ; DE:10.63kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.05kJ; Energy gain: 3.49.

Pond #4304-030910WFGH1:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13gLiCl#2 (12rpm); Tmax:715 ℃; Ein:551.3kJ; DE:4.35kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.84kJ; Energy gain: 2.36.

Pond #356-030910WFRC2:1.28g LiCl-2+4.98g KH-22+3g Mg-6+12g TiC-105; Tmax:569 ℃; Ein:226.0kJ; DE:5.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 2.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 173.2kJ/mol.

Pond #357-030910WFRC3:1.7g Mg-6+21.2g Bi-1+20g TiC-105; Tmax:728 ℃; Ein:501.5kJ; DE:13.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.9kJ; Energy gain: 4.6.

Pond #358-030910WFRC4:5g Mg-6+20g Ti3SiC2-1; Tmax:712 ℃; Ein:515.1kJ; DE:8.1kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4293-030810WFJL3:12g TiC#103+3g Mg#5+1g LiH#1+2.7g LiF#1+4.2g NaF#1; Tmax:759 ℃; Ein:427.7kJ; DE:12.28kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.52kJ; Energy gain: 23.61.

Pond #4296-030810WFGH2:12g TiC+3g Mg+3.94g Ag; Tmax:670C; Ein:270.1kJ; DE:4.54kJ; Theoretical energy: 0.00kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #353-030810WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-2+5g NaH-4+20g TiC-107; Tmax:721 ℃; Ein:475.1kJ; DE:16.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 9; Energy/mole oxidant: 324kJ/mol.

Pond #354-030810WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-2+5g NaH-4+20g TiC-109; Tmax:714 ℃; Ein:516kJ; DE:12.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 4.2; Energy/mole oxidant: 250kJ/mol.

030810WFCKA2#1622; 1.5 " LDC, 5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0gTiC#105; Tmax:580 ℃; Ein:280kJ; DE:9kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 5.0.

030810WFCKA3#1621; 1.5 " LDC, 5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0gTiC#105; Tmax:690 ℃; Ein:379kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 4.4.

030510WFCKA1#1620; 1.5 " LDC, 5.0g NaH#7+5.0g Mg#5+2.18g LiCl#2+20.gYC2#5; Tmax:570 ℃; Ein:287kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 3.8.

030510WFCKA2#1619; 1.5 " LDC, 8.0g N aH#7+8.0g Mg#5+3.4g LiCl#2+32.0gTiC#103; Tmax:562 ℃; Ein:282kJ; DE:15kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.9kJ; Energy gain: 5.1.

030510WFCKA3#1618; 1.5 " LDC, 5.0g Mg#5+1.66g LiH#1+4.5g LiF#1+9.28gKF#1+20.0g TiC#101; Tmax:670 ℃; Ein:392kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.55; KJ; Energy gain: 2.3.

Pond #4284-030510WFJL3:12g TiC#101+3g Mg#5+1g LiH#1+2.7g LiF#1+5.57g KF#1; Tmax:676 ℃; Ein:333.9kJ; DE:14.12kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.52kJ; Energy gain: 9.3.

Pond #4285-030510WFJL4:20g TiC#101+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2 (0rpm); Tmax:616 ℃; Ein:564.3kJ; DE:9.67kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.85kJ; Energy gain: 5.23.

Pond #4286-030510WFGH1:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2 (0rpm); Tmax:717 ℃; Ein:559.3kJ; DE:4.64kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.84kJ; Energy gain: 2.52.

Pond #349-030510WFRC3:12.4g SrCl2-AD-10+5g Mg-5+8.3g KH-21+20gTiC-98; Tmax:719 ℃; Ein:486.8kJ; DE:21.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-8.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.5; Energy/mole oxidant: 276.9kJ/mol.

Pond #350-030510WFRC4:5g Ca-1+2.6g Cu-1+20g TiC-103; Tmax:730 ℃; Ein:521.8kJ; DE:10.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.08kJ; Energy gain: 131.3.

030410WFCKA2#1616; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0gTiC#101; Tmax:708 ℃; Ein:378kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 6.1.

030410WFCKA3#1615; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0gTiC#101; Tmax:590 ℃; Ein:298kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 4.4.

030310WFCKA2#1613; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0gNaH#7+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#2+20.0gSiC#1; Tmax:520 ℃; Ein:256kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 3.8.

030310WFCKA3#1612; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0g NaH#7+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#2+17.6gWC#A-1; Tmax:520 ℃; Ein:268kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 2.7.

Pond #4273-030410WFJL1:20g TiC#88+5g Ca#2+1.40g Ni; Tmax:699 ℃; Ein:452.3kJ; DE:6.8kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.68kJ; Energy gain: 9.95.

Pond #349-030410WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-2+5g NaH-4+20g TiC-103; Tmax:731 ℃; Ein:474.9kJ; DE:14.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 7.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 284kJ/mol.

Pond #350-030410WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-1+Mg-2+8.3g KH-24+20g TiC-103; Tmax:711 ℃; Ein:522.1kJ; DE:10.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 3.4; Energy/mole oxidant: 206kJ/mol.

Pond #4264-030310WFJL1:20g TiC-GW-3+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2; Tmax:679 ℃; Ein:443.1kJ; DE:11.72kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.85kJ; Energy gain: 6.34.

Pond #4266-030310WFJL3:12g TiC#88+3g Mg#5+3g NaH#7+1.21g LiF#1+0.48g NaF#1+2.44g KF#1; Tmax:737 ℃; Ein:373.3kJ; DE:10.61kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.45kJ; Energy gain: 23.61.

Pond #4267-030310WFJL4:20g TiC#88+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2 (6rpm); Tmax:628 ℃; Ein:590.3kJ; DE:9.41kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.85kJ; Energy gain: 5.09.

Pond #343-030310WFRC1:3g NaH-6+2.7g LiBH4+12g TiC-88; Tmax:561 ℃; Ein:259.3kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.0kJ; Energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #345-030310WFRC3:5g Mg-5+6.6Ag-1+20g TiC-88; Tmax:773 ℃; Ein:545.3kJ; DE:14.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.4kJ; Energy gain: 6.2.

Pond #346-030310WFRC4:5g Ca-1+1.4g Ni-1+20g TiC-88; Tmax:766 ℃; Ein:557.0kJ; DE:12.4kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.7kJ; Energy gain: 17.7.

Pond #4255-030210WFJL1:20g TiC#99+2.78g LiH#1+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2; Tmax:680 ℃; Ein:439.6kJ; DE:8.56kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.85kJ; Energy gain: 4.63.

Pond #4257-030210WFJL3:12g TiC#99+1g LiH#1+1.21g LiF#1+0.48g NaF#1+2.44g KF#1; Tmax:689 ℃; Ein:333.7kJ; DE:8.91kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.83kJ; Energy gain: 10.73.

Pond #4258-030210WFJL4:20g TiC#99+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2 (1rpm); Tmax:615 ℃; Ein:585.3kJ; DE:9.10kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.85kJ; Energy gain: 4.92.

Pond #4259-030210WFGH1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.13g LiCl (6rpm); Tmax:725 ℃; Ein:559.8kJ; DE:9.08kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 3.00.

Pond #339-030210WFRC1:30g RNi-185; Temperature slope variations (TSC): 178 ℃ (69-247 ℃); Tmax:371 ℃; Ein:109.7kJ; DE:14.5kJ.

Pond #340-030210WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g TiC-GW-3; Tmax:590 ℃; Ein:257.9kJ; DE:5.5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #341-030210WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-99; Tmax:767 ℃; Ein:562.8kJ; DE:19.8kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 6.6; Energy/mole oxidant: 396kJ/mol.

Pond #342-030210WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-1+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5; Tmax:739 ℃; Ein:564.8kJ; DE:9.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 3.1; Energy/mole oxidant: 186kJ/mol.

030210WFCKA2#1610; 1.5 " LDC; 10.0g NaH#6+10.0g Mg#5+4.26g LiCl#1+40.0gTiC#98; Tmax:490 ℃; Ein:248kJ; DE:16kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.6kJ; Energy gain: 4.4.

030210WFCKA3#1609; 1.5 " LDC; 10.0g NaH#6+10.0g Mg#5+4.26g LiCl#1+40.0gTiC#98; Tmax:510 ℃; Ein:274kJ; DE:15kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.6kJ; Energy gain: 4.2.

030110WFCKA2#1607; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#1+10.0gTiC#97+10.0g TiC-Nano#1 "; Tmax:490 ℃; Ein:288kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 5.5.

022610WFCKA2#1604; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0gPdC#3; Tmax:505 ℃; Ein:228kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.8kJ; Energy gain: 6.6.

022610WFCKA3#1603; 1.5 " LDC; 8.3g KH#21+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0gPdC#3; Tmax:500 ℃; Ein:232kJ; DE:14kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.1kJ; Energy gain: 4.5.

022610WFCKA1#1605；1.5″LDC；2.5g?Ca#1+2.5gCaH2#1+20.0g?TiC#97；Tmax：810℃；Ein：484kJ；dE：4kJ。

Pond #4246-030110WFJL1:20g TiC-GW-4+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+2.13g LiCl#1; TSC: do not observe; Tmax:674 ℃; Ein:427.7kJ; DE:10.90kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.85kJ; Energy gain: 5.9.

Pond #4248-030110WFJL3:12g TiC#98+4.98g KH#21+2.70g LiF#1+5.57g KF#1; Tmax:679 ℃; Ein:331.9kJ; DE:8.84kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4249-030110WFJL4:20g TiC#98+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6 (12rpm); Tmax:613 ℃; Ein:594.3kJ; DE:7.19kJ; Theoretical energy: 0; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4250-030110WFGH1:20g TiC#97+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21+2.13g LiCl#1 (1rpm); Tmax:666 ℃; Ein:483.1kJ; DE:9.42kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 3.11.

Pond #4253-030110WFGH4:20g WC-A-1+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#21+2.13g LiCl#1; Tmax:632 ℃; Ein:381.8kJ; DE:8.32kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 2.75.

Pond #4254-030110WFGH5:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21+2.13g LiCl#1; Tmax:627 ℃; Ein:408.3kJ; DE:9.15kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 3.02.

Pond #337-030110WFRC3:12.4g SrBr2-AD-4+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-98; Tmax:716 ℃; Ein:506.9kJ; DE:14.7kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.6kJ; Energy gain: 4.1; Energy/mole oxidant: 294kJ/mol.

Pond #338-030110WFRC4:7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20gTiC-98; Tmax:716 ℃; Ein:543.9kJ; DE:10.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 3.5; Energy/mole oxidant: 210kJ/mol.

Pond #4237-022610WFJL1:20g TiC#97+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21; Tmax:678 ℃; Ein:420.5kJ; DE:8.72kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4239-022610WFJL3:12g TiC#97+1.0g LiH#1+2.7g LiF#1+5.57g KF#1; Tmax:683 ℃; Ein:342.9kJ; DE:12.62kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.52kJ; Energy gain: 8.28.

Pond #4244-022610WFGH4:20g TiC88+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#4+2.13g LiCl#1; Tmax:681 ℃; Ein:440.2kJ; DE:6.43kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 2.12.

Pond #4245-022610WFGH5:20g CrB2#3+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6; Tmax:661 ℃; Ein:429.6kJ; DE:6.55kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #332-022610WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g Pd/Al2O3-1; Tmax:584 ℃; Ein:241.6kJ; DE:10.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.6kJ; Energy gain: 1.9.

Pond #333-022610WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g Pd/Al2O3-1; Tmax:722 ℃; Ein:472.7kJ; DE:21.7kJ; Theoretical energy :-11.2kJ; Energy gain: 1.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 434kJ/mol.

Pond #334-022610WFRC4:10.4g BaCl2-AD-4+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20gPd/Al2O3-1; Tmax:716 ℃; Ein:537.0kJ; DE:16.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-11.1kJ; Energy gain: 1.5; Energy/mole oxidant: 338kJ/mol.

Pond #4230-022510WFJL3:12g TiC#96+1.67g LiH#1+3g NaH#6+1.28g LiCl#1; Tmax:682 ℃; Ein:352.9kJ; DE:8.33kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.11kJ; Energy gain: 7.50.

Pond #4231-022510WFJL4:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+0.35g Li#2 (12rpm); Tmax:621 ℃; Ein:604.1kJ; DE:7.30kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.72; Energy gain: 4.23.

Pond #4232-022510WFGH1:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#5+0.1g MgH2#4 (0rpm); Tmax:681 ℃; Ein:520.8kJ; DE:4.12kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #328-022510WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g WCCo-A-1; Tmax:558 ℃; Ein:237.8kJ; DE:4.0kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #329-022510WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g WCCo-A-1; Tmax:709 ℃; Ein:487.5kJ; DE:8.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 4.8; Energy/mole oxidant: 172kJ/mol.

Pond #4219-022410WFJL1:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+2.1g LiCl#1; Tmax:686 ℃; Ein:438.9kJ; DE:10.70kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.82kJ; Energy gain: 5.87.

Pond #4222-022410WFJL4:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+0.35g Li#2 (0rpm); Tmax:614 ℃; Ein:568.3kJ; DE:9.10kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.72; Energy gain: 5.28.

Pond #4223-022410WFGH1:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+0.1g MgH2#4 (12rpm); Tmax:679C; Ein:477.5kJ; DE:6.23kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4226-022410WFGH4:20g TiC96+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21+0.35g Li#2; Tmax:637C; Ein:386.7kJ; DE:7.81kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.64kJ; Energy gain: 4.76.

Pond #324-022410WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+6g Pt/C-3; Tmax:592 ℃; Ein:247.5kJ; DE:8.3kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #325-022410WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g WC-A-1; Tmax:710 ℃; Ein:476.9kJ; DE:11.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 6.2; Energy/mole oxidant: 224kJ/mol.

Pond #326-022410WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20g WC-A-1; Tmax:716 ℃; Ein:529.6kJ; DE:11.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 3.7; Energy/mole oxidant: 224kJ/mol.

Pond #320-022310WFRC2:4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-5+6g Pt/C-3; Tmax:572 ℃; Ein:227.7kJ; DE:9.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #321-022310WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-95; Tmax:699 ℃; Ein:452.5kJ; DE:10.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 5.8; Energy/mole oxidant: 210kJ/mol.

Pond #322-022310WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-95; Tmax:711 ℃; Ein:526.8kJ; DE:8.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 3; Energy/mole oxidant: 178kJ/mol.

Pond #4203-022210WFJL3:12g TiC#94+3g Mg#5+3.94g Ag; Tmax:764 ℃; Ein:381.3kJ; DE:7.36kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.42kJ; Energy gain: 5.2.

Pond #4204-022210WFJL4:20g TiC#94+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+0.35g Li#2 (1rpm); Tmax:613 ℃; Ein:584.3kJ; DE:7.67kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.72; Energy gain: 4.45.

Pond #4206-022210WFGH2:12g TiC#95+1g Mg#5+12.69g Bi#1; TSC:510-620 ℃; Tmax:693 ℃; Ein:301.6kJ; DE:7.00kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.76kJ; Energy gain: 3.97.

Pond #4209-022210WFGH5:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5; Tmax:678 ℃; Ein:447.7kJ; DE:4.38kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #317-022210WFRC2:1.3g LiCl-2+3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g TiC-Nano-1; Tmax:519 ℃; Ein:205.1kJ; DE:6.0kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.1kJ; Energy gain: 5.5; Energy/mole oxidant: 199.8kJ/mol.

Pond #318-022210WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiCN-A-1; Tmax:716 ℃; Ein:474.2kJ; DE:12.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 6.8; Energy/mole oxidant: 246kJ/mol.

Pond #4199-021910WFGH4:20g TiC94+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#21+4.74g LiAlH4#1; TSC:325-435 ℃; Tmax:708 ℃; Ein:478.8kJ; DE:22.05kJ; Theoretical energy :-16.5kJ; Energy gain: 1.34.

Pond #313-021910WFRC2:4.76g SrCl2-AD-10+4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-4+12gTi3SiC2-1; Tmax:584 ℃; Ein:239.5kJ; DE:6.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.3kJ; Energy gain: 1.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 203.1kJ/mol.

Pond #315-021910WFRC4:6.25g BaCl2-SD-4+4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-4+12gTi3SiC2-1; Tmax:569 ℃; Ein:265.8kJ; DE:6.4kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.4kJ; Energy gain: 2.7 energy/mole oxidant: 213.1kJ/mol.

Pond #4189-021810WFJL3:12g TiC#93+3g Mg#4+4.88g K+0.1g KH#21; Tmax:682 ℃; Ein:308.1kJ; DE:5.49kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #309-021810WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-4+12g TiCN-A-1; Tmax:577 ℃; Ein:238.2kJ; DE:4.1kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #310-021810WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-4+20g Ti3SiC2-1; Tmax:712 ℃; Ein:475.2kJ; DE:10.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 3.5; Energy/mole oxidant: 212kJ/mol.

Pond #311-021810WFRC4:1.3g LiCl-2+4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-4+12g TiCN-A-1; Tmax:555 ℃; Ein:265.9kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 2.8; Energy/mole oxidant: 166.5kJ/mol.

021810WFCKA1#1587; 1.5 " LDC; 5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#4+2.1g LiCl#1+20.0gTiC#93; Tmax:720 ℃; Ein:404kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.82; Energy gain: 5.5.

021810WFCKA2#1586; " 1.0 heavy-duty pond (HDC); 3.g NaH#6+3.0g Mg#4+12.0gCrB2#2; Tmax:714 ℃; Ein:300kJ; DE:4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

021710WFCKA1#1584; 1.0 " HDC; 4.98g KH#19+12.0g TiC#93+3.8g KBH4#1; Tmax:620 ℃; Ein:281kJ; DE:4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

021710WFCKA2#1583; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3gKH#19+5.0g Mg#4+11.2g KBH4+20.0gCrB2#2; Tmax:548 ℃; Ein:266kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

021710WFCKA3#1582; 1.5 " HDC; 5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#4+8.0g NaBH4#1+20.0gCrB2#2; Tmax:550 ℃; Ein:321kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

021610WFCKA1#1581; 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH#19+5.0g Mg#4+20.0g TiC#92+11.2gKBH4#1 (021110WFRC:14.1kJ); Tmax:630 ℃; Ein:360kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #4178-021710WFJL1:20g TiC#92+5g Mg#4; TSC:525-575 ℃; Tmax:676 ℃; Ein:419.1kJ; DE:8.76kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4179-021710WFJL2:8g TiC#92+3g Mg#4+4.98g KH#19 (the 1W firm power, W+G, NC); Tmax:652 ℃; Ein:423.5kJ; DE:6.3kJ; Theoretical energy: from additional power source-2.26kJ; Energy gain: 2.8.

Pond #4180-021710WFJL3:12g CrB2#2+3g Mg#4+3g NaH#6; Tmax:712 ℃; Ein:343.7kJ; DE:6.13kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4182-021710WFGH1:20g TiC#92+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19 (12rpm); Tmax:673 ℃; Ein:490.3kJ; DE:6.85kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #305-021710WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-4+12g Ti3SiC2-1; Tmax:566 ℃; Ein:233.7kJ; DE:4.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #306-021710WFRC3:5g Mg-4+20g TiC-92; Tmax:694 ℃; Ein:471.1kJ; DE:6.3kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4171-021610WFJL3:12g TiC#90+8.34g MgI2; Tmax:750 ℃; Ein:386.7kJ; DE:5.24kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4173-021610WFGH1:20g TiC#90+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19 (6rpm); Tmax:668 ℃; Ein:480.3kJ; DE:5.64kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Gain: infinity.

Pond #4176-021610WFGH4:20g TiC90+2.5g Mg#4+4.1g K+0.5g KH19; Tmax:701 ℃; Ein:436.3kJ; DE:5.50kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #301-021610WFRC2:1g LiH-1+4.74g LiAlH4-1+12g TiC-92; Tmax:593 ℃; Ein:255.2kJ; DE:5.2kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

021510WFCKA2#1579; 1 " HDC; 3.g NaH#6+3.0g Mg#4+11.5g PdC#3; Tmax:575C; Ein:215kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

021510WFCKA3#1578; 1 " HDC; 4.15g KH#19+2.5g Mg#4+10.0g PdC#3; Tmax:560 ℃; Ein:214kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #4164-021510WFGH1:20g TiC#90+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19 (1rpm); Tmax:674 ℃; Ein:491.2kJ; DE:4.98kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4168-021510WFGH5:20g TiC nano+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19+2.13g LiCl#2; Tmax:668 ℃; Ein:440.8kJ; DE:9.13kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 3.01.

Pond #297-021510WFRC2:4.98g KH-19+4.74g LiAlH4-1+12g TiC-89; Tmax:560 ℃; Ein:235.4kJ; DE:12.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-7.9kJ; Energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #298-021510WFRC3:5g NaH-6+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-GW-1; Tmax:709 ℃; Ein:484.8kJ; DE:13.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #299-021510WFRC4:4.98g KH-19+3g Mg-4+4.74g LiAlH4-1+20g TiC-89; Tmax:561 ℃; Ein:270.7kJ; DE:16.6; Theoretical energy :-9.9kJ; Energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #4156-021210WFJL1:8g TiC#89+0.01g LiH#1+2g NaH#6+2.48g LiCl#1+3.09g KCl#1 (20V, W+G, C, R=about 400 ohm (across ponds), the about 0.2A of I=, peak value); Tmax:671 ℃; Ein:378.5kJ; DE:10.22kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.15kJ; Energy gain: 4.75.

Pond #4158-021210WFJL3:12g TiC#89+3g Ca#1+0.84g Ni#1; Tmax:729 ℃; Ein:333.5kJ; DE:8.93kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.41kJ; Energy gain: 21.8.

Pond #4159-021210WFJL4:12g TiC+3g Ca+1.54g Cu; Tmax:726 ℃; Ein:297.0kJ; DE:5.77kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.05kJ; Energy gain: 113.

Pond #293-021210WFRC2:1g LiH-1+3g Mg-4+6.74g KBH4-1+20g TiC-89; Tmax:561 ℃; Ein:227.3kJ; DE:6.5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #294-021210WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-GW-1; Tmax:708 ℃; Ein:469.3 kJ; DE:12.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.8kJ; Energy gain: 6.8; Energy/this result of mole oxidant: 244kJ/mol. shows the TiC regeneration of succeeding.

Pond #295-021210WFRC4:3g NaH-6+4.74g LiAlH4-1+12g TiC-89; Tmax:560 ℃; Ein:276.6kJ; DE:6.1; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4149-021110WFJL3:12g TiC#91+3g Mg#4; (pond is offered Jiliang to be analyzed to carry out MS); Tmax:750 ℃; Ein:383.7kJ; DE:8.28kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4150-021110WFJL4:12g TiC#91+1g Mg#4; Tmax:781 ℃; VcEin:315.6kJ; DE:5.97kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4151-021110WFGH1:20g TiC#91+5g Mg#4+5gNaH#6 (1rpm); Tmax:665 ℃; Ein:483.5kJ; DE:7.83kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #289-021110WFRC2; 1g LiH-1+3g Mg-4+4.73g NaBH4-1+12g TiC-91; Tmax:566 ℃; Ein:251.3kJ; DE:6.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #290-021110WFRC3:11.2g KBH4-1+8.3g KH-19+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-89; Tmax:601 ℃; Ein:389.0kJ; DE:14.1kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4140-021010WFJL3:12g TiC#87+5g Mg#4; Tmax:741 ℃; Ein:385.9kJ; DE:7.07kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4142-021010WFGH1:20g TiC#87+5g Mg#4+5g NaH#6 (6rpm); Tmax:723 ℃; Ein:584.4kJ; DE:7.48kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4144-021010WFGH3:12g TiC91+3g Mg#4+2.27g Ni#1; Tmax:655 ℃; Ein:311.1kJ; DE:4.70kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.09kJ; Energy gain: 4.31.

Pond #4146-021010WFGH5:20g TiC#91+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19+0.35g Li#1; Tmax:614 ℃; Ein:389.0kJ; DE:7.17kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.64kJ; Energy gain: 4.37.

Pond #285-021010WFRC2:4.98g KH-18+4.73g NaBH4-1+12g TiC-91; Tmax:558 ℃; Ein:243.5kJ; DE:7.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.7kJ; Energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #282-020910WFRC3:7.93g SrCl2-SD-10+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20gYC2-4; Tmax:731 ℃; Ein:500.5kJ; DE:16kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 320kJ/mol.

Pond #286-021010WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3KH-18+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-91; Tmax:717 ℃; Ein:486.8kJ; DE:13.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.0kJ; Energy gain: 4.4; Energy/mole oxidant: 264kJ/mol.

Pond #4132-020910WFJL4:12g TiC#91+3g Mg#4+1.3g LiF#1+3.1g MgF2#2+0.4g LiH#1; Tmax:731 ℃; Ein:301.0kJ; DE:4.42kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.05kJ; Energy gain: 83.65.

Pond #4133-020910WFGH1:20g TiC#91+5g Mg#4 (1rpm); Tmax:672 ℃; Ein:512.5kJ; DE:5.45kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4134-020910WFGH2:12g TiC#91+3g Mg#4+6.75g Ca#1; Tmax:650 ℃; Ein:301.1kJ; DE:6.00kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4136-020910WFGH4:20g TiC#87+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+2.12g LiCl#1 (being used for confirming); Tmax:563 ℃; Ein:313.4kJ; DE:7.68kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 2.53.

Pond #4137-020910WFGH5:20g TiC#88+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+2.12g LiCl#1 (being used for confirming); Tmax:581 ℃; Ein:349.7kJ; DE:7.54kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 2.49.

