CN107275722A

CN107275722A - Battery or fuel cell system

Info

Publication number: CN107275722A
Application number: CN201710499143.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 兰德尔·L·米尔斯
Original assignee: Glow Energy
Current assignee: Glow Energy; Brilliant Light Power Inc
Priority date: 2009-08-07
Filing date: 2010-03-18
Publication date: 2017-10-20
Also published as: CN102549836A

Abstract

There is provided a kind of battery or fuel cell system, the catalytic reaction of its fraction hydrogen from by hydrogen to compared with lower state produces electromotive force (EMF), and it is provided reacts the energy of release to the direct conversion of electric power by fraction hydrogen, and the system is included：Reactant；Cathode bays；Anodic compartment；And hydrogen source；Wherein described reactant, which is included, is selected from least two following components：Catalyst or catalyst source；Atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source；Form the reactant of the catalyst or catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source；Trigger one or more reactants of the catalysis of atomic hydrogen；And carrier；Wherein, at least one of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst are formed by the reaction of reactant mixture, and causes catalytic reaction to activate, causing the reaction of the catalytic reaction includes：(i) exothermic reaction；(ii) coupling reaction；(iii) radical reaction；(iv) redox reaction；(v) exchange reaction, and/or (vi) absorbent, carrier or Matrix-assisted catalytic reaction.

Description

Battery or fuel cell system

The application is divisional application, and the Application No. 201080044437.5 of its original application, the applying date is March 18 in 2010 Day, entitled " heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst power system ".

The cross reference of related application

The U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/232,291 submitted for 7th this application claims August in 2009, August in 2009 14 days Submit No. 61/234,234, August in 2009 submit for 21st No. 61/236,046, September in 2009 submit within 3rd No. 61/239,689, on October 5th, 2009 submit No. 61/248,655, on October 23rd, 2009 submit the 61/254th, No. 557, on November 6th, 2009 submit No. 61/258,955, on November 12nd, 2009 submit No. 61/260,713, Submit on November 20th, 2009 No. 61/263,253, on December 4th, 2009 submit No. 61/266,879,2009 years 12 Submit in the moon submit for 11st No. 61/285,822, on December 23rd, 2009 No. 61/289,861, on January 4th, 2010 passs Hand over No. 61/292,086, on January 11st, 2010 submit No. 61/294,033, on January 15th, 2010 submit the 61/th No. 295,564, on January 22nd, 2010 submit No. 61/297,473, No. 61/301,977 submitted within 5 days 2 months within 2010, No. 61/304,242 submitted within 12 days 2 months within 2010, No. 61/304,248, in March, 2010 submitting within 12 days 2 months within 2010 The 61/311st, No. 193 submitted within 5th and the priority of the 61/311st, No. 203 submitted on March 5th, 2010, by quote by The full content of all these applications is incorporated herein.

The content of the invention

The present invention is directed to antigravity system, and the antigravity system, which is included, can make the atom H-shaped in its n=1 state into more Hydrogen catalyst, atom hydrogen source and other materials that the reaction to form low energy hydrogen can be made to trigger and increase of lower state.Some In embodiment, the present invention is directed to reactant mixture, and the reactant mixture includes at least one atom hydrogen source and at least one Catalyst or catalyst source, to support the catalysis for making hydrogen formation fraction hydrogen.It is disclosed herein suitable for solid and liquid fuel Reactant and reaction are also reactant and the reaction of the multiphase fuel comprising mixed phase.Reactant mixture, which is included, is selected from hydrogen catalyst Or at least two components of hydrogen catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source, it is at least a kind of wherein in atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst It can be formed by the reaction of reactant mixture.In other embodiments, reactant mixture is also comprising carrier (some Can be with conductive in embodiment), reducing agent and oxidant, wherein at least one reactant reacted by it draws Play catalytic activation.Reactant can be any non-fraction hydrogen product by thermal regeneration.

The present invention is also for a kind of energy, and the energy is included：

Reaction tank for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen；

Reaction vessel；

Vavuum pump；

The atom hydrogen source connected with reaction vessel；

Hydrogen catalyst source, the source includes the block materials connected with reaction vessel,

At least one source in atom hydrogen source and hydrogen catalyst source includes reactant mixture, and the reactant mixture is comprising extremely A kind of few reactant, the reactant includes the element and at least one for forming at least one of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst Other elements, thus form at least one of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst from the source,

At least one other reactants for causing catalysis；With

For the heater of the container,

Thus the catalysis of atomic hydrogen is released energy with the amount for being greater than about 300kJ/ moles of hydrogen.

Forming the reaction of fraction hydrogen can be activated by one or more chemical reactions or trigger and increase.These reactions can With selected from for example：(i) hydride exchange reaction, (ii) halide-hydride exchange reaction, (iii) exothermic reaction, the heat release Reaction provides activation energy for the reaction of fraction hydrogen in some embodiments, (iv) coupling reaction, and the coupling reaction is in some realities Apply in mode provide at least one of catalyst source or atomic hydrogen with support fraction hydrogen react, (v) radical reaction, it is described from Reacted by base and serve as the acceptor of the electronics from catalyst in fraction hydrogen course of reaction in some embodiments, (vi) oxidation- Reduction reaction, the redox reaction serves as the electronics from catalyst in fraction hydrogen course of reaction in some embodiments Acceptor, (vi) other exchange reactions, such as include halide, sulfide, hydride, arsenide, oxide, phosphide and nitridation The anion exchange that thing is exchanged, the exchange reaction promotes catalyst as its receiving carrys out free atomic hydrogen in embodiments The effect for forming the energy of fraction hydrogen and being ionized, and the fraction hydrogen of (vii) absorbent, carrier or Matrix-assisted react, described Reaction can provide at least one of following aspect：(a) fraction hydrogen reaction chemical environment, (b) play transfer electronics so as to Promote the effect of H catalyst functions, (c) carries out reversible transition or other physical changes or the change of its electronic state, and (d) At least one in the degree or speed to improve the reaction of fraction hydrogen is combined with the hydrogen product compared with low energy.In some embodiments In, conductive carrier enables priming reaction.

In another embodiment, the reaction of fraction hydrogen is formed comprising between at least two materials (such as two kinds of metals) At least one of hydride is exchanged and halide is exchanged.At least one metal can be catalyst or the catalysis to form fraction hydrogen Agent source, such as alkali metal or alkali metal hydride.Hydride is exchanged can be at least two hydride, at least one metal and at least A kind of hydride, at least two metal hydrides, at least one metal and at least one metal hydride, and with two kinds with Between upper material or be related to two or more materials exchange other such combinations between carry out.In one embodiment, hydrogen Compound exchanges to be formed such as (M₁)_x(M₂)_yH_zDeng hybrid metal hydride, wherein x, y and z are integer, and M₁And M₂For metal.

System and material of other embodiments of the present invention at least one following functions of execution：Because from H's Energy transfer and receive the electronics from ionized catalyst；By the electro transfer of receiving to circuit, the circuit is used to make electronics Flow to and at least one of the path that is terminated inside pond；By electro transfer is to ground and is reduced to serve as final electricity At least one of material of sub- acceptor or electron carrier；With permission electron carrier by electro transfer to formed in catalytic process Catalyst ion.

Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to the additional catalyst comprising block materials.For example, such as halide and hydrogen The Mg of the compounds such as compound²⁺Ion and metal can serve as catalyst.The metal of some block materials, some intermetallic compounds Catalyst can be served as with the metal on some carriers, the wherein electronics of material forms fraction hydrogen by atomic hydrogen and receives round number times 27.2eV.The combination of molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen or hydride ion and the material such as another atom or ion, which can be served as, urges Agent, wherein ionization and the H of the material₂Bond energy (4.478eV), H ionization energy (13.59844eV) or H^-Ionization energy (IP=0.754eV) round number times that summation is 27.2eV.Catalyst can be completely solvated or comprising solvation complexes.

Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to following reactants, wherein urging in priming reaction and/or reaction of propagation Reaction of the agent comprising catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source and material or compound formation intercalation compound, wherein the reaction Thing is regenerated by removing the material of intercalation.In one embodiment, carbon can serve as oxidant, and can for example by with Heat, using displacer, electrolysis or by using solvent, carbon is regenerated from the carbon of alkali metal intercalation.

In other embodiments, the present invention is directed to a kind of dynamical system, and the dynamical system is included：

(i) the chemical fuel mixture selected from least two following components is included：Catalyst or catalyst source；Atomic hydrogen Or atom hydrogen source；Form the reactant of catalyst or catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source；Trigger the catalysis of atomic hydrogen One or more reactants；With the carrier for enabling catalysis to occur,

(ii) at least one is used to reverse exchange reaction so that fuel is from the hot systems of reaction product hot recycling, the heat System includes multiple reaction vessels,

Regenerative response is carried out at least one reaction vessel wherein in multiple reaction vessels, the regenerative response includes Form the reaction of original chemical fuel mixture by the reaction product of the mixture, the multiple reaction vessel and at least one Other reaction vessels for carrying out dynamic response are connected,

Carry out ultromotivity and produce the heat of container to flow to container that at least one is regenerated to provide energy for hot recycling,

Container by indwelling in heat transfer medium to realize heat flow,

At least one container also includes vavuum pump and hydrogen source, and can also include two chambers, and described two chambers exist The temperature difference is maintained between hot chamber and cold chamber, the temperature difference causes material preferential build in cold chamber,

Wherein hydride reaction is carried out in cold chamber, to form at least one initial reactant, the initial reactant Hot chamber is returned,

(iii) radiator that ultromotivity produces the heat of reaction vessel that comes through thermal boundary is received,

With

(iv) such as Rankine machine or Brayton cycle machine, steam engine, the power-conversion system of Stirling-electric hybrid heat engine can be included, Wherein described power-conversion system can include thermoelectric converter or thermion converter.In some embodiments, radiator Power can be transferred to power-conversion system to generate electricity.

In some embodiments, power-conversion system receives the hot-fluid from radiator, and in some embodiments, Radiator includes the heat engine such as steam generator and steam flow such as turbine to generate electricity.

In other embodiments, the present invention is directed to dynamical system, and the dynamical system is included：

(ii) it is used to reverse exchange reaction so that fuel is from the hot systems of reaction product hot recycling, the hot systems are included At least one reaction vessel,

Regenerative response, the regenerative response bag are wherein carried out at least one reaction vessel associated with energy response The reaction that original chemical fuel mixture is formed by the reaction product of mixture is included,

Heat flows to regenerative response to provide energy for hot recycling by the reaction of generation energy,

At least one container is adiabatic on a part and contacted on another part with thermal conductivity medium, with Realize thermal gradient between the hot portion and cold portion of container so that material preferential build in cold portion,

At least one container also includes vavuum pump and hydrogen source,

Hydride reaction is carried out wherein in the cold portion to form at least one initial reactant, the initial reactant The hot portion is returned to,

(iii) radiator, the radiator receives to come from the aitiogenic heat of the power, and the heat passes through heat conduction Property medium and optionally pass through at least one thermal boundary transmission, and

(iv) such as Rankine machine or Brayton cycle machine, steam engine, the power-conversion system of Stirling-electric hybrid heat engine can be included, Wherein described power-conversion system can include thermoelectric converter or thermion converter,

Wherein described conversion system receives the hot-fluid from radiator.

In one embodiment, radiator includes the heat engines such as steam generator, and steam flow such as turbine to send out Electricity.Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to battery or fuel cell system, and the battery or fuel cell system are from by hydrogen Electromotive force (EMF) is produced to the catalytic reaction compared with low energy (fraction hydrogen) state, so as to react discharged energy there is provided by fraction hydrogen The direct conversion to electric power is measured, the system is included：

The reactant of fraction hydrogen reactant is constituted in the pond operation process with separated electronics flowing and ion mass transfer,

Cathode bays comprising negative electrode,

Anodic compartment comprising anode, and

Hydrogen source.

The present invention other embodiments be directed to battery or fuel cell system, the battery or fuel cell system from Electromotive force (EMF) is produced to the catalytic reaction compared with low energy (fraction hydrogen) state by hydrogen, so as to provide the energy that release is reacted by fraction hydrogen The direct conversion to electric power is measured, the system, which is included, is selected from least two following components：Catalyst or catalyst source；Atomic hydrogen Or atom hydrogen source；Form the reactant of catalyst or catalyst source and atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source；Trigger the one of atom hydrogen catalysis Plant or a variety of reactants；With the carrier for enabling catalysis to occur,

The cathode bays comprising negative electrode, bag can also be included by being wherein used to be formed the battery or fuel cell system of fraction hydrogen Anodic compartment containing anode, optional salt bridge, the composition in the pond operation process with separated electronics flowing and ion mass transfer The reactant and hydrogen source of fraction hydrogen reactant.

In an embodiment of the invention, the reaction of fraction hydrogen reaction (such as exchange reaction of the invention) is triggered to mix Compound and reaction are the bases of fuel cell, wherein developing electric power by the reaction that fraction hydrogen is formed by hydrogen.Due to oxidation- Reduce pond half-reaction, constitute the reactant mixture for producing fraction hydrogen, and electron transfer via external circuit and via point The ion mass transfer in the path opened completes circuit.By add with half-cell reaction and provide generation fraction hydrogen overall reaction and phase The reactant mixture answered can include the reaction type for the fraction Hydrochemistry production for being used for heat power and the present invention.

In an embodiment of the invention, differential responses thing or be in different conditions or condition (such as different temperatures, At least one of different pressures and various concentrations) under same reaction thing be provided in different pond compartments, the pond every Between by being connected for electronics pipeline different with ion to complete circuit between the compartments.Due to fraction hydrogen reaction depend on from The material of one compartment to another compartment flows, thus generates the potential between the electrode of different compartments and electric power gain Or the thermal enhancement of system.Material flowing provides at least one of scenario described below：The reactant mixture of reaction generation fraction hydrogen Formation and make fraction hydrogen reaction with notable speed occur condition.It is desirable that the reaction of fraction hydrogen does not occur, or do not depositing Do not occur when electronics is flowed with ion mass transfer with considerable speed.

In another embodiment, battery produces at least one of electric power gain and heat power gain, the electricity Power gain and heat power gain exceed the electric power gain and heat power gain of the electrolysis power applied by electrode.

In another embodiment, forming the reactant of fraction hydrogen has in hot recycling or electrolytic regeneration at least It is a kind of.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is the energy response device of the present invention and the schematic diagram of power-equipment.

Fig. 2 is the energy response device and the schematic diagram of power-equipment that fuel is recycled or regenerated of being used for of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of the power reactor of the present invention.

Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the system for being used for fuel recycling or regeneration of the present invention.

Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of the multitube reaction system of the present invention, also show the unit for recycling or regenerating for fuel The details of energy response device and power-equipment.

Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram of the pipe of the multitube reaction system of the present invention, the pipe include by gate or gate valve separate it is anti- Answer compartment and metal condensation and hydrogenate compartment again, for evaporated metal steam, metal is hydrogenated and supply again the alkali of regeneration again Metal hydride.

Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of many ponds tube bank of the thermocouple connection of the present invention, is added wherein the power for being in circulation produces the pond of phase Heat is in the pond of regeneration period, and restrains under water so that boiling and steam generation occur on the outer surface of outer ring body and had There is the thermal gradient across gap.

Fig. 8 is the schematic diagram of many ponds tube bank of multiple thermocouples connection of the present invention, wherein tube bank can be arranged in boiler case.

Fig. 9 is the schematic diagram of the boiler of the present invention, and the boiler, which accommodates reactor and restrains and guide steam to enter, has vault In the manifold on top.

Figure 10 is the schematic diagram of the electricity generation system of the present invention, and wherein steam is produced and by with vault in Fig. 9 boiler The manifold on top is directed to steam pipe, and steam turbine receives the steam of boiling water, using electrical power generators, and steam is condensed And blowback boiler.

Figure 11 is the schematic diagram of the multitube reaction system of the present invention, and the multitube reaction system is included in the anti-of thermo-contact The tube bank in device pond is answered, the tube bank is separated by air gap (gas gap) with heat exchanger.

Figure 12 be the present invention multitube reaction system schematic diagram, the multitube reaction system comprising alternate heat insulation layer, Reactor cell, thermal conductivity medium and heat exchanger or collector.

Figure 13 is the schematic diagram of the individual unit of the multitube reaction system of the present invention, and the individual unit is comprising alternate exhausted Thermosphere, reactor cell, thermal conductivity medium and heat exchanger or collector.

Figure 14 is the schematic diagram of the steam generator system of the present invention, and the steam generator system includes Figure 12 multitube reaction system and cold But regulating system is flowed in agent (saturation water).

Figure 15 is the schematic diagram of the electricity generation system of the present invention, and wherein steam is produced and by steam-water in Figure 14 boiler Separator is exported to main steam pipe, and steam turbine receives the steam of boiling water, using electrical power generators, and steam is condensed simultaneously Blowback boiler.

Figure 16 is that the steam of the present invention produces the schematic diagram of flow chart.

Figure 17 is the electric discharge power of the present invention and the schematic diagram of plasma pond and reactor.

Figure 18 is the battery of the present invention and the schematic diagram of fuel cell.

Figure 19 is the automobile construction of the utilization CIHT battery piles of the present invention.

Figure 20 is the schematic diagram of the CIHT batteries of the present invention.

Embodiment

The present invention be directed to by atomic hydrogen formed wherein electron shell be located closer to nuclear position relatively lower state and The antigravity system released energy.The energy of release is controlled to be used for power generation, and new hydrogen material and compound are in addition Desired product.These energy states are predicted by classical physics law, and need catalyst to receive the energy from hydrogen, To carry out corresponding energy release property transition.

Classical physics gives the closing solution of hydrogen atom, hydride ion, hydrogen molecular ion and hydrogen molecule, and predicts tool There is the respective substance of fraction principal quantum number.Using Maxwell equation, the structure of electronics is derivatized as boundary value problem, wherein electricity Attached bag is contained in the source electricity of electromagnetic field that n=1 bound state electronics is unable under the limitation of emittance, changed over time in transition process Stream.The reaction predicted from the solution of H atom is related to atomic hydrogen from stable (removing the energy transfer) to can receive energy Resonance, non-radiation type the energy transfer of catalyst, thus formed than before thinkable more lower state hydrogen.It is specific and Speech, classical physics prediction, atomic hydrogen can be with some atoms, excimer (excimer), ion and diatomic hydrogen compound Catalytic reaction is carried out, the reaction provides the potential energy E that net enthalpy is atomic hydrogen_hThe reaction of=27.2eV integral multiple, wherein E_hFor 1 Hartree (Hartree).Predetermined substance (such as He that can be determined based on its known electronic energy level⁺、Ar⁺、Sr⁺, K, Li, HCl and NaH) need to exist to be catalyzed the process together with atomic hydrogen.The reaction is related to non-radiation type energy transfer, is followed by H's Q13.6eV continuously transmitting or q13.6eV transfers, so as to form very hot excitation state H and energy corresponds to the main amount of fraction Subnumber and the hydrogen atom for being less than unreacted atomic hydrogen.That is, in the formula of the main energy level of hydrogen atom：

N=1,2,3 ... (2)

Wherein a_HFor the Bohr radius (52.947pm) of hydrogen atom, e is the order of magnitude of electron charge, and ε_oFor vacuum capacitance Rate,

Dosis refracta subnumber：

Wherein p≤137 are integer (3)

Parameter n=integers known to instead of in the rydberg equation for hydrogen excitation state simultaneously represent to be referred to as " fraction hydrogen (hydrino) hydrogen of relatively lower state ".The n=1 states of hydrogen and hydrogenState is non-radiation type, but via non-spoke Transition (such as n=1 to n=1/2) between penetrating property energy transfer, two non-radiative states is possible.Hydrogen be equation (1) and (3) special circumstances of the stable state provided, the relevant radii of wherein hydrogen or fraction hydrogen atom is provided by following formula

Wherein p=1,2,3 ....To save energy, energy must be with the integer of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom of normal n=1 states Unit is transitted to by Hydrogen transfer to catalyst, and radiusFraction hydrogen passes through ordinary hydrogen atom and appropriate catalyst React and formed, the catalyst has net reaction enthalpy

m·27.2eV (5)

Wherein m is integer.It is believed that Catalysis Rate with net reaction enthalpy closer to m27.2eV it is equal and increase.Send out Existing, catalyst of the net reaction enthalpy in the range of ± 10%, preferably ± the 5% of m27.2eV is suitable to most of applications.

Catalyst reaction is related to exergonic two step：To the non-radiation type energy transfer of catalyst, and thereafter because of radius Reduce the additional energy release for reaching corresponding stable final state.Therefore, General reactions can be given by

Cat^(q+r)++re^-→Cat^q++ m27.2eV and (8)

Overall reaction is

Q, r, m and p are integer.Radius (correspond to denominator in be 1) with hydrogen atom and equal to proton (m+p) of central field times of central field, andIt is that radius is H radiusesCorresponding stable state.With electronics Carry out by hydrogen atom radius to the distanceRadius it is radially accelerated, energy is as characteristic light emission or is used as the 3rd Square kinetic energy and discharge.Transmitting can be hadPlace Border and extend to the extreme ultraviolet continuous radiation of longer wavelength.In addition to radiation, it may occur that resonance momentum transfer is with shape Into fast H.By with background H₂The follow-up of these fast H (n=1) atoms of collision excite and subsequent corresponding H (n=3) is fast former The transmitting of son causes the Ba Er broadened, and α does not launch.It was observed that the great Ba Er consistent with prediction not α lines it is broadening (>100eV).

In the present invention, when referring to hydrogen, the reaction of hydrogen formation fraction hydrogen and the formation reaction of fraction hydrogen, such as fraction hydrogen is anti- Should, H catalysis, H catalytic reactions, the term such as catalysis refer both to the catalyst defined by equation (5) and atom H-shaped into equation (1) (3) reaction (such as reaction of equation (6-9)) of the state of the hydrogen of the energy level provided.As fraction hydrogen reactant, fraction hydrogen react Mixture, catalyst mixture, the reactant for the formation of fraction hydrogen, the reactant for producing or forming lower state hydrogen or fraction hydrogen It is H states or fraction hydrogen state with the energy level provided by equation (1) and (3) when it is referred into H catalysis is about to etc. corresponding term , can also used interchangeably during the reactant mixture of catalysis.

Appropriate catalyst is therefore, it is possible to providing m27.2eV net positive reaction enthalpy.That is, catalyst resonantly receives to come From the non-radiation type energy transfer of hydrogen atom, and released energy to surrounding, so as to influence the electron transition to fractional quantum energy levels. As the result of non-radiation type energy transfer, hydrogen atom becomes unstable, and further emitted energy, until it reaches have The non-radiative state of the relatively low energy for the main energy level that equation (1) and (3) are provided.Therefore, energy of the catalysis release from hydrogen atom, With the corresponding reduction of hydrogen atom size, r_n=na_H, wherein n provides by equation (3).For example, H (n=1) catalysis is H (n=1/ 4) 204eV is discharged, and hydrogen radius is by a_HIt is decreased toCatalyst product H (1/p) can also be with electron reaction formation fraction Hydrogen hydride ion H^-(1/p), or two H (1/p) can be reacted to form corresponding molecular fraction hydrogen H₂(1/p)。

Specifically, catalysate H (1/p) can also have with electron reaction formation combines energy E_BNew hydride ion H^- (1/p)：

Wherein p is greater than 1 integer, s=1/2,It is pulling out for Planck's constant, μ_oIt is vacuum infiltration rate, m_eIt is electronics matter Amount, μ_eBe byThe electron mass of the reduction provided, wherein m_pIt is protonatomic mass, a_oIt is Bohr radius, and ion Radius isFrom equation (10), counted hydride ion ionization energy is 0.75418eV, experiment value For 6082.99 ± 0.15cm^-1(0.75418eV)。

High field offset NMR peaks are that radius is smaller compared with common hydride ion and proton diamagnetic shielding is increased compared with low energy The positive evidence that the hydrogen of state is present.Displacement is by common hydride ion H^-Displacement and component sum is given caused by compared with lower state Go out：

Wherein, for H^-For p=0, for H^-P is greater than 1 integer for (1/p), and α is fine-structure constant.

H (1/p) can be with proton reaction, and two H (1/p) can react, and form H respectively₂(1/p)⁺And H₂(1/p)。 Hydrogen molecular ion and molecule charge and function of current density, bond length and energy draw general in the ellipsoidal coordinates with non-radiative limitation Laplacian operater is solved.

There is the gross energy E of the hydrogen molecular ion of+pe central field in each focal point of prolate spheroid molecular orbit_TIt is

Wherein p is integer, and c is the light velocity in vacuum, and μ is reduced nuclear quality.In prolate spheroid molecular orbit Each focal point there is the gross energy of hydrogen molecule of+pe central field to be

Hydrogen molecule H₂The bond dissociation energy E of (1/p)_DIt is the gross energy and E of corresponding hydrogen atom_TDifference

E_D=E (2H (1/p))-E_T (15)

Wherein

E (2H (1/p))=- p²27.20eV (16)

E_DProvided by equation (15-16) and (14)：

E_D=-p²27.20eV-E_T

=-p²27.20eV-(-p²31.351eV-p³0.326469eV)

=p²4.151eV+p³0.326469eV. (17)

The NMR of catalysate gas provides the H to theoretical prediction₂(1/4) Determinate test of chemical shift.It is logical Often, due to the fraction radius in wherein the electronics substantially ellipsoidal coordinates of closer core, H₂(1/p's)¹HNMR resonates it is predicted that meeting In H₂'s¹The High-Field of HNMR resonance.For H₂For (1/p), the displacement of predictionBy H₂Displacement and depending on H₂(1/p) P (be more than 1 integer) item sum provide：

Wherein for H₂For p=0.Absolute H₂The experiment value of gas phase resonance shift is -28.0ppm, and it is absolute with prediction Gas phase displacement -28.01ppm (equation (19)) matched.

For Hydrogen molecule H₂For υ=0 of (1/p) to the transition of υ=1, vibrational energy E_vibFor

E_vib=p²0.515902eV (20)

Wherein p is integer.For Hydrogen molecule H₂For the J of (1/p) to J+1 transition, rotational energy E_rotFor

Wherein p is integer, and I is rotary inertia.

The p of rotational energy²Rely on the reverse p dependences and the corresponding influence to rotary inertia I for coming from nuclear separation.Prediction H₂The nuclear separation 2c' of (1/p) is

Data from extensive investigative technique are strong and as one man show, hydrogen can be to think possible lower than before this Energy state exist.The data support these to be referred to as fraction hydrogen (correspondence " small hydrogen ") and corresponding hydride ion and molecular fraction hydrogen Compared with the presence of lower state.Have in existing correlative study some support atomic hydrogens new reaction (produce in fractional quantum state hydrogen, The fractional quantum state is in the energy lower than traditional " base " (n=1) state) possibility, these researchs include extreme ultraviolet (EUV) plasma, the Ba Ermo that spectrum, the characteristic emission of catalyst and hydride ion product, the transmitting of low energy hydrogen, chemistry are formed α lines are broadening, the population inversion of H lines, electron temperature rise, plasma after glow duration are unusual and noval chemical compound point Analysis.

The low energy hydrogen transition of the catalysis of the present invention needs following catalyst, and the catalyst can be with m times of integer The form of the endothermic chemical reaction of uncatalyzed atomic hydrogen potential energy (27.2eV), it receives the energy from atom H to cause jump Move.Endothermic catalytic agent reaction can come the materials such as atom freely or ion one or more electronics ionization (for example for Li→Li²⁺For m=3), it is possible to also include with one or more parts from initial key one or more electricity The concerted reaction of the key fracture of the ionization of son is (such as NaH → Na²⁺M=2 for+H).He⁺Meet catalyst standard --- Enthalpy change is equal to the 27.2eV of integral multiple chemically or physically process, because it is ionized in 54.417eV (i.e. 2 × 27.2eV).Two Hydrogen atom can also serve as the catalyst with identical enthalpy.Hydrogen atom H (1/p) p=1,2,3 ... 137 can be carried out to equation (1) and (3) further transition of relatively lower state for providing, the transition of one of atom is catalyzed by the second atom, and described second Atomic resonance and non-radiative receive m27.2eV and with the inverse variation of its potential energy.From m27.2eV to H (1/p') The overall formula of H (1/p) to H (1/ (p+m)) transition that is induced of resonance transfer be expressed from the next

H(1/p')+H(1/p)→H+H(1/(p+m))+[2pm+m²-p'²+1]·13.6eV (23)

Hydrogen atom can play a part of catalyst, wherein be respectively m=1 and m=2 for an atom and two atoms, its Serve as the catalyst of other atom.When the H that is exceedingly fast forms 2H with molecules strike, diatomic catalyst 2H speed can be very high, Two of which atomic resonance simultaneously non-radiative receives 54.4eV from the 3rd hydrogen atom of collision partners.

During m=2, catalyst He⁺Product with 2H is H (1/3), and its rapid reaction forms H (1/4), then forms conduct It is preferred that the molecular fraction hydrogen H of state₂(1/4).Specifically, in the case of high hydrogen atom concentration, catalyst (p ' is used as by the use of H =1；M=1 the further transition provided by equation (23) of H (1/3) (p=3) to H (1/4) (p+m=4)) may be quickly：

Corresponding molecular fraction hydrogen H₂And fraction hydrogen hydride ion H (1/4)^-(1/4) it is final product, this is consistent with observation, Because p=4 quantum states have the multipolarity higher than quadrapole (quadrupole), be H (1/4) provide it is longer be used for into The theoretical life-span of one step catalysis.

To catalyst, He⁺Non-radiation type energy transfer with 2H is it is predicted that can be to He⁺He⁺Ion energy level fills energy, and respectively H Electron Excited Temperature is improved in helium-hydrogen and hydrogen plasma.For both catalyst, intermediate(side Journey (6), wherein m=2) there is radius (it is 1 to correspond to denominator) and 3 times of the center of the central field equal to proton of hydrogen atom , andIt is the corresponding stable state that radius is H radiuses 1/3.As electronics is carried out by hydrogen atom radius to the distance 1/3 radius it is radially accelerated, energy discharges as characteristic light emission or as third party's kinetic energy.Transmitting can be had The border at 54.4eV (22.8nm) place and the extreme ultraviolet continuous radiation for extending to longer wavelength.Transmitting can be had in 54.4eV The border at (22.8nm) place and the extreme ultraviolet continuous radiation for extending to longer wavelength.Alternatively, because of resonance kinetic energy Shift and fast H can be predicted.It is predicted that the second continuous band is by subsequent catalysate(equation (23)) extremelyThe jump of state Generation is moved, wherein atomic hydrogen receives to come from27.2eV.Hydrogen and helium and hydrogen for providing catalyst He+ and 2H respectively Microwave discharge, glow discharge and pulsed discharge record extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum and high-resolution visible spectrum of itself.He⁺Ionic spectrum Filling for line can occur when adding hydrogen, and the excitation temperature of hydrogen plasma under certain conditions is very high.It was observed that EUV continuums (continua) at 22.8nm and 40.8nm, and observe great Ba Er not α lines it is broadening (>50eV).Pass through Collected for the hydrogen plasma aided in by helium-hydrogen, hydrogen and water vapour and be dissolved in CDCl₃In the solution NMR of gas exist H is observed at 1.25ppm₂(1/4)。

Similarly, Ar⁺To Ar²⁺Reaction with 27.63eV net reaction enthalpy, it is equivalent to m=1 in equation (4-7) Situation.Work as Ar⁺When serving as catalyst, it was observed that it is predicted that 91.2nm and 45.6nm continuums, and fraction hydrogen transition Other characteristic indications, catalyst excitation state fill can, fast H, and by solution NMR 1.25ppm at it was observed that prediction Gas fraction hydrogen product H₂(1/4).In view of these results and helium plasma as a result, it was observed that for He⁺For catalyst Threshold value is in 54.4eV (q=4) and 40.8eV (q=3) and for Ar⁺For catalyst threshold value in 27.2eV (q=2) and 13.6eV (q=1) q13.6eV continuums.When the transition of fraction hydrogen to more lower state causes in wider spectral regions During high energy continuous radiation, there may be much higher q values.

In nearest generating and Characterization of The Products research, atom lithium and molecule NaH serve as catalyst, are urged because they meet The chemically or physically process of agent standard --- enthalpy change is equal to atomic hydrogen potential energy 27.2eV (such as the Li m of m times of integer =3, and the m=2 for NaH).Using the catalytic reaction thing of chemistry generation, to based on new alkali metal halo fraction hydrogen hydrogen Compound compound (MH*X；M=Li or Na, X=halide) and molecular fraction hydrogen H₂(1/4) corresponding scores hydrogen hydride ion H^- (1/4) the specific prediction of the closed form equations of energy level is tested.

First, Li catalyst is tested.Li and LiNH₂It is used as atom lithium and hydrogen atom source.Use flow type calorimetric in batches Method, by 1g Li, 0.5g LiNH₂, 10g LiBr and 15g Pd/Al₂O₃Record power be about 160W, and energy surplus is Δ H =-19.1kJ.Observed energy surplus is 4.4 times based on known chemical maximum theoretical.Next, when by described in When dynamic response mixture is used for chemical synthesis, Raney's nickel (R-Ni) serves as dissociation agent, and wherein LiBr serves as catalysate H (1/ 4) absorbent (getter) is to form LiH*X and by H₂(1/4) it is trapped in crystal.ToF-SIMs shows LiH*X peaks. LiH*Br's and LiH*I¹H MAS NMR are shown in the big obvious High-Field resonance in about -2.5ppm places, its H in LiX matrix that coincide^- (1/4).The identical gap H in NMR peaks at 1.13ppm₂(1/4), and FTIR spectrum in 1989cm^-1It was observed that H₂(1/4) Rotational frequency, it is common H₂Rotational frequency 4²Times.Shown for the XPS spectrum that LiH*Br crystal is recorded in about 9.5eV With the peak at 12.3eV, based in the absence of any other basic element peak, it can not be pointed out as any known element, but Itself and the H in two chemical environments^-(1/4) combination can coincide.Another of energy process is characterized in work as atom Li and atomic hydrogen In low temperature (such as ≈ 10 in the presence of together³K referred to as resonance transfer etc.) and under about 1V/cm~2V/cm extremely low field strength is observed The plasma of gas ions or rt- plasmas is formed.It was observed that corresponding to the H Ba Er not α lines time dependence line increasings for the H that is exceedingly fast Wide (>40eV).

The compound (such as the MH for including H and at least one element M in addition to hydrogen) of the present invention is served as forming fraction hydrogen Hydrogen source and catalyst source.Catalytic reaction adds the t electronics from atom M each to the ionization of continuous energy level from M-H fracture There is provided so that the summation of the ionization energy of bond energy and t electronics is about m27.2eV (wherein m is integer).A kind of such catalysis System is related to sodium.NaH bond energy be 1.9245eV, and Na the first and second ionization energy be respectively 5.13908eV and 47.2864eV.Based on these energy, NaH molecules can serve as catalyst and H sources, because NaH bond energy adds Na to Na²⁺'s Ionization (t=2) twice is 54.35eV (2 × 27.2eV).Catalyst reaction is given by

Na²⁺+2e^-+H→NaH+54.35eV (26)

And overall reaction is

Reaction forms H (1/4) to product H (1/3) rapidly, then forms the molecular fraction hydrogen H as preferred state₂(1/4) (side Journey (24)).NaH catalyst reactions can be collaboration, because NaH bond energy, Na are to Na²⁺Ionization twice (t=2) and H The summation of potential energy is 81.56eV (3 × 27.2eV).Catalyst reaction is given by

And overall reaction is

WhereinIt is the fast hydrogen atom that kinetic energy is at least 13.6eV.H^-(1/4) stable halogenated hydrides are formed, and Its with by reacting 2H (1/4) → H₂And H (1/4)^-(1/4)+H⁺→H₂(1/4) the corresponding molecule formed is all welcome product.

Sodium hydride reacts the form for the ionic crystalline compound to be formed generally by Gaseous Hydrogen and metallic sodium.Also, Gaseous state, sodium includes the covalent Na that bond energy is 74.8048kJ/ moles₂Molecule.It has been found that working as under helium atmosphere with very slow (0.1 DEG C/min) of ramp rates heating NaH (s) to be formed during NaH (g), by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in high temperature It was observed that the prediction exothermic reaction provided by equation (25-27).To realize high power, design a set of chemical system greatly to carry The growing amount and speed of high NaH (g).By generating hot counted NaOH and Na to Na₂O and NaH (s) reaction release Δ H=- 44.7kJ/ moles of NaOH：

NaOH+2Na→Na₂O+NaH (s) Δ H=-44.7kJ/ moles of NaOH (31)

The exothermic reaction can promote NaH (g) formation, and be used in promote by equation (25-27) provide it is very big Exothermic reaction.Regenerative response in the presence of atomic hydrogen is

Na₂O+H → NaOH+Na Δ H=-11.6kJ/ moles of NaOH (32)

H=-10,500kJ/ moles of H of NaH → Na+H (1/3) Δ (33)

With

H=-19,700kJ/ moles of H of NaH → Na+H (1/4) Δ (34)

NaH uniquely realizes high dynamics, because catalyst reaction depends on intrinsic H release, it is jumped simultaneously Move to form H (1/3), and further reaction forms H (1/4) to H (1/3).To ion NaH under helium-atmosphere with very slow alternating temperature Speed (0.1 DEG C/min) carries out high temperature means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to increase the amount of molecule NaH formation.At 640 DEG C to 825 - 177kJ/ moles of NaH new exothermic effect is observed within the temperature range of DEG C.In order to realize high power, will have about 100m²The R-Ni of/g surface areas carries out surface coating with NaOH and with Na metal reactions to form NaH.Using flow type in batches Hot method, when with Na metal reactions, compared with the Δ H ≈ 0kJ from R-Ni parent material R-NiAl alloys, from 15g R-Ni institutes The power measured is about 0.5kW and energy surplus Δ H=-36kJ.The energy surplus of observed NaH reactions for -1.6 × 10⁴KJ/ moles of H₂, more than enthalpy of combustion (- 241.8kJ/ moles of H₂) 66 times.As NaOH doping is increased to 0.5 weight %, R- The Al of Ni intermetallic compounds plays a part of substituting Na metals as the reducing agent of generation NaH catalyst.When being heated to 60 DEG C When, 15g composite catalyzings material does not need additive to be the excess energy for discharging 11.7kJ, and develops 0.25kW power.It is right The H at 1.2ppm is shown in the solution NMR for the product gas being dissolved in DMF-d7₂(1/4)。

ToF-SIMs shows sodium fraction Hydrides (NaH_x) peak.NaH*Br's and NaH*Cl¹H MAS H NMR spectroscopies are shown With H^-(1/4) that coincide resonates and the H that coincide in -3.6ppm and -4ppm big obvious High-Field respectively₂(1/4) 1.1ppm's NMR peaks.From NaCl and solid acid KHSO₄The NaH*Cl of reaction as unique hydrogen source include two fraction hydrogen states.- 3.97ppm it was observed that H^-(1/4) NMR peaks, and H^-(1/3) peak also appears in -3.15ppm.Seen respectively in 1.15ppm and 1.7ppm Observe corresponding H₂And H (1/4)₂(1/3) peak.The NaH*F's being dissolved in DMF-d7¹H NMR are shown respectively in 1.2ppm With the H of -3.86ppm separation₂And H (1/4)^-(1/4), wherein in the absence of any solid matrix effect or possible other pointing out Confirm that above-mentioned solid NMR is pointed out.The H in about 9.5eV and 12.3eV is shown to the LiH*Br XPS spectrums recorded^-(1/4) peak, Its result from LiH*Br and KH*I of coincideing；Have in addition however, sodium fraction Hydrides are shown at no halide peak There is 6eV H^-(1/3) two fraction hydrogen states at XPS peaks.From the H with 12.5keV electron-beam excitations₂(1/4) also observe with general Logical H₂Energy 4²The prediction rotational transition of energy again.

Such as NMR displacements, ToF-SIMs mass, XPS combinations energy, FTIR and emission spectrum data are include the present invention one The feature of the fraction hydrogen product of the antigravity system of individual aspect can be simultaneously identified it.

I. fraction hydrogen

With by

(wherein p is greater than 1 integer, the preferably 2~combination that 137) provides can hydrogen atom for the present invention H catalysis The product of reaction.Atom, the combination energy (also referred to as ionization energy) of lewis' acid are to remove an electricity from atom, lewis' acid Energy required for son.With the combination that is provided in equation (35) can hydrogen atom hereinafter referred to as " fraction hydrogen atom " or " point Number hydrogen ".Radius(wherein a_HThe radius of ordinary hydrogen atom and p is integer) the mark of fraction hydrogen beWith half Footpath a_HHydrogen atom hereinafter referred to as " ordinary hydrogen atom " or " normal hydrogen atom ".Ordinary atomic hydrogen is characterised by that it combines energy For 13.6eV.

Fraction hydrogen is with having by ordinary hydrogen atom

m·27.2eV (36)

Net reaction enthalpy appropriate catalyst reaction formed by, wherein m is integer.It is believed that Catalysis Rate is with net reaction Enthalpy is closer to be matched and increases with m27.2eV.It has been found that with being within ± 10%, preferably ± the 5% of m27.2eV The catalyst of net reaction enthalpy be applied to most apply.

The corresponding reduction for the size that this catalytic action releases energy simultaneously with hydrogen atom from hydrogen atom, r_n=na_H.For example, Discharge 40.8eV from H (n=1) to H (n=1/2) catalysis, and hydrogen radius from a_HIt is decreased toCatalysis system be by The t electronics from atom is each to the ionization of continuous energy level so that the summation of the ionization energy of t electronics is about m 27.2eV (wherein m is integer) is provided.

Another example for such catalyst that (equation (6-9)) is provided is related to lithium metal more than.The first and second of lithium Ionization energy is respectively 5.39172eV and 75.64018eV.Therefore, Li to Li²⁺Ionization twice (t=2) reaction have 81.0319eV net reaction enthalpy, it is equivalent to m=3 in equation (36).

Li²⁺+2e^-→Li(m)+81.0319eV (38)

And overall reaction is

In another embodiment, catalysis system is related to caesium.First and second ionization energy of caesium are respectively 3.89390eV And 23.15745eV.Cs to Cs²⁺Ionization twice (t=2) to react on be the net reaction enthalpy with 27.05135eV, its equivalent to M=1 in equation (36).

Cs²⁺+2e^-→Cs(m)+27.05135eV (41)

And overall reaction is

Another catalysis system is related to potassium metal.First, second, and third ionization energy of potassium be respectively 4.34066eV, 31.63eV、45.806eV.K to K³⁺Three ionization (t=3) to react on be the net reaction enthalpy with 81.7767eV, its is suitable The m=3 in equation (36).

K³⁺+3e^-→K(m)+81.7426eV (44)

And overall reaction is

The energy that the energy ratio as the energy released during catalytic action is lost to catalyst is much higher.With routinizing Learn reaction to compare, the energy discharged is larger.For example, when hydrogen and oxygen form water by burning

The enthalpy of formation of known water is Δ H_f=-286kJ/ moles or 1.48eV/ hydrogen atom.By contrast, make by catalysis Each (n=1) ordinary hydrogen atom discharges 40.8eV net enthalpy.Moreover, can occur further to be catalyzed transition：Etc..Once catalysis starts, fraction hydrogen is being referred to as disproportionation (disproportionation) During further self-catalysis.This mechanism is similar to the mechanism that inorganic ions is catalyzed.But fraction hydrogen catalysis due to enthalpy with M27.2eV is more preferably matched and is had the reaction speed higher than inorganic ion catalyst.

The fraction hydrogen hydride ion of the present invention can be by electron source and fraction hydrogen (i.e. with aboutCombination can Hydrogen atom, whereinAnd p is greater than 1 integer) reaction and formed.Fraction hydrogen hydride ion is by H^-Or H (n=1/p)^- (1/p) is represented：

Fraction hydrogen hydride ion is different from common hydride ion, and the latter contains the ordinary hydrogen atom that combination can be about 0.8eV Core and two electronics.The latter hereinafter referred to as " common hydride ion " or " normal hydride ion ".Fraction hydrogen hydride ion contains Hydrogen nuclei and two indifference electronics including protium, deuterium or tritium (it is combined can be as shown in equation (49-50)).

The combination of fraction hydrogen hydride ion be able to can be represented with below equation：

Wherein p is greater than 1 integer, and s=1/2, π is pi,It is pulling out for Planck's constant, μ_oIt is the infiltration of vacuum Rate, m_eIt is electron mass, μ_eBe byThe electron mass of the reduction provided, wherein m_pIt is protonatomic mass, a_HIt is hydrogen The radius of atom, a_oIt is Bohr radius and e is elementary charge.Radius is given by

It is used as the fraction hydrogen hydride ion H of p function (wherein p is integer)^-(n=1/p) combination can be shown in table 1.

Table 1. as p function fraction hydrogen hydride ion H^-(n=1/p) representative combination energy (equation (49))

According to the present invention, there is provided the fraction hydrogen hydride ion (H with the combination energy according to equation (49-50)^-), it is described With reference to can be in p=2~23 more than common hydride ion combination can (about 0.75eV) and p=24 (H^-) when combination can be less than The combination energy of common hydride ion.For the p=2 to p=24 of equation (49-50), hydride ion combination can be respectively 3eV, 6.6eV、11.2eV、16.7eV、22.8eV、29.3eV、36.1eV、42.8eV、49.4eV、55.5eV、61.0eV、65.6eV、 69.2eV, 71.6eV, 72.4eV, 71.6eV, 68.8eV, 64.0eV, 56.8eV, 47.1eV, 34.7eV, 19.3eV and 0.69eV.The exemplary composition containing new hydride ion is also provided herein.

Additionally provide the exemplary compounds comprising one or more fraction hydrogen hydride ions and one or more other elements Thing.Such compound is referred to as " fraction Hydrides compound ".