020810WFCKA3#1563；1″HDC；2.5g?Ca#1+2.5g?Na+12.0g?TiC#86_850C；Tmax：898℃；Ein：423kJ；dE：5kJ。

020410WFCKA2#1558；1″HDC；2.5g?Ca#1+2.5g?Li#3+12.0g?TiC#85_850C；Tmax：861℃；Ein：437kJ；dE：4kJ。

Pond #4121-020810WFJL2:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4 (carries out in CIHT to measure wall temperature; Move to about 700 ℃); Tmax:729 ℃ (wall temperature); Ein:467.1kJ; DE:4.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4122-020810WFJL3:12g TiC#87+3g Ca#1+0.77g Mg#4; TSC:540-610 ℃; Tmax:735 ℃; Ein:350.0kJ; DE:6.12kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.63kJ; Energy gain: 9.83.

Pond #4123-020810WFJL4:12g TiC#87+3g Ca#1+10.4g La#1; Tmax:751 ℃; Ein:322.5kJ; DE:4.45kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4124-020810WFGH1:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4 (6rpm); Tmax:678 ℃; Ein:552.3kJ; DE:5.28kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4127-020810WFGH4:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4; Tmax:829 ℃; Ein:536.0kJ; DE:7.14kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4128-020810WFGH5:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4; Tmax:670 ℃; Ein:447.1kJ; DE:5.37kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #277-020810WFRC2:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-4+12g ZrB2-1; Tmax:558 ℃; Ein:231.8kJ; DE:3.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #278-020810WFRC3:12.4g SrBr2-AD-4+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20gTiC-86; Tmax:739 ℃; Ein:553.3kJ; DE:18.4kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.7kJ; Energy gain: 2.8; Energy/mole oxidant: 368kJ/mol.

020810WFCKA3#1563；1″HDC；2.5g?Ca#1+2.5g?Na+12.0g?TiC#86_850C；Tmax：898℃；Ein：423kJ；dE：5kJ。

020410WFCKA2#1558；1″HDC；2.5g?Ca#1+2.5g?Li#3+12.0g?TiC#85_850C；Tmax：861℃；Ein：437kJ；dE：4kJ。

020410WFCKA3#1557；1″HDC；3.5g?Ca#1+1.5g?Mg#3+12.0g?TiC#84_850C；Tmax：855℃；Ein：465kJ?4kJ；dE：1.2kJ。

Pond #4111-020510WFJL1:8g TiC#86+3g Mg#4+3g NaH#5 (20V, NC, W-; The pond short circuit); Tmax:687 ℃; Ein:390.9kJ; DE:5.05kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4114-020510WFJL4:12g VC#1+3g Mg#4; Tmax:674 ℃; Ein:282.4kJ; DE:3.26kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4118-020510WFGH4:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4+1.4g Y#1; Tmax:626 ℃; Ein:344.9kJ; DE:6.44kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4119-020510WFGH5:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4+4.79g Na+0.5g NaH#5; Tmax:585 ℃; Ein:354.6kJ; DE:6.51kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #272-020510WFRC1:4.98g KH-18+3g Mg-4+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12gTiC-86; Tmax:569 ℃; Ein:262.3kJ; DE:12.4kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.3.

Pond #273-020510WFRC2:1g LiH-1+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12g TiC-86; Tmax:571 ℃; Ein:260.3kJ; DE:3.5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #274-020510WFRC3:10.4g BaCl2-SD-4+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20gTiC-86; Tmax:710 ℃; Ein:477.0kJ; DE:14.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.7kJ; Energy gain: 2.1; Energy/mole oxidant: 286kJ/mol.

Pond #4102-020410WFJL1:8g TiC#85+3g Mg#4+4.98g KH#18 (3V, no conductivity); Tmax:626 ℃; Ein:332.1kJ; DE:6.57kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4106-020410WFGH1:20g TiC#85+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3 (12rpm); Tmax:690 ℃; Ein:513.2kJ; DE:8.23kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4109-020410WFGH4:20g TiC#85+5g Mg#4+4.79g Na+0.1g NaH#5; Tmax:346.5C; Ein:5.89kJ; DE:0kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #269-020410WFRC2:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-4+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12g TiC-85; Tmax:561 ℃; Ein:240.4kJ; DE:14.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.6.

Pond #270-020410WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20g TiCNano-1; Tmax:707 ℃; Ein:484.8kJ; DE:18.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-3kJ; Energy gain: 6.3; Energy/mole oxidant: 378kJ/mol.

Pond #271-020410WFRC4:4.98g KH-18+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12g TiC-85; Tmax:561 ℃; Ein:286.4kJ; DE:7.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ (do not find the formation heat of KAlH4, but have less difference between NaAlH4 and the LiAlH4); Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4093-020310WFJL1:8g TiC#84+3g Mg#3+3g NaH#5 (20V has conductivity); Tmax:596 ℃; Ein:298.7kJ; DE:6.29kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4096-020310WFJL4:12g TiC#84+3g MgH2#3+3g NaH#5+0.1g Pd/C#3; TSC: do not observe; Tmax:560 ℃; Ein:240.9kJ; DE:5.76kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4097-020310WFGH1:20g TiC#84+8.3g KH#18+5g Mg#3 (1rpm); Tmax:609 ℃; Ein:425.9kJ; DE:8.44kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

020310WFKA3#1554; 1 " HDC; 3.5g 550 ℃ of Ca#1+1.5g Mg#3+12.0g TiC#84 above; Tmax:650 ℃; Ein:250kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.2kJ.

020110WFKA2#1551; 1.5 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+4.34g LiBr+20.0g TiC#83; Tmax:573 ℃; Ein:337kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.2kJ; Energy gain: 4.5.

020110WFKA3#1550; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+5.g Mg#3+4.34g LiBr+20.0gTiC#83; Tmax:568 ℃; Ein:363kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.75kJ; Energy gain: 3.

Pond #4084-020210WFJL1:8g TiC#83+3g NaH#5+3g Mg#3 (20V, no conductivity); Tmax:599 ℃; Ein:335.1kJ; DE:3.96kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4088-020210WFGH1:20g TiC#83+8.3g KH#18+5g Mg#3 (6rpm); Tmax:542 ℃; Ein:367.6kJ; DE:5.93kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4091-020210WFGH4:20g TiC#84+3g Mg#3+1.3g LiF#1+3.1g MgF2#2+2gKH#18; Tmax:605 ℃; Ein:343.2kJ; DE:6.35kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #261-020210WFRC2:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-3+12g TiB2-1; TSC: do not have; Tmax:548 ℃; Ein:242.5kJ; DE:4.2kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #262-020210WFRC3:5g NaH-5+20g Cr3C2-1; Tmax:644 ℃; Ein:435.8kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4076-020110WFJL2:20g TiC#83+2.5g Ca#1+2.5g CaH2#1; Tmax:616 ℃; Ein:415.9kJ; DE:5.50kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4078-020110WFJL4:12g TiC#83+1.3g LiF#1+3.1g MgF2#2+0.4g LiH#1; Tmax:596 ℃; Ein:251.3kJ; DE:3.57kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4079-020110WFGH1:20g TiC#82+8.3g KH#18+5g Mg#3 (12rpm); Tmax:545 ℃; Ein:350.0kJ; DE:8.42kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #258-020110WFRC3:8.3g KH-18+12g Pd/C-3; Tmax:571 ℃; Ein:349.8kJ; DE:11.2kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #259-020110WFRC4:4.98K-1+3g MgH2-3+6g Pd/C-3; Tmax:545 ℃; Ein:251kJ; DE:8.8kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.6kJ; Energy gain: 3.2.

020110KAWFC2#1551; 1.5 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+4.34g LiBr+20.0g TiC#83; Tmax:573 ℃; Ein:337kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.2kJ; Energy gain: 4.5.

020110KAWFC3#1550; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+5.g Mg#3+4.34g LiBr+20.0gTiC#83; Tmax:568 ℃; Ein:363kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.75kJ; Energy gain: 3.

012810KAWFC2#1549; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+20.0g TiC#77+12.4gSrBr2-AD-2; Tmax:582 ℃; Ein:339kJ; DE:13kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.7kJ; Energy gain: 1.9.

012810KAWFC3#1548; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+20.0g TiC#77+12.4gSrBr2-AD-2; Tmax:580 ℃; Ein:363kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.7kJ; Energy gain: 1.8.

012810KAWFC2#1546; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+12.4g SrBr2-AD-9g#2_3.4g#3+20.0g TiC#81+5.0g Sr Granule; Tmax:585 ℃; Ein:339kJ; DE:16kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.7kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

012810KAWFC3#1545; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+7.94g SrCl2-AD-10+20.0gTiC#81-82+5.0g Sr Granule; Tmax:590 ℃; Ein:363kJ; DE:14kJ; Theoretical energy: 5.4kJ; Energy gain: 2.6.

012710KAWFC1#1544; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+20.0g TiC#77+12.4gSrBr2-AD-2; Tmax:540 ℃; Ein:326kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.7kJ; Energy gain: 1.5.

012710KAWFC2#1543; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+10.4g BaCl2-SD-4+20.0g TiC#77; Tmax:580 ℃; Ein:366kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 4.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

012710KAWFC3#1542; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0gTiC#77; Tmax:570 ℃; Ein:363kJ; DE:9kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.9.

Pond #4073-012910WFGH4:20g TiC#80+5g Mg#3; Tmax:630 ℃; Ein:371.5kJ; DE:5.29kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #254-012910WFRC3:10.4g BaCl2-AD-4+5g Mg-3+8.3g KH-18+20gTiC-81; Tmax:620 ℃; Ein:375.4kJ; DE:12.7kJ; Theoretical energy :-4kJ; Energy gain: 3.2; Energy/mole oxidant: 254kJ/mol.

Pond #4062-012810WFJL2:20g TiC#81+5g Mg#3; Tmax:618 ℃; Ein:395.7kJ; DE:6.31kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4064-012810WFJL4:12g TiC#81+3g NaH#5+1g NaOH#2; Tmax:532 ℃; Ein:202.8kJ; DE:3.69kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4065-012810WFGH1:20g TiC#81+8.3g KH#18 (12rpm); Tmax:551 ℃; Ein:368.2kJ; DE:4.21kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #250-012810WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-3+8.3g KH-18+20g TiC-81; Tmax:577 ℃; Ein:353.7kJ; DE:13.7kJ; Theoretical energy :-3kJ; Energy gain: 4.6; Energy/mole oxidant: 274kJ/mol.

Pond #4056-012710WFGH1:20g TiC#77+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3 (12rpm); Tmax:537 ℃; Ein:356.1kJ; DE:10.04kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #246-012710WFRC3:7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+5g Mg-3+8.3g KH-18+20gYC2-4; Tmax:561 ℃; Ein:331.6kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.5kJ; Energy gain: 2; Energy/mole oxidant: 220kJ/mol.

Pond #4047-012610WFGH1:20g TiC#77+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3 (6rpm); Tmax:567 ℃; Ein:394.3kJ; DE:7.52kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4049-012610WFGH3:12g TiC#78+3g Mg#3+4.98g KH#17+2.2g KCl#1; Tmax:485 ℃; Ein:214.0kJ; DE:4.56kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4050-012610WFGH4:20g TiC77+5g Mg#3+5g NaH#5+5g Pt/Ti+0.009molH2; Tmax:547 ℃; Ein:273.1kJ; DE:6.40kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.30kJ; Energy gain: 4.92.

Pond #4051-012610WFGH5:20g TiC77+5g MgH2#3+8.3g KH#18+5g Pt/Ti; Tmax:510 ℃; Ein:297.6kJ; DE:11.44kJ; Theoretical energy :-7.14kJ; Energy gain: 1.60.

Pond #242-012610WFRC3:5g NaH-4+5g Mg-3+20g TiC-81 (new lot # is 500 ℃ of dryings); Tmax:544 ℃; Ein:330.4kJ; DE:7.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

012510KAWFC2#1538; 1.5 " HDC; 20g TiC#78+5.0g Mg+5.0g NaH+2.1g LiCl; Tmax:548 ℃; Ein:338kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.82kJ; Energy gain: 6.0.

012210KAWFC3#1537；1.5″HDC；20g?TiC#79+5.0g?Mg+3.7g?KCl+2.1g?LiCl+1.59g?LiH；Tmax：508℃；Ein：316kJ；dE：4kJ。

Pond #4035-012510WFJL2:20g TiC#78+5g Mg#3+8.3g KH#17+5g Pt/Ti; Tmax:505 ℃; Ein:320.3kJ; DE:6.50kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.2kJ; Energy gain: 2.

Pond #4038-012510WFGH1:20g TiC78+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3 (1rpm); Tmax:547 ℃; Ein:358.8kJ; DE:8.62kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4041-012510WFGH4:20g TiC78+5g MgH2#3+5g NaH#5+5g Pt/Ti; Tmax:670 ℃; Ein:391.4kJ; DE:10.98kJ; Theoretical energy :-7.14kJ; Energy gain: 1.54.

Pond #4042-012510WFGH5:20g TiC78+5g Mg#3+5g NaH#5+5g Pt/Ti; Tmax:594 ℃; Ein:337.0kJ; DE:7.73kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.27kJ; Energy gain: 2.36.

Pond #238-012510WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+8.3g KH-17+5g Mg-3+20g TiC-80 (new lot number); Tmax:550 ℃; Ein:326.5kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy :-3kJ; Energy gain: 3.3; Energy/mole oxidant: 200kJ/mol.

Pond #4028-012210WFJL4:6g Pd/C#2+3g Mg#3+3g NaH#5; TSC:375-425 ℃; Tmax:501 ℃; Ein:182.5kJ; DE:8.57kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4030-012210WFGH2:12g TiC78+3g Mg#3+4.98g KH#17+1.3g LiCl#1; Tmax:486 ℃; Ein:179.1kJ; DE:5.23kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.86kJ; Energy gain: 2.81.

Pond #4016-012110WFJL1:20g TiC#80+5g Mg#3+8.3g KH#17+2.13g LiCl#1; Tmax:484 ℃; Ein:269.6kJ; DE:8.45kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.05kJ; Energy gain: 2.77.

Pond #4017-012110WFJL2:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+10.4gBaCl2-SD-5; Tmax:529 ℃; Ein:323.7kJ; DE:10.70kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.06kJ; Energy gain: 2.64.

Pond #4023-012110WFGH4:20g TiC#80+5g Mg#3+1.66g LiH#1; Tmax:571 ℃; Ein:309.0kJ; DE:5.91kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #1534-01210WFKA2 (1 " HDC): 12g TiC#80+3g NaH#3+3g Mg#3+3g Pt/Ti; Tmax:562 ℃; Ein:210.2kJ; DE:4.04kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

TiC-80:Tmax:596 ℃ of pond #234-012110RCWF3:8.3g KH-17+5g Mg-3+20g; Ein:365.6kJ; DE:5.2kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #4008-011910WFJL2:20g CrB2+5g Mg#3+5g NaH#5; Tmax:508 ℃; Ein:328.9kJ; DE:5.40kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3999-011910JLWF1:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+2.13g LiCl#1; Tmax:478 ℃; Ein:255.2kJ; DE:9.72kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.05kJ; Energy gain: 3.19.

Pond #224-011910WFRC1:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-3+12g CrB2-1; Tmax:533 ℃; Ein:241.4kJ; DE:6.9kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3994-011810JLWF4:20g TiC#74+5g Mg#3+8.3g KH#17; Tmax:489 ℃; Ein:630.9kJ; DE:5.78kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3997-011810WFGH4:20g TiC#74+8.3g KH+5.42g MgH2; Tmax:748 ℃; Ein:466.0kJ; DE:13.07kJ; Theoretical energy :-7.05kJ; Energy gain: 1.85.

Pond #3998-011810WFGH5:20g TiC74+5g NaH#3+5g Ca; Tmax:550 ℃; Ein:307.2kJ; DE:11.68kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.62kJ; Energy gain: 1.76.

Pond #220-011810WFRC1:3g NaH-5+Ca-1+TiC-76; Tmax:533 ℃; Ein:214kJ; DE:9.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.3kJ; Energy gain: 2.3.

Pond #3967-011410JLWF1:20g TiC#74+2.5g Mg#1+2.5g NaH#3; Tmax:566 ℃; Ein:318.2kJ; DE:5.99kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3969-011310JLWF3:12g TiC#74+2g Mg#1+3.32g KH#17; Tmax:513 ℃; Ein:243.6kJ; DE:5.84kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3970-011310JLWF4:12g TiC#73+1.5g Mg#1+1.5g NaH#3; Tmax:498 ℃; Ein:302.2kJ; DE:4.67kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3964-011210GHWF3:12g TiC#74+2g Mg#1+3.32g KH#17; Tmax:512 ℃; Ein:212.1kJ; DE:4.08kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3965-011210GHWF4:20g TiC#68+8.3g KH#16+5g Mg#2+10.4gBaCl2-SD-4; Tmax:539 ℃; Ein:286.0kJ; DE:10.41kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.06kJ; Energy gain: 2.56.

Pond #3966-011210GHWF5:20g TiC#68+8.3g KH#16+5g Mg#2+12.4gSrBr2-AD-3; Tmax:517 ℃; Ein:300.6kJ; DE:12.66kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.72kJ; Energy gain: 1.88.

Pond #3959-011210JLWF2:20g TiC#73+8.3g KH#17+0.35g Li#2; Tmax:542 ℃; Ein:342.5kJ; DE:6.48kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.65kJ; Energy gain: 3.92.

Tmax:523 ℃ of pond #3961-011210JLWF4:12g TiC#74+3g Mg#1+3g NaH#3; Ein:208.7kJ; DE:5.04kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #204-011210RCWF1:3g NaH-3+12g TiC-75 (new lot number H11U005); Tmax:525 ℃; Ein:209.1kJ; DE:5.1kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #207-011210RCWF4:3g NaH-3+3g Mg-1+12g TiC-73 (new lot number G06U055); Tmax:520 ℃; Ein:246.2kJ; DE:4.0kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3949-011110JLWF1:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+10.4gBaCl2-SD-4; Tmax:475 ℃; Ein:246.0kJ; DE:8.96kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.06kJ; Energy gain: 2.21.

Pond #3950-011110JLWF2:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+12.4gSrBr2-AD-3; Tmax:458 ℃; Ein:253.8kJ; DE:13.96kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.71kJ; Energy gain: 2.07.

Pond #3954-011110GHWF2:12g TiC#73+3g Mg#1+1g KH#17; Tmax:512 ℃; Ein:188.1kJ; DE:4.56kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #1520-011110KAWF2 (1 " HDC): 8g Pd/C#1+3g MgH2#2+1g Rb#1; Tmax:666 ℃; Ein:267.0kJ; DE:4.40kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.17kJ; Energy gain: 25.9.

Pond #200-011110RCWF1:7.42g SrBr2-AD-3+4.98g KH-17+3g Mg-1+12gTiC-72; Tmax:525 ℃; Ein:207.0kJ; DE:13.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.0kJ; Energy gain: 3.3; Energy/mole oxidant: 439.6kJ/mol.

Pond #3940-010810JLWF1:20g TiC#72+5g Mg#1; Tmax:607 ℃; Ein:327.5kJ; DE:5.33kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3941-010810JLWF2:20g TiC#72+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#3+8.3g KH#17; Tmax:551 ℃; Ein:374.5kJ; DE:7.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3942-010810JLWF3:12g Pd/C#1+3g Mg#1+3g NaH#3; Tmax:526 ℃; Ein:223.4kJ; DE:11.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3943-010810JLWF4:12g Pd/C 31+3g NaH#3; Tmax:533 ℃; Ein:200.4kJ; DE:5.14kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3944-010810GHWF1:8g Pd/C#1+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#17; Tmax:511 ℃; Ein:195.1kJ; DE:9.72kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3945-010810GHWF2:8g Pd/C#1+4.98g KH#17; Tmax:512 ℃; Ein:192.1kJ; DE:7.58kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3946-010810GHWF3:8g Pd/C#1+3g MgH2#2+4.98g K#1; Tmax:531 ℃; Ein:196.0kJ; DE:11.36kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.56kJ; Energy gain: 4.44.

Pond #3947-010810GHWF4:20g TiC#72+8.3g KH#17+1g Li#2; Tmax:665 ℃; Ein:368.4kJ; DE:8.15kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.68kJ; Energy gain: 1.74.

Pond #196-010810RCWF1:1.5g NaH-3+1.5g Mg-1+12g TiC-71; Tmax:552 ℃; Ein:229.0kJ; DE:7.4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #197-010810RCWF2:3g Mg-1+3g NaH-4+12g TiC-71; Tmax:563 ℃; Ein:227.0kJ; DE:5.5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3932-010710JLWF2:20g TiC#71+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#17 (experiment offers GW with regeneration with sample after accomplishing); Tmax:547 ℃; Ein:353.9kJ; DE:8.03kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3938-010710GHWF4:20g TiC71+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#3+0.04mol H2; Tmax:624 ℃; Ein:366.9kJ; DE:8.94kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.51kJ; Energy gain: 2.55.

Pond #1517-010710KAWF3 (1.5 " HDC): 20g TiC71+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+147psig H2; TSC:260-425 ℃; Tmax:514 ℃; Ein:371.7kJ; DE:14.49kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.70kJ; Energy gain: 3.10.

Pond #192-010710RCWF1:3g NaH-3+4.98g KH-17+12g TiC-71; Tmax:530 ℃; Ein:232.1kJ; DE:5.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #194-010710RCWF3:7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH-17+20gTiC-71; Tmax:539 ℃; Ein:312.0kJ; DE:12.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.3; Energy/mole oxidant: 250kJ/mol.

Pond #3922-010610JLWF1:20g TiC#70+5g Mg#1+1.66g LiH#1; TSC:475-550 ℃; Tmax:576 ℃; Ein:316.3kJ; DE:10.41kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3924-010610JLWF3:12g TiC#71+3g MgH2#2+2g Cs; Tmax:541 ℃; Ein:254.9kJ; DE:5.35kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.50kJ; Energy gain: 10.74.

Pond #3925-010610JLWF4:12g TiC#71+3g MgH2#2+2g Rb; Tmax:538 ℃; Ein:207.4kJ; DE:2.63kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.55kJ; Energy gain: 4.81.

Pond #3927-010610GHWF2:12g TiC70+0.1g Li#2+4.98g KH#14; Tmax:515 ℃; Ein:196.0kJ; DE:4.45kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.47kJ; Energy gain: 9.47.

Pond #1515-010610KAWF3 (1 " HDC): 12g TiC70+1.5g NaH#3+3g Mg#1; Tmax:529 ℃; Ein:226.9kJ; DE:3.70kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #188-010610RCWF1:2g Mg-1+3.32g KH-14+12g TiC-70; TSC: do not have; Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:210.0kJ; DE:8.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #189-010610RCWF2:3g Mg-1+3g NaH-3+12g TiC-70; Tmax:529 ℃; Ein:208.0kJ; DE:5.9kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #190-010610RCWF3:2.5g Mg-1+2.5g NaH-3+20g TiC-71; Tmax:556 ℃; Ein:328.1kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3914-010510JLWF2:20g TiC#69+2g NaH-3; Tmax:536 ℃; Ein:336.0kJ; DE:4.52kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3915-010510JLWF3:12g TiC#69+3g MgH2#2+3g NaH#3; Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:238.0kJ; DE:6.23kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.41kJ; Energy gain: 4.41.

Pond #3917-010510GHWF1:12g TiC69+3g MgH2#2+4.98g KH#14; Tmax:513 ℃; Ein:221.1kJ; DE:4.49kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3920-010510GHWF4:20g TiC69+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+10.4g BaCl2-SD-2; Tmax:734 ℃; Ein:451.3kJ; DE:18.43kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.37kJ; Energy gain: 2.89.

Pond #1511-010510KAWF2 (1.5 " HDC): 20g TiC70+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+147psig H2; Tmax:557 ℃; Ein:332.5kJ; DE:20.37kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.70kJ; Energy gain: 4.33.

Pond #184-010510RCWF1:3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-14+12g TiC-70; Tmax:523 ℃; Ein:225.0kJ; DE:8.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #185-010510RCWF2:2g Mg-1+3.32g KH-14+12g TiC-70; Tmax:523 ℃; Ein:199.1kJ; DE:5.4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #186-010510RCWF3:6g Mg-1+6g NaH-3+24g TiC-70; Tmax:521 ℃; Ein:312.0kJ; DE:11.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #187-010510RCWF4:1.5g Mg-1+1.5g NaH-3+12g TiC-70; Tmax:516 ℃; Ein:221.0kJ; DE:5.9kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3904-010410JLWF1:20g TiC#69+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH#14+8.75gBaF2-AD-1; Tmax:535 ℃; Ein:307.9kJ; DE:10.36kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3905-010410JLWF2:20g TiC#69+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH#14+10.4gBaCl2-SD-2; Tmax:537 ℃; Ein:337.9kJ; DE:15.19kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.06kJ; Energy gain: 3.74.

Pond #3906-010410JLWF3:12g TiC#60+1g Mg-1+3g NaH-3; Tmax:510 ℃; Ein:240.1kJ; DE:4.25kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3911-010410GHWF4:20g TiC60+5g NaH#3+0.35g Li#1; Tmax:545 ℃; Ein:331.3kJ; DE:6.17kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.71kJ; Energy gain: 3.61.

Pond #3912-010410GHWF5:20g TiC60+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14; Tmax:577 ℃; Ein:325.1kJ; DE:8.35kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #1509-010410KAWF2 (1.5 " HDC): 20g TiC69+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+10.4gBaCl2-SD-2; Tmax:436 ℃; Ein:227.6kJ; DE:12.34kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.06kJ; Energy gain: 3.04.