Ordinary hydrogen species can be characterized with following combination：(a) hydride ion, 0.754eV (" common hydride ion ")； (b) hydrogen atom (" ordinary hydrogen atom ") 13.6eV；(c) diatomic hydrogen molecule, 15.3eV (" ordinary hydrogen molecular ")；(d) hydrogen molecule Ion, 16.3eV (" ordinary hydrogen molecular ion ")；And (e) H₃ ⁺, 22.6eV (" ordinary trihydrogen molecular ion ").It is referred to herein During the form of hydrogen, " normal " and " common " is synonymous.

According to further embodiment of the present invention there is provided a kind of compound, the compound contains at least one combination The increased hydrogen material of energy, for example：(a) hydrogen atom, it has aboutCombination can (for example existAbout 0.9~ Combination energy in the range of 1.1 times), wherein p is 2~137 integer；(b) hydride ion (H^-), it has aboutCombination can (for example existAbout 0.9~1.1 times in the range of Combination energy), wherein p is 2~24 integer；(c)H₄ ⁺(1/p)；(d) three fraction hydrogen molecular ion H₃ ⁺(1/p), it has aboutCombination can (for example exist0.9~1.1 times in the range of combination energy), wherein p be 2~137 it is whole Number；(e) double fraction hydrogen, it has aboutCombination can (for example exist0.9~1.1 times in the range of knot Close energy), wherein p is 2~137 integer；(f) double fraction hydrogen molecular ions, it has aboutCombination can (for example exist0.9~1.1 times in the range of combination energy), wherein p is 2~137 integer.

According to another implementation of the invention there is provided a kind of compound, it, which contains at least one combination, to increase Hydrogen material, such as (a) double fraction hydrogen molecular ions, its have about

Total energy (for example exist

About 0.9~1.1 times of scope Interior total energy), wherein p is integer,It is pulling out for Planck's constant, m_eIt is electron mass, c is the light velocity in vacuum, and μ is to reduce Nuclear quality, and (b) double fraction hydrogen molecules, it has about

Total energy (for example exist

About 0.9 Total energy in the range of~1.1 times), wherein p is integer and a_oIt is Bohr radius.

According to an embodiment of the invention, wherein compound contains the negatively charged increased hydrogen material of combination energy, Compound also includes one or more cations, such as proton, commonOr it is common

There is provided herein a kind of method for being used to prepare the compound containing at least one fraction hydrogen hydride ion.Thisization Compound hereinafter referred to as " fraction Hydrides compound ".This method is included atomic hydrogen with having aboutNet reaction The catalyst reaction (wherein m is greater than 1 integer, is preferably less than 400 integer) of enthalpy, has about to produce(its Middle p is integer, preferably 2~137 integer) combination can combination can increased hydrogen atom.Another product of catalytic reaction It is energy.It can be reacted with reference to the increased hydrogen atom of energy with electron source, to produce with reference to the increased hydride ion of energy.With reference to can increase Hydride ion can be produced with one or more cationoid reactions containing at least one combination can increased hydride ion change Compound.

New hydrogen composition of matter includes：

(a) at least one neutral, positively charged or electronegative hydrogen material is (hereinafter referred to as " with reference to the increased hydrogen thing of energy Matter "), its combination energy having

(i) it is more than the combination energy of corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species, or

(ii) it is more than the combination energy of following any hydrogen materials, the corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species of any hydrogen material are unstable Or the combination due to Ordinary hydrogen species can less than under environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) heat energy or be Negative value and be not observed；And

(b) at least one other elements.The compound of the present invention is hereinafter referred to as " with reference to the increased hydrogen compound of energy ".

In this context, " other elements " refer to the element in addition to combining the increased hydrogen material of energy.Therefore, it is shown its His element can be Ordinary hydrogen species or any element than hydrogen.In one group of compound, other elements and combination The increased hydrogen material of energy is neutral.In another group of compound, other elements and the increased hydrogen material of combination energy are electrically charged , so that the other elements provide balancing charge and form neutral compound.Previous group compound is with molecular linkage and coordination Bonding is characterized；Later group is characterized with ionic bonding.

New compound and molecular ion are additionally provided, it includes

(a) at least one neutral, positively charged or electronegative hydrogen material is (hereinafter referred to as " with reference to the increased hydrogen thing of energy Matter "), its total energy having

(i) it is more than the total energy of corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species, or

(ii) it is more than the total energy of following any hydrogen materials, the corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species of any hydrogen material are unstable Or total energy due to Ordinary hydrogen species is less than the heat energy under environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) or is negative Value and be not observed；And

(b) at least one other elements.

Hydrogen material can be from the hydrogen material remove all electronics required for energy summation.The hydrogen thing of the present invention The total energy of matter is more than the total energy of corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species.The present invention have it is increased total energy hydrogen material be also referred to as " with reference to The increased hydrogen material of energy ", although the first electron binding energy of some embodiments of the hydrogen material with increased total energy may Less than the first electron binding energy of corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species.First knot of the hydride ion of such as p=24 equation (49-50) Close can be less than common hydride ion first combine energy, and the hydride ion of p=24 equation (49-50) can be than corresponding Common hydride ion total energy it is much bigger.

New compound and molecular ion are additionally provided, it includes

(a) multiple neutral, positively charged or electronegative hydrogen materials (hereinafter referred to as " and with reference to can increased hydrogen material "), Its combination energy having

(ii) it is more than the combination energy of following any hydrogen materials, the corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species of any hydrogen material are unstable Fixed or due to Ordinary hydrogen species combinations can less than under environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) heat energy or It is not observed for negative value；And

(b) selectively a kind of other elements.The compound of the present invention hereinafter referred to as " is closed with reference to that increased can hydrogenate Thing ".

With reference to can increased hydrogen material can be by by one or more fraction hydrogen atoms and one or more electronics, fraction hydrogen Atom, compound reaction and is formed, wherein above-claimed cpd contains the increased hydrogen material of at least one combination energy and at least A kind of is not other atoms, molecule or the ion for combining the increased hydrogen material of energy.

New compound and molecular ion are additionally provided, it includes

(a) multiple neutral, positively charged or electronegative hydrogen materials (hereinafter referred to as " with reference to the increased hydrogen material of energy "), Its total energy having

(i) it is more than the total energy of ordinary molecular hydrogen, or

(ii) be more than the total energy of any hydrogen material, the corresponding Ordinary hydrogen species of any hydrogen material be it is unstable or Person is because the total energy of Ordinary hydrogen species is less than the heat energy under environmental condition (standard temperature and pressure (STP), STP) or for negative value It is not observed；And

In one embodiment there is provided compound, it contains at least one combination for being selected from consisting of the following group Can increased hydrogen material：(a) have according to the combination of equation (49-50) can hydride ion (" with reference to can increased hydrogen bear from Son " or " fraction hydrogen hydride ion "), the combination that the combination can be in p=2~23 more than common hydride ion can (about Less than the combination energy of common hydride ion 0.8eV) and in p=24；(b) combination can be more than the combination energy of ordinary hydrogen atom (about Hydrogen atom (" with reference to the increased hydrogen atom of energy " or " fraction hydrogen ") 13.6eV)；(c) the first combination can be greater than about 15.3eV hydrogen Molecule (" with reference to the increased hydrogen molecule of energy " or " double fraction hydrogen ")；And (d) combination can be greater than about 16.3eV molecular hydrogen ions (" with reference to the increased molecular hydrogen ions of energy " or " double fraction hydrogen molecular ions ").

II. power reactor and system

There is provided the hydrogen catalyst for producing energy and lower-energy hydrogen species is anti-according to another implementation of the invention Answer device.As shown in fig. 1, hydrogen catalyst reactor 70 includes container 72, the heat exchanger 80 for having energy response mixture 74 With generator (such as steam generator 82 and turbine 90).In one embodiment, catalysis is related to from source 76 Atomic hydrogen and catalyst 78 react to form the hydrogen " fraction hydrogen " compared with low energy and produce power.When reactant mixture is (by hydrogen Being constituted with catalyst) reaction is to form during the hydrogen compared with low energy, and heat exchanger 80 absorbs the heat discharged by catalytic reaction.Heat is handed over Parallel operation exchanges heat with steam generator 82, and steam generator 82 absorbs heat from exchanger 80 and produces steam.Energy response device 70 also include turbine 90, and it receives steam from steam generator 82 and provides generator 97 machine power, and generator 97 will Steam can be converted into electric energy, and it can be supported 95 receptions to do work or for dissipating.In one embodiment, reactor can be with At least partly surrounded by heat pipe, the heat pipe transfers heat to load.Load can be the Stirling-electric hybrid or steam for producing electricity Machine.Stirling-electric hybrid or steam engine can be used for static or mobile power.Alternatively, hydride electric power or power system can Using by thermal transition as the electricity for static or mobile power.Appropriate steam engine for distributing power and Mobile solution is Cyclone Power Technologies Mark V engines.Other converters are known to those skilled in the art.For example, System can include thermoelectricity or thermion converter.Reactor can be one of multitubular reactor component.

In one embodiment, energy response mixture 74 contains energy releasing material 76, for example, pass through service duct The solid fuel of 62 supplies.Reactant mixture may include the source of hydrogen isotope atom or the source of molecule hydrogen isotope, and catalysis The source of agent 78, its by resonate remove about m27.2eV with formed compared with low energy atomic hydrogen (wherein m be integer (preferably smaller than 400 integer)), wherein the reaction for forming the hydrogen compared with lower state occurs by the way that the hydrogen is contacted with catalyst.Catalyst can In melting, liquid, gas or solid state.Catalytic reaction releases energy and formed compared with low energy in for example hot form At least one of hydrogen isotope atom, the hydrogen molecule compared with low energy, hydride ion and the hydrogen compound compared with low energy.Cause This, power pond also includes the Hydrochemistry reactor compared with low energy.

Hydrogen source can be the dissociation (including thermal dissociation) of hydrogen gas and water, the electrolysis of water, the hydrogen from hydride or from metal- The hydrogen of hydrogen solution.In another embodiment, by the molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst of mixture 74 by energy releasing material 76 Molecular hydrogen dissociate into atomic hydrogen.This dissociation catalyst or dissociation agent also can absorb hydrogen, deuterium or tritium atom and/or molecule and wrapped Include such as noble metal (such as palladium and platinum), refractory metal (such as molybdenum and tungsten), transition metal (such as nickel and titanium), inner transition element Element, compound, alloy or the mixture of (such as niobium and zirconium).Preferably, dissociation agent there is high surface area, for example as Pt, Pd, The noble metals such as Ru, Ir, Re or Rh or Al₂O₃、SiO₂On Ni, or their combination.

In one embodiment, by from t electronics of atom or ion to the ionization of continuous energy level so that t electronics It is ionization energy and to be about m27.2eV provide catalyst, wherein t and m are integers.Catalyst also can by participate in from The transfer of t electronics between son is provided.It is anti-that transfer of the t electronics from an ion to another ion provides as follows net Ying Han：The ionization energy that t ionization energy sum of electron donability ion subtracts t electronics of electronics acceptance ion is equal to about M27.2eV (wherein t and m are integers).In another embodiment, catalyst is included with the atom M combined with hydrogen MH (such as NaH), and m27.2eV enthalpy is provided by the ionization energy sum of M-H bond energys and t electronics.

In one embodiment, catalyst source includes the catalysis material 78 supplied by catalyst service duct 61, its It is the commonly provided aboutPlus or minus 1eV net enthalpy.Catalyst includes receiving the energy from atomic hydrogen and fraction hydrogen Atom, ion, molecule and the fraction hydrogen of amount.In embodiments, catalyst may include selected from AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH、NaH、RuH、SbH、SeH、SiH、SnH、C₂、N₂、O₂、CO₂、NO₂And NO₃Molecule and Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Kr、Rb、Sr、Nb、Mo、Pd、Sn、Te、Cs、Ce、Pr、Sm、Gd、Dy、Pb、Pt、Kr、2K⁺、 He⁺、Ti²⁺、Na⁺、Rb⁺、Sr⁺、Fe³⁺、Mo²⁺、Mo⁴⁺、In³⁺、He⁺、Ar⁺、Xe⁺、Ar²⁺And H⁺And Ne⁺And H⁺In atom or ion At least one material.

In an embodiment of dynamical system, heat is removed by the heat exchanger with heat exchange medium.Heat Exchanger can be water wall and medium can be water.Heat can be transferred directly for space and process heating.Selectively, it is hot Exchanger medium (such as water) experience phase transformation is for example converted into steam.This conversion can occur in a vapor generator.Steam can It is used in heat engine (such as steam turbine and steam generator) produce electricity.

The one of hydrogen catalyst energy and lower-energy hydrogen species reaction of formation device 5 (being used for the fuel for recycling or regenerating the present invention) Individual embodiment is shown in Figure 2, and including containing fuel reaction mixture 11, (it can be hydrogen source, catalyst source and optional Can evaporation solvent mixture) boiler 10, hydrogen source 12, steam pipe and steam generator 13, generator (such as turbine Machine) 14, water condenser 16, moisturizing source 17, fuel recirculator 18 and hydrogen-bis- fractions hydrogen separator 19.In step 1, contain Have the fuel reaction of catalyst source and hydrogen source to form fraction hydrogen and the hydrogen product compared with low energy, the fuel be, for example, gas, Liquid, solid or the multiphase mixture containing multiple phases.In step 2, the fuel of consumption be reworked with re-supply boiler 10 from And maintain heat power to produce.The heat produced in boiler 10 forms steam in pipe and steam generator 13, and it is transported to turbine Machine 14, turbine 14 produces electricity by providing power to generator again.In step 3, water is condensed by water condenser 16.Appoint He Shui loss can be supplemented to complete to circulate to maintain conversion of the heat to electric power by water source 17.In step 4, the hydrogen compared with low energy is produced Thing such as fraction Hydrides compound and double fraction hydrogen can be removed, and unreacted hydrogen can be sent back to fuel and follow again Ring device 18 or hydrogen source 12 are to be added back to the fuel of consumption so as to supplement the fuel of recycling.Gaseous product and unreacted hydrogen can Separated by hydrogen-bis- fractions hydrogen separator 19.Fuel recirculator 18 can be used by spawn fraction Hydrides Compound is separated and removed.Processing can in the boiler be carried out or carried out when fuel is sent back in boiler exterior.Therefore, the system can Further comprise at least one gas and mass transfer device reached with mobile response thing and product consumed fuel removing, regeneration and Re-supply.It is to be added during fuel reprocessing from source 12 for the hydrogen supplement consumed in the formation of fraction hydrogen, and And can relate to hydrogen recycling, not consuming.The fuel of recycling maintains heat power to produce and produces electricity with driving power device.

Reactor can be operated in a continuous mode, add and separate and be the least degrading of counteracting reactant with hydrogen Addition is replaced.Alternatively, the fuel of reaction is by product cyclic regeneration.In an embodiment of latter scheme In, reactant mixture includes following substances, and the material can generate the reactant of atom or molecular catalyst and atomic hydrogen, and it enters Single step reaction formation fraction hydrogen, and the product materials formed by generating catalyst and atomic hydrogen can be by will at least produce The step of thing reacts with hydrogen and regenerate.In one embodiment, reactor includes moving-burden bed reactor, and it can further comprise Fluidized reactor part, wherein reactant are constantly provided and accessory substance is removed and regenerates and be back to reactor.At one In embodiment, compared with low energy hydrogen product (such as fraction Hydrides compound or double fraction hydrogen molecules) with reactant Regenerate and be collected.Moreover, fraction hydrogen hydride ion is formed as other compounds or is converted into during the regeneration of reactant Double fraction hydrogen molecules.

Reactor can also include separator, and the separator can for example be divided by the evaporation of solvent (if there is solvent) From the component of product mixtures.Separator can for example include being used to carry out mechanically decoupled by physical property such as size difference Sieve.Separator can also be the separator of the density variation of the component using mixture, such as cyclone separator.For example, base It can be separated selected from carbon, metal in the density variation in appropriate medium (such as stress inert gas) and by centrifugal force At least two in the group of (such as Eu) and mineral products (such as KBr).The separation of component can also be based on dielectric constant and chargeability Difference.For example, can based on apply electrostatic charge to carbon and it is removed from mixture using electric field come by carbon from metal Separation.When one or more components of mixture are magnetic, magnet can be used to realize separation.Mixture can be independent Serial kicker magnet or serial kicker magnet with being stirred above the combination of one or more sieves, with based on magnetic-particle for magnetic The relatively strong of body is adhered to or attracts at least one of size difference with two class particles and cause separation.Utilizing what is sieved and apply In one embodiment in magnetic field, the magnetic field applied is that gravity adds additional force, is passed through with drawing less magnetic-particle Sieve, and other particles of mixture are retained on sieve because its size is larger.

Reactor can also include based on different phase transformation or reaction the separator for separating one or more components.One In individual embodiment, phase transformation comprising being melted using heater, the filtering that is aided in by such as gravity filtration, using gas-pressurized, from The heart separates and liquid is separated from solid by methods known in the art such as application vacuum.Reaction can include decomposing (such as hydrogen Compound decompose) or formed hydride reaction, and separate can be respectively by melting corresponding metal and then it being carried out Separate and realized by mechanically decoupled hydride powder.The latter can be realized by sieving.In one embodiment, phase Change or reaction can produce desired reactant or intermediate.In some embodiments, including any desired separation The regeneration of step can occur inside or outside reactor.

Other method well known by persons skilled in the art can be used for the separation of the present invention by using normal experiment.It is logical Often, it is mechanically decoupled to be divided into four groups：Sedimentation, centrifugation, filtering and screening.In one embodiment, the separation of particle It can be obtained by screening and using at least one of grader.Can be selected in parent material the size and dimension of particle with Obtain desired product separation.

Dynamical system can further comprise catalyst condenser with by by surface temperature control less than reaction tank temperature The temperature control of value maintain catalyst vapor pressure.Surface temperature, which is maintained at, can provide the phase of desired catalyst vapor pressure Prestige value.In one embodiment, catalyst condenser is the pipe grid in pond.In the embodiment with heat exchanger, pass The flow velocity of thermal medium is controlled to condenser in the desired speed than main heat exchanger lower temperature.One In individual embodiment, working media is that the flow velocity at water, and condenser is higher than flow velocity at waterwall, so that condenser is in relatively low , desired temperature.The working media stream of separation can be remixed and be transported for space and process heating or for converting For steam.

The pond of the present invention includes catalysts disclosed herein, reactant mixture, method and system, and reaction is served as in wherein pond Device and at least one component activating, trigger, increase and/or maintenance reaction and regenerate reactant.According to the present invention, pond is included At least one catalyst or catalyst source, at least one atom hydrogen source and container.The electrolytic cell energy response device of the present invention is (as altogether Brilliant salt electrolytic cell), plasma electrolysis reactor, isolation electrode reactor, RF plasma reactors, gas-pressurized energy it is anti- Answer device, gas discharge energy reactor (preferred pulse electric discharge, more preferably pulse pinch plasma discharge), microwave pond energy anti- Device and glow discharge pond and the combination of microwave and/or RF plasma reactors is answered to include：Hydrogen source；A kind of solid-state, melting , liquid and multiphase catalyst source or reactant, it is passed through anti-between reactant with any one of these states Should come cause fraction hydrogen react；The container of hydrogen and catalyst containing reactant or is at least had, wherein forming the hydrogen compared with low energy Reaction occur by the way that hydrogen is contacted with catalyst or occur by the reaction of the catalyst such as such as M or MH (M is alkali metal)； And optionally for the component that will be removed compared with the hydrogen product of low energy.In one embodiment, promoted by oxidation reaction Enter the reaction to form the hydrogen compared with lower state.Oxidation reaction can be in the following manner at least one to form fraction hydrogen to improve Reaction speed：Receive the electronics from catalyst and neutralize highly charged formed by the energy from atomic hydrogen by receiving Cation.Therefore, these ponds can be operated in the way of providing this kinds of oxidation reaction.In one embodiment, electrolytic cell or Plasma pond can anode provide oxidation reaction, wherein by such as sputter etc. method offer hydrogen and catalyst reaction, with Fraction hydrogen is formed by participating in oxidation reaction.In another embodiment, pond includes earth conductor, such as can also be in higher The filament of temperature.Filament can be powered.Such as filament conductor can be relative to the powered floating in pond.In one embodiment, As the heat conductors such as filament can boil except (boil off) electronics and serve as by catalyst ionize out electronics ground wire.Boiling is removed Electronics can neutralize the catalyst of ionization.In one embodiment, pond also include magnet so that ionization electronic migration from The catalyst of ionization is opened, so as to improve the speed of fraction hydrogen reaction.

H can be with carrying out Na freely²⁺And K³⁺Etc. the formation of catalyst ion electron reaction and it is stable each other.H can be by H₂ Reaction with dissociation agent is formed.In one embodiment, such as the agent of Pt/Ti hydrogen dissociation such as NaH Mg TiC, NaH will be added to MgH₂TiC、KH Mg TiC、KH MgH₂TiC、NaH Mg H₂With KH Mg H₂Deng in reactant.Furthermore it is possible to by pond H is produced using such as hot filament such as Pt or W filaments.Such as He inert gases can be added to increase hydrogen by increasing H half-life period Atomic particle number is for restructuring.Many gas atoms have high electron affinity, and it is clear to may act as the electronics of catalyst ionization Except agent.In one embodiment, one or more atoms are provided reactant mixture.In one embodiment, hot filament The atom is provided.It is (being electron affinity in bracket) by the appropriate metal and element of heating evaporation：Li(0.62eV)、Na (0.55eV)、Al(0.43eV)、K(0.50eV)、V(0.53eV)、Cr(0.67eV)、Co(0.66eV)、Ni(1.16eV)、Cu (1.24eV)、Ga(0.43eV)、Ge(1.23eV)、Se(2.02eV)、Rb(0.49eV)、Y(0.30eV)、Nb(0.89eV)、Mo (0.75eV)、Tc(0.55eV)、Ru(1.05eV)、Rh(1.14eV)、Pd(0.56eV)、Ag(1.30eV)、In(0.3eV)、Sn (1.11eV)、Sb(1.05eV)、Te(1.97eV)、Cs(0.47eV)、La(0.47eV)、Ce(0.96eV)、Pr(0.96eV)、Eu (0.86eV)、Tm(1.03eV)、W(0.82eV)、Os(1.1eV)、Ir(1.56eV)、Pt(2.13eV)、Au(2.31eV)、Bi (0.94eV).Diatomic has similar electron affinity with more atom species and is also suitable electricity in many cases Sub- acceptor.Suitable diatomic electron acceptor is Na₂(0.43eV) and K₂(0.497eV), it is gaseous Na and K main shape Formula.

Mg will not form stable anion (electron affinity EA=0eV).Therefore, it may act as central electron acceptor. Mg can serve as the reactant of the formation fraction hydrogen in mixture, source (such as KH or NaH) of the mixture comprising catalyst and H With at least two in reducing agent, such as the TiC carriers and such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth halide oxidant such as such as alkaline-earth metal Kind.Other atoms of stable anion, which can not be formed, can also serve as intermediate to receive the electronics from ionized catalyst. Electronics can be transferred to by the ion as formed by H energy transfers.Electronics can also be transferred to oxidant.Suitably have The metal of 0eV electron affinity is Zn, Cd and Hg.