Pond #181-010410RCWF2:6.24g BaCl2-SD-2+3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-14+12gTiC-60; Tmax:550 ℃; Ein:208.0kJ; DE:7.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.4kJ; Energy gain: 3; Energy/mole oxidant: 243kJ/mol.

Pond #182-010410RCWF3:4.76g SrCl2-AD-1+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH-14+20gTiC-60; Tmax:537 ℃; Ein:310.0kJ; DE:11.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.3kJ; Energy gain: 3.5; Energy/mole oxidant: 386.3kJ/mol.

Pond #183-010410RCWF4:8.91g BaBr2-AD-1+3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-14+12gTiC-60; Tmax:529 ℃; Ein:226.0kJ; DE:5.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.8kJ; Energy gain: 2; Energy/mole oxidant: 186.5kJ/mol.

Pond #3891-123009GHWF2:12g TiC59+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#14+1.3g LiCl-AD-1; Tmax:525 ℃; Ein:194.1kJ; DE:8.60kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.86kJ; Energy gain: 4.63.

Pond #3892-123009GHWF3:12g TiC59+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#14+2.6g LiBr-2; Tmax:513 ℃; Ein:204.0kJ; DE:6.69kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.25kJ; Energy gain: 2.97.

Pond #3894-123009GHWF5:20g TiC59+3g NaH#3; Tmax:557 ℃; Ein:335.3kJ; DE:4.12kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

123009KAWF2 (1.5 " HDC): 7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+8.3g KH#14+5g Mg#1+20gTiC#59; Tmax:532 ℃; Ein:308.1kJ; DE:10.28kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.4kJ; Energy gain: 1.9.

Pond #172-123009RCWF1:4.98KH-11+3g Mg-1+12g Cr3C2-1; Tmax:537 ℃; Ein:240.0kJ; DE:5.1kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3878-122909JLWF1:20g TiC#58+5g NaH-3, Ein:369.3kJ, dE:4.3kJ, Tmax:581 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3879-122909JLWF2:20g TiC#58+8.3g KH#14+0.35g Li#1, Ein:353.7kJ, dE:8.9kJ, Tmax:552 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.6kJ, energy gain: 5.6.

Pond #3880-122909JLWF3:12g TiC#58+3g NaH-3, Ein:240.3kJ, dE:4.5kJ, Tmax:529 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3882-122909GHWF2:12g TiC58+4.98g KH#11+0.21g Li#1; Tmax:514 ℃; Ein:187.1kJ; DE:4.80kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.98kJ; Energy gain: 4.88.

Pond #3883-122909GHWF3:12g TiC58+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#11+0.21g Li#1; Tmax:501 ℃; Ein:203.0kJ; DE:6.59kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.98kJ; Energy gain: 6.72.

Pond #3884-122909GHWF4:20g TiC58+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#3+0.35g Li#1; Tmax:590 ℃; Ein:318.1kJ; DE:11.08kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.71kJ; Energy gain: 6.48.

Pond #3885-122909GHWF5:20g TiC58+5g MgH2#1+8.3g K-1; Tmax:514 ℃; Ein:287.1kJ; DE:15.12kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.93kJ; Energy gain: 2.18.

122909KAWF2 (1.5 " HDC): 5g NaH#3+5g Mg#1+20g TiC#58; Tmax:560 ℃; Ein:346.0kJ; DE:7.17kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

122909KAWF3 (1.5 " HDC): 2.5g NaH#3+2.5g Mg#1+20g TiC#58; Tmax:507 ℃; Ein:348.5kJ; DE:4.27kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3871-122809JLWF2:20g TiC#67+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH#11+0.35g Li-1 (experiment offers GW with regeneration with sample after accomplishing); Tmax:564 ℃; Ein:356.5kJ; DE:14.76kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.65kJ; Energy gain: 8.92.

Pond #3872-122809JLWF3:12g TiC#67+3g Mg-1+3g NaH-3; Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:239.1kJ; DE:10.26kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3873-122809JLWF4:5g NaH-3+0.35g Li-1; TSC:Tmax:533 ℃; Ein:215.1kJ; DE:3.04kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3874-122809GHWF2:12g TiC67+3g NaH#3+0.21g Li#1; Tmax:527 ℃; Ein:207.0kJ; DE:2.56kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.03kJ; Energy gain: 2.50.

Tmax:506 ℃ of pond #3875-122809GHWF3:12g TiC67+3g Mg#1+3g NaH#3+0.21g Li#1; Ein:210.1kJ; DE:7.47kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.03kJ; Energy gain: 7.28.

Pond #3876-122809GHWF4:20g AC#14+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#11; Tmax:764 ℃; Ein:459.2kJ; DE:23.33kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3877-122809GHWF5:20g TiC67+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#11+147psig H2; TSC:380-470 ℃; Tmax:535 ℃; Ein:313.5kJ; DE:19.43kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.70kJ; Energy gain: 4.14.

Pond #164-122809RCWF1:3g NaH-3+12g TiC-67; Tmax:533 ℃; Ein:218.0kJ; DE:2.6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #165-122809RCWF2:3.32g KH-11+8g AC-14; Tmax:530 ℃; Ein:195.0kJ; DE:4.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.3kJ; Energy gain: 13.7.

Pond #166-122809RCWF3:6g NaH-3+6g Mg-1+24g TiC-67; Tmax:535 ℃; Ein:312kJ; DE:14.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3865-122409JLWF3:1.5g AC#14+3g NaH#2; Tmax:529 ℃; Ein:232.0kJ; DE:2.26kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3867-122409GHWF2:12g CrB2+3g NaH#2; Tmax:507 ℃; Ein:198.1kJ; DE:2.71kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3870-122409GHWF5:20g TiC67+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#11+5g MgH2; Tmax:507 ℃; Ein:276.5kJ; DE:16.64kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.54kJ; Energy gain: 2.54.

Pond #160-122409RCWF1:3g NaH-2+12g CrB2; Tmax:515 ℃; Ein:217.0kJ; DE:2.2kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #162-122409RCWF3:6g NaH-2+24g TiC-67; Tmax:554 ℃; Ein:328kJ; DE:4.9kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #163-122409RCWF4:3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-11+3g MgH2-1+12g TiC-67; Tmax:512 ℃; Ein:214.0kJ; DE:9.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.9kJ; Energy gain: 2.3.

Pond #3854-122309JLWF1:20g TiC#67+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#12; Tmax:540 ℃; Ein:353.1kJ; DE:8.78kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3856-122309JLWF3:3g AC#14+3g NaH#2; Tmax:527 ℃; Ein:235.2kJ; DE:4.02kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3863-122309GHWF5:20g TiC66+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#15+14.85gBaBr2-AD-4; Tmax:504 ℃; Ein:273.3kJ; DE:13.79kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.86kJ; Energy gain: 2.84.

Pond #157-122309RCWF2:8g is from chemical substance+2g Mg-1+3.32gKH-15 of 121509C2Reg; Tmax:534 ℃; Ein:206.0kJ; DE:4.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.3kJ; Energy gain: 15.3.

Pond #158-122309RCWF3:2g Mg-1+3.32g KH-15+8g CB-1; Tmax:569 ℃; Ein:334kJ; DE:4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #159-122309RCWF4:3g Mg-1+3g NaH-2+12g CrB2; Tmax:523 ℃; Ein:233.1kJ; DE:4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3845-122209JLWF1:20g TiC#66+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#15+0.35g Li; Tmax:540 ℃; Ein:304.9kJ; DE:12.04kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.65kJ; Gain: 7.28.

Pond #3846-122209JLWF2:8g YC2#4+2g Mg#1+3.32g KH#15+4.8g CaI2-AD-1; Tmax:562 ℃; Ein:221.2kJ; DE:5.70kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.08kJ; Energy gain: 1.85.

Pond #3847-122209JLWF3:8g AC#13+2g NaH; Tmax:537 ℃; Ein:254.5kJ; DE:5.24kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3848-122209JLWF4:8g AC#13+3.32g KH#15; Tmax:534 ℃; Ein:211.3.1kJ; DE:6.16kJ; Theoretical energy :-.79kJ; Energy gain: 7.80.

Pond #3852-122209GHWF4:20g TiC66+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#2+14.85g BaBr2-AD-4 (being used for the NMR experiment); Tmax:588 ℃; Ein:318.3kJ; DE:13.38kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.55kJ; Energy gain: 8.63.

Pond #153-122209RCWF2:4.98g KH-15+3g Mg+12g TiC-66; Tmax:523 ℃; Ein:197.0kJ; DE:6.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #150-122109RCWF3:2g Mg-1+2g NaH-1+8g CB-1; Tmax:645 ℃; Ein:372kJ; DE:5.6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #154-122209RCWF3:6g Mg-1+6g NaH-2+24g TiC-66; Tmax:573 ℃; Ein:334kJ; DE:16.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

122109KAWFC2#1491; 1.5 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+20.0g TiC#66; Tmax:563 ℃; Ein:338kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

122109KAWFC3#1490; 1.5 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+20.0g TiC#66; Tmax:556 ℃; Ein:338kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #147-121809RCWF4:4.98g K+3g MgH2+12g TiC-65; Tmax:517 ℃; Ein:223.0kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.16kJ; Energy gain: 1.92.

Pond #140-121709RCWF1:2g Mg+3.32g KH-13+8g 112409C1Regen1 (reaction system through vacuumizing AC/Mg/KH at 575 ℃ was regenerated in 96 hours); Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:211.1kJ; DE:5.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.3kJ; Energy gain: 17.3.

Pond #141-121709RCWF2:2g Mg+3.32g KH-13+8g 112409C2Regen1 (reaction system through vacuumizing AC/Mg/KH at 575 ℃ was regenerated in 96 hours); Tmax:530 ℃; Ein:206.0kJ; DE:4.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.3kJ; Energy gain: 15.3.

Pond #3827-121709JLWF1:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+5g MgH2+2.12gLiCl; Tmax:518 ℃; Ein:710.5kJ; DE:16.73kJ; Theoretical energy :-7.49kJ; Energy gain: 2.23.

Pond #3828-121709JLWF2:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+2.12g LiCl; Tmax:380 ℃; Ein:679.7kJ; DE:9.60kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.04kJ; Energy gain: 3.16.

Pond #3829-121709JLWF3:8g AC#13+2g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+0.85gLiCl; Tmax:535 ℃; Ein:230.3kJ; DE:14.66kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.00kJ; Energy gain: 4.89.

Pond #3830-121709JLWF4:8g AC#13+2g Mg+3.32g KH#13+0.85g LiCl; Tmax:591 ℃; Ein:246.8kJ; DE:10.33kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.22kJ; Energy gain: 8.49.

Pond #3831-121709GHWF1:12g TiC65+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+1.26gLiCl; Tmax:482 ℃; Ein:178.2kJ; DE:8.87kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.61kJ; Energy gain: 2.46.

Pond #3832-121709GHWF2:12g TiC65+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1g MgH2+1.26gLiCl; Tmax:496 ℃; Ein:177.1kJ; DE:8.95kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.11kJ; Energy gain: 2.88.

Pond #3833-121709GHWF3:12g TiC65+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1.26g LiCl; Tmax:491 ℃; Ein:184.0kJ; DE:7.53kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.80kJ; Energy gain: 4.18.

Pond #3834-121709GHWF4:20g TiC65+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+5g MgH2+2.12gLiCl; Tmax:451 ℃; Ein:466.8kJ; DE:16.08kJ; Theoretical energy :-8.39kJ; Energy gain: 1.92.

Pond #3835-121709GHWF5:20g TiC65+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+2.12g LiCl; Tmax:430 ℃; Ein:444.0kJ; DE:11.80kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.03kJ; Energy gain: 3.89.

Pond #3862-121809JLWF4:12g TiC+3g NaH; Tmax:528 ℃; Ein:202.3kJ; DE:5.63kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

121709KAWFC1#1486; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Ca+20.0g YC2+3.9g CaF2; Tmax:720 ℃; Ein:459kJ; DE:9kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.85kJ; Energy gain about 1.3.

121709KAWFC2#1485; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+13.9g MgI2; Tmax:552 ℃; Ein:308kJ; DE:19kJ; Theoretical energy: 12.6kJ; Energy gain about 1.5.

121709KAWFC3#1484; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+9.2g MgBr2; TSC:260-390 ℃; Tmax:536 ℃; Ein:312kJ; DE:16kJ; Theoretical energy: 11.6kJ; Energy gain about 1.38.

121609KAWFC1#1483; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#13+5.0g Mg+5.0g MgH2+20.0g TiC; Tmax:563 ℃; Ein:338kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

121609KAWFC2#1482; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4gSrBr2-AD-1; TSC:340-460 ℃; Tmax:589 ℃; Ein:339kJ; DE:21kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.72kJ; Energy gain about 3.1.

121609KAWFC3#1481; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4gSrBr2-AD-1; TSC:320-460 ℃; Tmax:587 ℃; Ein:339kJ; DE:19kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.72kJ; Energy gain about 2.82.

Pond #3817-121509GHWF5:20g TiC63+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13; Tmax:451 ℃; Ein:499.8kJ; DE:5.49kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3818-121609JLWF1:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2+4.35gLiBr; Tmax:519 ℃; Ein:686.4kJ; DE:19.65kJ; Theoretical energy :-7.74kJ; Energy gain: 2.54.

Pond #3819-121609JLWF2:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+4.35g LiBr; Tmax:522 ℃; Ein:886.5kJ; DE:14.09kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.77kJ; Energy gain: 3.73.

Pond #3820-121609JLWF3:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+2.61gLiBr-1; Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:223.8kJ; DE:12.28kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.10kJ; Energy gain: 3.97.

Pond #3821-121609JLWF4:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2.61g LiBr-1; Tmax:536 ℃; Ein:197.5kJ; DE:13.64kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.27kJ; Energy gain: 6.02.

Pond #3822-121609GHWF1:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+2.61gLiBr-1; Tmax:538 ℃; Ein:233.1kJ; DE:10.56kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.06kJ; Energy gain: 2.60.

Pond #3823-121609GHWF2:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1g MgH2+2.61gLiBr-1; Tmax:568 ℃; Ein:272.6kJ; DE:7.07kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.57kJ; Energy gain: 1.98.

Pond #3824-121609GHWF3:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2.61g LiBr-1; Tmax:545 ℃; Ein:225.1kJ; DE:5.99kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.26kJ; Energy gain: 2.65.

Pond #3825-121609GHWF4:20g TiC64+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2+4.35gLiBr-1; Tmax:483 ℃; Ein:521.6kJ; DE:16.78kJ; Theoretical energy :-9.13kJ; Energy gain: 1.84.

Pond #3826-121609GHWF5:20g TiC64+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+4.35g LiBr-1; Tmax:451 ℃; Ein:485.0kJ; DE:11.57kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.77kJ; Energy gain: 3.07.

Pond #136-121609RCWF1:1g Mg+1g NaH+4g CB-1; Tmax:527 ℃; Ein:207.3kJ; DE:4.4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #137-121609RCWF2:1g Mg+1.66g KH-13+4g CB-1; Tmax:531 ℃; Ein:196.5kJ; DE:4.2kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #139-121609RCWF4:2g NaH+2g Mg+2g MgH2+12g TiC-64; Tmax:511 ℃; Ein:220.1kJ; DE:5.6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3809-121509JLWF1:20g AC#11+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2; Tmax:521 ℃; Ein:733.7kJ; DE:17.62kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.46kJ; Energy gain: 2.73.

Pond #3810-121509JLWF2:20g AC#11+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13; Tmax:523 ℃; Ein:941.8kJ; DE:10.93kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3811-121509JLWF3:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2; Tmax:541 ℃; Ein:227.2kJ; DE:12.98kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.58kJ; Energy gain: 5.02.

Pond #3812-121509JLWF4:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13; Tmax:562 ℃; Ein:215.5kJ; DE:12.61kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3813-121509GHWF1:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2; Tmax:543 ℃; Ein:238.1kJ; DE:7.80kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.60kJ; Energy gain: 3.00.

Pond #3814-121509GHWF2:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1g MgH2; Tmax:519 ℃; Ein:203.0kJ; DE:4.07kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.31kJ; Energy gain: 3.11.

Pond #3816-121509GHWF4:20g TiC64+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2; Tmax:480 ℃; Ein:529.0kJ; DE:14.54kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.54kJ; Energy gain: 2.22.

Pond #132-121509RCWF1:3g Mg+3g NaH+2.61g LiBr+12g TiC-64; Tmax:521 ℃; Ein:199.3kJ; DE:8.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.3kJ; Energy gain: 3.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 296.4kJ/mol.

Pond #133-121509RCWF2:3g NaH+12g TiC-64; Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:191.4kJ; DE:5.8kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3799-121009GHWF5:20g AC+10g Mg+10g NaH; Tmax:536 ℃; Ein:691.4kJ; DE:18.66kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3800-121409JLWF1:20g AC#11+5g Mg+5g NaH+5g MgH2; Tmax:506 ℃; Ein:751.3kJ; DE:13.25kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.36kJ; Energy gain: 5.61.

Pond #3801-121409JLWF2:20g AC#11+5g Mg+5g NaH; Tmax:504 ℃; Ein:748.9kJ; DE:7.57kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3802-121409JLWF3:8g AC#11+3g Mg+2g NaH+2g MgH2; Tmax:532 ℃; Ein:226.0kJ; DE:10.76kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.94kJ; Energy gain: 11.42.

Pond #3803-121409JLWF4:8g AC#12+3g Mg+2g NaH; Tmax:551 ℃; Ein:201.6kJ; DE:10.61kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3804-121409GHWF1:12g TiC64+3g Mg+2g NaH+2g MgH2; Tmax:517 ℃; Ein:211.1kJ; DE:4.12kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3808-121409GHWF5:20g TiC63+5g Mg+5g NaH; Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:627.0kJ; DE:6.56kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #128-121409RCWF1:2g Mg+2g NaH+8g AC-11; Tmax:533 ℃; Ein:204.1kJ; DE:6.4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #129-121409RCWF2:2g Mg+3.32g KH-13+8g AC-11; Tmax:530 ℃; Ein:184.5kJ; DE:9.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.3kJ; Energy gain: 30.3.

Pond #3782-121009JLWF1:20g TiC#63+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15; Tmax:531 ℃; Ein:751.5kJ; DE:8.94kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3781-120909GHWF5:20g TiC62+5g Mg+5g NaH; Tmax:537 ℃; Ein:663.9kJ; DE:8.83kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3784-121009JLWF3:12g TiC#63+3g Mg+4.98g KH#15; Tmax:524 ℃; Ein:235.7kJ; DE:5.71kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3785-121009JLWF4:12g TiC#63+3g Mg+4.98g KH#15; Tmax:537 ℃; Ein:228.1kJ; DE:8.74kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3786-121009GHWF1:5g Mg+5g NaH; Tmax:505 ℃; Ein:214.1kJ; DE:4.38kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3790-121009GHWF5:20g TiC63+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15; Tmax:506 ℃; Ein:528.2kJ; DE:10.07kJ; Theoretical energy: 0.

Pond #122-121009RCWF3:4.98g KH-15+3g Mg+12g TiC-63; Tmax:527 ℃; Ein:203kJ; DE:0.6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #123-121009RCWF4:2.61g LiBr+4.98g KH-15+3g Mg+12g TiC-62; Tmax:522 ℃; Ein:233.1kJ; DE:5.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.3kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

121009KAWFC1#1471; 1.5 " HDC; 8.3g KH#15+5.0g Mg+20.0g ACII#12; Tmax:579 ℃; Ein:331kJ; DE:17kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

121009KAWFC2#1470; 1.5 " HDC; 4.65g KH#15+2.5g Mg+20.0g ACII#12; Tmax:573 ℃; Ein:323kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

121009KAWFC3#1469; 1.5 " HDC 4.65g KH#15+2.5g Mg+20.0g ACII#12; Tmax:567 ℃; Ein:323kJ; DE:16kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #3773-120909JLWF1:20g TiC#62+5g Mg+5g NaH; Tmax:511 ℃; Ein:726.1kJ; DE:10.67kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3774-120909JLWF2:20g TiC#62+5g Mg+5g NaH; Tmax:511 ℃; Ein:711.1kJ; DE:5.77kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3775-120909JLWF3:12g TiC#62+3g Mg+3g NaH; Tmax:515 ℃; Ein:227.2kJ; DE:5.98kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3776-120909JLWF4:12g TiC#62+3g Mg+3g NaH; Tmax:525 ℃; Ein:212.1kJ; DE:8.95kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3778-120909GHWF2:12g TiC62+3g Mg+3g NaH; Tmax:513 ℃; Ein:203.1kJ; DE:4.82kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3780-120909GHWF4:20g TiC62+5g Mg+5g NaH; Tmax:535C; Ein:627.0kJ; DE:7.75kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #116-120809RCWF1:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-62; Tmax:513 ℃; Ein:206kJ; DE:6.6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #119-120809RCWF4:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-62; Tmax:508 ℃; Ein:229.1kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

120909KAWFC1#1468; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0gTiC#62; Tmax:522 ℃; Ein:426kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

120909KAWFC2#1467; 2 " HDC 2.5g NaH+2.5g Mg+20.0gTiC#62; Tmax:475 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:9kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

120909KAWFC3#1466; 2 " HDC 2.5g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0gTiC#62; Tmax:475 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

120709KAWFC1#1465; 2 " HDC 8.3g KH#13+5.0g Mg+20.0g ACII#8; Tmax:512 ℃; Ein:567kJ; DE:19kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

120709KAWFC2#1464; 2 " HDC 4.65g KH#13+5.0g Mg+20.0g ACII#8; Tmax:514 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:21kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

120709KAWFC3#1463; 2 " HDC 4.65g KH#13+2.5g Mg+20.0g ACII#8; Tmax:490 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:18kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #3767-120709JLWF4:12g TiC#57+3g Mg+3g NaH; Tmax:522 ℃; Ein:197.2kJ; DE:10.6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3770-120709GHWF3:12g TiC57+5g Ca+8.3g KH#13+3.57g KBr; Tmax:485 ℃; Ein:175.0kJ; DE:7.35kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.11kJ; Energy gain: 1.79.

Pond #3771-120709GHWF4:20g TiC57+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+12.4g SrBr2-AD-2; Tmax:718 ℃; Ein:996.8kJ; DE:15.75kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.72kJ; Energy gain: 2.34.

Pond #113-120709RCWF2:6g NaH+6g Mg+24g TiC-56; Tmax:533 ℃; Ein:638kJ; DE:17.4kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity..

Pond #114-120709RCWF3:2.34g CaF2-AD-1+4.98g KH+5g Ca+12g TiC-56; Tmax:717 ℃; Ein:274kJ; DE:8.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.

Pond #115-120709RCWF4:3g NaH+2.6g LiBr+3g Mg+12g TiC-56; Tmax:424 ℃; Ein:156kJ; DE:5.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.1kJ; Energy gain: 5.

Pond #110-120409RCWF2:8.91g BaBr2-AD-4+0.96g KH+3g Mg+12g TiC-56; Tmax:433 ℃; Ein:143kJ; Theoretical the energy :-1.2kJ of dE:4.9kJ; Energy gain: 4.1; Energy/mole oxidant: 163.2kJ/mol.

Pond #108-120309RCWF4:8g AC2-8+3.32g KH-12+0.4g Mg; Tmax:399 ℃; Ein:149kJ; DE:3.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.3kJ; Energy gain: 13.

120409KAWFC1#1462; 1 " HDC; 3.0g NaH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC#57; Tmax:567 ℃; Ein:214kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

120409KAWFC2#1461; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH#13+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#57+10.4gBaCl2-AD-2; Tmax:489 ℃; Ein:604kJ; DE:18kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.06kJ; Energy gain: 4.4.

120409KAWFC3#1460; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH#13+8.3g Ca+20.0g TiC#57+3.9gCaF2-AD-1; Tmax:440 ℃; Ein:604kJ; DE:14kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.85kJ; Energy gain: 2.

120309KAWFC2#1458; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g AC+10.78g FeBr2; TSC:350-400 ℃; Tmax:496 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:35kJ; Theoretical energy-21.71kJ, energy gain: 1.6.

120309KAWFC3#1457; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g AC; Tmax:498 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:15kJ; Theoretical energy :-0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

120209KAWFC2#1455; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+0.35g Li+20.0g TiC; Tmax:496 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.64kJ; Energy gain: 6.7.

120209KAWFC3#1454; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+0.35g Li+20.0g TiC; Tmax:475 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.71kJ; Energy gain: 5.8.

Pond #3755-120309JLWF3:TiC#57+3g MgH2+4.98g KH#13; Tmax:426 ℃; Ein:164.1kJ; DE:7.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.9kJ; Energy gain: 2.0.

Pond #3756-120309JLWF4:12g TiC#57+5g Ca+3g MgH2+4.98g KH#13; TSC: be about 350-450 ℃; Tmax:490 ℃; Ein:141.9kJ; DE:19.8kJ; Theoretical energy :-12.8kJ; Energy gain: 1.5.

Pond #3757-120309GHWF1:12g TiC56+3g MgH2+4.98g K; Tmax:405 ℃; Ein:150.0kJ; DE:4.30kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.55kJ; Energy gain: 1.69.

Pond #3759-120309GHWF3:12g TiC56+3g Mg+3g Ti+3g NaH; Tmax:456 ℃; Ein:149.0kJ; DE:6.68kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #105-120309RCWF1:8g AC2-8+3.32g KH-12+0.8g Mg, Tmax:408 ℃; Ein:142kJ; DE:2.8kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.6kJ; Energy gain: 4.7.

Pond #106-120309RCWF2:3g Mg+3g NaH; Tmax:498 ℃; Ein:181kJ; DE:2.9kJ.

Pond #3720-120209JLWF1 (Regen Exp, Part 1): 20g TiC#53+2g Ca+5g Mg+5gNaH; Tmax:367 ℃; Ein:394.7kJ; DE:9.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.4kJ; Energy gain: 2.7.

Pond #3747-120209JLWF4:12g TiC#56+5g Ca+3g MgH2+3g NaH; TSC: be about 380-475 ℃; Tmax:499 ℃; Ein:141.7kJ; DE:19.7kJ; Theoretical energy :-12.9kJ; Energy gain: 1.5.

Pond #3750-120209GHWF3:8g AC8+2g Mg+3.32g KH#12; Tmax:633 ℃; Ein:309.1kJ; DE:7.57kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3752-120209GHWF5:20g TiC56+2.5g Mg+7.5g KH#12; Tmax:373 ℃; Ein:428.4kJ; DE:7.05kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #101-120209RCWF1:8g AC2-8+1.99g KH-12+1.2g Mg; Tmax:406 ℃; Ein:141kJ; DE:3.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.3kJ; Energy gain: 10.7.

Pond #102-120209RCWF2:8g AC2-8+2.66g KH-12+1.6g Mg; Tmax:408 ℃; Ein:131kJ; DE:2.2kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.4kJ; Energy gain: 5.5.

Pond #104-120209RCWF4:8g AC2-8+3.32g KH-12+1.2g Mg; Tmax:417 ℃; Ein:137kJ; DE:4.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.6kJ; Energy gain: 8.2.

Pond #3737-120109JLWF2:20g TiC#55+5g Mg+2.95g Ni+5g NaH; Tmax:369 ℃; Ein:400.3kJ; DE:4.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.6kJ (Mg2Ni intermetallic compound); Energy gain: 1.9.

Pond #3738-120109JLWF3:12g TiC#55+3g Mg+3g Sr+3g NaH; Tmax:431 ℃; Ein:160.3kJ; DE:10.4kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.3kJ; Energy gain: 4.5.

Pond #3739-120109JLWF4:12g TiC#55+3g Mg+3g Ba+3g NaH; Tmax:432 ℃; Ein:150.4kJ; DE:5.4kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.5kJ; Energy gain: 3.7.

Pond #3740-120109GHWF1:12g TiC55+3g Mg+3g Eu+3g NaH; Tmax:464 ℃; Ein:180.1kJ; DE:5.62kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.40kJ; Energy gain: 4.00.

Pond #3741-120109GHWF2:12g TiC55+3g Mg+3g Gd+3g NaH; Tmax:481 ℃; Ein:172.0kJ; DE:6.76kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.44kJ; Energy gain: 4.69.

Pond #3742-120109GHWF3:12g TiC55+3g Mg+3g La+3g NaH; Tmax:445 ℃; Ein:169.0kJ; DE:3.28kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.91kJ; Energy gain: 1.71.

Pond #3744-120109GHWF5:20g TiC55+5g Mg+1.6g KH#12+14.85g BaBr2-AD-4; Tmax:385 ℃; Ein:385.5kJ; DE:4.60kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.94kJ; Energy gain: 2.37.

Pond #3745-120209JLWF2:20g TiC#56+5g Mg+8.3g KH#12+6.2g SrBr2-AD-2+3.98g SrCl2-AD-1; Tmax:366 ℃; Ein:408.1kJ; DE:11.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.1kJ; Energy gain: 1.9.

Pond #3746-120209JLWF3:12g TiC#56+3g MgH2+3g NaH; Tmax:415 ℃; Ein:160.8kJ; DE:6.4kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.4kJ; Energy gain: 4.6.

Pond #98-120109RCWF2:8g AC2-9 (300 ℃ of dryings 4 days)+3.32g KH-12+2g Mg; Tmax:412 ℃; Ein:127kJ; DE:8.4kJ (corresponding to the 21kJ of 5x).

Pond #99-120109RCWF3:6g CaBr2-AD-3+4.98g KH-12+4.98g Ca+12g TiC-55; TSC:100 ℃ (321-421 ℃); Tmax:464 ℃; Ein:155kJ; DE:9.9kJ; Theoretical energy :-7.2kJ; Energy gain: 1.4; Energy/mole oxidant: 329.7kJ/mol.

Pond #100-120109RCWF4:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-55; Tmax:497 ℃; Ein:192kJ; DE:6.3kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

120109KAWFC2#1452; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+4.35g LiBr+20.0g TiC; Tmax:490 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:17kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.75kJ; Energy gain: 4.5.

120109KAWFC3#1451; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+4.35g LiBr+20.0g TiC; ℃ Tmax:445 ℃; Ein:605kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.2kJ; Energy gain: 5.4.

113009KAWFC2 George Hu#1450; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.1gLiCl; Tmax:504 ℃; Ein:672kJ; DE:14k; Theoretical energy: 1.82kJ; Energy gain: 7.7.

113009KAWFC3 George Hu#1449; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.1gLiCl; Tmax:508 ℃; Ein:664kJ; DE:9kJ; Theoretical energy: 3kJ.

112509KAWFC2#1447；2″HDC；1.66g?KH#12+1.0g?Mg+4.0g?TiC#53+2.33gKSrCl3_111209JHSY1；Tmax：427℃；Ein：164kJ；dE：5kJ。

112509KAWFC3#1446; 2 " HDC; 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC (heat is higher than 500 ℃); Tmax498 ℃; Ein:632kJ; DE:17kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

112409KAWFC1#1445; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+19.54gBaI2-SD-4 (dry in the pond of amplifying in proportion more than 750 ℃); Tmax:376 ℃; Ein:423kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 2.0kJ.

112409KAWFC2#1444；1″HDC；5.0g?NaH+5.0g?MgH2+20.0g?ACII#7；Tmax：381℃；Ein：424kJ；dE：10kJ。

112409KAWFC3#1443; 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH#10+5.0g Mg+5.55gCaCl2-AD-1+20.0g CrB2-AD_1 "; TSC:360-430 ℃; Tmax:462 ℃; Ein:166kJ; DE:14kJ; Theoretical energy: 7.2kJ; Energy gain: 1.9.

112309KAWSU#1442; 1.2 rise 83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+124.0gSrBr2-SD-2; TSC:180-430 ℃; Tmax:512 ℃; Ein:2624kJ; DE:147kJ; Theoretical energy: 67.2kJ; Energy gain: 2.18.

Pond #3732-113009GHWF1:12g TiC55+3g Mg+5g Ca+1g NaH; Tmax:448 ℃; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:6.88kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.89kJ; Energy gain: 1.76.

Pond #3734-113009GHWF3:12g TiC55+5g Ca+3g NaH; Tmax:496 ℃; Ein:155.0kJ; DE:7.45kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.31kJ; Energy gain: 1.73.

Pond #3735-113009GHWF4:20g TiC55+5g Mg+8.3g KH#12+10g CaBr2-AD-4; Tmax:374 ℃; Ein:348.8kJ; DE:15.43kJ; Theoretical energy :-8.54kJ; Energy gain: 1.81.

Pond #95-113009RCWF1:20g AC2-8+4.98g KH-12+3g Mg; Tmax:417 ℃; Ein:388kJ; DE:14.6kJ.

Pond #93-113009RCWF2:20g AC2-8+8.3g KH-12+3g Mg; Tmax:415 ℃; Ein:508kJ; DE:26.6kJ.

Pond #94-113009RCWF4:7.41g SrBr2-AD-2+4.98g KH-12+3g Mg+12g WC; Tmax:443 ℃; Ein:156kJ; DE:5.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.0kJ; Energy gain: 1.3; Energy/mole oxidant: 176.5kJ/mol.

Pond #3728-112509GHWF5:20g TiC53+8.3g KH#12+5g Mg+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1+3.72g KCl; Tmax:379 ℃; Ein:380.8kJ; DE:8.11kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.43kJ; Energy gain: 1.49.

Pond #3729-113009JLWF2:TiC#53+5g Mg+8.3g KH#12+10g CaBr2-AD-4; Tmax:364 ℃; Ein:409.1kJ; DE:14.0kJ; Theoretical energy :-8.5kJ; Energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #3730-113009JLWF3:12g TiC#55+3g Mg+3g NaH; Tmax:510 ℃; Ein:236.6kJ; DE:9.9kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #90-112509RCWF4:20g AC2-8+6.64g KH-10+4g Mg; Tmax:421 ℃; Ein:434.1kJ; DE:11.2kJ.

Pond #3723-112509JLWF4:12g TiC#53+3g Mg+1g LiH+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1; Tmax:426 ℃; Ein:152.7kJ; DE:4.3kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3722-112509JLWF3:12g TiC#52+3g Mg+1g LiH+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1; Tmax:407 ℃; Ein:159.8kJ; DE:5.7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3721-112509JLWF2:20g AC2-8 (Subst.by MCC)+6g Ba+8.3g KH#12; Tmax:364 ℃; Ein:385.9kJ; DE:13.7kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.6kJ; Energy gain: 2.1.

Pond #3713-112409JLWF3:12g AC (code is not provided)+3g Mg+4.98g KH#10+7.44gSrBr2-AD-1; Tmax:433 ℃; Ein:153.1kJ; DE:12.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.0kJ; Energy gain: 3.0.

Pond #3715-112409GHWF1:12g TiC51+5g Ca+4.98g KH#10+1.74g KF; Tmax:473 ℃; Ein:174.0kJ; DE:7.20kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.10kJ; Energy gain: 1.76.

Pond #3716-112409GHWF2:12g TiC51+5g Ca+4.98g KH#10+2.24g KCl; Tmax:505 ℃; Ein:223.5kJ; DE:6.86kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.10kJ; Energy gain: 1.67.

Pond #3717-112409GHWF3:12g TiC52+5g Ca+4.98g KH#10+3.57g KBr; Tmax:481 ℃; Ein:179.1kJ; DE:6.61kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.10kJ; Energy gain: 1.61.

Pond #89-112409RCWF2:20g AC2-7+4.98g KH-10+3g Mg; Tmax:420 ℃; Ein:428.1kJ; DE:21.4kJ.

Pond #91-112509RCWF2:3g NaH+12g TiC-52+3g Mg; Tmax:456 ℃; Ein:148kJ; DE:7.6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #92-112409RCWF4:20g AC2-7+6.64g KH-10+4g Mg; Tmax:425 ℃; Ein:449.9kJ; DE:21.8kJ.

Pond #3706-112309GHWF1:12g HfC+3g Mg+4.98g KH#10+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1; Tmax:452 ℃; Ein:168.0kJ; DE:6.10kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.03kJ; Energy gain: 1.51.

Pond #3707-112309GHWF2:12g Cr3C2+3g Mg+4.98g KH#10+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1; Tmax:472 ℃; Ein:173.0kJ; DE:5.76kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.03kJ; Energy gain: 1.43.

Pond #3708-112309GHWF3:12g TiC51+3g Mg+3g NaH; Tmax:453 ℃; Ein:171.0kJ; DE:4.36kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3710-112309GHWF5:20g TiC51+8.3g KH#10+5g Mg+6.2g SrBr2-AD-1+3.98g SrCl2-AD-1; Tmax:372 ℃; Ein:354.1kJ; DE:10.90kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.08kJ; Energy gain: 1.79.

Pond #3711-112409JLWF1:20g TiC#51+5g Mg+8.3g KH#10+19.55g BaI2-SD-4; Tmax:368 ℃; Ein:392.1kJ; DE:9.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-5.9kJ; Energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #86-112309RCWF2:4.94g SrBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-10+2g Mg+8g AC2-7; Tmax:413 ℃; Ein:129kJ; DE:10.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.7kJ; Energy gain: 3.7x. energy/mole oxidant: 505kJ/mol.

112309KAWFC3#1439；2″HDC；5.0g?NaH+5.0g?MgH2+20.0g?ACII#7；Tmax：366℃；Ein：423kJ；dE：7kJ。

112009KAWFC2#1438; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+28.5g Ba+20.0g TiC+14.85gBaBr2-AD-1; Tmax:750 ℃; Ein:1544kJ; DE:18kJ; Theoretical energy: 8.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.2.

112009KAWFC3#1437; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4gBaCl2-AD-1; Tmax:520 ℃; Ein:762kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 4.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

111809KAWSU#1430; 1.2 rise; 83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+195.4g BaI2-SD-4 (dry in the pond of amplifying in proportion more than 750 ℃); Tmax:520C; Ein:2870kJ; DE:110kJ; Ein:58.5kJ; Energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3693-112009GZWF1:20g AC2-7 (Subst.by MCC)+5g Mg+8.3g KH#10; Tmax:367 ℃; Ein:412.0kJ; DE:16.9kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinitely great (+16.9kJ).

Pond #3694-112009GZWF2:20g AC2-7 (Subst.by MCC)+8.33g Ca+8.3g KH#10; TSC: be about 250-300 ℃; Tmax:384 ℃; Ein:400.1kJ; DE:31.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.8kJ; Energy gain: 4.6.

Pond #3700-112009GHWF4:20g AC2-7+6g Sr+8.3g KH#10; Tmax:371 ℃; Ein:334.3kJ; DE:14.23kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.40kJ; Energy gain: 3.23.

Pond #82-112009RCWF1:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-49; Tmax:504 ℃; Ein:203kJ; DE:8.6kJ. theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3684-111909GZWF1:20g TiC#49+8.3g Ca+8.3g KH#10+3.9g CaF2-AD-1; Tmax:369 ℃; Ein:380.1kJ; DE:10.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.8kJ; Energy gain: 1.5.

Pond #3685-111909GZWF2:20g TiC#49+5g Mg+8.3g KH#10+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1; TSC: be about 300-350 ℃; Tmax:386 ℃; Ein:378.1kJ; DE:11.8kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.7kJ; Energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3686-111909GZWF3:12g TiC#49+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+8.91gBaBr2-AD-3; TSC: be about 340-400 ℃; Tmax:453 ℃; Ein:179.1kJ; DE:4.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.8kJ; Energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #3687-111909GZWF4:12g TiC#49+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1; TSC: be about 350-400 ℃; Tmax:442 ℃; Ein:144.9kJ; DE:6.7kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.3kJ; Energy gain: 2.0.

Pond #3688-111909GHWF1:12g TiC49+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2; Tmax:416 ℃; Ein:143.1kJ; DE:7.04kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.31kJ; Energy gain: 1.63.

Pond #3689-111909GHWF2:12g TiC49+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1; Tmax:425 ℃; Ein:134.0kJ; DE:5.90kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.26kJ; Energy gain: 1.81.

Pond #3690-111909GHWF3:12g TiC49+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+8.91g BaBr2-AD-3; ℃ Tmax:426C; Ein:145.0kJ; DE:4.91kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.91kJ; Energy gain: 1.69.

Pond #3691-111909GHWF4:20g TiC49+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1+0.5g K; ℃ Tmax:388 ℃; Ein:371.4kJ; DE:11.74kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.72kJ; Energy gain: 1.75.

Pond #3692-111909GHWF5:20g TiC49+8.3g KH#10+5g Mg+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1; Tmax:400 ℃; Ein:391.6kJ; DE:11.56kJ; Theoretical energy :-6.72kJ; Energy gain: 1.72.

Pond #80-111909RCWF1: from chemical substance+8.3g KH-9+5g Mg of 111709RCWF1Regen1; Tmax:401 ℃; Ein:464.1kJ; Water flow velocity among the dE:-6.8kJ WF1 still has certain fluctuation.

Pond #81-111909RCWF4:2.34g CaF2-AD-1+4.98g KH-9+4.98g Ca+12g TiC-49; Tmax:426 ℃; Ein:147kJ; DE:7.8kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.1kJ; Energy gain: 1.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 260kJ/mol.

Pond #3675-111809GZWF1:20g TiC#48+5g Mg+8.3g KH#9+14.85gBaBr2-AD-2; Tmax:368 ℃; Ein:356.0kJ; DE:7.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.7kJ; Energy gain: 1.5.

Pond #3676-111809GZWF2:20g TiC#49+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2-AD-2; Tmax:383 ℃; Ein:386.1kJ; DE:7.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.6kJ; Energy gain: 4.8.

Pond #3678-111809GZWF4:12g TiC#48+5g Ca+4.98g KH#9+2.24g KCl; Tmax:461 ℃; Ein:147.7kJ; DE:7.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.1kJ; Energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #3680-111809GHWF2:12g TiC48+4.98g KH#9+5g Ca+2.24g KCl; Tmax:462 ℃; Ein:152.0kJ; DE:7.16kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.11kJ; Energy gain: 1.74.

Pond #3682-111809GHWF4:20g TiC48+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+2g Ca; Tmax:392 ℃; Ein:354.0kJ; DE:10.10kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.3kJ; Energy gain: 3.06.

Pond #3683-111809GHWF5:20g TiC48+5g NaH+5g Mg+2g Ca; TSC:350-380 ℃; Tmax:404 ℃; Ein:392.1kJ; DE:8.79kJ; Theoretical energy :-3.4kJ; Energy gain: 2.58.

Pond #78-111809RCWF2:8.3g KH-8+5g Mg+20g AC2-7; Tmax:419 ℃; Ein:440kJ; DE:25.5kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.2kJ; Energy gain: 21.

Pond #79-111809RCWF4:3.33g CaCl2-AD-2+4.98g KH-9+3g Mg+12g TiC-49; Tmax:432 ℃; Ein:145kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.3kJ; Energy gain: 1.9; Energy/mole oxidant: 267kJ/mol.

111909KAWFC2#1435; 1 " HDC; 4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g YC2+7.44SrBr2-AD-1; TSC:375-485C; Tmax:485 ℃; Ein:163kJ; DE:10kJ; Theoretical energy: 4.0kJ; Energy gain: 2.5.

Pond #3666-111709GZWF1:20g TiC#48+5g Mg+8.3g KH#9+10.0g CaBr2-AD-2; Tmax:334 ℃; Ein:312.0kJ; DE:14.1kJ; Theoretical energy :-8.55; Energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #3669-111709GZWF4:12g TiC#47+3g Mg+3g NaH+8.91g BaBr2-AD-3; Tmax:434 ℃; Ein:142.0kJ; DE:5.6kJ; Theoretical energy :-0.93. energy gain: 6.

Pond #3670-111709GHWF1:12g TiC47+4.98g KH+3g Mg+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2; Tmax:368 ℃; Ein:140.0kJ; DE:4.21kJ; Theoretical energy :-2.35kJ; Energy gain: 1.79.

Pond #3671-111709GHWF2:8g TiC47+2g NaH+2g Mg+0.8g Ca; Tmax:445 ℃; Ein:135.0kJ; DE:5.13kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.38kJ; Energy gain: 3.72.

Pond #3672-111709GHWF3:12g TiC48+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+1.2g Ca; TSC: do not observe; Tmax:404 ℃; Ein:145.0kJ; DE:4.66kJ; Theoretical energy :-1.98kJ; Energy gain: 2.35.

Pond #3673-111709GHWF4:20g TiC48+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+10.0g CaBr2-AD-2; Tmax:363 ℃; Ein:318.1kJ; DE:15.26kJ; Theoretical energy :-8.54kJ; Energy gain: 1.79.

Pond #73-111709RCWF1:8.3g KH-9+5g Mg+20g AC2-7; Tmax:400 ℃; Ein:378kJ; DE:15.5kJ.

Pond #77-111709RCWF2II:8.3g KH-9+5g Mg+20g AC2-9; Tmax:417 ℃; Ein:460.1kJ; DE:20.4kJ.

Pond #75-111709RCWF3:2.24g KCl+4.98g KH-9+5g Ca+12g TiC-45; Tmax:433 ℃; Ein:142kJ; DE:8.3kJ; Theoretical energy :-4.1kJ; Energy gain: 2; Energy/mole oxidant: 276.6kJ/mol.

111809KAWFC2#1432; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+19.54g BaI2-AD-1 (dry in the pond of amplifying in proportion) at 750 ℃; Tmax:424 ℃; Ein:425kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 5.85kJ; Energy gain: 1.9.

111809KAWFC3#1431; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1; Small TSC; Tmax:402 ℃; Ein:424kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.72kJ; Energy gain: 1.8.

111709KAWFC2#1428; 1 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Ni+5.55gCaCl2-AD-I; TSC:385 ℃; Tmax:504 ℃; Ein:192kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 4.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.92.

111709KAWFC3#1427; 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.95g Ni; Tmax:390 ℃; Ein:425kJ; DE:6kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #3659-111609GZWF3:12g TiC47+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+8.91g BaBr2-AD-3, Ein:157.0kJ, dE:4.8kJ, Tmax:429 ℃. theoretical energy :-2.8kJ, energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #3660-111609GZWF4:12g TiC47+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+6.0g C aBr2-AD-2, Ein:133.0kJ, dE:9.1kJ, Tmax:442 ℃, theoretical energy E :-5.1kJ, energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3661-111609GHWF1:8g TiC47+2g NaH+2g Mg+0.8g Ca; Ein:142.0kJ; DE:3.94kJ; Tmax:411 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.38; Energy gain: 2.86.

Pond #3662-111609GHWF2:12g TiC47+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+1.2g Ca; Ein:145.0kJ; DE:4.61kJ; Tmax:432 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.98kJ; Energy gain: 2.33.

Pond #3663-111609GHWF3:12g TiC47+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1; Ein:143.0kJ; DE:6.13kJ; Tmax:434 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.03kJ. energy gain: 1.52.

Pond #3664-111709GHWF4:20g TiC47+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1; Ein:327.9kJ; DE:9.22kJ; TSC:305-332 ℃; Tmax:353 ℃. theoretical energy: 5.43kJ; Energy gain: 1.70. (lower T provides less heat).

Pond #111609RCWF3: from the chemicals of 111209RCWF3Regen1 (111209RCWF2 (8.3gKH-8+5g Mg+20g AC3-9 powder) is reproduced. be this reaction system of regenerating; Utilize 2 atmospheric C2H6 gases to heat in room temperature; Continue 3 hours at 819 ℃, vacuumized 10 hours at 819 ℃ then)+8.3gKH-9; DE 12.2kJ; 388 ℃ of Tmax.

111309KAWFC2#1422; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.95gSrCl2-AD-I; Tmax:390 ℃; Ein:425kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 5.4kJ; Energy gain: 2.1.

111209KAWFC1#1420; 2 " HDC; 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+31.0g In+29.7gBaBr2-AD-I; Tmax:402 ℃; Ein:424kJ; DE:13kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.1kJ; Energy gain: 4.1.

111209KAWFC2#1419; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+8.3g Ca+20.0gTiC+5.55gCaCl2-AD-I; Little TSC; Tmax:395 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:19kJ; Theoretical energy: 10.8kJ; Energy gain: 1.76.

111209KAWFC3#1418; 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Fe+14.85gBaBr2-AD-I; Tmax:460 ℃; Ein:180kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy: 4.75kJ; Energy gain: 1.7.

110909KAWSU#1408; 1.2 rise; 83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+79.5SrCl2-AD-I (Alfa Aesar Dried); TSC:290-370 ℃; Tmax:430 ℃; Ein:2936kJ; DE:113kJ; Theoretical energy: 54.2kJ; Energy gain: 2.08. (carrying out 111209 .) in heater calibration back

111609KAWFC3#1424; 1 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.0g Ca (30.6gm among the 32gm); Tmax:460 ℃; Ein:164kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.5kJ; Energy gain: 3.42.

Pond #3643-111209GZWF3:12g TiC#45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1, Ein:146.0kJ, dE:6.1kJ, Tmax:397 ℃. theoretical energy :-3.3kJ, energy gain: 1.

Pond #3644-111209GZWF4:12g TiC#45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2, Ein:135.1kJ, dE:7.8kJ, Tmax:434 ℃, theoretical energy :-4.3kJ, energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3645-111209GHWF1:12g TiC45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1; Ein:145.0kJ; DE:5.62kJ; Tmax:402 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.26kJ. energy gain: 1.72.

Pond #3646-111209GHWF2:12g TiC45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2; Ein:132.0kJ; DE:7.23kJ; TSC:330-420 ℃; Tmax:431 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.31kJ. energy gain: 1.68.

Pond #3639-111109GHWF4:10g TiC45+2.5g Mg+2.5g NaH+7.70g BaBr2-AD-2; Ein:130.1kJ; DE:2.08kJ; Tmax:406 ℃. theoretical energy: 0.80kJ. energy gain: 2.60.

Pond #63-111109RCWF1:5g NaH+5g Mg+2g Ca+20g TiC-44; Ein:150kJ; DE9.8kJ; Tmax:431 ℃; Theoretical energy :-3.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.8.

The mixture of pond #64-111109RCWF2:33.41g 7.5g NaI+5g Mg+5g NaH+20g TiC-45; Ein:146kJ; DE 5.7kJ (dE: all mixtures are 6.4kJ); 406 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #65-111109RCWF3:5g NaH+5g Mg+2.95g Ni+20g TiC-45; Ein:400kJ; DE 20.5kJ; Tmax:364 ℃; Theoretical energy :-2.6kJ; Energy gain: 7.9.

Pond #66-111109RCWF4:14.85g BaBr2-AD-2+5g Mg+8.3g KH-8+20g Mn; Ein:152kJ; DE 8.2kJ; Tmax:434 ℃; Theoretical energy :-4.8kJ; Energy gain: 1.7.

111109KAWFC2#1416; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.7g GdF3; No TSC; Tmax:390 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:15kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.0kJ; Energy gain: 5.

111009KAWFC2#1413; 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+8.3g Ca+20.0g TiC+3.9g CaF2-AD-I; Tmax:383 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:22kJ; Theoretical energy: 6.75kJ; Energy gain: 3.25.