In one embodiment, reactant includes catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as NaH or KH), optionally gone back Former agent (such as alkaline-earth metal or hydride (such as Mg and MgH₂)), carrier (such as carbon, carbide or boride) and optional oxidant (such as metal halide or hydride).Suitable carbon, carbide and boride are carbon black, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、 YC₂、TaC、Mo₂C、SiC、WC、C、B₄C、HfC、Cr₃C₂、ZrC、CrB₂、VC、ZrB₂, NbC and TiB₂.In one embodiment, Reactant mixture and electrode contact, the electronics that the electrode conduction is ionized from catalyst.Electrode can be pond body.Electrode can be wrapped Electric conductor containing high surface area, such as stainless steel wool.It can pass through such as metal carbides (such as TiC) electric conductivity to the conduction of electrode Carrier is carried out.Electrode can carry positive bias, it is possible to further be connected with the counterelectrode (such as center line electrode) in pond.Anti- electricity Extremely can be with reactants separate, it is possible to further provide return path for the electric current that is conducted by the first positive bias electrode.Return Telegram in reply stream can contain anion.The anion may be formed by the reduction to electrode.Anion can include Atom or diatomic alkali metal anionic, such as Na^-、K^-、Na₂ ^-And K₂ ^-.Can be by the way that pond be maintained at into higher temperature (e.g., from about 300 DEG C~1000 DEG C) form and keep metallic vapour (such as Na by metal or hydride (such as NaH or KH)₂Or K₂).Anion The H formed by atomic hydrogen can also be included^-.Reduction rate can be improved by using the electrode with high surface area.At one In embodiment, pond can include such as chemical dissociation agent (such as Pt/Ti) chemical dissociation agent, filament or exhaust apparatus.Electrode, from Solution agent or filament usually contain electron emitter such as gaseous material material is reduced into ion.By coating, electricity can be made Sub- emitter turns into more effective electron source.The emitter of appropriate coating be apply thorium W or Sr or Ba doping metals electrode or Filament.Using the external power source for limiting electric current, the electric discharge of lower-wattage can be kept between the electrodes.

In one embodiment of liquid fuel within battery, the pond is run in following temperature, wherein just compared with the power of pond Make the power of solvent reclamation for, the decomposition rate of solvent is insignificant.In the case, the temperature is less than and can led to Temperature when more conventional approach (such as utilizing those methods of steam circulation) obtains satisfied power-conversion efficiency is crossed, can be with Use more lower boiling working media.In another embodiment, the temperature of working media can be raised using heat pump.Cause This, can supply to space and process heating, wherein utilizing such as heat pump using in the power pond of the temperature operation higher than environment The temperature for making working media Deng component is raised.With the abundant rise of temperature, it may appear that the phase transformation of liquid to gas, and gas It can be used to do pressure volume (PV) work(.PV work(can include generator is provided power to generate electricity.Then medium can be condensed, and And the working media of condensation can be back to reactor cell, to be reheated and recycle in power loop.

In an embodiment of reactor, the heterogeneous catalysis agent composition comprising liquid phase and solid phase flows through reaction Device.The flowing can be realized by pumping.Mixture can be slurry.Mixture can be heated in hot-zone to cause hydrogen to be urged Fractionize hydrogen, so that heat release is to maintain the hot-zone.Product can flow out hot-zone, and reaction-ure mixture can be by product again It is raw.In another embodiment, at least one solid of multiphase mixture can be fed by gravity and flow into reactor.It is molten Agent can flow into reactor dividually or with one or more solid compositions.Reactant mixture can include by dissociation agent, At least one of group of high surface area (HSA) material, R-Ni, Ni, NaH, Na, NaOH and solvent composition.

In one embodiment, one or more reactants (preferably halogen source, halogen gas, oxygen source or solvent) are noted In the mixture for entering other reactants.The control injection, to optimize the excessive energy from the formation reaction of fraction hydrogen and move Power.The temperature in pond and the speed of injection are to realize optimization when can control injection.Using known to process engineering art personnel Method, other technological parameters and mixing can be controlled to realize further optimization.

For power-conversion, any known converter that each pond type can be with heat energy or plasma to mechanically or electrically power Connect, the converter includes such as heat engine, steam or gas turbine system, Stirling-electric hybrid or thermion converter or heat Electric converter.Other plasma converters include Magnetic Mirror Magnetohydrodynamic dynamics generator, plasma dynamics power and turned Change device, gyrotron, photon bunching microwave generator, electric charge to vacillate power or photovoltaic converter.In an embodiment In, pond includes at least one cylinder of internal-combustion engine.

III. hydrogen pond and solid, liquid and multiphase fuel reactor

According to an embodiment of the invention, the reactor for producing fraction hydrogen and power can be using reactor cell Form.The reactor of the present invention is shown in Figure 3.Reactant fraction hydrogen using the catalytic reaction of catalyst by being provided.Catalysis can be sent out Life is in the gas phase or in solid-state or liquid.

Fig. 3 reactor include with can accommodate vacuum or more than atmospheric pressure pressure chamber 260 reaction vessel 261.Hydrogen is delivered to the chamber by the hydrogen source 262 connected with chamber 260 by hydrogen service duct 264.Controller 263 is placed To control pressure and flow by hydrogen service duct 264 into the hydrogen of container.Pressure in the monitoring container of pressure inductor 265 Power.Vavuum pump 266 is used by vacuum line 267 and empties the chamber.

In one embodiment, catalysis occurs in the gas phase.Catalyst can be by being maintained at higher temperature by pond temperature Spend (it determines the vapour pressure of catalyst in turn) and be changed into gaseous.The hydrogen reactant of atom and/or molecule is also maintained Can be in the desired pressure in any pressure limit.In one embodiment, pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, preferably in about 10 person of outstanding talent's supports In the range of~about 100 supports.In another embodiment, pressure is by by catalyst source (such as source metal) and corresponding hydrogen The mixture of compound (such as metal hydride), which is maintained at, to be maintained in the pond of desired operation temperature to determine.

Suitable catalyst source 268 for producing fraction hydrogen atom can be placed in catalyst reservoir 269, and is led to Heating is crossed to form gaseous catalyst.Reaction vessel 261, which has, to be used to transport gaseous catalyst from catalyst reservoir 269 Deliver to the catalyst service duct 270 of reative cell 260.Alternatively, catalyst can be placed in reaction vessel In the chemically-resistant thing open containers (such as open ware (boat)) in portion.

Hydrogen source can be hydrogen and molecular hydrogen.Hydrogen can dissociate into atomic hydrogen by molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst.This dissociation Catalyst or dissociation agent include the noble metal on such as Raney's nickel (R-Ni), noble metal and carrier.Noble metal can be Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir and Rh, and carrier can be Ti, Nb, Al₂O₃、SiO₂At least one of and combinations thereof.Other dissociation agent have comprising hydrogen Overflow on the carbon of catalyst that Pd, nickel fiber mat, Pd pieces, Ti are continuous on Pt or carbon, be electroplate with Pt or Pd Ti or Ni be continuous or pad, TiH, Pt is black and Pd is black, refractory metal (such as molybdenum and tungsten), transition metal (such as nickel and titanium), inner transition element (such as niobium and zirconium) with And other such materials well known by persons skilled in the art.In one embodiment, hydrogen is dissociated on Pt or Pd.Pt or Pd can It is applied to carrier material such as titanium or Al₂O₃On.In another embodiment, dissociation agent is refractory metal such as tungsten and molybdenum, And the material dissociated can be maintained elevated temperature by temperature-controlling module 271, temperature-controlling module 271 can be using such as in figure The form of heating coil in 3 shown in cross section.Heating coil is powered by power supply 272.Preferably, the material of dissociation is maintained Operation temperature in pond.Dissociation agent can also work more efficiently to be dissociated in the temperature higher than pond temperature, and higher Temperature can avoid catalyst from being condensed in dissociation agent.Hydrogen dissociation agent can also pass through hot filament (for example powered by power supply 274 273) To provide.

In one embodiment, occur hydrogen to dissociate so that the hydrogen atom of dissociation contacts to produce fraction with gaseous catalyst Hydrogen atom.The temperature of catalyst reservoir 269 is controlled by using the catalyst reservoir heater 275 powered by power supply 276, Catalyst vapor pressure is maintained into desired pressure.When catalyst is placed in the open ware of inside reactor, pass through control Catalyst vapor pressure is maintained desired value by the temperature (by the power supply for adjusting open ware) of the open ware of catalyst processed.By by The heating coil 271 that power supply 272 is powered can be by pond temperature control system in desired operating temperature.Pond (being referred to as osmotic cell) may also include Internal-response room 260 and outside hydrogen reservoir 277, so as to be supplied hydrogen by making hydrogen diffuse through the wall 278 of two Room of separation To the pond.Wall temperature can be controlled to control the speed of diffusion with heater.The speed of diffusion can be by controlling in hydrogen reservoir The pressure of hydrogen is further controlled.

In order to which catalyst pressure is maintained into desired level, it can be sealed with the osmotic cell as hydrogen source.As another A kind of outer selection, pond is additionally included in each entrance or the high-temperature valve in exit so that the valve of haptoreaction admixture of gas is tieed up Hold in desired temperature.Pond can further comprise absorbent or trap 279 with optionally collect compared with low energy hydrogen material and/or With reference to the increased hydrogen compound of energy, and the selective valve 280 for discharging double fraction hydrogen products can be further comprised.

In one embodiment, such as solid fuel or the reactant of heterogeneous catalyst fuel mixture 281 are by making Reacted in the container 260 heated with heater 271.Such as at least one exothermic reactant (preferably with quick dynamics) is entered The reactant of one step addition by container 282 can flow into pond 260 by control valve 283 and connector 284.The reactant added Can be halogen source, halogen, oxygen source or solvent.Reactant 281 can include and the material of the reactant reaction added.Example Such as, halogen can be added to form halide with reactant 281, or can add oxygen source form oxidation to reactant 281 Thing.

Catalyst can be at least one of group of atom lithium, potassium or caesium, NaH molecules, 2H and fraction hydrogen atom, wherein Catalytic reaction includes disproportionated reaction.Lithium catalyst can be become into gaseous state by the way that pond temperature is maintained into about 500 DEG C~1000 DEG C. Preferably, pond is maintained at about 500 DEG C~750 DEG C.Pond pressure can be maintained below atmospheric pressure, preferably about 10 person of outstanding talent support~about 100 supports.Most preferably, at least one in the pressure of catalyst pressure and hydrogen is by by catalyst metals and corresponding hydride The mixture of (such as lithium and lithium hydride, potassium and hydrofining, sodium and sodium hydride and caesium and cesium hydride), which is maintained, is held in expectation Operation temperature pond in determine.Catalyst in gas phase may include lithium atom or lithium metal source from metal.It is preferred that Ground, lithium catalyst be maintained at by the lithium metal of operation temperature and the mixture of lithium hydride in about 500 DEG C~1000 DEG C Lai The pressure of determination, and it is highly preferred that pressure is determined when pond is in 500 DEG C~750 DEG C of operation temperature.In other implementations In mode, K, Cs and Na substitution Li, wherein catalyst is atom K, atom Cs and molecule NaH.

In an embodiment of the gas pond reactor including catalyst reservoir or open ware, gaseous Na, NaH are urged Agent or such as Li, K and Cs steam gaseous catalyst be maintained in pond relative to the reservoir as pond vapor source or The state overheated for steam in open ware.In one embodiment, the steam of overheat reduces catalyst institute below Condensation in disclosed hydrogen dissociation agent or the dissociation agent of at least one of metal and metal hydride molecule.Including Li conducts In the embodiment of catalyst from reservoir or open ware, reservoir or open ware are maintained at the temperature that Li evaporates.H₂ The pressure of following pressure can be maintained below：The LiH of notable molar fraction can be formed in the pressure and reservoir temperature.Reach The pressure and temperature of this condition can be from H at given thermoisopleth known in the art₂The data of pressure correspondence LiH molar fractions Figure is determined.In one embodiment, in higher pond reative cell of the temperature operation containing dissociation agent so that Li not in wall or Dissociate and condensed in agent.H₂Pond can be flow to from reservoir to increase transport catalyst speed.Flowing (for example from catalyst reservoir to Pond is then out the flowing in pond) it is to remove fraction hydrogen product to avoid the method that fraction hydrogen Product inhibiton reacts.In other realities Apply in mode, K, Cs and Na substitution Li, wherein catalyst is atom K, atom Cs and molecule NaH.

Hydrogen is supplied to reaction from hydrogen source.For example, hydrogen is supplied by the infiltration from hydrogen reservoir.The pressure of hydrogen reservoir can Think 10 support~10,000 supports, the support of preferably 100 supports~1000, and be most preferably from about atmospheric pressure.Can be about in temperature Pond is operated at 100 DEG C~3000 DEG C, preferably from about 100 DEG C~1500 DEG C and most preferably about 500 DEG C~800 DEG C.

Hydrogen source may be from the decomposition of added hydride.By permeating supply H₂Pond design be it is a kind of include being placed in it is close The pond design of the interior metal hydride sealed in container, wherein atom H goes out in seeping at high temperature.The container can containing Pd, Ni, Ti or Nb.In one embodiment, hydride is placed in the seal pipe containing hydride (such as Nb pipes) and two End sealer (such as Swagelocks) sealing.In the case of sealedly, hydride can be alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal hydrogen Compound.Alternatively, in the case of this case and internal hydride reagent, hydride can be saloid type Hydride (saline hydride), titanium hydride, vanadium, niobium and tantalum hydride, zirconium and hafnium hydride, rare earth metal hydride, At least one of yttrium and scandium hydride, transition elements hydride, the hydride of intermetallic and their group of alloy.

In one embodiment, with the operation temperature (± 200 DEG C) based on every kind of hydride decomposition temperature Hydride is selected from least one of list below：

Rare earth hydride with about 800 DEG C of operation temperature, the lanthanum hydride with about 700 DEG C of operation temperatures, tool There are the gadolinium hydride of about 750 DEG C of operation temperature, the neodymium hydride with about 750 DEG C of operation temperatures, with about 800 DEG C of behaviour Make the yttrium hydride of temperature, the scandium hydride with about 800 DEG C of operation temperatures, with about 850 DEG C~900 DEG C of operation temperatures Ytterbium hydride, the titanium hydride with about 450 DEG C of operation temperatures, the cerium hydride with about 950 DEG C of operation temperatures, tool Have the praseodymium hydride of about 700 DEG C of operation temperature, zirconium-titanium (50%/50%) hydride with about 600 DEG C of operation temperatures, Alkali metal with about 450 DEG C of operation temperature/alkali metal hydride mixture (such as Rb/RbH or K/KH) and with about The alkaline-earth metal of 900 DEG C~1000 DEG C of operation temperature/alkaline earth metal hydride mixture (such as Ba/BaH₂)。

It can include diatomic covalent molecule in gaseous metal.It is an object of the present invention to provide catalyst atom Such as Li and K and Cs.Therefore, reactor can further comprise in metallic molecule (" MM ") and metal hydride molecule (" MH ") At least one dissociation agent.Preferably, catalyst source, H₂(wherein M is atom catalysis for source and MM, MH and HH dissociation agent Agent) match to operate under the conditions of the desired pond such as such as temperature and reactant concentration.Using H₂In the case of hydride source, In one embodiment, its decomposition temperature is within the temperature range of desired catalyst vapor pressure is produced.In hydrogen source from hydrogen In the case that reservoir permeates to reative cell, the catalyst source for being preferably used in ongoing operation is Sr and Li metals, because its is each From vapour pressure infiltration occur temperature can be in the expected range of 0.01 support to 100 supports.In other realities of osmotic cell Apply in mode, pond is allowing the hot operation of infiltration, pond temperature is reduced to the vapour pressure maintenance of volatile catalyst afterwards In the temperature of desired pressure.

In the embodiment of gas cell, dissociation agent, which is included from source, produces catalyst and H component.Surface catalyst (example Such as Pt or Pd, iridium or single rhodium on Ti or the rhodium on base material (such as Ti)) it may also function as catalyst and hydrogen original The effect of the dissociation agent of the molecule of the combination of son.Preferably, dissociation agent has high surface area, such as Pt/Al₂O₃Or Pd/Al₂O₃。

H₂Source can also be H₂Gas.In this embodiment, pressure can be monitored and control.Using catalyst and Catalyst source (difference such as K or Cs metals and LiNH₂) when this is possible because they have volatility in low temperature so that Allow to use high-temperature valve.LiNH₂Also reduce the required operation temperature in Li ponds and corrosivity be lower, this filament as hydrogen from Allow to carry out long period of operation when using feedthrough (feed through) in the case of the plasma of solution device and filament pond.

Include with NaH as the other embodiment of the gas cell hydrogen reactor of catalyst in filament and reactor cell Dissociation agent and reservoir in Na.H₂Main chamber can be flow to via reservoir.Power can be by controlling gas flow rate, H₂Pressure Controlled with Na vapour pressures.The latter can be controlled by controlling reservoir temperature.In another embodiment, fraction hydrogen reacts There is provided by using external heater heating come start and atom H by dissociation agent.

Reactant mixture can be stirred by means known in the art (such as mechanical agitation or mixing).Stirring system can With including one or individual PZT (piezoelectric transducer).Each PZT (piezoelectric transducer) can provide ultrasonic agitation.Reaction tank can be vibrated, and also Containing the agitating element such as such as stainless steel ball or tungsten ball, it is vibrated with stirring reaction mixture.In another embodiment, it is mechanical Stirring includes ball milling.Reactant can also be using these methods, preferably by ball milling come mixed reactant.Mixing It can be carried out by such as Aerodynamic Method such as sputtering.

In one embodiment, catalyst by mechanical agitation (for example using the vibration of agitating element, ultrasonic agitation and At least one of ball milling) and formed.The extruding of mechanical shock or sound wave (such as ultrasound) can cause reactant reaction or Physical change, so as to cause the formation of catalyst (preferably NaH molecules).Reaction-ure mixture can be included or can not included molten Agent.Reactant can be solid, such as solid NaH, and it is either mechanically agitated to form NaH molecules.Alternatively, react Mixture can include liquid.Mixture can have at least one Na materials.Na materials can be the component of liquid mixture, Or it may be in solution.In one embodiment, by high-speed stirred metal in such as ether, hydrocarbon, fluorohydrocarbon, aromatic series Solvent or suspension in heterocyclic aromatic solvent equal solvent and make sodium metal dispersion.Solvent temperature can be remained just high In the fusing point of metal.

IV. fuel type

An embodiment of the invention is directed to a kind of fuel for the reactant mixture for comprising at least hydrogen source and catalyst source, The catalyst source supports the catalytic reaction of the fraction hydrogen of hydrogen formation gas phase, liquid phase and solid phase or possible mixed phase.This paper institutes What is provided is also reactant and the reaction of the multiphase fuel comprising mixed phase suitable for solid and the reactant of liquid fuel and reaction.

In some embodiments, it is an object of the present invention to provide catalyst atom (such as Li and K and Cs) and point Muonic catalysis agent NaH.Metal formation diatomic covalent molecule.Therefore, in solid fuel, liquid fuel and multiphase fuel embodiment In, reactant includes alloy, compound, compound material resource, mixture, suspension and solution, and the reactant can be used reversibly Metallic catalyst M is formed and is decomposed or react to provide such as Li or NaH catalyst.In another embodiment, catalyst At least one of source and atom hydrogen source are also comprising at least one reactant, and it reacts to be formed in catalyst and atomic hydrogen extremely Few one kind.In another embodiment, reactant mixture comprising NaH catalyst or NaH catalyst sources or such as Li or K other Catalyst, they can be formed by the reaction of one or more reactants or the material of reactant mixture, or can be led to Cross physical transformations and formed.The conversion can be the solvation carried out using appropriate solvent.

Reactant mixture can also support catalytic reaction on the surface comprising solid.Catalyst or such as NaH catalysis Agent source can be coated on the surface.Coating can will such as activated carbon, TiC, WC, R-Ni by using methods such as such as ball millings Carrier mixes to realize with NaH.Reactant mixture can include heterogeneous catalyst or heterogeneous catalyst source.In an embodiment In, by leading wetting (preferably by using aprotic solvent such as such as ethers), such as NaH catalyst is coated in such as activity On the carrier such as charcoal, TiC, WC or polymer.Carrier can also include inorganic compound such as alkali halide, preferably NaF with HNaF₂At least one of, wherein NaH serves as catalyst and using containing fluorous solvent.

In one embodiment of liquid fuel within, reactant mixture includes catalyst source, catalyst, hydrogen source and catalyst With at least one of solvent.In another embodiment, solid fuel of the invention and liquid fuel also include the two Combination, and and then also comprising gas phase.The catalysis that such as catalyst and atomic hydrogen and its source reactant are in multiphase is referred to as multiphase Reactant mixture, and fuel is referred to as multiphase fuel.Therefore, fuel comprising it is at least one carry out to fraction hydrogen (state by Equation (35) is provided) hydrogen source of transition and cause transition catalyst reactant mixture, the reactant of the reactant mixture At least one be in liquid phase, solid phase and gas phase in.It is usual at this using the catalysis that out of phase catalyst is in reactant It is referred to as heterogeneous catalysis in field, the heterogeneous catalysis is an embodiment of the invention.Heterogeneous catalysis is provided for thereon The surface chemically reacted, and including embodiments of the present invention.It is given in this article suitable for the anti-of solid and liquid fuel Answer reactant and reaction that thing and reaction are also multiphase fuel.

For any fuel of the present invention, by methods such as such as mechanical mixtures or by ball milling, it will can urge Agent or catalyst source (such as NaH) are mixed with the other components (such as carrier (such as HSA materials)) of reactant mixture.In all situations Extra hydrogen can be added down, and fraction hydrogen is formed with maintenance reaction.Hydrogen may be at any desired pressure, preferably 0.1 Atmospheric pressure~200 atmospheric pressure.Alternative hydrogen source includes NH₄X (X is anion, preferably halide), NaBH₄、NaAlH₄, borine With metal hydride (such as alkali metal hydride, alkaline earth metal hydride (preferably MgH₂) and rare earth metal hydride (preferably LaH₂ And GdH₂)) at least one of group.