111009KAWFC3#1412; 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH+8.3g Ca+20.0g Fe+10.0gCaBr2-AD-2; TSC:360-430 ℃; Tmax:461 ℃; Ein:172kJ; DE:13kJ; Theoretical energy: 8.5kJ; Energy gain: 1.52.

110909KAWFC1#1411; 2 " HDC; 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+29.7gBaBr2-AD-I; Tmax:396 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 3.1kJ; Energy gain: 3.9.

110909KAWFC2#410; 2 " HDC; 16.6g Tmax:380 ℃ of KH#+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#+15.9gSrCl2-AD-I; Ein:422kJ; DE:23kJ; Theoretical energy: 10.8kJ; Energy gain: 2.1.

Pond #3615-110909GZWF2:20g AC3-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH#8, Ein:380.1kJ, dE:16.8kJ, Tmax:399 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3606-110609GZWF2:20g TiC#43+5g Mg+8.3g KH#7+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:456.1kJ, dE:15.7kJ, Tmax:426 ℃, theoretical energy :-9.6kJ, energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #3607-110609GZWF3:20g Mn+5g Mg+5g NaH+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:166.0kJ, dE:2.6kJ, Tmax:461 ℃. theoretical energy :-7.2kJ, energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3608-110609GZWF4:10g TiC#43+2.5g Mg+4.2g KH#7+8.6g SrI2-AD-2, Ein:149.0kJ, dE:9.9kJ, TSC:348-438 ℃, Tmax:471 ℃, theoretical energy :-4.1kJ, energy gain: 2.4.

Pond #3609-110609GHWF1:8g Cr+3.33g Ca+3.32g KH#7+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1; Ein:149.0kJ; DE:6.97kJ; Tmax:442 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.30kJ. energy gain: 1.62.

Pond #55-110609RCWF3:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+2g Mg+8g Mn; Ein:147kJ; DE 8.4kJ; 426 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.9kJ; Energy gain: 4.4.

Pond #3599-110509GZWF4:8g TiC#42+2g Mg+3.32g KH#7+4.28g GdF3, Ein:170.1kJ, dE:4.4kJ, Tmax:479 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.2kJ, energy gain: 3.7.

Pond #50-110509RCWF2:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+2g Mg+8g Mn; Ein:146kJ; DE 4.3kJ; 407 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #51-110509RCWF3:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+2g Mg+8g Cr; Ein:146kJ; DE 5.7kJ; 398 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

11,050,9KA,WFC,1#1,403 2 " HDC; 16.6g KH#6+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+4.75gMgCl2-AD-I+5.0g MgF2-AD-1; Little TSC; Tmax:380 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:20kJ; Theoretical energy: 9.58kJ; Energy gain: 2.

11,050,9KA,WFC,2#1,402 2 " HDC; 16.6g KH#6+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+9.5gMgCl2-AD-I; TSC:300C-360 ℃; Tmax:370 ℃; Ein:352kJ; DE:40kJ; Theoretical energy: 19.16kJ; Energy gain: 2.1.

110509KAWFC3#14012 " HDC; 16.6g KH#6+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+10.0gMgF2-AD-I; Tmax:385 ℃; Ein:425kJ; DE:14kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

1.2 liters of 110409KAWSU#1400; 83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+47.5g MgCl2-AD-IAlfa Aesar Dried; TSC:130C-430 ℃; Tmax:478 ℃; Ein:1849kJ; DE:178kJ; Theoretical energy: 95.8kJ; Energy gain: 1.85.

11,040,9KA,WFC,1#1,399 1 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Mn+4.750gMgCl2-AD-I; TSC:380C-465 ℃; Tmax:465 ℃; Ein:170kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 7.27kJ; Energy gain: 1.65.

11,040,9KA,WFC,2#1,398 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#40+4.750gMgCl2-AD-I+0.5g K; TSC:350C-440 ℃; Tmax:450 ℃; Ein:153kJ; DE:13kJ; Theoretical energy: 9.58kJ; Energy gain: 1.35.

11,040,9KA,WFC,3#1,397 1 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC+5.0gMgF2-AD-I; Tmax:430 ℃; Ein:168kJ; DE:5kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

11,030,9KA,WFC,1#1,396 2 " HDC; 8.3g TiC#40+7.95gSrCl2-AD-1:Tmax:394 ℃ of KH+5.0g Sr+20.0g; Ein:422kJ; DE:9kJ; Theoretical energy: 5.43kJ; Energy gain: 1.65.

11,030,9KA,WFC,2#1,395 2 " HDC; 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g In+14.85gBaBr2-AD-1 (pond #1306:12kJ); Tmax:383 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:13kJ; Theoretical energy: 4.68kJ; Energy gain: 2.7.

Pond #3588-110409GZWF2:20g TiC#41+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+11.15gMg3As2-CD-2, Ein:458.1kJ, dE:26.7kJ, Tmax:433 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #47-110409RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+3.33g Ca+8g Cr; Ein:144kJ; DE 9.3kJ; 426 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-4.3kJ; Energy gain 2.2.

Pond #3580-110309GZWF2:20g TiC#41+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1, Ein:366.1kJ, dE:13.1kJ, Tmax:382 ℃, theoretical energy :-5.4kJ, energy gain: 2.4.

Pond #3583-110309GHWF1:8g TiC#41+11.42g Ba+3.32g KH#6+5.94gBaBr2-AD-1; Ein:149.0kJ; DE:5.98kJ; Tmax:404 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.24kJ. energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3584-110309GHWF2:8g TiC#41+7.8g Ba+3.32g KH#6+7.82g BaI2-SD-1; Ein:130.0kJ; DE:5.30kJ; Tmax:384 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.71kJ. energy gain: 1.42.

Pond #41-110309RCWF1:2.88g AgCl-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g TiC-38; Ein:169kJ; DE 12.5kJ; TSC:161 ℃ (320-481 ℃); 489 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-5.8kJ; Energy gain: 2.2.

Pond #42-110309RCWF2:4g CaBr2-AD-2+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Cr; Ein:167kJ; DE 7.1kJ; 467 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-3.4kJ; Energy gain: 2.1.

Pond #39-110209RCWF3:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+3.33g Ca+8g TiC-38; Ein:141kJ; DE 7.8kJ; 424 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-2.7kJ; Energy gain 2.9.

Pond #43-110309RCWF3:4g CaBr2-AD-2+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Fe; Ein:180kJ; DE 12.1kJ; 466 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-3.4kJ; Energy gain: 3.6.

103009KAWFC2#1392; 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#40+4.750gMgCl2-AD-I; TSC:350C-460 ℃; Tmax:464 ℃; Ein:148kJ; DE:18kJ; Theoretical energy: 9.58kJ; Energy gain: 1.87.

110209KAWFC3#1391; 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#40+2.375gMgCl2-AD-I+2.50g MgF2-AD-1; TSC:370-440 ℃; Tmax:450 ℃; Ein:159kJ; DE:12kJ; Theoretical energy: 4.79kJ; Energy gain: 2.50.

103009KAWFC1#1391; 1 " HDC; 4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC+9.27g MnI2-A-I Purity 98%; TSC:40-270 ℃; Tmax:280 ℃; Ein:53kJ; DE:27kJ; Theoretical energy: 11.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

103009KAWFC2#1389; 1 " HDC; 8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#36+5.0gMgF2-AD-I; Tmax:403 ℃; Ein:155kJ; DE:7kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

102909KAWSU#1388 50.0g NaH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+148.5g BaBr2-AD-I (Alfa Aesar Dried); TSC:308C-330 ℃; Tmax:345 ℃; Ein:2190kJ; DE:71kJ; Theoretical energy: 15.5kJ; Energy gain: 4.6.

Pond #3571-110209GZWF1:20g AC3-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6, Ein:370.1kJ, dE:19.0kJ, Tmax:368 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3572-110209GZWF2:20g TiC#40+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+2.38gMgCl2-AD-1+1.55g MgF2-AD-1, Ein:436.1kJ, dE:15.1kJ, Tmax:398 ℃, theoretical energy :-4.8kJ, energy gain: 3.1.

Pond #3573-110209GZWF3:8g TiC#40+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+6.24gEuBr2H2O-102209JH, Ein:164.1kJ, dE:10.6kJ, TSC:370-458 ℃, Tmax:468 ℃. theoretical energy :-2.98kJ, energy gain: 3.6.

Pond #3576-110209GHWF2:8g TiC#40+3.33g Ca+3.32g KH#6+2.22gCaCl2-AD-1; Ein:131.0kJ; DE:7.40kJ; TSC:370-464 ℃; Tmax:464 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.30kJ. energy gain: 1.62.

Pond #3566-103009GHWF1:8g Mn+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:143.0kJ; D E:6.69kJ; TSC:375-430 ℃; Tmax:444 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.74.

Pond #3568-103009GHWF3:8g Fe+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:143.0kJ; D E:5.37kJ; TSC:370-430 ℃; Tmax:435 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.40.

Pond #3570-103009GHWF5:8g Cr+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:143.1kJ; DE:5.95kJ; Tmax:436 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.55.

Pond #33-103009RCWF1:7.2g AgCl-AD-1+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g AC3-9; Ein:326kJ; DE 33.8kJ; TSC:79 ℃ (271-350 ℃); 367 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-14.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.33.

Pond #34-103009RCWF2:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+3.33g Ca+8g TiC-38; Ein:140kJ; DE 8.9kJ; 448 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-4.3kJ; Energy gain: 2.1.

Pond #35-103009RCWF3:1.24g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Mn; Ein:154kJ; DE 9kJ; 443 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-2.5kJ; Energy gain: 3.6.

10,290,9KA,WFC,2#1,387 1 " TSC:240-460 ℃ of HDC 4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC+9.27gMnI2-SA-I (Sigma Aldrich High Purity 99.9%); Tmax:460 ℃; Ein:121kJ; DE20kJ; Theoretical energy: 11.1kJ; Energy gain: 1.8.

10,290,9KA,WFC,3#1,386 1 " TSC:40C-260 ℃ of HDC 4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC+9.27g MnI2-A-I (Alfa Aesar Purity 98%); Tmax:260 ℃; Ein:53kJ; DE:27kJ; Theoretical energy: 11.1kJ; Energy gain: 2.43.

10,280,9KA,WFC,1#1,385 2 " HDC 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+14.85gBaBr2-AD-I; Tmax:382 ℃; Ein:423kJ; DE:8kJ; Theoretical energy: 1.55kJ; Energy gain: 5.10.

10,280,9KA,WFC,2#1,384 2 " HDC 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+8.75g BaF2-AD-I; Tmax:365 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:13kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

10,280,9KA,WFC,3#1,383 2 " HDC 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.95gSrCl2-AD-I+1.65g Cs; Tmax:377 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:15kJ; Theoretical energy: 5.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.70.

Pond #3557-102909GZWF1:20g TiC#37+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1+3.1g MgF2-AD-1+1g K, Ein:358.0kJ, dE:15.9kJ, Tmax:371 ℃, theoretical energy :-9.58kJ, energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #3564-102909GHWF4:8g TiC#38+2g Mg+1.16g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+0.5g K; Ein:134.0kJ; DE:6.32kJ; Tmax:438 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.03kJ. energy gain: 1.57.

Pond #3565-102909GHWF5:8g TiC#38+2g Mg+1.16g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1g K; Ein:141.9kJ; DE:6.18kJ; Tmax:437 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.03kJ. energy gain: 1.53.

Pond #29-102909RCWF1:7.5g InCl-A-2+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g TiC-37; Ein:326kJ; DE 23kJ; TSC:62 ℃ (13-201 ℃); 371 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-11.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.

Pond #30-102909RCWF2:15.65g CoI2-A-2+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g TiC-37; Ein:362kJ; DE 51.2kJ; TSC:73 ℃ (173-246 ℃); 396 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-26.4kJ; Energy gain: 1.94.

Pond #31-102909RCWF3:54g CaBr2-AD-2+3.32g KH-6+3.33g Ca+8g TiC-37; Ein:148kJ; DE 4.5kJ; 411 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.9kJ; Energy gain 2.4.

Pond #32-102909RCWF4:4.32g FeBr2-A-1+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g TiC-37; Ein:122kJ; DE 15.6kJ; TSC:249 ℃ (249-498 ℃); 503 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-10kJ; Energy gain: 1.56.

Pond #3548-102809GZWF1:20g TiC#37+10g Mg+8.3g KH#5+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:346.1kJ, dE:16.4kJ, TSC:285-315 ℃, Tmax:362 ℃, theoretical energy E :-9.58kJ, energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #3550-102809GZWF3:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K, Ein:168.1kJ, dE:5.0kJ, Tmax:440 ℃. theoretical energy :-1.9kJ, energy gain: 2.6.

Pond #3551-102809GZWF4:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1+1g K, Ein:154.0kJ, dE:5.2kJ, Tmax:452 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.9kJ, energy gain: 2.7.

Pond #3555-102809GHWF4:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+1.16g KH#6+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K; Ein:141.0kJ; DE:3.21kJ; Tmax:424 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3556-102809GHWF5:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1g K; Ein:144.4kJ; DE:3.72kJ; Tmax:407 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #25-102809RCWF1:0.72g MgF2-AD-1+0.95g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+1.6g K+2g Mg+8g TiC-37; Ein:142kJ; DE 4.7kJ; 393 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.9kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

Pond #29-102909RCWF1:7.5g InCl-A-2+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g TiC-37; Ein:326kJ; DE 23kJ; TSC:62 ℃ (139-201 ℃); 371 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-11.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.

Pond #26-102809RCWF2:1.90g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Mn; Ein:144kJ; DE 6.1kJ; 444 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-3.8kJ; Energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #30-102909RCWF2:15.65g CoI2-A-2+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g TiC-37; Ein:362kJ; DE 51.2kJ; TSC:73 ℃ (173-246 ℃); 396 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-26.4kJ; Energy gain: 1.94.

Pond #27-102809RCWF3:5.94g BaBr2+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Fe; Ein:148kJ; DE 4.5kJ; 411 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.9kJ; Energy gain 2.4.

Pond #28-102809RCWF4:5.94g BaBr2+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Cr; Ein:146kJ; DE 3.4kJ; 424 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.9kJ; Energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #32-102909RCWF4:4.32g FeBr2-A-1+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g TiC-37; Ein:122kJ; DE 15.6kJ; TSC:249 ℃ (249-498 ℃); 503 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-10kJ; Energy gain: 1.56.

10,230,9KA,WFC,1#1,380 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH#5+5.0g Mg+20.0g WC+10.0gCaBr2-AD-1; Tmax:394 ℃; Ein:423kJ; DE:19kJ, theoretical energy: 8.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.23.

10,270,9KA,WFC,1#1,382 2 " HDC; 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2 (ball milling)+3.1gMgF2-AD-I; Tmax:406 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

Pond #3540-102709GZWF1:20g TiC#37+4g Mg+8.3g KH#5+3.1g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K, Ein:418.1kJ, dE:5.1kJ, Tmax:369 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3542-102709GZWF3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K; Ein:158.0kJ, dE:5.8kJ, TSC:336-415 ℃; Tmax:442 ℃. theoretical energy :-3.8kJ, energy gain: 1.5.

Pond #3543-102709GZWF4:8g TiC#37+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1g K, Ein:148.0kJ, dE:9.2kJ; TSC:339-417 ℃; Tmax:460 ℃, theoretical energy :-3.8kJ, energy gain: 2.4.

Pond #3546-102709GHWF3:8g TiC#37+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+0.5g K; Ein:145.0kJ; DE:7.56kJ; TSC:340-450 ℃; Tmax:450 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.97.

Pond #3547-102709GHWF4:8g TiC#37+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1g K; Ein:126.0kJ; DE:8.07kJ; TSC:350-425 ℃; Tmax:440 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 2.10.

Pond #3539-102709GHWF5:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1; Ein:143.1kJ; DE:3.55kJ; Tmax:417 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #21-102709RCWF1:0.72g MgF2-AD-1+0.95g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TiC-37; Ein:145kJ; DE 7.6kJ; 434 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.9kJ; Energy gain: 4.

Pond #22-102709RCWF2:0.72g MgF2-AD-1+0.95g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+1.6g K+8g TiC-37; Ein:146kJ; DE 4.5kJ; 419 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.9kJ; Energy gain: 2.4.

Pond #23-102709RCWF3:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Fe; Ein:143kJ; DE 7.7kJ; 431 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-3.8kJ; Energy gain 2.

Pond #24-102709RCWF4:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Cr; Ein:141kJ; DE 10.9kJ; 440 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-3.8kJ; Energy gain: 2.9.

Pond #3531-102609GZWF1:20g TiC#36+6g Mg+8.3g KH#5+3.1g MgF2-AD-1, Ein:416.1kJ, dE:5.1kJ, Tmax:364 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3532-102609GZWF2:20g TiC#36+6g Mg+8.3g KH#5+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:420.1kJ, dE:14.2kJ, Tmax:390 ℃, theoretical energy :-9.6kJ, energy gain: 1.5.

Pond #3533-102609GZWF3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1.24g MgF2-AD-1; Ein:165.0kJ, dE:8.0kJ, TSC:354-446 ℃; Tmax:454 ℃. theoretical energy :-3.8kJ, energy gain: 2.1.

Pond #3530-102609GHWFC5:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:152.1kJ; DE:5.24kJ; Tmax:437 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.87kJ. energy gain: 1.82.

Pond #3522-102309GZWF1:20g TiC#36+2g Mg+8.3g KH#5+3.1g MgF2-AD-1, Ein:388.1kJ, dE:4.9kJ, Tmax:369 ℃, theoretical energy :-0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3523-102309GZWF2:20g TiC#36+2g Mg+8.3g KH#5+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:358.1kJ, dE:15.8kJ, TSC:265-300 ℃, Tmax:348 ℃, theoretical energy-9.6kJ, energy gain: 1.7.

Pond #3524-102309GZWF3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1, Ein:162.0kJ, dE:5.0kJ, Tmax:439 ℃. theoretical energy :-1.9kJ, energy gain: 2.6.

Pond #3525-102309GZWF4:8g TiC#36+4g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:146.0kJ, dE:7.1kJ, TSC:339-432 ℃, Tmax:455 ℃, theoretical energy-3.8kJ, energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3526-102309GHWFC1:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+2.48g MgF2-AD-1; Ein:146.0kJ; DE:4.13kJ; Tmax:432 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3527-102309GHWFC2:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1; Ein:142.0kJ; DE:3.31kJ; Tmax:411 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3528-102309GHWFC3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:145.0kJ; DE:7.21kJ; TSC:345-450 ℃; Tmax:455 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.88.

Pond #3529-102309GHWFC4:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1; Ein:131.1kJ; DE:2.19kJ; Tmax:410 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #13-102309RCWF1:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TaC-3; Ein:143.5kJ; DE 3.6kJ; 385 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #14-102309RCWF2:3.5g BaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TiC-39; Ein:144kJ; DE 4.1kJ; 406 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #15-102309RCWF3:3.5g BaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TaC-3; Ein:146kJ; DE 3.2kJ; 395 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain is infinitely great.

Pond #16-102309RCWF4:1.24g MgF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+1g K+2g Mg+8gTiC-39; Ein:143kJ; DE 3.2kJ; Tmax:399 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

102109KAWFC1#1372:8.3g KH#4+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#35+10.0g CaBr2-AD-1; Tmax:396 ℃; Ein:427kJ; DE:22kJ; Theoretical energy: 8.5kJ; Energy gain: 2.59.

102109KAWFC2#1371:8.3g KH#5+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#36+17.1g SrI2-AD-2; TSC:320-350 ℃; Tmax:424 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:26kJ; Theoretical energy: 8.1kJ; Energy gain: 3.21.

102109KAWFC3#1370:5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+5.0g MgF2-AD-I; Tmax:373 ℃; Ein:425kJ; DE:11kJ; Theoretical energy: 0kJ.

102009KAWFC1#1369:5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Mn+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I; No TSC; Tmax:390 ℃; Ein:422kJ; DE:17kJ; Theoretical energy: 7.27; Energy gain: 2.33.

102009KAWFC3#1367:8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+13.9g MgI2-AD-I; TSC:200-250 ℃; Tmax:380 ℃; Ein:425kJ; DE:20kJ; Theoretical energy: 12.6kJ; Energy gain: 1.58.

101909KAWFC1#1366 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+7.95g SrCl2-AD-I; 436kJ461kJ 26kJ; Energy gain is about 4.6X (X=5.42kJ) (energy gain is about the TiC pond #1347 of 3.7X).

101909KAWFC2#1365 3.3g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+3.18g SrCl2-AD-I; 159kJ165kJ 6kJ; About 435 ℃ of Tmax. energy gain is about 2.8X (X=2.17kJ).

101909KAWFC3#1364 3.3g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g YC2+3.18g SrCl2-AD-I; 159kJ168kJ 9kJ; There are little TSC and Tmax to be about 445 ℃ at 370 ℃. energy gain is about 4.1X (X=2.17kJ).

101309KAWFC2#1355 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I; 424kJ 443kJ 19kJ; Energy gain is about 1.97X (X=9.6kJ).

101309KAWFC3#1354 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+3.1g MgF2-AD-I; 421kJ431kJ 10kJ; Tmax is about 380 ℃. and energy gain is about X (X=0kJ).

101209KAWFC1#1353 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I+0.5gK; 393kJ 418kJ 25kJ; There are little TSC and Tmax to be about 418 ℃ being about 280 ℃. energy gain is about 2.6X (X=9.5kJ).

101209KAWFC3#1351 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+3.1g MgF2-AD-I; 422kJ436kJ 14kJ; Tmax is about 412 ℃. and energy gain is about X (X=0kJ).

Pond #3513-102209GZWF1:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+3.1g MgF2-AD-1, Ein:408.1kJ, dE:10.1kJ, Tmax:394 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3514-102209GZWF2:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:366.1kJ, dE:23.4kJ, TSC:325-350 ℃, Tmax:408 ℃, theoretical energy :-9.6kJ, energy gain: 2.43.

Pond #3515-102209GZWF3:8g TiC#35+2g Mg+2g NaH+0.8g Ca, Ein:167.1kJ, dE:6.6kJ, Tmax:454 ℃. theoretical energy :-1.4kJ, energy gain: 4.7.

Pond #3516-102209GZWF4:8g TiC#35+2g Mg+2g NaH+1.76g Sr, Ein:144.0kJ, dE:4.2kJ, Tmax:439 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.4kJ, energy gain: be about 3.

Pond #3518-102209GHWFC2:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1; Ein:136.1kJ; DE:5.63kJ; Tmax:432 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3519-102209GHWFC3:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1; Ein:144.0kJ; DE:6.96kJ; TSC:350-450 ℃; Tmax:457 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.92kJ. energy gain: 3.62.

Pond #3521-102209GHWFC5:8g YC2-3+3.32g KH#5+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:139.1kJ; DE:6.34kJ; Tmax:420 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.65.

Pond #10-102209RCWF2:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TiC-39; Ein:144kJ; DE 3.6kJ; 426 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.87kJ; Energy gain: 1.9.

Pond #11-102209RCWF3:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TaC-3; Ein:150kJ; DE 11.3kJ; 446 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-3.83kJ; Energy gain 3.

Pond #12-102209RCWF4:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TiC-39; Ein:149kJ; DE 5.9kJ; 430 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 5.9kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3504-102109GZWF1:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+14.85g BaBr2-AD-1, Ein:442.1kJ, dE:17.2kJ, Tmax:396 ℃, theoretical energy :-4.7kJ, energy gain: 3.67.

Pond #3505-102109GZWF2:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+19.55g BaI2-SD-2, Ein:436.1kJ, dE:27.6kJ, Tmax:411 ℃, theoretical energy :-5.9kJ, energy gain: 4.67.

Pond #3507-102109GZWF4:8g TiC#35+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+0.8g Ca, Ein:154.0kJ, dE:4.4kJ, Tmax:455 ℃, theoretical energy :-0.4kJ, energy gain: be about 10.

Pond #3508-102109GHWFC1:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.56g CaF2-AD-1; Ein:151.1kJ; DE:5.92kJ; Tmax:441 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3509-102109GHWFC2:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1; Ein:148.1kJ; DE:8.15kJ; Tmax:468 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.88kJ. energy gain: 2.83.

Pond #3510-102109GHWFC3:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+3.18g SrCl2-AD-1; Ein:146.1kJ; DE:5.58kJ; TSC:375-470 ℃; Tmax:470 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.17kJ. energy gain: 2.57.

Pond #3511-102109GHWFC4:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+4.16g BaCl2-SD-1; Ein:128.2kJ; DE:3.48kJ; Tmax:435 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.62kJ. energy gain: 2.15.

Pond #3512-102109GHWFC5:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1; Ein:162.1kJ; DE:7.00kJ; TSC:360-465 ℃; Tmax:472 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.88kJ. energy gain: 3.72.

Pond #5-102109RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g YC2-3; Ein:155kJ; DE 6.3kJ; 434 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain 2.2.

Pond #6-102109RCWF2:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+2g NaH+2g Mg+8g YC2-3; Ein:153.1kJ; DE 4.9kJ; 448 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.92kJ; Energy gain 2.6.

Pond #7-102109RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g YC2-3; Ein:144kJ; DE 8.4kJ; 438 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain is infinitely great.

Pond #8-102109RCWF4:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g YC2-3; Ein:142kJ; DE 9.0kJ; 455 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.92kJ; Energy gain 4.7.

Pond #3495-102009GZWF1:20g TiC#35+5g Mg+5g NaH+2.95g Ni, Ein:364.1kJ, dE:9.0kJ, Tmax:371 ℃, theoretical energy :-2.6kJ, energy gain: 3.46.

Pond #3-102009RCWF3:4.16g BaCl2-SD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TaC-2 powder; Ein:150kJ; DE 4.6kJ; 400 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-1.62kJ; Energy gain 2.8.

Pond #4-102009RCWF4:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TiC-35 powder; Ein:148kJ; DE 6.1kJ; TSC:333-426 ℃; 451 ℃ of Tmax; Theoretical energy :-3.83kJ; Energy gain 1.6.

Pond #3486-101909GZWF1:20g AC-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH+15.6g EuBr2, Ein:348.1kJ, dE:20.0kJ, Tmax:356 ℃, theoretical energy :-6.8kJ, energy gain: 2.94.

Pond #3491-101909GHWFC2:8g TiC35+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1; Ein:139.0kJ; DE:4.31kJ; Tmax:425 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.88kJ. energy gain: 2.29.

Pond #3492-101909GHWFC3:8g TiC35+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+7.82g BaI2-SD-1; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:6.26kJ; TSC:365-420 ℃; Tmax:442 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.36kJ. energy gain: 2.65.

Pond #101909RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TiC powder are 1 " .dE:6.1kJ uses up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ, energy gain, 2.1; Tmax:439 ℃.

Pond #101909RCWF2:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC powder are 1 " .dE:3.4kJ uses up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.92kJ; Energy gain: 1.8; Tmax:426 ℃.

Pond #101909RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TaC-2 powder are 1 " .dE 6.5kJ uses up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ, energy gain: 2.3; Tmax:423 ℃.

Pond #3477-101609GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2-SD-1, Ein:384.1kJ, dE:11.44kJ, Tmax:362 ℃, theoretical energy :-4.1kJ, energy gain: 2.78.

Pond #3478-101609GZWF2:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:376.1kJ, dE:22.98kJ, TSC:300-325 ℃, Tmax:389 ℃, theoretical energy :-9.58kJ, energy gain: 2.4.

Pond #3479-101609GZWF3:8g TiC+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2, Ein:170.0kJ, dE:6.31kJ, Tmax:436 ℃. theoretical energy :-2.73kJ, energy gain: 2.3.

Pond #3481-101609GHWFC1:8g TiC34+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:9.70kJ; TSC:350-463 ℃; Tmax:463 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 2.53.

Pond #3484-101609GHWFC4:8g TiC34+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1; Ein:134.0kJ; DE:5.51kJ; Tmax:435 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.88kJ. energy gain: 1.91.

Pond #3485-101609GHWFC5:8g TiC34+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+3.18g SrCl2-AD-1; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:4.16kJ; Tmax:430 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.17kJ. energy gain: 1.92.

Pond #101609RCWF1:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g YC2-2 powder are 1 " .dE 4.6kJ uses up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.87kJ; 431 ℃ of energy gain: 2.5.Tmax.

Pond #101609RCWF2:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TiC-34 powder are 1 " .dE 4.8kJ uses up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.87kJ; Energy gain: 2.6; Tmax:426 ℃.

Pond #101609RCWF3:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TaC-2 powder are 1 " .dE:5.1kJ uses up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.87kJ; Energy gain: 2.7; Tmax:419 ℃.

Pond #101609RCWF4:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TiC-34 powder are 1 " .dE:3.0kJ uses up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:406 ℃.

Pond #3470-101509GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.90g CaF2-AD-1, Ein:356.1kJ, dE:6.6kJ, Tmax:370 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3471-101509GZWF2:20g AC-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH, Ein:350.1kJ, dE:15.27kJ, Tmax:366 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3474-101509GHWFC1:8g Cr+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:151.0kJ; DE:5.97kJ; Tmax:438 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. gain: 1.55.

Pond #101509RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g CrB2 powder are 1 " .dE:4.2kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.92kJ; Energy gain: 2.2; 431 ℃ of Tmax.

Pond #3463-101409GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+5g MgF2-AD-1, Ein:326.0kJ, dE:7.36kJ, Tmax:360 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3468-101409GHWFC2:8g Mn+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:140.0kJ; DE:5.87kJ; TSC:355-435 ℃; Tmax:446 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.53.

Pond #101409RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g Ni powder are 1 " .dE:5.7kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.92kJ; Energy gain: 3; 393 ℃ of Tmax.

100909KAWFC1#13508.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I 435kJ464kJ 29kJ; Tmax is about 420 ℃; Energy gain is about 3X (X=9.5kJ).

100809KAWFC1#13478.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.95g SrCl2-AD-I 435kJ455kJ 20kJ; . energy gain is about 3.7X (X=5.42kJ).

100809KAWFC2#1346 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4g SrBr2-AD-I+0.5g K425kJ 437kJ 12kJ; Tmax is about 390 ℃; Energy gain is about 2X (X=6.75kJ).

100809KAWFC3#1345 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+5.55g CaCl2-AD-1 425kJ436kJ 11kJ; Little TSC and Tmax are about 420 ℃; Energy gain is about 2X (X is about 6.0kJ).

Pond #3436-100909GZWF1:20g TiC#33+5g Mg+8.3g KH+8.3g KI, Ein:350.1kJ, dE:5.2kJ, Tmax:345 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3437-100909GZWF2:20g TiC#33+5g Mg+5g NaH+7.5g NaI, Ein:356.1kJ, dE:12.38kJ, Tmax:355 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3441-100909GHWFC2:8g CrB2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:142.0kJ; DE:6.30kJ; TSC:375-430 ℃; Tmax:439 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. gain: 1.64.

Pond #3443-100909GHWFC4:8g SrO+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:135.0kJ; DE:8.19kJ; TSC:380-470 ℃; Tmax:478 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.24kJ. gain: 1.93.

Pond #100909RCWF1:7.84g BaI2-SD-3,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g TiC-33 are 2 " .dE:4.8kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.34kJ; Energy gain: 2.1; Tmax:403 ℃ (lower pond temperature).

Pond #100909RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g WC are 1 " .dE:6.7kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain: 2.3; 420 ℃ of Tmax.

Pond #3446-101209GZWF2:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+15.6g EuBr2, Ein:360.1kJ, dE:21.72kJ, Tmax:388 ℃, theoretical energy :-6.83kJ, energy gain: 3.2.

Pond #3449-101209GHWFC1:8g Fe+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:154.0kJ; DE:6.33kJ; TSC:380-440 ℃; Tmax:445 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.65.

Pond #3451-101209GHWFC3:8g Co+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:149.0kJ; DE:6.97kJ; TSC:360-440 ℃; Tmax:446 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.82.

Pond #3453-101209GHWFC5:8g Al+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:145.2kJ; DE:5.94kJ; TSC:400-449 ℃; Tmax:449 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.55.

Pond #101209RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Ni are 1 " .dE:10.4kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain: 3.6; 442 ℃ of Tmax.

Pond #3454-101309GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+5g NaH+5g MgF2-AD-1, Ein:398.1kJ, dE:11.01kJ, Tmax:382 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3459-101309GHWFC2:8g Ni+2g Mg+2g NaH+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:131.0kJ; DE:9.26kJ; TSC:380-470 ℃; Tmax:470 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.88kJ. energy gain: 3.22.

Pond #101309RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2gNaH, 2g Mg and 8g Fe powder are 1 " .dE:5.7kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.92kJ; Energy gain: 3; 405 ℃ of Tmax.

Pond #3419-100709GZWF2:10g TiC#33+10g WC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10gCaBr2-AD-1, Ein:314.0kJ, dE:20.20kJ, Tmax:363 ℃, theoretical energy :-8.6kJ, energy gain: 2.35.

Pond #100709RCWF1:7.84g BaI2-SD-3,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g TiC-33 are 2 " .dE 7.8kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.34kJ; Energy gain: 3.3; Tmax:638 ℃.

Pond #100809RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Al nanometer powder are 1 " .dE:8.1kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain: 2.8; Tmax:445 ℃.

Pond #100709RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g HfC are 1 " .dE:7.2kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain: 2.5; Tmax:418 ℃.

Pond #100809RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Fe powder are 1 " .dE:9.2kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain: 3.2; Tmax:449 ℃.

Pond #100809RCWF4:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Mn powder are 1 " .dE:7.3kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain: 2.5:Tmax:457 ℃.

Pond #3431-100809GHWFC1:8g GdB6+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:152.1kJ; DE:6.37kJ; TSC:355-430 ℃; Tmax:445 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.66.

Pond #3432-100809GHWFC2:8g TiB2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:141.0kJ; DE:5.62kJ; Tmax:433 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.46.

The little TSC of 100709KAWFC1#1344 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+15.6g EuBr2 415kJ 446kJ31kJ is that 40 ℃ (in the time of 300 ℃) and Tmax are about 413 ℃. energy gain is about 4.5X (X is about 6.85kJ).

100609KAWFC2#1340 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+14.85g BaBr2-AD-1+0.5gK 425kJ 437kJ 12kJ; Tmax is about 410 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.5X (X is about 4.7kJ).

100509KAWFC2#1337 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+14.4g SrI2-AD-I+0.5g K425kJ 447kJ 22kJ; Tmax is about 410 ℃. and energy gain is about 3.2X (X=6.67kJ, no K).

100609KAWFC1#1341 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.18g MnI2 59kJ 76kJ 17kJ; TSC is that 200 ℃ (when being about 50 ℃) and Tmax are about 270 ℃. energy gain is about 2.3X (X is about 3.7kJ*2=7.4kJ).

Pond #3396-100209GHWFC2:4g Ag NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+4.16g BaCl2-AD-1; Ein:136.0kJ; DE:2.85kJ; Tmax:406 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.62kJ. gain: 1.76.

Pond #3397-100209GHWFC3:4g Ag NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:3.48kJ; Tmax:422 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.90kJ. energy gain: 1.83.

Pond #3398-100209GHWFC4:8g B4C+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+3.68g MgBr2-1; Ein:138.1kJ; DE:7.15kJ; TSC:350-420 ℃; Tmax:431 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.46kJ. energy gain: 1.60.

Pond #3399-100209GHWFC5:8g Al4C3+2g Mg+3.32g KH+3.68g MgBr2; Ein:151.0kJ; D E:6.55kJ; TSC:370-430 ℃; Tmax:440 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.46kJ. energy gain: 1.57.

Pond #100209RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g ZrB2 powder are 1 " .dE:2.9kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:403 ℃.

Pond #100209RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g CrB2 are 1 " .dE:4.6kJ is used up among the HDC; (theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:403 ℃.

Pond #3404-100509GHWFC1:8g Cr3C2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+3.68g MgBr2-2; Ein:147.0kJ; DE:7.92kJ; TSC:325-420 ℃; Tmax:425 ℃. theoretical energy: 4.46kJ. energy gain: 1.78.

Pond #100509RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Ag powder are 1 " .dE:4.3kJ is used up in the heavy wall pond; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:421 ℃.

Pond #100509RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Al powder are 1 " .dE:5.4kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinitely great Tmax:390 ℃.

Pond #3413-100609GHWFC1:8g YC2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:149.0kJ; DE:10.88kJ; TSC:385-472 ℃; Tmax:472 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 2.83.

Pond #3417-100609GHWFC5:8g TaC+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:143.1kJ; D E:5.49kJ; TSC:370-430 ℃; Tmax:445 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.43.

Pond #100609RCWF1:10g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,5g Mg and 20g TiC-33 are 2 " .dE:18.6kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-8.6kJ; Energy gain: 2.2; Tmax:373 ℃.

Pond #100609RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Al nanometer powder are 1 " .dE:3.8kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:391 ℃.

Pond #100609RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Cr powder are 1 " .dE:6.1kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:396 ℃.

Pond #3355-092809GZWF1:20g TiC#30+5g Mg+8.3g KH+17.1g SrI2-AD-1, Ein:358.1kJ, dE:23.38kJ, TSC:283-314 ℃, Tmax:358 ℃, theoretical energy :-8.1kJ, energy gain: 2.89.

Pond #3361-092809GHWFC3:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.84g SrI2-AD-1+0.66g Cs; Ein:144.0kJ; DE:8.42kJ; TSC:370-465 ℃; Tmax:465 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.24kJ. energy gain: 2.60.

Pond #3362-092809GHWFC4:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.84g SrI2-AD-1+0.2g K; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:8.64kJ; TSC:370-440 ℃; Tmax:459 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.24. energy gain: 2.67.

Pond #3382-100109GZWF1:10g TiC#32+10g WC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+17.1gSrI2-AD-1, Ein:344.1kJ, dE:19.91kJ, Tmax:344 ℃, theoretical energy :-8.11kJ, energy gain: 2.45.

100109KAWFC2#1331 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+17.1g SrI2-AD-I+1.65gCs 356kJ 384kJ 28kJ; Tmax is about 380 ℃. and energy gain is about 3.45X (X=8.1kJ).

092809KAWFC2#1322 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Cu powder+19.0g BaI2-AD-I 403kJ 426kJ 23kJ; Tmax is about 390 ℃. and energy gain is about 3.9X (X is about 5.85kJ).

092809KAWFC3#1321 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g WC+14.85g BaBr2-AD-I 395kJ 402kJ 7kJ; Tmax is about 380 ℃. and energy gain is about 1.48X (X is about 4.7kJ).

092109KAWFC2#131 5George 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Cu powder+14.85gBaBr2-Dried 384kJ 401kJ 17kJ; Tmax is about 400 ℃. and energy gain is about 3.6X (X is about 4.7kJ).

092109KAWFC3#1314 George 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g B powder+14.85gBaBr2-Dried 393kJ 402kJ 9kJ; Tmax is about 350 ℃. and energy gain is about 2X (X is about 4.5kJ).

091809KAWFC1#1313 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Ag powder+7.5g InCl; 389kJ 414kJ 25kJ; There are little TSC and Tmax to be about 410 ℃ at 120 ℃. energy gain is about 2X (X is about 11.45kJ).

091809KAWFC3#1311 4.15g KH+2.5g Mg+10.0g Ag nanometer powder+7.425gBaBr2-Dried (1 inch pond) 183kJ 191kJ 8kJ; There are TSC and Tmax to be about 480 ℃ at 350 ℃. energy gain is about X (X is about 4.7kJ).

100109KAWFC1#1332 8.3g KH-I+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.2g AgCl (tested K H) [pond #1174:25kJ; Pond #1326:30kJ] 412kJ 437kJ 25kJ; There are little TSC and Tmax to be about 390 ℃ being about 220 ℃. energy gain is about 1.85X (X=13.52kJ).

092909KAWFC1#13268.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#32+7.2g AgCl (test TiC) pond #1174:25kJ 411kJ 441kJ 30kJ; There are little TSC and Tmax to be about 430 ℃ being about 250 ℃. energy gain is about 2.2X (X=13.52kJ).

100109KAWFC3#1330 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g B powder+19.0g BaI2-AD-2 390kJ 408kJ 17kJ; Tmax is about 370 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.9X (X is about 5.85kJ).

093009KAWFC1#1329 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+5.55g CaCl2-AD-I 411kJ 426kJ 15kJ; Tmax is about 410 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.1X (X is about 7.1kJ).

093009KAWFC2#1328 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+3.9g CaF2-AD-1 (repeating #1320) 425kJ 434kJ 9kJ; Tmax is about 390 ℃. and energy gain is about X (X is about 0kJ).

093009KAWFC3#1327 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g B4C+10.0g CaBr2-AD-1 (repeating #1319) 425kJ 441kJ 16kJ; Tmax is about 360 ℃. and energy gain is about 1.88X (X is about 8.5kJ).

092909KAWFC3#1324 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#33+1.55g MgF2+1.94gCaF2425kJ 431kJ 6kJ; Tmax is about 360 ℃. and energy gain is about X (X=0kJ).

100209KAWFC2#1334 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+9.2g MgBr2-I 422kJ 446kJ 24kJ; Little TSC is about 380 ℃ for being about 50 ℃ (200 ℃ the time) and Tmax. and energy gain is about 2.1X (X=11.16kJ).

100209KAWFC3#1333 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+9.2g MgBr2-I 422kJ 438kJ 16kJ has little TSC and Tmax to be about 380 ℃ being about 270 ℃. and energy gain is about 2X (X=8.03kJ).

Pond #3347-092509GZWF2:20g TiC#29+5g Mg+8.3g KH+8.75g BaF2-AD-1, Ein:368.1kJ, dE:10.13kJ, Tmax:367 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3353-092509GHWFC4:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+3.18g SrCl2-AD-1+0.66g Cs; Ein:135.0kJ; DE:5.12kJ; Tmax:414 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.17kJ. energy gain: 2.36.

Pond #3354-092509GHWFC5:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4.96g SrBr2-AD-1+0.2g K; Ein:141.1kJ; DE:4.27kJ; Tmax:409 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.69kJ. energy gain: 1.59.

Pond #092509RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g YC2 are 1 " .dE:7.5kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.4kJ, energy gain 3.1; Tmax:420 ℃.

Pond #3356-092809GZWF2:20g TiC#30+5g Mg+8.3g KH+13.9g MgI2-AD-1, Ein:340.1kJ, dE:23.80kJ, TSC:220-242 ℃, Tmax:355 ℃, theoretical energy :-12.6kJ, energy gain: 1.89.

Pond #3363-092809GHWFC5:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4.96g SrBr2-AD-1+0.66g Cs; Ein:149.1kJ; DE:4.39kJ; Tmax:421 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.68kJ. energy gain: 1.64.

Pond #092809RCWF1:1.9g MgCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-29 are 1 " .dE:4.7kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ; Energy gain: 1.6; Tmax:417 ℃.

Pond #092809RCWF2:1.9g MgCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-30 are 1 " .dE:5.9kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-3.83kJ, energy gain: 1.54; Tmax:442 ℃.

Pond #092809RCWF3:3.68g MgBr2,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-30 are 1 " .dE:9.7kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy-4.46kJ, energy gain 2.2; 435 ℃ of Tmax.

Pond #092809RCWF4:3.68g MgBr2,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-30 are 1 " .dE:7.8kJ is used up in the heavy wall pond; Theoretical energy :-3.21kJ; Energy gain, 2.4; Tmax:436 ℃.

Pond #3364-092909GZWF 1:20g TiC#30+5g Mg+8.3g KH+1.55g MgF2+1.95gCaF2, Ein:348.1kJ, dE:6.66kJ, Tmax:343 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3370-092909GHWFC3:8g TiC#30+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:5.31kJ; TSC:330-420 ℃; Tmax:435 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.38.

Pond #3372-092909GHWFC5:8g TiC#30+2g Mg+3.32g KH+2.52g SrF2-AD-1+0.66g Cs; Ein:146.1kJ; DE:2.24kJ; Tmax:398 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #092909RCWF1:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g B4C are 1, and " .dE:2.5kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:382 ℃.

Pond #092909RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g Al4C3 are 1, and " .dE:3.4kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:397 ℃.

Pond #092909RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g Cr3C2 are 1, and " .dE:5.4kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:386 ℃.

Pond #3379-093009GHWFC3:8g YC2+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2; Ein:141.0kJ; DE:5.75kJ; TSC:370-460 ℃; Tmax:468 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.74kJ. energy gain: 2.10.

Pond #3380-093009GHWFC4:8g TiC#32+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+0.2g K; Ein:144.0kJ; DE:5.35kJ; Tmax:434 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.88kJ. energy gain: 2.85.

Pond #3381-093009GHWFC5:8g TiC#32+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+0.2g K; Ein:148.0kJ; DE:8.16kJ; TSC:350-430 ℃; Tmax:450 ℃. theoretical energy: 3.84kJ. energy gain: 2.12.

Pond #093009RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g HfC are 1, and " .dE:2.7kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; 396 ℃ of Tmax.

Pond #093009RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TaC are 1, and " .dE:4.2kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:395 ℃.

Pond #3383-100109GZWF2:20g TiC#32+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2-AD-1 (being heated to 517 ℃), Ein:618.1kJ, dE:18.74kJ, Tmax:517 ℃, theoretical energy :-4.06kJ, energy gain: 4.6.

Pond #3386-100109GHWFC1:4g SiC NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+4.16g BaCl2-AD-1; Ein:145.0kJ; DE:2.36kJ; Tmax:385 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.62kJ. energy gain: 1.46.

Pond #3387-100109GHWFC2:4g SiC NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1; Ein:143.2kJ; DE:3.82kJ; Tmax:419 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.88kJ. energy gain: 2.03.

Pond #100109RCWF1:0.62gMgF2-AD-1,1.66gKH-3,1gMg and 4gAg nanometer powder are 1, and " .dE:2.8kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:399 ℃.

Pond #100109RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g SiC powder are 1, and " .dE:2.9kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:409 ℃.

Pond #100109RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g YC2 are 1, and " .dE:9.5kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:435 ℃.

Pond #3310-092109GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+19.55g BaI2-SD-1, Ein:350.1kJ, dE:6.4kJ, Tmax:324 ℃, theoretical energy :-2.0kJ, energy gain: 3.2.

Pond #3311-092109GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+19.55g BaI2-SD-1, Ein:378.1kJ, dE:10.9kJ, Tmax:369 ℃, theoretical energy :-5.9kJ, energy gain: 1.9.

Pond #3313-092109GZWF4:8g TiC+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1 (BallMill), Ein:134.0kJ, dE:5.0kJ, Tmax:403 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.87kJ, energy gain: 2.7.

Pond #3319-092209GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1, Ein:322.1kJ, dE:5.1kJ, Tmax:345 ℃, theoretical energy :-3.6kJ, energy gain: 1.4.

Pond #3320-092209GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+12.4gSrBr2-AD-1, Ein:372.1kJ, dE:12.0kJ, Tmax:367 ℃, theoretical energy :-6.7kJ, energy gain: 1.8.

Pond #3328-092309GZWF1:20g TiC#27&28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+6.3g SrF2-AD-1, Ein:358.1kJ, dE:4.8kJ, Tmax:343 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3329-092309GZWF2:20g TiC#28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1, Ein:336.1kJ, dE:8.3kJ, Tmax:369 ℃, theoretical energy :-5.4kJ, energy gain: 1.5.

Pond #3331-092309GZWF4:8g TiC#27+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1 (stirring), Ein:139.0kJ, dE:3.5kJ, Tmax:414 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.87kJ, energy gain: 1.9.

Pond #3337-092409GZWF1:20g TiC#28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1, Ein:314.0kJ, dE:19.0kJ, TSC:259-297 ℃, Tmax:327 ℃, theoretical energy E :-9.6kJ, energy gain: 2.0.

Pond #3338-092409GZWF2:20g TiC#28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+9.2g MgBr2-1, Ein:352.1kJ, dE:19.5kJ, TSC:250-270 ℃, Tmax:357 ℃, theoretical energy E :-11.2kJ, energy gain: 1.75.

Pond #3341-092409GHWFC1:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+1.04g SrO; Ein:143.0kJ; DE:5.81kJ; Tmax:429 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.88kJ. energy gain: 2.01.

Pond #3342-092409GHWFC2:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4g CaBr2-AD-1+1.04g SrO; Ein:131.0kJ; DE:6.82kJ; TSC:335-440 ℃; Tmax:440 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.17kJ. energy gain: 3.14.

Pond #3343-092409GHWFC3:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4g CaBr2-AD-1+0.4g MgO; Ein:141.0kJ; DE:4.47kJ; Tmax:430 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.17kJ. energy gain: 2.06.

Pond #3344-092409GHWFC4:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.88g CaI2-AD-1+0.4g MgO; Ein:132.0kJ; DE:4.56kJ; Tmax:415 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.24kJ. energy gain: 2.03.

Pond #3345-092409GHWFC5:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.88g CaI2-AD-1+1.04g SrO; Ein:140.1kJ; DE:4.26kJ; TSC:340-430 ℃; Tmax:430 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.24kJ. energy gain: 1.90.

Pond #092109RCWF1:1.56g CaF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-26 powder are 1 " .dE:5.6kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy 0kJ, energy gain: infinity; Tmax:381 ℃.

Pond #092109RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g B4C powder .dE:5.1kJ; Theoretical energy-2.88kJ, energy gain: 1.8; Tmax:431 ℃.

Pond #092209RCWF1:2.0g CaBr2-AD-1,1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g Ag nanometer powder are 1 " .dE:6.6kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy-1.71kJ, energy gain: 3.9; Tmax:420 ℃.

Pond #092309RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-28 are by the .dE:2.8kJ that uses up; Theoretical energy 0kJ, energy gain: infinity; Tmax:402 ℃.

Pond #092309RCWF3:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g WC powder are by the .dE:7.2kJ that uses up; Theoretical energy-3.4kJ, energy gain: 2.1; Tmax:422 ℃.

Pond #092309RCWF4:5.55g CaCl2-AD-1,5g NaH, 5g Mg and 20g TiC-28 are by the .dE:10.5kJ that uses up; Theoretical energy :-4.8kJ, energy gain: 2.2; Tmax:416 ℃.

Pond #092409RCWF1:3.9g CaF2-AD-1,8.3g KH, 5g Mg and 20g TiC-28 are 2 " .dE:4.7kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity; Tmax:371 ℃.

Pond #092409RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 7.7g MgB2 are by the .dE:7.0kJ that uses up; Theoretical energy-2.88kJ, energy gain: 2.4; Tmax:413 ℃.

Pond #3302-091809GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+5.55gCaCl2-AD-1, Ein:378.1kJ, dE:11.8kJ, Tmax:373 ℃, theoretical energy :-7.2kJ, energy gain: 1.64.

Pond #3305-091809GHWFC1:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+2g NaH+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1.04g SrO; Ein:144.0kJ; DE:2.82kJ; Tmax:388 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3306-091809GHWFC2:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1.04g SrO; Ein:139.0kJ; DE:3.00kJ; Tmax:402 ℃. theoretical energy: 0kJ. energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3307-091809GHWFC3:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2; Ein:230.0kJ; DE:5.77kJ; Tmax:521 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.73kJ. energy gain: 2.11.