A. carrier

In some embodiments, solid of the invention, liquid and multiphase fuel include carrier.Carrier include specifically designed for The property of its function.For example, when carrier plays a part of electron acceptor or conduit, carrier is preferably electric conductivity.In addition, working as During support dispersion reactant, carrier preferably has high surface area.In the case of the former, such as HSA carriers carrier can be included Electric conductive polymer, such as activated carbon, graphene and can be macromolecular polycyclic heteroaryl aromatic hydrocarbon.Carbon can preferably comprise activity Charcoal (AC), but it is also possible to comprising other forms, such as microporous carbon, vitreous carbon, coke, graphitic carbon, with dissociation agent metal (such as Pt or Pd, wherein weight % are the weight % of 0.1 weight %~5) carbon, the transition with preferably 1~10 carbon-coating (more preferably 3 layers) Metal dust and the carbon (preferably nanometer powder) of metal or alloy coating such as transition metal are (preferably in Ni, Co and Mn at least It is a kind of) carbon of coating.Intercalation can be used as with carbon insertion metal.When the metal being inserted into is Na and catalyst is NaH, preferably Na intercalations are saturations.Preferably, carrier has high surface area.The common organic conductive polymer classification that may act as carrier is poly- (acetylene), poly- (pyrroles), poly- (thiophene), poly- (aniline), poly- (fluorenes), poly- (3- alkylthrophenes), poly- tetrathiafulvalene, poly- naphthalene, poly- At least one of group of (to diphenyl sulfide) and poly- (to styrene).The polymer of these linear backbones such as polyacetylene, polyaniline Deng being considered as generally " atrament (black) " or " melanin (melanin) " in the art.Carrier can be that mixing is common One of polymers, such as polyacetylene, polypyrrole and polyaniline.Preferably, conducting polymer support is polyacetylene, polyaniline and polypyrrole At least one of common derivative.Other carriers include the other elements in addition to carbon, such as conductive polymer poly nitridation sulphur ((S-N)_x)。

In another embodiment, carrier is semiconductor.Carrier can be IV races element, such as carbon, silicon, germanium and α-ash Tin.In addition to the element materials such as such as silicon and germanium, semiconductor carrier also includes such as GaAs and indium phosphide compound-material, or Such as SiGe or aluminium arsenide alloy.In one embodiment, can by added in crystal growth it is a small amount of (such as 1ppm~ 10ppm) such as boron or phosphorus dopant and strengthen the electric conductivity of such as silicon and germanium crystal material.Doped semiconductor can be ground Clay into power to serve as carrier.

In some embodiments, HSA carriers are metal, such as transition metal, noble metal, intermetallic compound, rare earth, actinium System, lanthanide series, preferably La, Pr, Nd and Sm, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, metalloid, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and comprising in the group Alloy (such as lanthanum alloy, the preferably LaNi of at least two metals or element₅And Y-Ni) in one kind.Carrier can be as Pt, Pd (Pt/Ti on Pt or titanium at least one of Pd, Au, Ir and Rh noble metal, or noble metal such as titanium on carrier Or Pd/Ti).

In other embodiments, HSA materials include at least one of following material：Cubic boron nitride, six side's nitrogen Change boron, buergerite boron nitride powder, heterogeneous diamond, boron nitride nano-tube, silicon nitride, aluminium nitride, titanium nitride (TiN), nitridation Titanium aluminium (TiAlN), tungsten nitride, be coated with carbon metal or alloy (preferably nanometer powder) such as Co, Ni, Fe, Mn and other have It is preferred that the carbon that at least one of 1~10 carbon-coating and transition metal powders of more preferably 3 layers, metal or alloy are coated is (excellent Elect nanometer powder as) (carbon of at least one of such as preferred Ni, Co and Mn transition metal coating), carbide (be preferably powder End), beryllium oxide (BeO) powder, rare-earth oxide powder (such as La₂O₃、Zr₂O₃、Al₂O₃, sodium aluminate) and carbon (such as fowler Alkene, graphene or nanotube (preferably single wall)).

Carbide can include the one or more of following of bonding：Such as calcium carbide (CaC₂) etc. class salt form, such as carborundum And boron carbide (B (SiC)₄C or BC₃) etc. covalent compound and such as tungsten carbide interstitial compound.Carbide can be acetylide (such as Au₂C₂、ZnC₂And CdC₂) or methide (such as Be₂C, aluminium carbide (Al₄C₃)) and A₃(wherein A is mostly dilute for MC types carbide Soil or transition metal such as Sc, Y, La-Na, Gd-Lu, and M for metal or semimetal major element such as Al, Ge, In, Tl, Sn and Pb).HaveThe carbide of ion can include at least one of following carbide：Carbide(its cationic M^IIncluding one kind in alkali metal or coinage metal), carbide M^IIC₂(its cationic M^IIIncluding alkaline-earth metal) and preferred Carbide(its cationic M^IIIIncluding Al, La, Pr or Tb).Carbide can includeIon in addition, such as YC₂、TbC₂、YbC₂、UC₂、Ce₂C₃、Pr₂C₃And Tb₂C₃Ion in group.Carbide can include sesquialter carbide such as Mg₂C₃、 Sc₃C₄And Li₄C₃.Carbide can include double carbide double carbide as containing lanthanide series metal and transition metal, It can also include C₂Unit such as Ln₃M(C₂)₂(wherein M is Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os and Ir), Dy₁₂Mn₅C₁₅、Ln_3.67FeC₆、 Ln₃Mn(C₂)₂(Ln=Gd and Tb) and ScCrC₂.Carbide could also be from " centre " transition metal carbide (such as cementite (Fe₃C or FeC₂:Fe classification)).Carbide can be group of the lanthanides carbide (MC₂And M₂C₃) (such as lanthanum carbide (LaC₂Or La₂C₃)、 Yttrium carbide), actinium series carbide, transition metal carbide (such as scandium carbide, titanium carbide (TiC), vanadium carbide, chromium carbide, manganess carbide and Cobalt carbide, niobium carbide, molybdenum carbide, ramet, zirconium carbide and hafnium carbide) at least one of group.Other appropriate carbide Including Ln₂FeC₄、Sc₃CoC₄、Ln₃MC₄(M=Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir), Ln₃Mn₂C₆、Eu_3.16NiC₆、ScCrC₂、 Th₂NiC₂、Y₂ReC₂、Ln₁₂M₅C₁₅(M=Mn, Re), YCoC, Y₂ReC₂With at least one in other carbide known in the art Kind.

In one embodiment, carrier is conductive carbide such as TiC, TiCN, Ti₃SiC₂Or WC and HfC, Mo₂C、TaC、 YC₂、ZrC、Al₄C₃, SiC and B₄C.Other appropriate carbide include YC₂、TbC₂、YbC₂、LuC₂、Ce₂C₃、Pr₂C₃And Tb₂C₃。 Other appropriate carbide includes Ti₂AlC、V₂AlC、Cr₂AlC、Nb₂AlC、Ta₂AlC、Ti₂AlN、Ti₃AlC₂、Ti₄AlN₃、 Ti₂GaC、V₂GaC、Cr₂GaC、Nb₂GaC、Mo₂GaC、Ta₂GaC、Ti₂GaN、Cr₂GaN、V₂GaN、Sc₂InC、Ti₂InC、 Zr₂InC、Nb₂InC、Hf₂InC、Ti₂InN、Zr₂InN、Ti₂TlC、Zr₂TlC、Hf₂TlC、Zr₂TlN、Ti₃SiC₂、Ti₂GeC、 Cr₂GeC、Ti₃GeC₂、Ti₂SnC、Zr₂SnC、Nb₂SnC、Hf₂SnC、Hf₂SnN、Ti₂PbC、Zr₂PbC、Hf₂PbC、V₂PC、 Nb₂PC、V₂AsC、Nb₂AsC、Ti₂SC、Zr₂SC0.4 and Hf₂At least one of SC group.Carrier can be metal boride. Carrier or HSA materials can be boride, preferably conductive two-dimension netted boride such as MB₂(wherein M be metal such as Cr, Ti, Mg, Zr and Gd) (CrB₂、TiB₂、MgB₂、ZrB₂、GdB₂At least one of).

In the embodiment of a carbon-HSA material, Na is not inserted into carbon carrier, or not to be formed by being reacted with carbon Acetylide.In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source (preferably NaH) are not inserted into HSA materials (such as fullerene, carbon Nanotube and zeolite) in.HSA materials can also include graphite, graphene, diamond-like-carbon (DLC), hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HDLC), diamond dust, graphitic carbon, vitreous carbon and with other metals (such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Y, Pd and Pt) or including The carbon of the dopant of other elements, such as fluorohydrocarbon, preferably fluoro graphite, fluoro diamond or carbon tetrafluoride (C₄F).HSA materials Can be the metal or carbon of fluoride passivation, such as fluoride coating, or including fluoride (such as metal fluoride, preferably alkali Metal or alkali earth metal fluoride).

Suitable carrier with high surface area is activated carbon.Activated carbon can be activated by physically or chemically activating or Reactivation.Former activation can include carbonization or aoxidize, and latter activation can impregnate including the use of chemicals.

Reactant mixture can also include such as polymer support carrier.Polymer support can be selected from poly- (tetrafluoroethene) (such as TEFLON^TM), polyethylene ferrocene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyisoprene, poly- (amino phosphine nitrile), contain Polymer (such as polyethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol oxide and polypropylene glycol or PPOX) (preferred aryl groups ether), the polyethers of ether unit Polyalcohol (such as poly- (tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG, PolyTHF, " Terathane ", " poly- THF ")), polyvinyl alcohol contracting Formaldehyde and those polymer (such as polyethylene glycol oxide and PPOX) of reaction from epoxides.In an embodiment In, HSA is fluorine-containing.Carrier can be included in the group of fluorine-containing organic molecule, fluorohydrocarbon, fluoroalkyl compound and fluoro-ether extremely Few one kind.Exemplary fluorine-containing HSA is TEFLON^TM、TEFLON^TM- PFA, polyvinyl fluoride, PVF, poly- (vinylidene fluoride), inclined two Viton copolymers and perfluoroalkoxy.

B. solid fuel

Solid fuel include formed fraction hydrogen catalyst or catalyst source (as selected from LiH, Li, NaH, Na, KH, K, At least one of RbH, Rb and CsH catalyst), atom hydrogen source, and HSA carriers, absorbent, dispersant and other solidifications At least one of reactant is learned, other described solid chemical reaction things perform one or more following functions：(i) reactant leads to Cross and reacted (reaction between one or more components of such as reactant mixture) or by undergoing reactant mixture extremely Lack a kind of physically or chemically change of component and form catalyst or atomic hydrogen, and (ii) reactant triggers, growth and maintenance are urged Agent reacts to form fraction hydrogen.Pond pressure can be preferably from about 1 support~100 atmospheric pressure.Reaction temperature is preferably from about 100 DEG C ~900 DEG C.The many examples for the solid fuel that the present invention is provided (include the reaction of the liquid fuel (in addition to the solvents) containing solvent Mixture) it is not intended to carry out exclusive list.Based on the present invention, those skilled in the art are taught with other reactant mixtures.

Hydrogen source can include hydrogen or hydride and dissociation agent (such as Pt/Ti, hydrogenation state Pt/Ti, Pd, Pt or Ru/Al₂O₃、 Ni, Ti or Nb powder).It is at least a kind of in HSA carriers, absorbent and dispersant to include at least one in metal dust Kind, such as Ni, Ti or Nb powder, R-Ni, ZrO₂、Al₂O₃, NaX (X=F, Cl, Br, I), Na₂O, NaOH and Na₂CO₃.In a reality Apply in mode, metal catalytic NaH molecules are formed from such as source such as Na materials and H sources.Metal can be transition metal, noble metal, gold Compound, rare earth metal, lanthanide series metal and actinide metals between category, and such as aluminium and tin other metals.

C. fraction hydrogen reacting movable agent

The reaction of fraction hydrogen can be activated by one or more chemical reactions or trigger and increase.These reactions can have Several types, for example：(i) exothermic reaction, the exothermic reaction provides activation energy for the reaction of fraction hydrogen, (ii) coupling reaction, institute State coupling reaction and provide at least one of catalyst source or atomic hydrogen to support fraction hydrogen to react, (iii) radical reaction, institute State the acceptor that radical reaction serves as the electronics from catalyst in fraction hydrogen course of reaction in one embodiment, (iv) oxygen Change-reduction reaction, the redox reaction is served as in fraction hydrogen course of reaction from catalyst in one embodiment The acceptor of electronics, (v) exchange reaction such as includes halide, sulfide, hydride, arsenide, oxide, phosphide and nitridation The anion exchange that thing is exchanged, the exchange reaction promotes catalyst as its receiving is by atomic hydrogen in one embodiment The effect for forming the energy of fraction hydrogen and being ionized, and the fraction hydrogen of (vi) absorbent, carrier or Matrix-assisted react, described anti- At least one of following aspect be able to should be provided：The chemical environment of fraction hydrogen reaction is provided, plays transfer electronics to promote H The effect of catalyst function, carries out reversible transition or other physical changes or the change of its electronic state, and combine compared with low energy Hydrogen product to improve the degree or at least one of speed of the reaction of fraction hydrogen.In one embodiment, reactant mixture Comprising carrier, preferably conductive carrier, so that reaction can be activated.

In one embodiment, catalyst such as Li, K and NaH is played at full speed is formed by accelerating rate-limiting step The effect of fraction hydrogen, i.e., catalyst by receive come since atomic hydrogen formation fraction hydrogen non-radiation type Resonance energy transfer and During ionization de-electromation is removed from catalyst.By using carrier or HSA materials (such as activated carbon (AC), Pt/C, Pd/C, TiC or WC such as Li and K atoms and NaH molecule catalyst) are disperseed respectively, Li and K typical metal form can be converted into atom shape Formula, and NaH ionic species can be converted into molecular forms.Preferably, it is contemplated that in other materials with reactant mixture Surface during reaction is modified, and carrier has high surface area and electric conductivity.Atomic hydrogen transition is caused to form the reaction needs of fraction hydrogen Catalyst (such as Li, K or NaH) and atomic hydrogen, wherein NaH serve as the atom hydrogen source in catalyst and concerted reaction.By atomic hydrogen Reactions steps to the integral multiple 27.2eV of catalyst non-radiation type energy transfer produce the catalyst and free electron of ionization, It causes reaction to be terminated rapidly because of charge accumulation.Such as AC carriers can also serve as electric conductivity electron acceptor, and will final electricity Sub- receptor response thing (including oxidant, free radical or its source) is released added to reactant mixture with final remove by catalyst reaction The electronics put is to form fraction hydrogen.Furthermore it is possible to which reducing agent is added to reactant mixture to promote oxidation reaction.The electricity of collaboration Sub- receptor response is preferably exothermic reaction, with heating response thing and raising speed.The activation energy of reaction and growth can be by such as O₂Or CF₄With Mg or Al reaction etc. is quick, the oxidation of heat release or radical reaction are provided, wherein such as CF_xWith F and O₂And O Play a part of receiving the electronics from catalyst eventually through carriers such as such as AC Deng free radical.Other independent or combination oxygen Agent or radical source can be selected from O₂、O₃、N₂O、NF₃、M₂S₂O₈(M is alkali metal), S, CS₂And SO₂、MnI₂、EuBr₂、AgCl And the group of other materials provided in " electron acceptor reaction " part.

Preferably, oxidant receives at least two electronics.Respective anionic can beS^2-、(four thioxalic acid roots Anion),WithTwo electronics can be by the catalytic reaction such as such as NaH and Li (equation (25-27) and (37-39)) During the catalyst that ionizes twice receive.It is applied to all of the present invention to reactant mixture or reactor addition electron acceptor Pond embodiment, such as solid fuel and heterogeneous catalyst embodiment and electrolytic cell and plasma pond (such as glow discharge, RF, microwave and potential barrier-electrode plasma pond and the plasma electrolysis pond operated continuously in a pulsed mode).It will can also lead Charge carrier (preferably non-reacted) such as AC is added in the reactant of each these pond embodiment.Microwave plasma pond One embodiment includes hydrogen dissociator (such as in the metal surface of plasma chamber interior) to support hydrogen atom.

In embodiments, such as catalyst source, energy response source reactant mixture (as and oxygen source, halogen source and freedom At least one of Ji Yuan and metal, and carrier) material, the mixture of compound or material can be applied in combination.Reaction is mixed The compound of compound or the reactive element of material can also be applied in combination.For example, the source of fluorine or chlorine can be N_xF_yAnd N_xCl_y Mixture, or halogen can be with such as compound N_xF_yCl_rForm mixing.Combination can pass through those skilled in the art Normal experiment determine.

A. exothermic reaction

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes catalyst source or catalyst (at least one in such as NaH, K and Li Kind) and hydrogen source or hydrogen and at least one material for being reacted.The possible heat release of reaction greatly, and can have rapid power Learn, activation energy is provided to be the reaction of fraction hydrogen catalysis.Reaction can be oxidation reaction.Appropriate oxidation reaction is oxygenate Matter (such as solvent, preferably ether solvents) and metal are (in such as Al, Ti, Be, Si, P, rare earth metal, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions at least It is a kind of) reaction.It is highly preferred that exothermic reaction forms alkali metal or alkaline-earth halide (preferably MgF₂) or Al, Si, P and The halide of rare earth metal.Appropriate halide reaction be the material (such as solvent, preferably fluorinated hydrocarbon solvent) comprising halide with At least one of metal and metal hydride (at least one of such as Al, rare earth metal, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions) it is anti- Should.Metal or metal hydride can be catalyst or catalyst source, such as NaH, K or Li.Reactant mixture can comprise at least NaH And NaAlCl₄Or NaAlF₄, product NaCl is respectively and NaF.Reactant mixture can comprise at least NaH and containing fluorous solvent, product For NaF.

In general, the product for reacting fraction hydrogen the exothermic reaction for providing activation energy can be metal oxide or metal Halide (preferred fluorinated thing).Appropriate product is Al₂O₃、M₂O₃(M=rare earth metals), TiO₂、Ti₂O₃、SiO₂、PF₃Or PF₅、 AlF₃、MgF₂、MF₃(M=rare earth metals), NaF, NaHF₂、KF、KHF₂, LiF and LiHF₂.Ti carries out exothermic reaction wherein In one embodiment, catalyst is the Ti of the second ionization energy with 27.2eV (m=1 in equation (5))²⁺.Reactant mixture NaH, Na, NaNH can be included₂, NaOH, teflon, at least two in fluorohydrocarbon and Ti sources (such as Pt/Ti or Pd/Ti). Wherein Al is carried out in an embodiment of exothermic reaction, and catalyst is the AlH gone out given in table 2.Reactant mixture can be wrapped Containing NaH, Al, carbon dust, fluorohydrocarbon (preferably such as phenyl-hexafluoride or PF 5070 equal solvent), Na, NaOH, Li, LiH, K, KH and R-Ni In at least two.Preferably be reproduced there is provided the exothermic reaction products of activation energy is used to form fraction hydrogen and release to be formed The reactant of another circulation of corresponding power.Preferably, metal fluoride product is regenerated as metal and fluorine gas by being electrolysed. Electrolyte can include eutectic mixture.Metal can be hydrogenated and carbon product and any CH₄Can be by fluorine with hydrocarbon products Change to form initial metal hydride and fluorinated hydrocarbon solvent respectively.

In an embodiment of the exothermic reaction of activation fraction hydrogen transition reaction, rare earth metal (M), Al, Ti and Si At least one of group be oxidized to corresponding oxide, respectively such as M₂O₃、Al₂O₃、Ti₂O₃And SiO₂.Oxidant can be ether Solvent (such as 1,4- benzodioxans (BDO)) and can also include fluorocarbon (such as phenyl-hexafluoride (HFB) or PF 5070) with Accelerated oxidation is reacted.In an exemplary reaction, mixture comprising at least one of both NaH, activated carbon, Si and Ti with At least one of and both BDO and HFB.In the case of Si is as reducing agent, product SiO₂Pass through the H in high temperature₂Reduction can To be regenerated as Si, or by that can be regenerated with carbon reaction form Si and CO and CO₂.Form the reactant mixture of fraction hydrogen Some embodiments are comprising catalyst or catalyst source (such as at least one of Na, NaH, K, KH, Li and LiH), activation hydrogen Catalytic reaction is to form the exothermic reaction material resource or exothermic reactant (preferably with rapid kinetics) and carrier of fraction hydrogen.Put Thermal response thing can react to form the material of oxide comprising oxygen source and with oxygen.When x and y is integer, preferably oxygen source is H₂O、 O₂、H₂O₂、MnO₂, oxide, oxide (preferably CO or the CO of carbon₂), nitrogen oxide N_xO_y(such as N₂O and NO₂), the oxidation of sulphur Thing S_xO_y(preferably such as M₂S_xO_yOxides such as (M are alkali metal), it alternatively can make together with oxidation catalyst (such as silver ion) With), Cl_xO_ySuch as Cl₂O and ClO₂(it is preferred from NaClO₂), concentrated acid and its mixture (such as HNO₂、HNO₃、H₂SO₄、H₂SO₃、HCl (preferably, acid forms nitryl cation (NO with HF₂ ⁺)))、NaOCl、I_xO_y(preferably I₂O₅)、P_xO_y、S_xO_y, inorganic compound Oxo anion (such as nitrite, nitrate, chlorate, sulfate, phosphate), metal oxide (such as cobalt oxide) and catalysis The oxide or hydroxide (such as NaOH) and perchlorate (its cationic be as Na, K and Li catalyst source) of agent, have The oxygen-containing functional group of machine compound is (in such as ether, preferably dimethoxy-ethane, dioxane and Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-benzodioxane (BDO) One kind), and reactant species can be at least one of comprising rare earth metal (M), Al, Ti and Si group, and corresponding oxygen Compound is respectively M₂O₃、Al₂O₃、Ti₂O₃And SiO₂.Reactant species can include the oxide products of at least one of the following group Metal or element：Al₂O₃Aluminum oxide, La₂O₃Lanthana, MgO magnesia, Ti₂O₃Titanium oxide, Dy₂O₃Dysprosia, Er₂O₃Oxidation Erbium, Eu₂O₃Europium oxide, LiOH lithium hydroxides, Ho₂O₃Holimium oxide, Li₂O lithias, Lu₂O₃Luteium oxide, Nb₂O₅Niobium oxide, Nd₂O₃ Neodymia, SiO₂Silica, Pr₂O₃Praseodymium oxide, Sc₂O₃Scandium oxide, SrSiO₃Strontium silicate, Sm₂O₃Samarium oxide, Tb₂O₃Terbium oxide, Tm₂O₃Thulium oxide, Y₂O₃Yittrium oxide and Ta₂O₅Tantalum oxide, B₂O₃Boron oxide and zirconium oxide.Carrier can include carbon, preferably activity Charcoal.Metal or element can be Al, La, Mg, Ti, Dy, Er, Eu, Li, Ho, Lu, Nb, Nd, Si, Pr, Sc, Sr, Sm, Tb, Tm, At least one of Y, Ta, B, Zr, S, P, C and its hydride.

In another embodiment, oxygen source can be oxide (such as M₂O, wherein M are alkali metal, preferably Li₂O、Na₂O And K₂O), peroxide (such as M₂O₂, wherein M is alkali metal, preferably Li₂O₂、Na₂O₂And K₂O₂) and superoxides (such as MO₂, wherein M is alkali metal, preferably Li₂O₂、Na₂O₂And K₂O₂At least one of).Ion peroxide can also include Ca, Sr or Ba Ion peroxide.

In another embodiment, the oxygen source and exothermic reaction material resource of the catalytic reaction of H-shaped component number hydrogen are activated or is put At least a kind of one or more included in the following group in thermal response thing (preferably with rapid kinetics)：MNO₃、MNO、MNO₂、 M₃N、M₂NH、MNH₂、MX、NH₃、MBH₄、MAlH₄、M₃AlH₆、MOH、M₂S、MHS、MFeSi、M₂CO₃、MHCO₃、M₂SO₄、MHSO₄、 M₃PO₄、M₂HPO₄、MH₂PO₄、M₂MoO₄、MNbO₃、M₂B₄O₇(lithium tetraborate), MBO₂、M₂WO₄、MAlCl₄、MGaCl₄、M₂CrO₄、 M₂Cr₂O₇、M₂TiO₃、MZrO₃、MAlO₂、MCoO₂、MGaO₂、M₂GeO₃、MMn₂O₄、M₄SiO₄、M₂SiO₃、MTaO₃、MCuCl₄、 MPdCl₄、MVO₃、MIO₃、MFeO₂、MIO₄,MClO₄、MScO_n、MTiO_n、MVO_n、MCrO_n、MCr₂O_n、MMn₂O_n、MFeO_n、 MCoO_n、MNiO_n、MNi₂O_n、MCuO_nAnd MZnO_n(wherein M is Li, Na or K and n=1,2,3 or 4), oxo anion, strong acid Oxo anion, oxidant, molecular oxygen agent such as V₂O₃、I₂O₅、MnO₂、Re₂O₇、CrO₃、RuO₂、AgO、PdO、PdO₂、PtO、 PtO₂、I₂O₄、I₂O₅、I₂O₉、SO₂、SO₃、CO₂、N₂O、NO、NO₂、N₂O₃、N₂O₄、N₂O₅、Cl₂O、ClO₂、Cl₂O₃、Cl₂O₆、Cl₂O₇、 PO₂、P₂O₃And P₂O₅、NH₄(wherein X is nitrate anion or other appropriate anion known to those skilled in the art to X, such as comprising F^-、 Cl^-、Br^-、I^-、NO₃ ^-、NO₂ ^-、SO₄ ^2-、HSO₄ ^-、CoO₂ ^-、IO₃ ^-、IO₄ ^-、TiO₃ ^-、CrO₄ ^-、FeO₂ ^-、PO₄ ^3-、HPO₄ ^2-、H₂PO₄ ^-、 VO₃ ^-、ClO₄ ^-And Cr₂O₇ ^2-With one kind in the group of other anion of reactant).Reactant mixture can additionally comprise reduction Agent.In one embodiment, N₂O₅Formed by the reaction of the mixture of reactant, the mixture such as HNO of reactant₃And P₂O₅ (it is according to 2P₂O₅+12HNO₃To 4H₃PO₄+6N₂O₅Reaction).

In wherein oxygen or the oxygen containing compound of bag participate in an embodiment of exothermic reaction, O₂Catalyst can be served as Or catalyst source.The bond energy of oxygen molecule is 5.165eV, and first, second, and third ionization energy of oxygen atom is respectively 13.61806eV, 35.11730eV and 54.9355eV.React O₂→O+O²⁺、O₂→O+O³⁺With 2O → 2O⁺About 2,4 are provided respectively With 1 times of E_hNet enthalpy, and including by receiving to form the catalyst reaction of fraction hydrogen by the energy of H-shaped component number hydrogen.

In addition, the source of the exothermic reaction of activation fraction hydrogen reaction can be metal alloy formation reaction, preferably pass through melting Metal alloy formation reaction between Pd and Al that Al triggers.Exothermic reaction preferably produces high energy particle and formed with activating fraction hydrogen Reaction.Reactant can be pyrogen or pyrotechnic composition.In another embodiment, can be by very high temperature (such as at about 1000 DEG C~5000 DEG C, preferably from about 1500 DEG C~2500 DEG C) operates reactant and provides activation energy.Reaction vessel can To include high temperature stainless steel alloy, refractory metal or alloy, aluminum oxide or carbon.Higher temperature of charge can be anti-by heating Answer device or realized by exothermic reaction.

Exothermic reactant can include halogen (preferably fluorine or chlorine) and form fluoride or chlorination respectively with fluorine or chlorine reaction The material of thing.Appropriate Fluorine source is：Fluorocarbons, such as CF₄, phenyl-hexafluoride and PF 5070；Xenon fluoride, such as XeF₂、XeF₄With XeF₆；B_xX_y, preferably BF₃、B₂F₄、BCl₃Or BBr₃；SF_x, such as silicon fluoride；Nitrogen fluoride (N_xF_y), preferably NF₃、NF₃O；SbFx； BiF_x, preferably BiF₅；N_xCl_y, preferably NCl₃；S_xX_y, preferably SCl₂Or S_xF_y(X is halogen；X and y is integer), such as SF₄、SF₆Or S₂F₁₀；It is fluorinated phosphorus；M₂SiF₆(wherein M is alkali metal), such as Na₂SiF₆And K₂SiF₆；MSiF₆(wherein M is alkaline-earth metal), such as MgSiF₆、GaF₃、PF₅；MPF₆(wherein M is alkali metal)；MHF₂(wherein M is alkali metal), such as NaHF₂And KHF₂；K₂TaF₇； KBF₄；K₂MnF₆And K₂ZrF₆；Wherein it is also contemplated that other analogue compounds, such as have another alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal Analogue compounds (such as one of Li, Na or K as alkali metal) substitution.Appropriate chlorine source is Cl₂Gas, SbCl₅And chlorine Carbon compound (such as CCl₄And chloroform).Reactant species can include at least one of the following group：Alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal or Hydride, rare earth metal (M), Al, Si, Ti and the P for forming corresponding fluoride or chloride.Preferably, reactant alkali metal pair Should be in the alkali metal of catalyst, alkaline earth metal hydride is MgH₂, rare earth metal is La, and Al is nanometer powder.Carrier can With including carbon, the carbon preferably used in activated carbon, microporous carbon and Li ion batteries.Reactant can be any mol ratio.It is preferred that Ground, reactant species and fluorine or chlorine are in the stoichiometric proportion about the same with the element of fluorine or chlorine, and catalyst excess is preferably With the about the same mol ratio of element with fluorine or chlorine reaction, and carrier is excessive.

Exothermic reactant can include halogen gas (preferably chlorine or bromine) or halogen gas source (such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, It is preferred that CF₄Or CCl₄) and react the material to form halide with halogen.Halogen source can also be oxygen source, such as C_xO_yX_r, wherein X is Halogen, and x, y and r is integers and are well known in the art.Reactant species can include at least one in the following group Kind：Alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal or hydride, rare earth metal, Al, Si and the P for forming corresponding halide.Preferably, alkaloids are reacted Metal corresponds to the alkali metal of catalyst, and alkaline earth metal hydride is MgH₂, rare earth metal is La, and Al is nanometer powder. Carrier can include carbon, preferably activated carbon.Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably, reactant species and halogen are big The stoichiometric proportion being approximately equal, catalyst excess is preferably the mol ratio about the same with the element that reacts with halogen, and carry Body is excessive.In one embodiment, reactant includes：Catalyst source or catalyst such as Na, NaH, K, KH, Li, LiH and H₂； Halogen gas, preferably chlorine or bromine gas；Mg、MgH₂At least one of；Rare earth element, preferably La, Gd or Pr；Al；And carrier, It is preferred that carbon, such as activated carbon.

B. radical reaction

In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is radical reaction, preferably halide or oxygen free radical reaction.Halide The source of free radical can be halogen (preferably F₂Or Cl₂) or fluorocarbons (preferably CF₄).The source of F free radicals is S₂F₁₀.Comprising The reactant mixture of halogen gas can also include radical initiator.Reactor can form free radical comprising ultraviolet source (preferably halogen radical, more preferably chlorine or fluoro free radical).Radical initiator is that those free radicals known in the field draw Send out agent, such as peroxide, azo-compound and metal ion source (such as metal salt, preferably such as Co²⁺The CoCl in source₂Deng cobalt halogen Compound is used as Fe²⁺The FeSO in source₄).The latter preferably with such as H₂O₂Or O₂Deng oxygen species reaction.Free radical can be neutral.

Oxygen source can include atom hydrogen source.Oxygen can be singlet oxygen.In one embodiment, singlet oxygen by NaOCl and H₂O₂Reaction formed.In one embodiment, oxygen source includes O₂, it is possible to also comprising radical source or free radical Initiator, is reacted, the radical reaction of preferred O atom with Propagating Radical.Radical source or oxygen source can be ozone or ozone At least one of compound.In one embodiment, reactor includes ozone source, is such as discharged in oxygen with to reactant mixture Ozone is provided.

Radical source or oxygen source can also include per-compound, H₂O₂, the compound containing azo group, N₂O、 (such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal cross xenon for NaOCl, Fenton reagent or similar reagents, OH roots or its source, perxenate ion or its source Hydrochlorate, preferably sodium perxenate (Na₄XeO₆) or xenic acid potassium (K excessively₄XeO₆)), four xenon oxide (XeO₄) and xenic acid (H₄XeO₆) and At least one of metal ion source (such as metal salt).Metal salt can be FeSO₄、AlCl₃、TiCl₃At least one of, and And preferably such as Co²⁺The CoCl in source₂Deng cobalt halide.

In one embodiment, such as Cl free radicals are by reactant mixture (such as NaH+MgH₂+ such as activated carbon (AC) Carrier+such as Cl₂Deng halogen gas) in such as Cl₂Formed Deng halogen.Free radical can be by Cl₂With such as CH₄Reaction Deng hydrocarbon is mixed Thing is in such as being formed at relatively high temperatures higher than 200 DEG C.Relative to hydrocarbon, the molal quantity of halogen can be excessive.Chlorocarbon product and Cl free radicals can react with reducing agent, to provide the activation energy and approach that are used for forming fraction hydrogen.Carbon product can pass through profit With synthesis gas (syngas) and fischer-tropsch reaction or by the way that the direct hydrogen reduction of carbon is regenerated for methane.Reactant mixture can be wrapped O containing higher temperature (as being higher than 200 DEG C)₂And Cl₂Mixture.Mixture can react to form Cl_xO_y(x and y are whole Number), such as ClO, Cl₂O and ClO₂.Reactant mixture can be included can reacting the higher temperature to form HCl (as higher than 200 DEG C) H₂And Cl₂.Reactant mixture, which can be included, to react to form H₂The O H in slightly higher temperature (as being higher than 50 DEG C)₂And O₂With being combined Agent, such as Pt/Ti, Pt/C or Pd/C.Complexing agent (such as higher than 1 atmospheric pressure, can be preferably from about 2 atmospheric pressure in elevated pressures ~100 atmospheric pressure) play a role.Reactant mixture can be non-stoichiometric, in favor of free radical and singlet oxygen shape Into.System can be such as RF, microwave or glow discharge, preferably high also comprising forming the ultraviolet source or plasma source of free radical Voltage pulse plasma source.Reactant can also form atomic radicals (such as Cl, O and H), singlet oxygen comprising catalyst At least one of with ozone.Catalyst can be noble metal, such as Pt.In an embodiment for forming Cl free radicals, Pt Catalyst is maintained at higher than platinum chloride (such as PtCl₂、PtCl₃And PtCl₄) decomposition temperature temperature, PtCl₂、PtCl₃With PtCl₄Decomposition temperature be respectively 581 DEG C, 435 DEG C and 327 DEG C.In one embodiment, can be from including metal halide Product mixtures reclaim Pt, its mode is by the way that metal halide is dissolved in into Pt, Pd or its halide insoluble in therein In appropriate solvent and remove solution.Can heat may include carbon and Pt or Pd solid with by the decomposing shape of corresponding halide Pd on Pt or carbon on into carbon.

In one embodiment, N₂O、NO₂Or NO gases are added into reactant mixture.N₂O and NO₂It can serve as NO radical sources.In another embodiment, NO free radicals preferably pass through NH₃Oxidation produced in pond.Reacting to be NH₃With O₂Reaction on the platinum or platinum-rhodium of higher temperature.NO、NO₂And N₂O can be by such as passing through aber process and subsequent Austria Commercial run known to this special Grindelwald method etc. is generated.In one embodiment, exemplary step order is：

Specifically, aber process can be used for using such as containing α-iron some oxide catalyst higher temperature with By N under pressure₂And H₂Produce NH₃.Ostwald process can be used for ammonia at the catalyst such as such as hot platinum or platinum-rhodium catalyst It is oxidized to NO, NO₂And N₂O.Alkali nitrates can be regenerated using method disclosed above.

System and reactant mixture can trigger and support combustion reaction, to provide in singlet oxygen and free radical at least It is a kind of.Combustion reactant can be non-chemical dose, in favor of the freedom reacted with other fraction hydrogen reaction response things The formation of base and singlet oxygen.In one embodiment, explosive reaction is suppressed in favor of reaction steady in a long-term, or by appropriate Reactant and mol ratio set off an explosion reaction to realize required fraction hydrogen reaction speed.In one embodiment, pond includes At least one cylinder of internal-combustion engine.

C. electron acceptor reacts

In one embodiment, reactant mixture also includes electron acceptor.When in catalytic reaction process energy by original Sub- hydrogen migration is to catalyst so as to which when forming fraction hydrogen, electron acceptor can serve as the acceptor of the electronics ionized from self-catalysis agent (sink).Electron acceptor can be conducting polymer or metallic carrier, oxidant (such as VI races element, molecule and compound), from By base, form the material of stabilized radical and material (such as halogen atom, O with high electron affinity₂、C、CF_{1,2,3 or 4}、Si、S、 P_xS_y、CS₂、S_xN_y) and also comprising O and H those compounds, Au, At, Al_xO_y(x and y are integers, preferably in an embodiment party It is Al (OH) in formula₃The intermediate A lO reacted with R-Ni Al₂)、ClO、Cl₂、F₂、AlO₂、B₂N、CrC₂、C₂H、CuCl₂、 CuBr₂、MnX₃(X=halide), MoX₃(X=halide), NiX₃(X=halide), RuF_{4,5 or 6}、ScX₄(X=halide), WO₃At least one of with other atoms with high electron affinity known to those skilled in the art and molecule.At one In embodiment, when catalyst is ionized by receiving the non-radiation type Resonance energy transfer from atomic hydrogen, carrier is served as The acceptor of electronics from catalyst.Preferably, carrier is at least a kind of conductive carrier and forms stable free radical.It is suitable When examples of such carriers be electric conductive polymer.Carrier can form anion above macrostructure, such as form C₆The Li of ion The carbon of ion battery.In another embodiment, carrier is semiconductor, is preferably doped to strengthen electric conductivity.Reaction mixing Thing also includes free radical or its source, such as O, OH, O₂、O₃、H₂O₂, F, Cl and NO, it can serve as carrier in catalytic process and be formed Free radical scavenger.In one embodiment, such as NO free radicals can be with catalyst or catalyst source (such as alkali gold Category) form complex compound.In another embodiment, carrier has unpaired electron.Carrier can be it is paramagnetic, such as it is dilute Earth elements or such as Er₂O₃Etc. compound.In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source such as Li, NaH, K, Rb or Cs are immersed Stain adds the other components of reactant mixture into electron acceptor (such as carrier).Preferably, carrier is with insertion The AC of NaH or Na intercalations.

D. oxidation-reduction reaction

In one embodiment, fraction hydrogen reaction is activated by oxidation-reduction reaction.In an illustrative embodiments In, at least two materials in group of the reactant mixture comprising catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidant, reducing agent and carrier.Reaction mixing Thing can also include lewis acid, such as 13 race's trihalids, preferably AlCl₃、BF₃、BCl₃And BBr₃At least one of.At certain In a little embodiments, each reactant mixture is included selected from least one of following components species (i)~(iii) material.

(i) Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH catalyst are selected from.

(ii) it is selected from H₂Gas, H₂The hydrogen source of gas source or hydride.

(iii) oxidant, the oxidant is selected from：Metallic compound, such as halide, phosphide, boride, oxide, Hydroxide, silicide, nitride, arsenide, selenides, tellurides, antimonide, carbide, sulfide, hydride, carbonic acid Salt, bicarbonate, sulfate, disulfate, phosphate, hydrophosphate, dihydric phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, permanganic acid Salt, hydrochloride, perchlorate, chlorite, cross chlorite, it is hypochlorite, bromate, perbromate, bromite, excessively sub- Bromate, iodate, periodates, excessively iodite, iodite, chromate, bichromate, tellurate, selenate, arsenic acid Salt, silicate, borate, cobalt/cobalt oxide, tellurium oxide and as halogen, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Other oxo anion such as Co and Te oxo anion, wherein metal preferably include transition metal, Sn, Ga, In alkali metal or Alkaline-earth metal；The oxidant also includes lead compound (such as lead halide), germanium compound (such as halide, oxide or vulcanization Thing, such as GeF₂、GeCl₂、GeBr₂、GeI₂、GeO、GeP、GeS、GeI₄And GeCl₄), fluorocarbons (such as CF₄Or ClCF₃)、 Chlorocarbon (such as CCl₄)、O₂、MNO₃、MClO₄、MO₂、NF₃、N₂O、NO、NO₂, boron-nitrogen compound (such as B₃N₃H₆), vulcanization close Thing (such as SF₆、S、SO₂、SO₃、S₂O₅Cl₂、F₅SOF、M₂S₂O₈、S_xX_y(such as S₂Cl₂、SCl₂、S₂Br₂Or S₂F₂)、CS₂、SO_xX_y(such as SOCl₂、SOF₂、SO₂F₂Or SOBr₂))、X_xX’_y(such as ClF₅、X_xX’_yO_z(such as ClO₂F、ClO₂F₂、ClOF₃、ClO₃F and ClO₂F₃)), boron-nitrogen compound (such as B₃N₃H₆)、Se、Te、Bi、As、Sb、Bi、TeX_x(preferably TeF₄、TeF₆)、TeO_x(preferably TeO₂Or TeO₃)、SeX_x(preferably SeF₆)、SeO_x(preferably SeO₂Or SeO₃), tellurium oxide, halide or other tellurium compounds (such as TeO₂、TeO₃、Te(OH)₆、TeBr₂、TeCl₂、TeBr₄、TeCl₄、TeF₄、TeI₄、TeF₆, CoTe or NiTe), selenolite Thing, halide, sulfide or other selenium compounds (such as SeO₂、SeO₃、Se₂Br₂、Se₂Cl₂、SeBr₄、SeCl₄、SeF₄、SeF₆、 SeOBr₂、SeOCl₂、SeOF₂、SeO₂F₂、SeS₂、Se₂S₆、Se₄S₄Or Se₆S₂)、P、P₂O₅、P₂S₅、P_xX_y(such as PF₃、PCl₃、 PBr₃、PI₃、PF₅、PCl₅、PBr₄F or PCl₄F)、PO_xX_y(such as POBr₃、POI₃、POCl₃Or POF₃)、PS_xX_y(M is alkali metal, x, Y and z is integer, and X and X ' they are halogen) (such as PSBr₃、PSF₃、PSCl₃), phosphorous-nitrogen compounds (such as P₃N₅、(Cl₂PN)₃、 (Cl₂PN)₄Or (Br₂PN)_x), arsenic oxide, halide, sulfide, selenides or tellurides or other arsenic compounds (such as AlAs、As₂I₄、As₂Se、As₄S₄、AsBr₃、AsCl₃、AsF₃、AsI₃、As₂O₃、As₂Se₃、As₂S₃、As₂Te₃、AsCl₅、AsF₅、 As₂O₅、As₂Se₅Or As₂S₅), sb oxide, halide, sulfide, sulfate, selenides, arsenide or other antimonials (such as SbAs, SbBr₃、SbCl₃、SbF₃、SbI₃、Sb₂O₃、SbOCl、Sb₂Se₃、Sb₂(SO₄)₃、Sb₂S₃、Sb₂Te₃、Sb₂O₄、 SbCl₅、SbF₅、SbCl₂F₃、Sb₂O₅Or Sb₂S₅), bismuth oxide, halide, sulfide, selenides or other bismuth compounds (such as BiAsO₄、BiBr₃、BiCl₃、BiF₃、BiF₅、Bi(OH)₃、BiI₃、Bi₂O₃、BiOBr、BiOCl、BiOI、Bi₂Se₃、Bi₂S₃、 Bi₂Te₃Or Bi₂O₄)、SiCl₄、SiBr₄, metal oxide, hydroxide or halide (such as transition metal halide, such as CrCl₃、ZnF₂、ZnBr₂、ZnI₂、MnCl₂、MnBr₂、MnI₂、CoBr₂、CoI₂、CoCl₂、NiCl₂、NiBr₂、NiF₂、FeF₂、 FeCl₂、FeBr₂、FeCl₃、TiF₃、CuBr、CuBr₂、VF₃And CuCl₂), metal halide (such as SnF₂、SnCl₂、SnBr₂、SnI₂、 SnF₄、SnCl₄、SnBr₄、SnI₄、InF、InCl、InBr、InI、AgCl、AgI、AlF₃、AlBr₃、AlI₃、YF₃、CdCl₂、 CdBr₂、CdI₂、InCl₃、ZrCl₄、NbF₅、TaCl₅、MoCl₃、MoCl₅、NbCl₅、AsCl₃、TiBr₄、SeCl₂、SeCl₄、InF₃、 InCl₃、PbF₄、TeI₄、WCl₆、OsCl₃、GaCl₃、PtCl₃、ReCl₃、RhCl₃、RuCl₃), metal oxide or hydroxide (such as Y₂O₃、FeO、Fe₂O₃Or NbO, NiO, Ni₂O₃、SnO、SnO₂、Ag₂O、AgO、Ga₂O、As₂O₃、SeO₂、TeO₂、In(OH)₃、Sn (OH)₂、In(OH)₃、Ga(OH)₃With Bi (OH)₃)、CO₂、As₂Se₃、SF₆、S、SbF₃、CF₄、NF₃, permanganate (such as KMnO₄With NaMnO₄)、P₂O₅, nitrate (such as LiNO₃、NaNO₃And KNO₃) and boron halide (such as BBr₃And BI₃), 13 race's element halides (preferably indium halide, such as InBr₂、InCl₂And InI₃), silver-colored halide (preferably AgCl or AgI), lead halide, cadmium halide, Zirconium halide, preferably transition metal oxide, sulfide or halide (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn and F, Cl, Br or I), second or the 3rd transition series halide (preferably YF₃), oxide, sulfide (preferably Y₂S₃) or hydroxide it is (excellent Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Os compound are selected, in the case of for halide such as NbX₃、NbX₅Or TaX₅)、 Metal sulfide (such as Li₂S、ZnS、FeS、NiS、MnS、Cu₂S, CuS and SnS), alkaline-earth halide (such as BaBr₂、BaCl₂、 BaI₂、SrBr₂、SrI₂、CaBr₂、CaI₂、MgBr₂Or MgI₂), rare earth metal halide (such as EuBr₃、LaF₃、LaBr₃、CeBr₃、 GdF₃、GdBr₃, be preferably in II valence states such as CeI₂、EuF₂、EuCl₂、EuBr₂、EuI₂、DyI₂、NdI₂、SmI₂、YbI₂And TmI₂ One of), metal boride (such as europium boride), MB₂Boride (such as CrB₂、TiB₂、MgB₂、ZrB₂And GdB₂), alkali metal halogen Compound (such as LiCl, RbCl or CsI) and metal phosphide, alkaline-earth metal phosphide (such as Ca₃P₂), noble metal halide, oxidation Thing, sulfide (such as PtCl₂、PtBr₂、PtI₂、PtCl₄、PdCl₂、PbBr₂And PbI₂), rare earth sulphide (such as CeS, other Appropriate rare earth metal is La and Gd), metal and anion (such as Na₂TeO₄、Na₂TeO₃、Co(CN)₂、CoSb、CoAs、Co₂P、 CoO、CoSe、CoTe、NiSb、NiAs、NiSe、Ni₂Si, MgSe), rare earth metal tellurides (such as EuTe), rare earth metal selenizing Thing (such as EuSe), rare earth metal nitride (such as EuN), metal nitride (such as AlN and GdN) and alkali metal nitride is (such as Mg₃N₂), compound (such as F containing at least two atoms in oxygen and different halogen atom₂O、Cl₂O、ClO₂、Cl₂O₆、 Cl₂O₇、ClF、ClF₃、ClOF₃、ClF₅、ClO₂F、ClO₂F₃、ClO₃F、BrF₃、BrF₅、I₂O₅、IBr、ICl、ICl₃、IF、IF₃、 IF₅、IF₇) and transition series halide (such as OsF of metal second or the 3rd₆、PtF₆Or IrF₆), alkali metal compound (such as halide, Oxide or sulfide) and reduction when can form metal (such as alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, rare earth metal, 13 races Element (preferably In) and 14 constituent elements are plain (preferably Sn)) compound, metal hydride (such as rare earth metal hydride, alkaline-earth metal Hydride or alkali metal hydride), wherein catalyst or catalyst source when oxidant is hydride (preferably metal hydride) Can be metal (such as alkali metal).Appropriate oxidant be metal halide, sulfide, oxide, hydroxide, selenides, Nitride and arsenide and phosphide, for example, alkaline-earth halide (such as BaBr₂、BaCl₂、BaI₂、CaBr₂、MgBr₂Or MgI₂), rare earth metal halide (such as EuBr₂、EuBr₃、EuF₃、LaF₃、GdF₃、GdBr₃、LaF₃、LaBr₃、CeBr₃、CeI₂、 PrI₂、GdI₂And LaI₂), second or the 3rd be transition metal halide (such as YF₃), alkaline-earth metal phosphide, nitride or arsenic Thing (such as Ca₃P₂、Mg₃N₂And Mg₃As₂), metal boride (such as CrB₂Or TiB₂), alkali halide (such as LiCl, RbCl or CsI), metal sulfide (such as Li₂S、ZnS、Y₂S₃、FeS、MnS、Cu₂S, CuS and Sb₂S₅), metal phosphide (such as Ca₃P₂), mistake Cross metal halide (such as CrCl₃、ZnF₂、ZnBr₂、ZnI₂、MnCl₂、MnBr₂、MnI₂、CoBr₂、CoI₂、CoCl₂、NiBr₂、 NiF₂、FeF₂、FeCl₂、FeBr₂、TiF₃、CuBr、VF₃And CuCl₂), metal halide (such as SnBr₂、SnI₂、InF、InCl、 InBr、InI、AgCl、AgI、AlI₃、YF₃、CdCl₂、CdBr₂、CdI₂、InCl₃、ZrCl₄、NbF₅、TaCl₅、MoCl₃、MoCl₅、 NbCl₅、AsCl₃、TiBr₄、SeCl₂、SeCl₄、InF₃、PbF₄And TeI₄), metal oxide or hydroxide (such as Y₂O₃、FeO、 NbO、In(OH)₃、As₂O₃、SeO₂、TeO₂、BI₃、CO₂、As₂Se₃), metal nitride (such as Mg₃N₂Or AlN), metal phosphide (such as Ca₃P₂), SF₆, S, SbF₃, CF₄, NF₃, KMnO₄, NaMnO₄, P₂O₅, LiNO₃, NaNO₃, KNO₃With metal boride (such as BBr₃).Appropriate oxidant includes BaBr₂、BaCl₂、EuBr₂、EuF₃、YF₃、CrB₂、TiB₂、LiCl、RbCl、CsI、Li₂S、 ZnS、Y₂S₃、Ca₃P₂、MnI₂、CoI₂、NiBr₂、ZnBr₂、FeBr₂、SnI₂、InCl、AgCl、Y₂O₃、TeO₂、CO₂、SF₆、S、CF₄、 NaMnO₄、P₂O₅、LiNO₃At least one of list.Appropriate oxidant includes EuBr₂、BaBr₂、CrB₂、MnI₂And AgCl At least one of list.Appropriate sulfide-oxidation agent includes Li₂S, ZnS and Y₂S₃At least one of.Implement some In mode, oxide oxidizing agent is Y₂O₃。