Pond #3308-091809GHWFC4:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2+1.04gSrO; Ein:152.1kJ; DE:6.28kJ; Tmax:445 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.73kJ. energy gain: 2.30.

Pond #3309-091809GHWFC5:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+2g NaH+6.24g EuBr2+1.04gSrO; Ein:147.0kJ; DE:3.10kJ; Tmax:425 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.48kJ. energy gain: 2.09.

Pond #091809RCWF1:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-26 powder are 1 " .dE:9.2kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy-3.4kJ, energy gain: 2.7; Tmax:433 ℃.

Pond #091809RCWF4:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-26 powder are 1 " .dE:8.1kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-1.92kJ, energy gain: 4.2; Tmax:404 ℃.

Pond #091709RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-25 powder are 1 " .dE:6.2kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy-2.88kJ, energy gain: 2.2; Tmax:413 ℃.

Pond #091709RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH .dE:5.7kJ is used up among 2g Mg and the 8g YC2; Theoretical energy :-2.88kJ, energy gain: 2; Tmax:444 ℃.

Pond #091709RCWF4:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, used up in 2g Mg and the 8g Al4C3 powder .dE:8.8kJ (theoretical energy-2.88kJ, energy gain: 3.1; Tmax:420 ℃.

091709KAWFC1#1310 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+5.55g CaCl2-I 387kJ405kJ 18kJ; Tmax is about 370 ℃, theoretical energy: 7.9kJ, energy gain: 2.28.

091709KAWFC2#1309 16.6g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+38.0g BaI2-AD-1DRIED363kJ 404kJ 41kJ; Little TSC 100 ℃ (in the time of 160 ℃) and Tmax are about 370 ℃; Energy gain is about 3.5X (X is about 11.7kJ).

091709KAWFC3#1308 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+38.0g BaI2-DRJED 363kJ 393kJ 30kJ; Being about 370 ℃ at 130 ℃ by little TSC and Tmax. energy gain is about 7.5X (X is about 4.0kJ).

091609KAWFC1#1307 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g MgO+10.4g BaCl2-I 387kJ 404kJ 17kJ; Tmax is about 350 ℃. and energy gain is about 3.4X (X approximates 5.0kJ).

091609KAWFC2#1306 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g In+14.85g BaBr2-AD-I 424kJ436kJ 12kJ; Tmax is about 400 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.6X (X approximates 4.68kJ).

Pond #3283-091609GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+10g CaBr2-AD-1, Ein:408.1kJ, dE:13.0kJ, Tmax: be about 350 ℃, theoretical energy :-5.42kJ, energy gain: 2.39.

Pond #3284-091609GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10gCaBr2-AD-1, Ein:376.1kJ, dE:13.9kJ, Tmax:356 ℃, theoretical energy :-8.55kJ, energy gain: 1.62.

Pond #091609RCWF1:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TaC powder are 1 " .dE:7.4kJ is used up among the HDC; Theoretical energy :-3.42kJ, energy gain 2.2; Tmax:411 ℃.

091509KAWSU#1304 83.3g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+148.5g BaBr2-AD-I Alfa Aesar Dried 2340kJ 250kJ 160kJ; At 110 ℃ little TSC and another TSC being arranged is that 200 ℃ (at 280 ℃ time) and Tmax are about 480 ℃. energy gain: be about 3.4X (X is about 46.8kJ).

091509KAWFC1#1303 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.24g EuBr2+0.2g MgO170kJ 187kJ 17kJ; Tmax is about 450 ℃.

091509KAWFC2#1296 16.6g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC-23+38.0g BaI2-I 366kJ429kJ 63kJ; Be about 370 ℃ at 130 ℃ by little TSC and Tmax. energy gain: be about 5.3X (X is about 11.7kJ).

091509KAWFC3#1301 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4g BaCl2-I 382kJ 387kJ 5kJ; Tmax is about 305 ℃. energy gain: be about X (X approximates 5.0kJ).

Pond #3275-091509GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+3.9g CaF2, Ein:542.1kJ, dE:6.3kJ, Tmax:441 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3276-091509GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.9g CaF2, Ein:516.1kJ, dE:9.4kJ, Tmax:461 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #091509RCWF1:2.0g CaBr2-AD-1,1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g SiC nanometer powder are 1 " .dE 5.0kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:410 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.71kJ, energy gain: 2.9.

Pond #091509RCWF2:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH .dE:5.5kJ is used up in 2g Mg and the 8g YC2 powder; Tmax:439 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.42kJ, energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #091509RCWF4:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH .dE:10.0kJ is used up in 2g Mg and the 8g B4C powder; Tmax:415 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.42kJ, energy gain: 2.9.

Pond #3267-091409GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+3.1g MgF2, Ein:416.1kJ, dE:4.8kJ, Tmax:342 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3268-091409GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.1g MgF2, Ein:418.1kJ, dE:8.6kJ, Tmax:362 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #091409RCWF1:4.16g BaCl2,3.32g KH, 3.33g Ca and 8g TiC-20 are 1 " .dE:5.1kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:408 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.6kJ, energy gain: 3.

5.091109KAWFC2#1296 16.6g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC-23+29.7g BaBr2 Alfa Aesar Dried (20kJ utilizes NaH) 489kJ 517kJ 28kJ; Tmax is about 410 ℃. energy gain: be about 3X (X is about 9.36kJ).

Pond #3259-091109GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+6.05g RbCl, Ein:370.1kJ, dE:5.5kJ, Tmax:350 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3260-091109GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+8.3g KI, Ein:388.1kJ, dE:7.9kJ, Tmax:356 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3261-091109GZWF3:8g TiC+2g Mg+2g NaH+6.24g EuBr2, Ein:85.0kJ, dE:10.5kJ, TSC:109-308 ℃, Tmax:311 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.48kJ, energy gain: 7.1.

Pond #3262-091109GZWF4:1000g RNi 2400, Ein:1520.0kJ, dE:685.3kJ (10.3kJ/15gRNi), TSC:82-429 ℃, Tmax:433 ℃.

Pond #3263-091109GHWFC1:8g AC3-9+2g Sr+2g NaH+6.24g EuBr2; Ein:149.0kJ; DE:6.03kJ; TSC:70-180 ℃; Tmax:527 ℃. theoretical energy: 1.5kJ, gain: 4.

Pond #3264-091109GHWFC2:8g AC3-9+2g Sr+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2; Ein:191.1kJ; DE:14.1kJ; Tmax:407 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.7kJ, energy gain: 5.

Pond #3265-091109GHWFC4:8g AC3-9+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2 (Ball Mill); Ein:160.4.0kJ; DE:9.68kJ; Tmax:468 ℃. theoretical energy: 2.7kJ, energy gain: 3.6.

Pond #091109RCWF1:1.5g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Ag nanometer powder are 1 " .dE:6.3kJ is used up among the HDC; TSC:99 ℃ (137-236 ℃) .Tmax:402 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29kJ, energy gain: 2.75.

Pond #091109RCWF4:1.5g InCl, 1.66g KH .dE:12.6kJ is used up in 1g Mg powder and the 4g W nanometer powder; TSC:83 ℃ (125-208 ℃) .Tmax:378 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29kJ, energy gain: 5.5.

Pond #3251-091009GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+19.55g BaI2, Ein:358.1kJ, dE:18.5kJ, Tmax:336 ℃, theoretical energy :-1.99kJ, energy gain: 9.3.

Pond #3252-091009GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+19.55g BaI2, Ein:358.1kJ, dE:27.5kJ, Tmax:366 ℃, theoretical energy :-5.85kJ, energy gain: 4.7.

090909KAWFC1#1291 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.05g AlN (pond #1231:6kJ) 338kJ 343kJ 5kJ Tmax is about 350 ℃. and energy gain is about X (X is about 0kJ).

Pond #090909RCWF1:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Ag nanometer powder are 1 " .dE:4.3kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:418 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.94kJ, energy gain: 4.6.

Pond #090909RCWF4:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g W nanometer powder are by the .dE:6.7kJ that uses up; Tmax:368 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.94kJ, energy gain: 7.1.

Pond #3244-090909GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2, Ein:582.1kJ, dE:11.3kJ, Tmax:480 ℃, theoretical energy :-4.1kJ, energy gain: 2.79.

Pond #090809RCWF4:4.16g BaCl2,3.2g K, dE:4.4kJ is used up in 4.17g TiH2 and the 8g CrB2 powder; Tmax:363 ℃.

Pond #3236-090809GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+2.05g AlN, Ein:366.0kJ, dE:5.3kJ, Tmax:35 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #090409RCWF4:4.16g BaCl2,3.2g K .dE:5.7kJ is used up in 4.17g TiH2 and the 8g TiC powder; Tmax:383 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.04kJ, energy gain: 5.4.

090409KAWFC2#1284 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.15g LiCl 333kJ 345kJ12kJ; Tmax is about 345 ℃. and energy gain is about 4X (X is about 0.6kJ*5=3.0kJ).

090109KAWFC2#1275 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g In+14.85g BaBr2 336kJ 348kJ12kJ; Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is about 8X (X is about 1.51kJ).

Pond #3220-090309GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.05g AlN, Ein:406.1kJ, dE:6.5kJ, Tmax:343 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #090309RCWF1:5.94g BaBr2,3.32g KH, 2g Mg powder and 8g Mo powder are 1 " .dE:4.6kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:391 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.88kJ, energy gain: 2.45.

Pond #3212-090209GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2, Ein:366.1kJ, dE:6.7kJ, Tmax:355 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.55kJ, energy gain: 4.3.

Pond #090209RCWF3:5.94g BaBr2,3.32g KH .dE:7.4kJ is used up in 2g Mg powder and the 8g Cu powder; Tmax:442 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.88kJ, energy gain: 4.

090209KAWFC2#1278 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Co powder+7.5g InCl 336kJ 359kJ23kJ; Tmax is about 345 ℃. and energy gain is about 1.74X (X is about 2.64kJ*5=13.2kJ).

Pond #3204-090109GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2, Ein:536.1kJ, dE:17.1kJ, Tmax:481 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.55kJ, energy gain: 11.

Pond #3207-090109GHWFC1:4g Al4C3+1g Mg+1.66g KH+3.79g SnI2; Ein:113.0kJ; DE:7.31kJ; TSC:190-300 ℃; Tmax:355 ℃, theoretical energy: 5.62kJ, energy gain: 1.3.

Pond #3208-090109GHWFC2:4g TaC+1g Mg+1.66g KH+3.79g SnI2; Ein:113.1kJ; DE:7.81kJ; TSC:165-270 ℃; Tmax:367 ℃, theoretical energy: 5.62kJ, energy gain: 1.39.

Pond #090109RCWF4:5.94g BaBr2,3.32g KH .dE 9.5kJ is used up in 2g Mg powder and the 8g B powder; Tmax:419 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.9kJ, energy gain: 5.

Pond #083109RCWF4:2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH .dE:7.4kJ is used up in 1g Mg powder and the 4g SrO powder; Tmax:432 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.88kJ, energy gain: 3.9.

Pond #3200-083109GHWFC2:4g NbC+1g Mg+1.66g KH+3.79g SnI2; Ein:129.0kJ; DE:9.26kJ; TSC:170-310 ℃; Tmax:422 ℃, theoretical energy: 5.62kJ, energy gain: 1.65.

Pond #3188-082809GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+14.85g BaBr2, Ein:342.1kJ, dE:14.5kJ, Tmax:368C, theoretical energy: 4.68kJ, energy gain: 3.

082709KAWFC2#1266 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Co+7.5g InCl 336kJ 360kJ 24kJ; Tmax is about the 360C. energy gain and is about 2.1X (X is about 11.45kJ).

082709KAWFC3#1265 8.3g KH+8.35g Ca+20.0g TiC+7.5g InCl 339kJ 364kJ 25kJ; Tmax is about the 340C. energy gain and is about 1.77X (X is about 14.1kJ).

Pond #3171-082609GZWF3:4g TiC+1g MgH2+1.66g KH+3.09g MnI2, Ein:115.0kJ, dE:4.4kJ, TSC:35-150 ℃, Tmax:325 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.98kJ, energy gain: 1.46.

Pond #3172-082609GZWF4:4g TiC+1g MgH2+1g NaH+3.09g MnI2, in:119.0kJ, dE:5.0kJ, TSC:90-154 ℃, Tmax:372 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.21kJ, energy gain: 2.27.

Pond #082609RCWF1:2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g YC2 are 1 " .dE:4.6kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:404 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.52kJ, energy gain: 8.8.

Pond #082609RCWF4:2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH .dE:4.1kJ is used up in 1g Mg powder and the 4g Cu powder; Tmax:378 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.52kJ, energy gain: 7.89.

Pond #082509RCWF4:2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH .dE:4.1kJ is used up among 1g Mg powder and the 4g WC; Tmax:363 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.52kJ, energy gain: 7.9.

082109KAWFC1#1255 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g CAII-300+6.18g MnI2 83kJ101kJ 18kJ TSC 200 ℃ (when being about 240 ℃) and Tmax are about 440 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.4X (X is about 3.7kJ*2=7.4kJ).

Pond #081909RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g SrO are 1 " .dE:5.9kJ is used up among the HDC; TSC:114 ℃ (123-237 ℃) .Tmax:386 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.18kJ, energy gain: 1.85.

081809KAWFC1#1246 16.64g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+30.9g MnI2VALIDATION 122kJ 209kJ 87kJ; Energy gain is about 2.35X (X is about 3.7kJ*10=37kJ).

081909KAWFC1#1249 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+15.6g EuBr2VALIDATION 130kJ 177kJ 47kJ; TSC is that 150 ℃ (in the time of 50 ℃) and Tmax are about 220 ℃. energy gain is about 6.86X (1.37kJx5=6.85kJ).

081809KAWFC2#1245 5.0g NaH+5.0g MgH2+20.0g TiC+15.45g MnI2 232kJ255kJ 23kJ; TSC is that 100 ℃ (in the time of 100 ℃) and Tmax are about 275 ℃. energy gain is about 1.78X (X is about 2.58kJ*5=12.9kJ).

081809KAWFC3#1244 5.0g NaH+5.0g MgH2+20.0g CAII-300+15.45g MnI2243kJ 268kJ 25kJ; TSC is that 50 ℃ (in the time of 150 ℃) and Tmax are about 250 ℃. energy gain is about 1.9X (X is about 2.58kJ*5=12.9kJ).

081709KAWFC2#1243 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+20.8g BaCl2 339kJ 353kJ 14kJ; Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is about X (X is about 0.04*10=.4kJ).

081709KAWFC3#1242 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+29.7g BaBr2 337kJ 357kJ 20kJ; Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is about 6X (X is about 0.3kJ*10=3.0kJ).

081409KAWFC1#1241 8.3g KH (test lot number 422U002)+5.0g Mg+20.0gCAII-300+9.36g AgCl 327kJ 364kJ 37kJ has little TSC and Tmax to be about 360 ℃ being about 250 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.2X (X=2.7kJ*6.5=17.5kJ).

081409KAWFC2#1240 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4g BaCl2 repeats pond #121616kJ 339kJ 351kJ 12kJ; Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is about 4.6X, and (X is about 2.6kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 5.4kJ).

081409KAWFC3#1239 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+14.85g BaBr2 339kJ 349kJ11kJ; Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.34X, and (X is about 0.94*5kJ=4.7kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 5.3kJ).

081909KAWFC3#1247 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.18g MnI2 DEMO RUN61kJ 78kJ 17kJ; TSC is that 200 ℃ (when being about 50 ℃) and Tmax are about 270 ℃. energy gain is about 2.3X, and (X is about 3.7kJ*2=7.4kJ.

Pond #3128-081909GZWF4:4g In+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.97g BaBr2, Ein:162.6kJ, dE:5.8kJ, Tmax:454 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.31kJ, energy gain: 18.7.

Pond #081809RCWF3:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH .dE:4.4kJ is used up in 1g Mg powder and the 4g Fe powder; Tmax:411 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.94kJ, energy gain: 4.6.

Pond #081709RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Ti powder are 1 " .dE:5.2kJ is used up among the HDC; TSC:93 ℃ (116-209 ℃) .Tmax:390 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29, energy gain: 2.27.

Pond #081709RCWF3:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH .dE:5.8kJ is used up in 1g Mg powder and the 4g Fe powder; TSC:88 ℃ (129-217 ℃) .Tmax:458 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29, energy gain: 2.5.

Pond #081709RCWF4:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH .dE:6.0kJ is used up in 1g Mg powder and the 4g Co powder; TSC:98 ℃ (122-220 ℃) .Tmax:465 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29, energy gain: 2.6.

Pond #3098-081409GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.15g LiCl, Ein:326.0kJ, dE:7.7kJ, Tmax:327 ℃, theoretical energy: 3kJ, energy gain: 2.5.

Pond #3099-081409GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.35g LiBr, Ein:322.1kJ, dE:10.2kJ, Tmax:317 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.75kJ, energy gain: 2.66.

Pond #081409RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g VC are 1 " .dE:5.2kJ is used up among the HDC; TSC:76 ℃ (135-211 ℃) .Tmax:386 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29kJ, energy gain: 2.27.

Pond #081409RCWF3:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, among 1g Mg powder and the 4g ZrB2 by the .dE:5.1kJ that used up, 383 ℃ of TSC:66 ℃ of (142-208 ℃) .Tmax, theoretical energy: 2.29kJ, energy gain: 2.2.

Pond #081109RCWF3:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH .dE:4.5kJ is used up among 1g Mg powder and the 4g B4C; Tmax:393 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.94, energy gain: 4.8.

Pond #3058-081009GZWF1:20g AC3-8+8.3g K, Ein:325.6kJ, dE:6.8kJ, TSC:50-70 ℃, Tmax:330 ℃.

Pond #081009RCWF1:2.97g BaBr2,1.66gKH, 1g Mg powder and 4g YC2 are 1 " .dE:5.3kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:423 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.94kJ, energy gain: 5.6.

Pond #081009RCWF3:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH .dE:7.1kJ is used up among 1g Mg powder and the 4g TaC; Tmax:395 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.94kJ, energy gain: 7.55.

080609KAWFC1#1225 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.18g MnI2 (2X) 64kJ 80kJ 16kJ TSC 140 ℃ (when being about 50 ℃) and Tmax are about 260 ℃. and energy gain is about 2.16X (X is about 3.7kJ*2=7.4kJ).

Pond #3046-080609GZWF4:4g AC3-8+1g MgH2+1g N aH+3.09g MnI2, Ein:149.1kJ, dE:8.0kJ, TSC:146-237 ℃, Tmax:428 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.58kJ, energy gain: 5.

Pond #080609RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1.67g Ca and 4g AC3-8 are 1 " and HDC, dE:9.9kJ; TSC:142 ℃ (157-299 ℃) .Tmax:382 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.82kJ, energy gain: 3.5.

Pond #3034-080509GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.7g CrB2, Ein:316.6kJ, dE:5.96kJ, Tmax:328 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.25kJ, energy gain: 24.

Pond #3035-080509GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+14.85g BaBr2, Ein:318.1kJ, dE:13.0kJ, Tmax:334 ℃, theoretical energy: 4.7kJ, energy gain: 2.76.

Pond #3037-080509GZWF4:4g AC3-7+1g MgH2+1g NaH+2.78g MgI2, Ein:254.0kJ, dE:7.5kJ, Tmax:653 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.75kJ, energy gain: 4.3.

Pond #080509RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g YC2 are 1 " .dE:7.7kJ is used up among the HDC; TSC:104 ℃ (158-262 ℃) .Tmax:390 ℃, theoretical energy: 4.7kJ, energy gain: 1.6.

Pond #3026-080409GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.05g AlN, Ein:337.6kJ, dE:5.20kJ, Tmax:296 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #3031-080409GHWFC3:4g Cu+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl; Ein:128.0kJ; DE:6.33kJ; TSC:125-215 ℃; Tmax:379 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.35kJ, energy gain: 1.94.

Pond #3032-080409GHWFC4:4g Cr+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl; Ein:142.0kJ; DE:4.35kJ; TSC:250-350 ℃; Tmax:434 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.35kJ, energy gain: 1.33.

Pond #3033-080409GHWFC5:4g Mn+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl; Ein:139.0kJ; DE:6.26kJ; Tmax:413 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.35kJ, energy gain: 1.93.

Pond #080409RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g Cr3C2 are 1 " .dE:5.8kJ is used up among the HDC; TSC:110 ℃ (130-240 ℃) .Tmax:389 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29kJ, energy gain: 2.5.

Pond #080409RCWF3:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH .dE:4.1kJ is used up among 1g Mg and the 4g Al4C3; TSC:75 ℃ (140-215 ℃) .Tmax:389 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.29kJ, energy gain: 1.79.

080309KAWFC1#1216 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4g BaCl2 313kJ 329kJ16kJ Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is about 6.1X, and (X is about 2.6kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 5.4kJ).

073109KAWFC1#1213 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+4.35g LiBr 318kJ 332kJ14kJ Tmax is about 350 ℃. and energy gain is about the excessive energy of 3.7X (X is about 0.75kJ*5=3.75kJ) 072709KAWFC2#1200: 21kJ.

073109KAWFC2#1212 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g CAII-300+2.0g MgO 339kJ358kJ 19kJ Tmax is about 340 ℃, theoretical energy: 0kJ, and gaining is infinity.

073109KAWFC2#1211 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g CAII-300+7.3g Ni2Si 339kJ359kJ 20kJ Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is that 14.3 (X is about 0.28kJ*5=1.40kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 5.8kJ).

Pond #3017-080309GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2, Ein:357.1kJ, dE:16.56kJ, Tmax:343 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.6kJ, energy gain: 6.3.

Pond #3021-080309GHWFC2:4g Fe+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl; Ein:139.0kJ; DE:4.76kJ; TSC:260-360 ℃; Tmax:426 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.9kJ, energy gain: 1.64.

Pond #3022-080309GHWFC3:4g Ni+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl; Ein:138.0kJ; DE:6.96kJ; TSC:260-370 ℃; Tmax:418 ℃, theoretical energy: 4.97kJ, energy gain: 1.40.

Pond #3008-073109GZWF2:20g AC3-7+8.3g KH+4.35g LiBr, Ein:312.1kJ, dE:9.90kJ, Tmax:330 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.75kJ, energy gain: 2.64.

Pond #3011-073109GHWFC1:4g Ti powder+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl; Ein:140.0kJ; DE:6.07kJ; TSC:270-360 ℃; Tmax:392 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.25kJ, energy gain: 1.87.

Pond #072909RCWF1:1.49g Co2P, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g AC3-7 are 1 " .dE:3.9kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:395 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.45, energy gain: 8.69.

072909KAWFC2#1206 3.33g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g CAII-300+8.32g DyI2 (0.02mole) 129kJ 138kJ 9kJ; TSC and Tmax are about 370 ℃, theoretical energy: 6.32kJ, energy gain: 1.42; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 6.1kJ and follows 0.006 mole.

072909KAWFC3#1205 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20g TiC+14.85g BaBr2 339kJ 347kJ 8kJ; Tmax is about 370 ℃. and energy gain is about 5X, and (X is about 0.3kJ*5=1.5kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 8.0kJ).

(* TPD shows low-down moisture content to the dry RbCl_6.05g of 072809KAWFC2#1203 KH_8.3g+Mg_5.0g+CAII-300_20.0g+; The energy that 071709KAWFC1#1180 is excessive: 18kJ) 333kJ 346kJ 13kJ; Tmax is about 360 ℃. and energy gain is about X, and (X is about 0kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 6.0kJ).

072809KAWFC3#1202 KH_8.3g+Mg_5.0g+CAII-300_20.0g+Y2S3_13.7g 336kJ 350kJ 14kJ; Tmax is about 350 ℃. and energy gain is about 3.45X, and (X is about 0.81kJ*5=4.05kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 5.2kJ).

Pond #2992-072909GZWF4:4g AC3-7+1g Mg+1g NaH+1.49g Co2P, Ein:135.0kJ, dE:6.7kJ, Tmax:380 ℃, theoretical energy: 0.45, energy gain: 13.8.

Pond #2983-072809GZWF4:4g AC3-7+1g Mg+1.66gKH+0.01molCl2, Ein:189.5kJ, dE:11.4kJ, Tmax:85 ℃, theoretical energy: 8kJ, energy gain: 1.4.

Pond #072809RCWF1:0.41g AlN, 1.66g KH, 1.67g Ca and 4gAC3-7 are 1 " .dE:4.2kJ is used up among the HDC; Tmax:401 ℃, theoretical energy: 0, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #2972-072709GZWF1:20g AC3-7+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.7g CrB2, Ein:352.6kJ, dE:10.62kJ, Tmax:324 ℃, theoretical energy: 0, energy gain: infinity.

Pond #2973-072709GZWF2:20g AC3-7+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.35g LiBr, Ein:334.6kJ, dE:16.79kJ, Tmax:381 ℃, theoretical energy: 3.75, energy gain: 4.47.

Pond #2974-072709GZWF3:4g Pt/C+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl, Ein:148.0kJ, dE:6.4kJ, TSC:388-452 ℃, Tmax:453 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.90, energy gain: 2.2.

Pond #2975-072709GZWF4:4g Pd/C+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl, Ein:134.1kJ, dE:9.9kJ, TSC:332-446 ℃, Tmax:455 ℃, theoretical energy: 2.90, energy gain: 3.4.

072709KAWFC1#1201 KH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+KI_8.3gm314kJ 331kJ 17kJ; Tmax is about 340 ℃, theoretical energy: 0, and energy gain: infinity.

072709KAWFC2#1200 KH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+LiBr_4.35gm 339kJ 360kJ 21kJ; Tmax is about 350 ℃, theoretical energy: 0, and energy gain: infinity.