In other embodiments, each reactant mixture, which is included, to be selected from said components species (i)~(iii) at least A kind of material, and also comprising (iv) be selected from as alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, second and the 3rd be transition metal with And at least one of the metal such as rare earth metal and aluminium reducing agent.Preferably, reducing agent is selected from Al, Mg, MgH₂、Si、La、B、 Zr and Ti powder and H₂Group in one kind.

In other embodiments, each reactant mixture, which is included, to be selected from said components species (i)~(iv) at least A kind of material, and (v) carrier is also included, such as selected from AC, the 1%Pt on carbon or Pd (Pt/C, Pd/C) and carbide (preferably TiC or WC) conductive carrier.

Reactant can be any mol ratio, but in some embodiments, they are about equimolar ratio.

It is suitable comprising (i) catalyst or catalyst source, (ii) hydrogen source, (iii) oxidant, (iv) reducing agent and (v) carrier When reaction system include as catalyst or catalyst source and H sources NaH or KH, be used as the BaBr of oxidant₂、BaCl₂、 MgBr₂、MgI₂、CaBr₂、EuBr₂、EuF₃、YF₃、CrB₂、TiB₂、LiCl、RbCl、CsI、Li₂S、ZnS、Y₂S₃、Ca₃P₂、MnI₂、 CoI₂、NiBr₂、ZnBr₂、FeBr₂、SnI₂、InCl、AgCl、Y₂O₃、TeO₂、CO₂、SF₆、S、CF₄、NaMnO₄、P₂O₅、LiNO₃In One kind, be used as the Mg or MgH of reducing agent₂(wherein MgH₂H sources can also be served as) and as AC, TiC or WC of carrier.To In the case of tin halide is as oxidant, in catalytic mechanism, Sn products can be served as in reducing agent and conductive carrier It is at least one.

Another appropriate comprising (i) catalyst or catalyst source, (ii) hydrogen source, (iii) oxidant and (iv) carrier Reaction system in, comprising the NaH or KH as catalyst or catalyst source and H sources, be used as the EuBr of oxidant₂、BaBr₂、 CrB₂、MnI₂With one kind in AgCl, and AC, TiC or WC of carrier are used as.Reactant can be any mol ratio, but preferably it Be about equimolar ratio.

Catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidant, reducing agent and carrier can for needed for any mol ratio.In one with reactant In individual embodiment, the catalyst comprising KH or NaH, CrB is included₂、AgCl₂(it comes from alkaline-earth metal, mistake with metal halide Cross metal or rare earth metal halide, preferably bromide or iodide (such as EuBr₂、BaBr₂And MnI₂)) group at least one Kind oxidant, include Mg or MgH₂Reducing agent and carrier comprising AC, TiC or WC, its mol ratio is about the same.Rare earth gold Category halide can directly be reacted by corresponding halogen or hydrogen halides such as HBr and be formed with metal.Dihalide can pass through H₂ Reduce trihalid and formed.

Extra oxidant is the oxidant with the intermediate of high dipole moment or formation with high dipole moment.Preferably, Electronics from catalyst in the acceptant catalytic reaction process of material with high dipole moment.The material can have high electronics Compatibility.In one embodiment, electron acceptor, which has, is partly full of or the approximate electron shell being partly full of, and such as has half respectively The sp being full of³, 3d and 4f shells Sn, Mn and Gd or Eu compounds.The representative oxide of latter type is corresponding to LaF₃、 LaBr₃、GdF₃、GdCl₃、GdBr₃、EuBr₂、EuI₂、EuCl₂、EuF₂、EuBr₃、EuI₃、EuCl₃And EuF₃Metal.At one In embodiment, oxidant includes the chemical combination of nonmetallic (as preferably having at least one of P, S, Si and C of high oxidation state) Thing, also comprising the atom with high electronegativity, such as at least one of F, Cl or O.In another embodiment, oxidant bag Compound containing metal (as having at least one of Sn and Fe of low-oxidation-state (such as II)), and also including has low electricity negative The atom of property, such as at least one of Br or I.Ion with a negative electrical charge is such asOrThan two, band The ion of negative electrical charge is such asOrIt is more favourable.In one embodiment, oxidant is included has eutectic as corresponded to The compound of the metal halide of the metal of point, so that it can melt as reaction product and be removed from pond.Appropriate is low The oxidant of melting point metals is In, Ga, Ag and Sn halide.Reactant can be any mol ratio, but preferably they about For equimolar ratio.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes the catalysis of metal or hydride from I races element comprising (i) Agent or catalyst source, (ii) hydrogen source, such as H₂Gas or H₂Gas source or hydride, (iii) includes following atoms or ion or change The oxidant of compound, the atom or ion or compound include at least one in the element from 13,14,15,16 and 17 races Kind, the element is preferably selected from F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se and Te group, and (iv) includes element or hydrogenation The reducing agent of thing, the element or hydride are preferably selected from Mg, MgH₂, Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metal (such as La) one kind or Multiple element or hydride, and (v) carrier, the carrier be preferably conductive carrier and preferably not with reactant mixture its His substance reaction forms another compound.Appropriate carrier preferably comprises carbon (such as AS, graphene, the carbon using metal impregnation Such as Pt/C or Pd/C) and carbide (preferably TiC or WC).

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes the catalysis of metal or hydride from I races element comprising (i) Agent or catalyst source, (ii) hydrogen source, such as H₂Gas or H₂Gas source or hydride, (iii) oxidant, the oxidant are included Halide, oxide or sulfide compound, preferably metal halide, oxide or sulfide, more preferably from IA, IIA, The halide of the element of 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, 12d race and group of the lanthanides, and most preferably transition metal halide Or lanthanide series metal halide, the reducing agent of (iv) comprising element or hydride, the element or hydride be preferably selected from Mg, MgH₂, Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metal (such as La) one or more elements or hydride, and (v) carrier, the carrier is excellent Elect as electric conductivity and other substance reactions preferably not with reactant mixture form another compound.Appropriate carrier is excellent Choosing includes carbon (such as AS, carbon such as Pt/C or Pd/C using metal impregnation) and carbide (preferably TiC or WC).

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source, and can be also Comprising such as other materials such as reducing agent, carrier and oxidant, wherein the mixture, which is included, is selected from BaBr₂、BaCl₂、TiB₂、 CrB₂、LiCl、RbCl、LiBr、KI、MgI₂、Ca₃P₂、Mg₃As₂、Mg₃N₂、AlN、Ni₂Si、Co₂P、YF₃、YCl₃、YI₃、NiB、 CeBr₃、MgO,Y₂S₃、Li₂S、GdF₃、GdBr₃、LaF₃、AlI₃、Y₂O₃、EuBr₃、EuF₃、Cu₂S、MnS、ZnS、TeO₂、P₂O₅、 SnI₂、SnBr₂、CoI₂、FeBr₂、FeCl₂、EuBr₂、MnI₂、InCl、AgCl、AgF、NiBr₂、ZnBr₂、CuCl₂、InF₃, alkali gold Category, alkali metal hydride, alkali halide (such as LiBr, KI, RbCl), alkaline-earth metal, alkaline earth metal hydride, alkaline-earth metal Halide (such as BaF₂、BaBr₂、BaCl₂、BaI₂、CaBr₂、SrI₂、SrBr₂、MgBr₂And MgI₂), AC, carbide, boride, mistake At least two materials crossed in metal, rare earth metal, Ga, In, Sn, Al, Si, Ti, B, Zr and La.

E. exchange reaction, thermal reversion reaction and regeneration

In one embodiment, oxidant, and at least one of reducing agent, catalyst source and catalyst can be carried out Reversible reaction.In one embodiment, oxidant is halide, preferably metal halide, more preferably transition metal, tin, indium, At least one of alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and rare earth metal halide, most preferably rare earth metal halide.Reversible reaction is preferred Halide exchange reaction.Preferably, the energy of reaction is very low so that halide can normal temperature~3000 DEG C temperature, preferably The temperature of normal temperature~1000 DEG C is exchanged at least one of reducing agent, catalyst source and catalyst are reversible between oxidant. Reaction balanced sequence can be made to drive fraction hydrogen to react.Movement can by temperature change or reaction density or ratio change come Realize.Reaction can be kept by adding hydrogen.In a representative reactions, it is exchanged for

Wherein n₁、n₂, x and y be integer, X is halide, and M_oxFor the metal of oxidant, M_red/catFor reducing agent, catalysis The metal at least one of agent source and catalyst.In one embodiment, it is hydride to have in reactant one or more, And reaction further relates to reversible hydride exchange in addition to halide is exchanged.Except other reaction bars such as temperature and reactant concentration Outside part, reversible reaction can also be controlled by controlling hydrogen pressure.Exemplary reaction is

In one embodiment, the one or more in reactant are hydride, and reaction is related to reversible hydrogenation Thing is exchanged.In addition to other reaction conditions such as hydrogen pressure and reactant concentration, can also be controlled by controlling temperature can be converse Should.Exemplary reaction is

Wherein n₁、n₂、n₃、n₄、n₅, x, y and z be integer including 0, M_catFor catalyst source and the metal of catalyst, And M_redFor a kind of metal in reducing agent.Reactant mixture can include catalyst or catalyst source, hydrogen or hydrogen source, carrier, With at least one of such as alkaline-earth metal, alkali metal (such as Li) reducing agent or a variety of, and such as alkaline earth metal hydride or alkali Another hydride such as metal hydride.Comprising catalyst or catalyst source (its comprising at least one alkali metal such as KH or NaH in an embodiment), it is regenerated by evaporation alkali metal and is hydrogenated and realized with forming initial metal hydride. In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source include NaH or KH, and anti-for the metal that hydride is exchanged Thing is answered to include Li.Then, product LiH is regenerated by thermal decomposition.Vapour pressure better than Na or K is far above Li vapour pressure, because The former can optionally be evaporated and hydrogenate and added back with regenerative response mixture again for this.In another embodiment, The reducing agent or metal exchanged for hydride can be comprising two kinds of alkaline-earth metal, such as Mg and Ca.Regenerative response can be included also The thermal decomposition of another metal hydride under vacuum, wherein hydride are such as MgH₂Or CaH₂Etc. reaction product.In an embodiment In, hydride is intermetallic compound, or such as includes the mixture of at least two and H hydride in Na, Ca and Ma. The hydride of mixing can have the decomposition temperature lower than most stable of monometallic hydride.In one embodiment, hydrogen Compound reduces H₂Pressure, to prevent the hydrogen embrittlement of reactor assembly.Carrier can include carbide such as TiC.Reactant mixture can To include NaH TiC Mg and Ca.Alkaline earth metal hydride product (such as CaH₂) can be for example>700 DEG C of higher temperature is in true Sky is lower to be decomposed.Alkali metal such as Na can be evaporated and be hydrogenated again.Other alkaline-earth metal such as magnesium can also dividually be evaporated and cold It is solidifying.Reactant can be recombinated to form initial reaction mixture.Reagent can be any mol ratio.In another embodiment In, the metal such as Na of evaporation is returned by tube core or capillary structure.Tube core can be the tube core of heat pipe.Alternatively select Select, the metal of condensation can be fallen back in reactant by gravity.Hydrogen can be supplied to form NaH.In another embodiment In, the reducing agent or metal exchanged for hydride can include alkali metal or transition metal.Reactant can also include halogenation Thing such as alkali halide.Appropriate reactant mixture is NaH TiC Mg Li, NaH TiC MgH₂Li、NaH TiC Li、 NaH Li、NaH TiC Mg LiH、NaH TiC MgH₂ LiH、NaH TiC LiH、NaH LiH、NaH TiC、NaH TiC Mg LiBr、NaH TiC Mg LiCl、KH TiC Mg Li、KH TiC MgH₂ Li、KH TiC Li、KH Li、KH TiC Mg LiH、KH TiC MgH₂LiH, KH TiC LiH, KH LiH, KH TiC, KH TiC Mg, LiBr and KH TiC Mg LiCl. Other appropriate reactant mixtures are NaH MgH₂ TiC、NaH MgH₂ TiC Ca、Na MgH₂ TiC、Na MgH₂ TiC Ca、 KH MgH₂ TiC、KH MgH₂ TiC Ca、K MgH₂TiC and K MgH₂TiC Ca.Other appropriate reactant mixtures include NaH Mg, NaH Mg TiC and NaH Mg AC.AC is is preferably used in NaH+Mg carriers, because Na or Mg be not with any journey Intercalation is spent, and AC surface area is very big.The mixture for the hydride that reactant mixture can be fixed comprising reaction volume, with Set up the required hydrogen pressure in selected temperature.Hydride mixture can include alkaline-earth metal and its hydride, such as Mg and MgH₂。 Furthermore it is possible to add hydrogen.Appropriate pressure limit is 1 atmospheric pressure~200 atmospheric pressure.Appropriate reactant mixture is KH Mg TiC+H₂、KH MgH₂ TiC+H₂、KH Mg MgH₂ TiC+H₂、NaH Mg TiC+H₂、NaH MgH₂ TiC+H₂With NaH Mg MgH₂ TiC+H₂One or more in group.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture can include catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as alkali metal hydrogen Compound), at least two in reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal, Li or LiH) and absorbent or carrier (such as alkali halide). In course of reaction, non-conductive carrier can be converted into conductive carrier, such as metal.Reactant mixture can comprising NaH Mg and LiCl or LiBr.Then, electric conductivity Li can be formed during the course of the reaction.One exemplary result of the test is

031010WFCKA2#1626；1.5"LDC；8.0gNaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2+20.0g TiC# 105；Tmax:575℃；Ein:284kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:2.9kJ；Energy gain:4.2.

The temperature range that appropriate range of reaction temperature reacts for generation fraction hydrogen.Temperature may be at reactant mixture At least one component melts, progress phase transformation, progress chemical modification (as decomposed) or at least two components progress of mixture are instead In the range of the temperature answered.Reaction temperature can be 30 DEG C~1200 DEG C.Appropriate temperature range is 300 DEG C~900 DEG C.Extremely The range of reaction temperature of the reactant mixture comprising NaH can be more than 475 DEG C less.Reaction comprising metal halide or hydride The reaction temperature of mixture can be equal to or higher than regenerative response temperature.Include alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or rare earth metal halogenation The reactant mixture of thing and catalyst or the proper temperature scope of catalyst source comprising alkali metal or alkali metal hydride are 650 DEG C~850 DEG C.For including formation such as MC_xAlkali metal carbons such as (M are alkali metal) is used as the reaction of the mixture of product, temperature model The formation temperature of alkali metal carbon can be equal to or higher than by enclosing.Reaction can be in MC_xThe temperature for depressurizing the reaction for being regenerated as M and C is entered OK.

In one embodiment, volatile materials is such as alkali metal metal.Appropriate metal includes Na and K.Again During life, metal can be condensed in the colder part (as included pointing to the vertical tube of sidewall of reactor) of system.Can be to Metal is added in metal reservoir.Reservoir can have hydrogen to be under the surface fed into material source to form such as NaH or KH gold Belong to hydride, wherein the metal column in pipe keeps hydrogen near the supply source.Metal hydride can be formed at capillary The inside of guard system (capillary pipe structure of such as heat pipe).Capillary can be optionally through capillarity by metal hydride bands In the part for entering the reactor with reactant mixture so that metal hydride is added into reactant mixture.Relative to metal Liquid, capillary, which may be more likely to selection, is used for ionic liquid.Hydrogen in tube core may be at being enough to maintain metal hydride For the pressure of liquid.

Reactant mixture can be included in catalyst or catalyst source, hydrogen or hydrogen source, carrier, reducing agent and oxidant extremely It is few two kinds.In one embodiment, intermetallic compound can serve as at least one of solvent, carrier and reducing agent.Gold Compound can include at least two alkaline-earth metal (such as Mg and Ca mixture) or alkaline-earth metal (such as Mg) and transition between category The mixture of metal (such as Ni).Intermetallic compound can serve as in catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source at least A kind of solvent.Can be by solvent by NaH or KH solvations.Reactant mixture can include NaH Mg Ca and carrier (such as TiC).Carrier can be oxidant, such as carbon or carbide.In one embodiment, as alkaline-earth metal (such as Mg) equal solvent with Catalyst or catalyst source (for example, such as NaH ionic compounds alkali metal hydride) interaction form NaH molecules, so that Further reaction is allowed to form fraction hydrogen.Pond can be run in the temperature, while periodically adding H₂To keep heat to produce.

In one embodiment, oxidant (such as alkali halide, alkaline-earth halide or rare earth metal halogenation Thing, preferably LiCl, LiBr, RbCl, MgF₂、BaCl₂、CaBr₂、SrCl₂、BaBr₂、BaI₂、EuX₂Or GdX₃(wherein X is halide Or sulfide), most preferably EuBr₂) with catalyst or catalyst source (preferably NaH or KH) and optional reducing agent (preferably Mg or MgH₂) reaction, to form M_oxOr M_oxH₂With the halide or sulfide (such as NaX or KX) of catalyst.Rare earth metal halide can To be regenerated by optionally removing catalyst or catalyst source and optional reducing agent.In one embodiment, M_oxH₂ It can thermally decompose, and hydrogen can be removed by such as method such as pumping.Halide exchanges (equation (54-55)) formation catalysis The metal of agent.The metal can be removed as melt liquid or as the gas of evaporation or distillation, leave metal halide such as Alkali metal or rare earth metal halide.Liquid can be removed such as by the method as centrifuging or by pressurized inert air-flow Go.Catalyst or catalyst source can be hydrogenated again if necessary, so as to be incorporated into rare earth metal halide and carrier initial Initial reactant regeneration in mixture.As use Mg or MgH₂During as reducing agent, Mg can be by adding H₂Form hydrogenation Thing, melting hydride and remove liquid and be first removed.In wherein the one of X=F embodiment, MgF₂Product can lead to Cross and such as EuH₂F Deng rare earth metal is exchanged and is converted into MgH₂, wherein the MgH melted₂It is continually removed.Reaction can be in height Press H₂Lower progress is in favor of MgH₂Formation and selective removal.Reducing agent can again be hydrogenated and be added to the anti-of other regeneration Answer in thing to form initial reactant mixture.In another embodiment, the metal sulphur in oxidant occurs for exchange reaction Between at least one of compound or oxide and reducing agent, catalyst source and catalyst.All types of example systems are 1.66g KH+1g Mg+2.74g Y₂S₃+ 4g AC and 1g NaH+1g Mg+2.26g Y₂O₃+4g AC。

The selective removal of catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent can be it is continuous, wherein catalyst, catalyst source or Reducing agent can be recycled or regenerated in the reactor at least in part.Reactor can be also comprising distillation component or reflux assembly (such as Fig. 4 distiller 34) is to remove catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent and return it to pond.Optionally, it can be by hydrogen Change or further reaction, and the product can be returned.Pond can be filled with inert gas and H₂Mixture.The gas is mixed Compound can be included than H₂The gas of weight, so that H₂It is floated to reactor head.The gas can be Ne, Ar, Ne, Kr and Xe At least one of.Alternatively, the gas can be alkali metal or hydride, such as K, K₂, KH or NaH.Should Gas can be formed by making pond be operated in high temperature (the e.g., about boiling point of metal).With high concentration H₂Part can be compared with It is cold, so that metal vapors is condensed in the region.Metal vapors can be with H₂Reaction forms metal hydride, and the hydride can To return to pond.Hydride can by cause metal transport approach outside another approach return.Appropriate metal is to urge Agent or catalyst source.Metal can be alkali metal, and hydride can be alkali metal hydride, respectively such as Na or K With NaH or KH.LiH is melted at 900 DEG C the following is stabilization, and at 688.7 DEG C；Therefore, can be less than LiH decomposition temperatures Corresponding regeneration temperature is added back to reactor without thermally decomposing.