072709KAWFC3#1199 KH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+NiB_3.5gm336kJ 357kJ 21kJ; Tmax is about 340 ℃. and energy gain is about 8, and (X is about 0.52kJ*5=2.6kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 4.9kJ).

Pond #072709RCWF1:2.38g Na2TeO4,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-7 are 1 " .dE:22.3kJ is used up among the HDC; TSC:292 ℃ (261-553 ℃); Tmax:554 ℃, theoretical energy: 14.85, energy gain: 1.5.

072409KAWFC2#1196 KH_8.3gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+CoS_4.55gm 339kJ 357kJ 18kJ; Tmax is about 350 ℃. and energy gain is about 1.37X, and (X is about 2.63kJ*5=13.15kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 8.7kJ).

072409KAWFC3#1195 NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+GdF3_10.7gm 339kJ 351kJ 12kJ; Tmax is about 320 ℃. and energy gain is about that (X is about 0.13kJ*5=0.65kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 8.68kJ).

072509KARU#1198 NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+SF6 Online ROWAN TECH PARK loads 252.7kJ 349.3kJ 96.5kJ Tmax for 072209 here and is about 400 ℃ on BLP. and energy gain is about 1.37X (the corresponding 0.03 mole of SF6 of X is about 70kJ).

072409KAWRU#1194 NaH_5.0gm+Ca_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+MnI2_15.45gm ROWAN TECH PARK loads 346.8kJ 398.3kJ 51.5kJ for 072209 here on BLP; There are little TSC and Tmax to be about 320 ℃ being about 50 ℃. energy gain is about 1.75X (X is about 5.9kJ*5=29.5kJ).

072309KAWRU#1190 NaH_5.0gm+Ca_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+MnI2_15.45gm ROWAN TECH PARK loads 336.5kJ 388.6kJ 52.1kJ for 072209 here on BLP have little TSC and Tmax to be about 320 ℃ being about 50 ℃. and energy gain is about 1.76X (X is about 5.9kJ*5=29.5kJ).

Pond #072409RCWF1:0.40g MgO, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-6 are 1 " and HDC, dE:4.1kJ; Tmax:388 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #2963-072409GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2, Ein:381.1kJ, dE:7.32kJ, Tmax:314 ℃, theoretical energy: 1.55kJ, energy gain: 4.7.

Pond #2968-072409GHWFC2:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.38g Na2TeO4; Ein:141.0kJ; DE:19.32kJ; TSC:225-540 ℃; Tmax:540 ℃, theoretical energy: 14.85kJ, energy gain: 1.3.

071609KAWRU#1177 KH 8.3gm+Mg 5.0gm+TiC 20.0gm+SnI2 18.5gm 199.8kJ 245.8kJ 46kJ, theoretical energy: 28.1kJ, energy gain: 1.63.

Pond #2933-072009GHWFC2:4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+0.87g LiBr; Ein:146.0kJ; DE:6.24kJ; Tmax:439 ℃, theoretical energy: heat absorption.

Pond #2954-072309GZWF1:20g AC3-6+5g Mg+8.3g KH+13g CsI, Ein:333.1kJ, dE:10.08kJ, Tmax:328 ℃, theoretical energy: 0, energy gain: infinity.

072409KAWRU#1194 NaH_5.0gm+Ca_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+MnI2_15.45gm ROWAN TECH PARK loads 346.8kJ 398.3kJ 51.5kJ. energy gain for 072209 here and is about 1.75X (X is about 5.9kJ*5=29.5kJ) on BLP.

072309KAWFC1#1193 NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+InCl2_6.5gm 311kJ 338kJ 27kJ; There are little TSC and Tmax to be about 350 ℃ at 150 ℃. energy gain is about 1.8X, and (X is about 4.22kJ*3.5=14.7kJ; 1 " pond: excessive energy is about 7.9kJ).

072209KAWFC1#1189 KH_8.3gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+AlN_2.05gm 326kJ 341kJ 15kJ; Tmax is about 320 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinitely great (1 " pond: excessive energy is about 4.9kJ).

072209KAWFC2#1188 NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+CsCl_8.4gm 320kJ 330kJ 10kJ; Tmax is about 330 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinitely great (1 " pond: excessive energy is about 4.1kJ).

Pond #2947-072209GZWF2:20g AC3-6+5g Mg+5g NaH+6.1g RbCl, Ein:322.6kJ, dE:14.6kJ; Tmax:320 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #2931-072209GZWF4:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.66g KI, Ein:131.0kJ, dE:5.6kJ; Tmax:397 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0kJ; Energy gain: infinity.

Pond #072109RCWF1:0.70g NiB, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-6 are 1 " and HDC, dE:4.9kJ; Tmax:402 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0.52kJ; Energy gain: 9.4.

Pond #2939-072109GZWF3:4g Pt/C+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.97g BaBr2, Ein:153.0kJ, dE:5.1kJ; Tmax:390 ℃; Theoretical energy: 0.31; Energy gain: 16.

Pond #2944-072109GHWFC4:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.32g Ag2O; Ein:221.1kJ; DE:8.48kJ; TSC:70-150 ℃; Tmax:547 ℃; Theoretical energy: 5.71kJ; Energy gain: 1.49.

Pond #2945-072109GHWFC5:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1.66g KH+2.32g Ag2O; Ein:215.9kJ; DE:10.12kJ; TSC:70-140 ℃; Tmax:545 ℃; Theoretical energy: 5.71kJ; Energy gain: 1.77.

B. solution NMR

The representational reactant mixture that is used to form mark hydrogen comprises: (i) at least a catalyst or catalyst and hydrogen source, as be selected from a kind of among Li, Na, K, LiH, NaH and the KH, (ii) at least a oxidant, as be selected from SrCl ₂, SrBr ₂, SrI ₂, BaCl ₂, BaBr ₂, MgF ₂, MgCl ₂, CaF ₂, MgI ₂, CaF ₂, CaI ₂, EuBr ₂, EuBr ₃, FeBr ₂, MnI ₂, SnI ₂, PdI ₂, InCl, AgCl, Y ₂O ₃, KCl, LiCl, LiBr, LiF, KI, RbCl, Ca ₃P ₂, SF ₆, Mg ₃As ₂A kind of with among the AlN, (iii) at least a reducing agent, as be selected from Mg, Sr, Ca, CaH ₂, Li, Na, K, KBH ₄And NaBH ₄In a kind of and (iv) at least a carrier, as be selected from TiC, TiCN, Ti ₃SiC ₂, YC ₂, CrB ₂, Cr ₃C ₂, GdB ₆, a kind of among Pt/Ti, Pd/C, Pt/C, AC, Cr, Co, Mn, Si nanometer powder (NP), MgO and the TiC.The product of 50mg reactant mixture is added into 1.5ml deuterium in the bottle that utilizes glass TEFLONTM valve seal for N, dinethylformamide-d7 (DCON (CD ₃) ₂, among the DMF-d7 (99.5%Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.)), stir, and make its dissolving 12 hours in glove box under argon atmospher.Through being tightly connected, the solution that will not have solid to exist is transferred to the NMR pipe, and (Wilmad), the flame sealing should pipe then for 5mm OD, 23cm length.Use the 500MHzBrukerNMR energy disperse spectroscopy record NMR spectrum of deuterium lock field.The chemical shift reference is with respect to the solvent frequency (like DMF-d7) of tetramethylsilane (TMS) at the 8.03ppm place.

With respect to TMS, expectation can be observed mark hydrogen hydride ion H at pact-3.86ppm place ^-(1/4), expectation can be observed branch subfraction hydrogen H at the 1.21ppm place ₂(1/4).Expectation can be observed H at pact-3ppm place ^-(1/3), it can be through the displacement with the interaction of cation or solvent.Position that occurs to these peaks of specific reactions mixture and displacement and intensity provide in table 3.

Table 3. is after the DMF-d7 solvent extraction of the product of mark hydrogen catalyst system ¹H solution NMR

^aThe DMSO-d6 solvent

C. exemplary regeneration reactions

Alkaline-earth metal or lithium halide are through forming alkaline-earth metal or lithium hydride (or lithium) with corresponding alkali halide reaction.Reactant heap(ed) capacity, reaction condition and XRD result are given in the table 4.Usually; Mixture or the alkali halide that mol ratio is 1: 1 and the mixture of Li or LiH that with mol ratio are 2: 1 alkali halide and alkaline-earth metal are put into crucible bottom, the vacuum seal quartz ampoule (end opening) that said crucible is long by about 25.4cm, the 2.54cm external diameter is processed and be arranged in to the stainless steel (SS) of 1.27cm～1.9cm external diameter pipe (end opening).The openend of SS pipe is arranged on apart from the position of the outside about 2.54cm of stove, so that the alkali metal that forms in the course of reaction is in the external refrigeration and the condensation of the thermal treatment zone, to avoid any corrosion reaction between alkali metal and the quartz ampoule.This installs horizontal alignment, with the be heated surface area of chemical substance of increase.Be reflected at vacuum or in 1 atmospheric Ar gas, carried out 30 minutes in 700 ℃～850 ℃, subsequently in similar temperature emptying alkali metal 30 minutes.In another device, reactant is placed in the SS crucible, and utilizes and do Ar injection fused mass (10sccm) to mix.Ar supplies through the syringe needle that the bottom at fused mass has opening.Alkali metal is evaporated by the hot-zone.After the reaction, reactor is cooled to room temperature, and transfers to and carry out the product collection in the glove box.Use XRD to identify product.Sample add to use in the Panalytical fixture of plastic film coated sealing and in glove box, prepares through crushed products and with it.The amount of reactant, temperature, duration and XRD result provide in table 4, and its proof halide hydride exchange reaction is that heat is reversible.

The reaction volume of table 4. regenerative response, temperature, duration and XRD result

(oxide is from the gas leakage of panXRD fixture)

Claims (30)

1. energy, the said energy comprises:

The reaction tank that is used for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen;

Reaction vessel;

Vacuum pump;

The atom hydrogen source that is communicated with said reaction vessel;

The hydrogen catalyst source, said hydrogen catalyst source comprises the block materials that is communicated with said reaction vessel,

At least one source in said atom hydrogen source and the said hydrogen catalyst source; It comprises the reactant mixture of at least a reactant; Said at least a reactant comprises one or more at least a elements and at least a other elements that form in said atomic hydrogen and the said hydrogen catalyst; Form at least a said atomic hydrogen and the said hydrogen catalyst thus from said source

At least a other reactants that cause catalysis; With

The heater that is used for said container,

Thus, the catalysis of atomic hydrogen releases energy with the amount greater than about 300kJ/ moles of hydrogen.

2. the energy as claimed in claim 1, the wherein said reaction that causes catalytic reaction comprise and are selected from following reaction:

(i) exothermic reaction;

(ii) coupling reaction;

(iii) radical reaction;

(iv) oxidation-reduction reaction;

(v) exchange reaction and

(the vi) auxiliary catalytic reaction of absorbent, carrier or matrix.

3. the energy as claimed in claim 1 wherein saidly causes that the reaction of catalytic reaction comprises the reaction that is selected from following reaction:

(i) catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source and material or compound form the reaction of intercalation compound,

(ii) at least one in the exchange of the hydride between at least two kinds of materials and the halide exchange, wherein at least a material is the catalyst or the catalyst source of formation mark hydrogen,

The (iii) exchange of the hydride between at least two kinds of hydride, at least a metal and at least a hydride, at least two kinds of metal hydrides, at least a metal and at least a metal hydrides; And and two kinds or more than two kinds of materials between relate to two kinds or more than other these type of combinations of the exchange of two kinds of materials and

(iv) hydride exchanges or halide-hydride exchange reaction, and wherein said hydride exchange forms the metal hydride that mixes.

4. the energy as claimed in claim 1, wherein said catalyst are the metal of block materials, metal, intermetallic compound, the metal that is carried and at least a atom or the ion in the compound,

At least one electronics of wherein said atom or ion forms round number that mark hydrogen accepts 27.2eV doubly from atomic hydrogen.

5. the energy as claimed in claim 1, wherein said catalyst comprise the combination of molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen or hydride ion and following material, the ionization energy of one or more electronics of wherein said material and H ₂Bond energy (4.478eV), ionization energy (13.59844eV) or the H of H ^-The summation of ionization energy (IP=0.754eV) be 27.2eV round number doubly.

6. the energy as claimed in claim 1, the said energy also comprise at least a system and the material of carrying out in the following function:

Acceptance is shifted the electronics that causes catalyst ionization to be produced because of the energy of H,

With the electron transfer of accepting to circuit, said circuit be used for making electronics flow to and at least one of the inner path that stops, said pond,

With electron transfer to ground with reduce with in the material that serves as final electron acceptor or electron carrier at least one and

Allow said electron carrier with formed catalyst ion in said electron transfer to the catalytic process.

7. dynamical system, said dynamical system comprises:

(i) comprise the chemical fuel mixture that is selected from least two kinds of following components: catalyst or catalyst source; Atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Form the reactant of said catalyst or catalyst source and said atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Cause one or more reactants of the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; With the carrier that catalysis can be taken place,

(ii) at least one is used to make exchange reaction to reverse so that fuel carries out the hot system that heat is regenerated from product, and said hot system comprises a plurality of reaction vessels,

Wherein carry out regenerative response at least one reaction vessel in a plurality of reaction vessels; Said regenerative response comprises the reaction that is formed the original chemical fuel mixture by the product of said mixture; Other reaction vessels that said a plurality of reaction vessel and at least one are carried out dynamic response link

The heat of coming ultromotivity to produce container is regenerated at least one container of regenerating so that for heat energy is provided,

Said container is kept somewhere in heat transfer medium realizing heat flow,

At least one container also comprises vacuum pump and hydrogen source, and comprises two chambers, and said two chambers maintain the temperature difference between hot chamber and cold chamber, and the said temperature difference makes material preferentially accumulate in the said cold chamber,

Wherein in said cold chamber, carry out hydride reaction to form at least a initial reactant, said initial reactant returns said hot chamber,

(iii) accept to pass thermal boundary from said power produce reaction vessel heat radiator and

(iv) comprise and be selected from Rankine machine or brayton cycle machine, turbine, steam engine, the hot machine of Stirling-electric hybrid and the power conversion system of thermoelectric converter and thermion converter.

8. dynamical system as claimed in claim 7, wherein said a plurality of ponds comprise at least one many ponds thermal interaction bundle, and wherein heat transmits and be passed to the periphery of said radiator between said pond.

9. dynamical system as claimed in claim 8, wherein said hot regeneration reaction thing comprises

(i) be selected from least a catalyst or the catalyst source of alkali metal hydride;

(ii) be selected from the hydrogen source of alkali metal hydride;

(iii) be selected from following at least a oxidant:

(a) alkaline-earth halide;

(b) alkali halide;

(iv) be selected from Mg and MgH ₂, Ca, CaH ₂With at least a reducing agent of Li and

(v) be selected from TiC, WC, TiCN, TiB ₂, Cr ₃C ₂And Ti ₃SiC ₂At least a carrier.

10. dynamical system, said dynamical system comprises:

(i) comprise the chemical fuel mixture that is selected from least two kinds of following components: catalyst or catalyst source; Atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Form the reactant of said catalyst or catalyst source and said atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Cause one or more reactants of the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; With the carrier that catalysis can be taken place,

(ii) be used to make exchange reaction to reverse so that fuel carries out the hot system that heat is regenerated from product, said hot system comprises at least one reaction vessel,

Wherein at least one reaction vessel that is associated with energy response, carry out regenerative response, said regenerative response comprises the reaction that is formed the original chemical fuel mixture by the product of mixture,

Come the aitiogenic heat of ultromotivity to regenerative response so that for heat regeneration provides energy,

At least one container is adiabatic on a part and on another part, contacts with the thermal conductivity medium, realizing thermal gradient between the hot portion of said container and cold,

At least one container also comprises vacuum pump and hydrogen source,

Wherein in said cold, carry out hydride reaction to form at least a initial reactant, said initial reactant returns said hot portion,

(iii) radiator, said radiator are accepted from the aitiogenic heat of said power, said heat through said thermal conductivity medium and pass at least one thermal boundary transmission alternatively and

(iv) comprise and be selected from Rankine machine or brayton cycle machine, turbine, steam engine, the hot machine of Stirling-electric hybrid and the power conversion system of thermoelectric converter and thermion converter.

11. dynamical system as claimed in claim 10; Said dynamical system comprises the multitubular reactor system of continuous generation power, and said multitubular reactor system comprises adiabatic plane layer, reactor cell, thermal conductivity medium and the heat exchanger or the heat trap of a plurality of repetitions.

12. dynamical system as claimed in claim 11; Wherein at least one pond is a pipe; At least one pond horizontal alignment and have dead space along the long axis direction in pond, said dead space can make vapour of an alkali metal bottom along said pond during cyclic regeneration overflow from said reactant

And said heat exchanger is parallel to said pond and accepts heat to keep the thermal gradient in pond.

13. dynamical system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said hot regeneration reaction thing comprises:

(i) be selected from least a catalyst or the catalyst source of alkali metal hydride;

(ii) be selected from the hydrogen source of alkali metal hydride;

(iii) be selected from following at least a oxidant

(a) alkaline-earth halide;

(b) alkali halide;

(iv) be selected from Mg and MgH ₂, Ca, CaH ₂With at least a reducing agent of Li and

(v) be selected from TiC, WC, TiCN, TiB ₂, Cr ₃C ₂And Ti ₃SiC ₂At least a carrier.

14. battery or fuel cell system; Said battery or fuel cell system are from producing electromotive force (EMF) by hydrogen to the catalytic reaction than low energy (mark hydrogen) attitude; It provides the direct conversion of energy to the electric power that is discharged by said mark H-H reaction, and said battery or fuel cell system comprise:

Reactant flows in the pond operation process with the ion mass transfer having separately electronics, and said reactant constitutes the mark hydrogen reactant,

The negative electrode compartment that comprises negative electrode,

Comprise anode anodic compartment and

Hydrogen source.

15. comprising, battery as claimed in claim 14 or fuel cell system, wherein said reactant be selected from least two kinds of following components: catalyst or catalyst source; Atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Form the reactant of said catalyst or catalyst source and said atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source; Cause one or more reactants of the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; With the carrier that catalysis can be taken place.

16. battery as claimed in claim 15 or fuel cell system; The reactant mixture that wherein causes said mark H-H reaction produces electric energy with reaction through the reaction that is formed mark hydrogen by hydrogen; Wherein because the half-reaction of OR pond; Constituted the reactant mixture of said generation mark hydrogen, and accomplished circuit via the electron transfer of external circuit with via the ion mass transfer in the path that separates.

17. battery as claimed in claim 16 or fuel cell system, wherein

Reaction through said reactant mixture forms at least a in atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst,

And a kind of reactant by it reacts causes catalytic activation,

The reaction that wherein causes said catalytic reaction comprises and is selected from following reaction:

(i) exothermic reaction;

(ii) coupling reaction;

(iii) radical reaction;

(iv) oxidation-reduction reaction;

(v) exchange reaction and

(the vi) auxiliary catalytic reaction of absorbent, carrier or matrix.

18. battery as claimed in claim 17 or fuel cell system; At least a in the differential responses thing wherein is provided in the compartment of different ponds or has been in the same reaction thing under different conditions or the condition, said different ponds compartment links to each other between said compartment, to accomplish circuit through the different pipelines that are used for electronics and ion.

19. battery as claimed in claim 18 or fuel cell system, wherein said flow of matter provides at least one of following situation: the formation of the reactant mixture of reaction generation mark hydrogen and the condition that said mark H-H reaction is taken place with remarkable speed,

Wherein said mark H-H reaction does not take place, and perhaps when not existing said electronics to flow with said ion mass transfer, does not take place with considerable speed.

20. battery as claimed in claim 19 or fuel cell system; Wherein produce at least a in electric power gain and the heat power gain, the said electric power gain electric power that gain surpasses the electrolysis power that applies through electrode with heat power gains and heat power gains.

21. battery as claimed in claim 20 or fuel cell system, the reactant of wherein said formation mark hydrogen have at least a in hot reproducibility or the electrolytic regeneration property.

22. battery as claimed in claim 21 or fuel cell system, wherein said hot regeneration reaction thing comprises:

(i) be selected from least a catalyst or the catalyst source of alkali metal hydride;

(ii) be selected from the hydrogen source of alkali metal hydride;

(iii) be selected from following at least a oxidant:

(a) alkaline-earth halide;

(b) alkali halide;

(c) rare earth metal halide;

(iv) be selected from Mg and MgH ₂, Ca, CaH ₂With at least a reducing agent of Li and

(v) be selected from TiC, WC, TiCN, TiB ₂, Cr ₃C ₂And Ti ₃SiC ₂At least a carrier.

23. battery as claimed in claim 22 or fuel cell system, the wherein said reactant mixture that comprises the oxidation-reduction reaction that causes catalytic reaction comprises:

(i) be selected from least a catalyst of Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH;

(ii) H ₂Gas, H ₂Gas source or hydride;

(iii) be selected from following at least a oxidant:

Metallic compound comprises halide, phosphide, boride, oxide, hydroxide, silicide, nitride, arsenide, selenides, tellurides, antimonide, carbide, sulfide, hydride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, disulfate, phosphate, hydrophosphate, dihydric phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, permanganate, chlorate, perchlorate, chlorite, crosses chlorite, hypochlorite, bromate, perbromate, bromite, crosses bromite, iodate, periodates, iodite, crosses the oxo anion of iodite, chromate, bichromate, tellurate, selenate, arsenate, silicate, borate, cobalt/cobalt oxide, tellurium oxide and halogen, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co and Te;

Transition metal, Sn, Ga, In, lead, germanium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compound;

(iv) be selected from metal, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, second and tertiary system transition metal and rare earth metal, Al, Mg, MgH ₂, Si, La, B, Zr and Ti powder and H ₂In at least a reducing agent and

(v) be selected from least a conductive carrier among AC, the 1%Pt on carbon or Pd (Pt/C, Pd/C), carbide, TiC and the WC.

24. battery as claimed in claim 23 or fuel cell system, the wherein said reactant mixture that comprises the oxidation-reduction reaction that causes catalytic reaction comprises:

(i) at least a catalyst or catalyst source, said catalyst or catalyst source comprise metal or the hydride from I family element;

(ii) at least a hydrogen source, said hydrogen source comprises H ₂Gas or H ₂Gas source or hydride;

The (iii) at least a oxidant that comprises atom or ion or compound; Said atom or ion or compound comprise at least a in 13,14,15,16 and 17 family's elements, and said element is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se and Te;

(iv) at least a reducing agent, said reducing agent comprise and are selected from Mg, MgH ₂, Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metal element or hydride; With

(v) be selected from least a conductive carrier among carbon, AC, Graphene, the carbon that is impregnated with metal, Pt/C, Pd/C, carbide, TiC and the WC.

25. battery as claimed in claim 24 or material battery system, the wherein said reactant mixture that comprises the oxidation-reduction reaction that causes catalytic reaction comprises:

(i) at least a catalyst or catalyst source, said catalyst or catalyst source comprise metal or the hydride from I family element;

(ii) at least a hydrogen source, said hydrogen source comprises H ₂Gas or H ₂Gas source or hydride;

(iii) at least a oxidant, said oxidant comprise halide, oxide or the sulfide compound of the element that is selected from IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, 12d family and group of the lanthanides;

(iv) at least a reducing agent, said reducing agent comprise and are selected from Mg, MgH ₂, Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metal element or hydride; With

(v) be selected from carbon, AC, Graphene, be impregnated with like the carbon of metals such as Pt or at least a conductive carrier among Pd/C, carbide, TiC and the WC.

26. battery as claimed in claim 25 or fuel cell system; The said exchange reaction that wherein causes said catalyst reaction comprises the anion exchange at least between the two in said oxidant, said reducing agent and the said catalyst, and wherein said anion is selected from halogen anion, hydride ion, oxygen anion, sulphur anion, nitrogen anion, boron anion, carboanion, silicon anion, arsenic anion, selenium anion, tellurium anion, phosphorus anion, nitrate, sulphur hydrogen radical ion, carbonate, sulfate radical, bisulfate ion, phosphate radical, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, perchlorate, chromate, dichromate ion, cobalt oxygen anion and oxo anion.

27. battery as claimed in claim 14 and fuel cell system, wherein said catalyst can be accepted energy with the graduation of whole numbers of units of one of (27.2/2) eV ± 0.5eV from atomic hydrogen with about 27.2eV ± 0.5eV.

28. battery as claimed in claim 14 or fuel cell system; Wherein catalyst comprises atom or ion M; Wherein t each self-ionization of electronics from said atom or ion M is continuous energy level; Make the summation of ionization energy of a said t electronics be about one of m27.2eV and m (27.2/2) eV, wherein m is an integer.

29. battery as claimed in claim 14 or fuel cell system; Wherein said catalyst comprises diatomic molecule MH; The summation of the ionization energy of t electronics was about one of m27.2eV and m (27.2/2) eV when the bond energy of the fracture of wherein said M-H key added t each self-ionization of electronics from atom M and is continuous energy level, and wherein m is an integer.

30. battery as claimed in claim 14 or fuel cell system; Wherein said catalyst comprises atom, ion and/or molecule, and said atom, ion and/or molecule are selected from AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C ₂, N ₂, O ₂, CO ₂, NO ₂And NO ₃Molecule and Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K ⁺, He ⁺, Ti ²⁺, Na ⁺, Rb ⁺, Sr ⁺, Fe ³⁺, Mo ²⁺, Mo ⁴⁺, In ³⁺, He ⁺, Ar ⁺, Xe ⁺, Ar ²⁺And H ⁺And Ne ⁺And H ⁺Atom or ion.

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