Reaction temperature can it is extremely brisk at two between circulate, to make reactant continuously follow again by balanced sequence Ring.In one embodiment, system heat exchange can be such that Chi Wen is changed so that between high level and low value before balance rapidly Move to increase the reaction of fraction hydrogen afterwards.

In another embodiment, reactant can be by mechanical system (such as conveyer belt or screw rod) transport to thermal response Area.Heat can be by being obtained and being supplied to such as turbine and generator even load by heat exchanger.Moved in the circulating cycle in product During backheat reaction zone, product can regenerate with cyclic regeneration or in batches.Regeneration can be hot recycling.Regeneration can pass through evaporation such as structure The metals such as the metal into catalyst or catalyst source and realize.The metal of removing can be hydrogenated and before thermal reaction area is entered Merge with remaining reactant mixture.Merging can also include blend step.

Regenerative response can include the catalytic reaction with additive (such as hydrogen).In one embodiment, catalyst and H Source be KH and oxidant is EuBr₂.The regenerative response of thermal drivers can be

2KBr+Eu→EuBr₂+2K (57)

Or

2KBr+EuH₂→EuBr₂+2KH. (58)

Alternatively, H₂The regenerated catalyst and oxidant of catalyst or catalyst source can be each acted as such as KH and EuBr₂：

3KBr+1/2H₂+EuH₂→EuBr₃+3KH (59)

Then, EuBr₂Pass through H₂Also reason EuBr₃Formed.Possible route is

EuBr₃+1/2H₂→EuBr₂+HBr (60)

HBr can be recycled：

HBr+KH→KBr+H₂ (61)

Only react and be：

2KBr+EuH₂→EuBr₂+2KH (62)

The speed of thermal drivers regenerative response can be by using well known by persons skilled in the art with another compared with low energy One different approaches are improved：

2KBr+H₂+Eu→EuBr₂+2KH (63)

3KBr+3/2H₂+Eu→EuBr₃+ 3KH or (64)

EuBr₃+1/2H₂→EuBr₂+HBr (65)

The reaction that equation (63) is provided is possible, because in H₂In the presence of metal and corresponding hydride between exist it is flat Weighing apparatus, such as

Reaction path may relate to the intermediate steps well known by persons skilled in the art compared with low energy, such as

2KBr+Mg+H₂→MgBr₂+ 2KH and (67)

MgBr₂+Eu+H₂→EuBr₂+MgH₂ (68)

Reactant mixture can include carrier, such as TiC, YC₂、B₄C, NbC and Si nanometer powder.

KH or karat gold category can be removed as melt liquid or as the gas of evaporation or distillation, be left metal halide Such as alkali metal or rare earth metal halide.Liquid can be removed by such as method such as centrifugation or by pressurized inert air-flow. In other embodiments, another catalyst or catalyst source such as NaH, LiH, RbH, CsH, Na, Li, Rb, Cs can be replaced For KH or K, and oxide can include another metal halide, such as another rare earth metal halide or alkaline-earth metal halogen Compound, preferably MgF₂、MgCl₂、CaBr₂、CaF₂、SrCl₂、SrI₂、BaBr₂Or BaI₂。

In the case of reactant-product energy gap very little, reactant can be with hot recycling.For example, thermodynamically favourable It is to make the reaction thermoreversion given by following formula by some approach

EuBr₂+2KH→2KBr+EuH₂Δ H=-136.55kJ (69)

To realize following formula：

2KBr+Eu→EuBr₂+2K (70)

By dynamically removing potassium, reaction can be driven preferably to complete.The reaction that equation (70) is provided passes through with lower section Formula is confirmed that：Under an argon in the mixture (3.6g (30 mMs) that 1050 DEG C of mol ratios by KBr and Eu are 2 to 1 KBr and 2.3g (15 mMs) Eu) reacted 4 hours in the open ware of aluminum oxide, the open ware in 1 inch of OD quartz ampoule and It is wrapped in nickel foil.Potassium metal is evaporated by hot-zone, and identifies that primary product is EuBr by XRD₂.In another embodiment In, EuBr₂Formed in the following manner according to the reaction that equation (70) is provided：Make the KBr that is wrapped in stainless steel foil crucible and Mixture (4.1g (34.5 mMs) KBr and 2.1g (13.8 mMs) Eu) reaction that Eu mol ratio is about 2 to 1, it is described Crucible is located in 0.75 inch of stainless steel tube, and the stainless steel tube is in 1 inch of OD vacuum sealing quartz pipe and one end open.Instead It should be carried out 1 hour in 850 DEG C in vacuum.Potassium metal is evaporated by hot-zone, and identifies that primary product is EuBr by XRD₂.One In individual embodiment, reactant mixture such as salt mixture be used to reduce the fusing point of regenerative response thing.Appropriate mixture is many Plant the eutectic salt mixture of a variety of cations (such as alkali metal cation) of catalyst.In another embodiment, metal, hydrogen The mixture of compound or other compounds or element be used to reduce the fusing point of regenerative response thing.

The energy balance of non-fraction Hydrochemistry from the fraction hydrogen catalyst system is basic energy neutral (energy Neutral), so as to constitute each power and regeneration cycle of continuous power source with being simultaneously maintained, in experiment measurement In the case of 900kJ/ moles of EuBr of each circulation release₂.It was observed that power density be about 10W/cm³.Temperature range is by losing The temperature range of the container material setting of effect.The net fuel balance of fraction hydrogen reaction is to form H₂(1/4) 50MJ/ consumed rubs You are H₂。

In one embodiment, oxidant is EuX₂(X is halogen) hydrate, its reclaimed water can be deposited as a small amount of material So that its stoichiometry is less than 1.Oxidant can also include europium, halide and oxide, such as EuOX, preferably EuOBr or its With EuX₂Mixture.In another embodiment, oxidant is EuX₂Such as EuBr₂, and carrier is carbide, such as YC₂Or TiC。

In one embodiment, (such as halide is exchanged in exchange reaction for metallic catalyst or catalyst source (such as K or Na) Reaction) and oxidant (such as EuBr₂) regeneration occur when from hot-zone evaporation.Catalyst metals can with valve (such as gate valve or Gate) condensation compartment in condense, the valve when closed isolates the compartment with main reactor compartment.Pass through addition such as hydrogen Deng hydrogen source, catalyst metals can be hydrogenated.It is then possible to which hydride is added back into reactant mixture.In an embodiment In, valve is opened, and hydride is heated to fusing point, so that it flows back to reaction compartment.It is preferred that condensation compartment be located at main reaction every Between top, realized so as to flow at least partially through gravity.Hydride can also be by mechanically add-back.Other of hot recycling are appropriate Reaction system comprises at least NaH or KH and alkali halide (such as LiBr, LiCl, KI and RbCl) or alkaline-earth halide (such as MgF₂、MgCl₂、CaBr₂、CaF₂、SrCl₂、SrI₂、BaCl₂、BaBr₂Or BaI₂)。

Reactant mixture can include as reducing agent or be used as intermetallic compound (such as Mg of carrier₂Ba), and also The mixture of oxidant, mixture (such as MgF of such as alkaline-earth halide itself can be included₂+MgCl₂) or itself and alkali gold Belong to mixture (such as KF+MgF of halide₂Or KMgF₃).These reactants can by reactant mixture product hot recycling. MgF₂+MgCl₂In regenerative process, MgCl₂Can dynamically it be removed as the product of Cl and F exchange reaction.The removal can lead to Pervaporation, distillation or at least precipitated in the later case from liquid mixture is carried out.

In another embodiment, reactant-product energy gap is larger, and reactant still can be by removing at least one Kind of material and by hot recycling.For example, in the temperature less than 1000 DEG C, thermodynamically disadvantageously, making reaction given below Thermoreversion

MnI₂+2KH+Mg→2KI+Mn+MgH₂Δ H=-373.0kJ (71)

But, by removing such as K materials, there are some approach for realizing following formula：

2KI+Mn→MnI₂+2K (72)

Therefore, unequilibrium thermodynamics is applicable, and many epuilibrium thermodynamicses for only considering closed system its thermodynamically Unfavorable reaction system can regenerate.

By dynamically removing potassium, the reaction that can be provided with driving equation (72) is preferably completed.Equation (72) is provided Reaction is confirmed as follows：KI and Mn mol ratio is opened for 2 to 1 one end in 1 inch of OD vacuum sealing quartz pipe of mixture Reacted in the vertical stainless steel tubes of 0.75 inch of OD of mouth.Reaction is carried out 1 hour in 850 DEG C under vacuo.Potassium metal is steamed by hot-zone Hair, and pass through XRD identification of M nI₂Product.

In another embodiment, may act as the metal halide of oxidant comprising alkali metal such as KI, LiBr, LiCl or RbCl, or alkaline-earth halide.Appropriate alkaline-earth halide is magnesium halide.Reactant mixture can include catalysis Agent source and H sources (such as KH or NaH), oxidant (such as MgF₂、MgBr₂、MgCl₂、MgBr₂、MgI₂In one kind and mixture (such as MgBr₂And MgI₂), or mixed halide compound (such as MgIBr)), reducing agent (such as Mg metal dusts) and carrier (such as TiC, YC₂、Ti₃SiC₂、TiCN、SiC、B₄C or WC).One advantage of magnesium halide oxidant is, to make reactant oxidant again Life need not remove Mg powder.Regeneration can be carried out by heating.The regenerative response of thermal drivers can be

2KX+Mg→MgX₂+2K (73)

Or

2KX+MgH₂→MgX₂+2KH (74)

Wherein X is F, Cl, Br or I.In other embodiments, another alkali metal or alkali metal hydride such as NaH KH can be replaced.

In other embodiments, the metal halide that may act as oxidant includes alkali halide such as KI, wherein Metal is also the metal of catalyst or catalyst source.Reactant mixture can include catalyst source and H sources (such as KH or NaH), oxygen Mixture, reducing agent (such as Mg metal powders of agent (one kind in such as KX or NaX, wherein X are F, Cl, Br or I) or oxidant End) and carrier (such as TiC, YC₂、B₄C, NbC and Si nanometer powder).One advantage of this Pseudohalides oxidant is, system quilt Simplify the regeneration for reactant oxidant.Regeneration can be carried out by heating.The regenerative response of thermal drivers can be

KX+KH→KX+K(g)+H₂ (75)

Alkali metal such as K can be collected as steam, hydrogenate again, and added to reactant mixture, to form initial reaction Mixture.

LiH is melted at 900 DEG C the following is stabilization, and at 688.7 DEG C；Therefore, lithium halide (such as LiCl and LiBr) The oxidant or halide of hydride-halide exchange reaction can be served as, wherein to be formed in regenerative process as LiH reacts Initial lithium halide, another catalyst such as K or Na are by preferential evaporation.Reactant mixture can include catalyst or catalyst source With hydrogen or hydrogen source such as KH or NaH, and reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal, such as Mg powder), carrier (such as YC can be also included₂、 TiC or carbon) and oxidant (such as alkali halide, such as LiCl or LiBr) in one or more.Product can be included and urged Agent metal halide and lithium hydride.Producing the fraction hydrogen reaction of energy can be respectively with regenerative response：

MH+LiX→MX+LiH (76)

With

MX+LiH→M+LiX+1/2H₂ (77)

Wherein M is the alkali metal such as catalyst metals such as K or Na, and X is halide such as Cl or Br.M is because of M high volatile With MH relative instability and preferential evaporation.Metal M can dividually be hydrogenated and is back to reactant mixture so that it regenerates. In another embodiment, Li instead of LiH in regenerative response, because it has the vapour pressure more much lower than K.For example exist 722 DEG C, Li vapour pressure is 100Pa；And in similar temperature, i.e., 756 DEG C, K vapour pressure is 100kPa.Then, in equation (77) K can optionally be evaporated during the regenerative response between MX and Li or LiH in.In other embodiments In, replace K using another alkali metal M.

In another embodiment, the reaction of fraction hydrogen is formed comprising between at least two materials (such as two kinds of metals) At least one of hydride is exchanged and halide is exchanged.At least one metal can be catalyst or the catalysis to form fraction hydrogen The source of agent, such as alkali metal or alkali metal hydride.Hydride is exchanged can be at least two hydride, at least one metal and extremely A kind of few hydride, at least two metal hydrides, at least one metal and at least one metal hydride, and two kinds with Between upper material or be related to two or more materials exchange other such combinations between carry out.In one embodiment, hydrogen Compound exchanges to be formed such as (M₁)_x(M₂)_yH_zDeng hybrid metal hydride, wherein x, y and z is integer, and M₁And M₂For metal. In one embodiment, the hydride of mixing includes alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, such as KMgH₃、K₂MgH₄、NaMgH₃And Na₂MgH₄。 Reactant mixture can be at least one of NaH and KH, at least one metal of such as alkaline-earth metal or transition metal and such as The carrier such as carbon or carbide.Reactant mixture can include NaH Mg and TiC or NaH or KH Mg TiC and MX (such as LiX), its Middle X is halide.Hydride, which is exchanged, can occur between NaH and other at least one metals.

In one embodiment, catalyst is such as metal, the metal of intermetallic compound, metal and chemical combination by support At least one atom or ion of the block materials such as thing, wherein at least one electronics of the atom or ion receives to carry out idiomorphism The 27.2eV of the atom of component number hydrogen round number times.In one embodiment, Mg²⁺To form the catalyst of fraction hydrogen, because It is 80.14eV for its 3rd ionization energy (IP).Catalyst can be formed with plasma, or include fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture Reactant compound.Appropriate Mg compounds are to provide Mg in the environment²⁺Compound so that its 3rd IP closer to matching The resonance energy for the 81.6eV that equation (5) is provided in m=3.Exemplary magnesium compound include halide, hydride, nitride, Carbide and boride.In one embodiment, hydride is the metal hydride such as Mg of mixing_x(M₂)_yH_z, wherein x, y and Z is integer, and M₂For metal.In one embodiment, the hydride of mixing includes alkali metal and Mg, such as KMgH₃、 K₂MgH₄、NaMgH₃And Na₂MgH₄.Catalyst reaction is provided by equation (6-9), wherein Cat^q+For Mg²⁺, r=1, and m=3. In another embodiment, Ti²⁺To form the catalyst of fraction hydrogen, because its 3rd ionization energy (IP) is 27.49eV.Catalyst It can be formed with plasma, or include the reactant compound of fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture.Appropriate Ti compounds be Ti is provided in environment²⁺Compound so that its 3rd IP 27.2eV's that closer matching equation (5) is provided in m=1 is total to Shake energy.Exemplary titanium compound includes halide, hydride, nitride, carbide and boride.In an embodiment In, hydride is the metal hydride such as Ti of mixing_x(M₂)_yH_z, wherein x, y and z is integer, and M₂For metal.In a reality Apply in mode, at least one and Ti of the hydride comprising alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal of mixing, such as KTiH₃、K₂TiH₄、NaTiH₃、 Na₂TiH₄And MgTiH₄。

Block magnesium metal includes Mg²⁺Ion and in metal lattice as opposite charges plane metal electron.Mg's 3rd ionization energy is IP₃=80.1437eV.The energy increases E_bThe Mg mole metal keys of=147.1kJ/ moles (1.525eV) Can so that IP₃And E_bSummation be about 3 × 27.2eV, it matches Mg and serves as energy (equation (5)) needed for catalyst.Ionization 3rd electronics can pass through the Mg comprising ionization²⁺The metallic particles at center is combined or is grounded.Similarly, calcium metal includes Ca²⁺From Son and in metal lattice as opposite charges plane metal electron.Ca the 3rd ionization energy is IP₃=50.9131eV. The energy increases E_bThe Ca mole metal bond energys of=177.8kJ/ moles (1.843eV) so that IP₃And 2E_bSummation be about 2 × 27.2eV, its matching Ca serves as the energy (equation (5)) needed for catalyst.La the 4th ionization energy is IP₄=49.95eV.Should Energy increases E_bThe La mole metal bond energys of=431.0kJ/ moles (4.47eV) so that IP₄And E_bSummation be about 2 × 27.2eV, its matching La serves as the energy (equation (5)) needed for catalyst.The ionization energy of lattice ion and the summation of lattice energy Or its relatively low multiple is approximately equal to m27.2eV (equation (5)) other this metalloids can serve as catalyst, such as Cs (IP₂= 23.15eV)、Sc(IP₃=24.75666eV), Ti (IP₃=27.4917eV), Mo (IP₃=27.13eV), Sb (IP₃= 25.3eV)、Eu(IP₃=24.92eV), Yb (IP₃=25.05eV) and Bi (IP₃=25.56eV).In one embodiment, Mg or Ca are the catalyst sources of the reactant mixture of the disclosure.Can be with controlling reaction temperature, to control the reaction for forming fraction hydrogen Speed.Reaction temperature can be about 25 DEG C~2000 DEG C.Appropriate temperature range is +/- 150 DEG C of melting point metal.Ca can also Catalyst is served as, because preceding four ionization energy (IP₁=6.11316eV, IP₂=11.87172eV, IP₃=50.9131eV, IP₄ =67.27eV) summation be 136.17eV, i.e. 5 × 27.2eV (equation (5)).

In one embodiment, catalyst reaction energy is the ionization energy and H of such as atom or ion material₂Bond energy (4.478eV) or H^-Ionization energy (IP=0.754eV) summation.Mg the 3rd ionization energy is IP₃=80.1437eV.H^-With The Mg of one is included in metal lattice²⁺The catalytic reaction of ion, which has, corresponds to IP H^-+Mg IP₃About 3 × 27.2eV (equations (5) enthalpy).Ca the 3rd ionization energy is IP₃=50.9131eV.H^-Ca with including one in metal lattice²⁺Ion is urged Changing reaction has corresponding to IP H^-+Ca IP₃About 2 × 27.2eV (equation (5)) enthalpy.La the 4th ionization energy is IP₄= 49.95eV。H^-La with including one in metal lattice³⁺The catalytic reaction of ion, which has, corresponds to IP H^-+La IP₄About 2 × 27.2eV (equation (5)) enthalpy.

In one embodiment, one or more ionization energy of the ion of metal lattice, which are added, is less than or equal to metal ease The energy for going out work(is 27.2eV multiple so that ion ionization is that the reaction for the metal tape for reaching metal ionization limit has fully Energy, to match the energy received needed for catalyst H to fraction hydrogen state.Metal can be located on the carrier of increase work function. Appropriate carrier is carbon or carbide.The work function of the latter is about 5eV.Mg the 3rd ionization energy is IP₃=80.1437eV, Ca The 3rd ionization energy be IP₃=50.9131eV, and La the 4th ionization energy is IP₄=49.95eV.Therefore, these are in carbon or carbon Each in metal on compound carrier can be each acted as with 3 × 27.2eV, 2 × 27.2eV and the net enthalpys of 2 × 27.2eV Catalyst.Mg work function is 3.66eV；Therefore, Mg can individually serve as 3 × 27.2eV catalyst.

The combination energy of the electronics of center charge and acceptor is eliminated by H to acceptor (such as atom or ion) energy transfer. It is allowed to shift when energy is equal to the 27.2eV of integral multiple.In the outer-shell electron that acceptor electronics is metal or the ion of compound In the case of, ion is present in lattice so that the energy received is more than the vacuum ionization energy of acceptor electronics.Lattice energy increases The amount less than or equal to work function is added, work function is the restricted point of energy that electronics starts to ionize from lattice.In an implementation In mode, the energy that one or more ionization energy of the ion of metal lattice add less than or equal to metallicl work function is 27.2 Multiple so that the energy that the reaction of metal tape of the ion ionization to reach metal ionization limit has is enough to match catalysis H extremely Energy needed for fraction hydrogen state.Metal can be located on the carrier of increase work function.Appropriate carrier is carbon or carbide.The latter Work function be about 5eV.Mg the 3rd ionization energy is IP₃=80.1437eV, Ca the 3rd ionization energy are IP₃=50.9131eV, And La the 4th ionization energy is IP₄=49.95eV.Therefore, each in these metals on carbon or carbide support can To each act as the catalyst with 3 × 27.2eV, 2 × 27.2eV and the net enthalpys of 2 × 27.2eV.Mg work function is 3.66eV； Therefore, Mg can individually serve as 3 × 27.2eV catalyst.Identical mechanism is applied to ion or compound.Work as ionic lattice Ion one or more ionization energy add less than or equal to compound work function energy be 27.2eV multiple when, it is such Ion can serve as catalyst.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes Mg or Ca, and also includes solvent and optional carrier.Suitably Solvent include ether, hydrocarbon, fluorohydrocarbon, aromatic series, heterocyclic aromatic solvent, and " liquid fuel：Organic and melting solvent system " Other solvents provided in part.Other appropriate solvents are also " organic solvent " partly and disclosed in " inorganic solvent " part Those solvents.Appropriate solvent is hexamethyl phosphoramide (OP (N (CH₃)₂)₃), ammonia, amine, ether, complexing solvent, crown ether and cave-shaped Part, and with the addition of crown ether or cryptand such as ether or acid amides (such as THF) equal solvent.

Magnesium can form complex compound：Magnesium anthracene tetrahydrofuran (THF), can obtain high surface area by it in the following manner High response Mg：Using heat and by the organic solvents such as such as toluene or normal heptane with ultrasonic wave or in a vacuum in consolidating The complex compound is decomposed under state with heat while reclaiming anthracene and THF or in a vacuum in heating under solid-state.With high surface area Mg can also be by the MgH using complex catalysis preparation₂Dehydrogenation and obtain.In another embodiment, Mg is used as complex compound (such as magnesium anthracene tetrahydrofuran (THF)) and suspend or dissolve.Such complex compound can be with serving as the Mg metals of catalyst in flat In weighing apparatus.Fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture can include high surface area Mg, carrier, hydrogen source (such as H₂Or hydride) and optionally other are anti- Answer thing such as oxidant.Such as TiC, WC, TiCN, YC₂, SiC and B₄At least one of C carrier can pass through evaporating volatile gold Belong to and regenerate.Mg can be removed by using anthracene tetrahydrofuran (THF) cleaning, wherein forming Mg complex compounds.Heat can be passed through Decompose the complex compound and reclaim Mg.

Such as Mg or Ca bulk metals catalyst can float on a liquid as emulsion.The liquid can have to be enough The viscosity of the metal that suspends and the solvent of density, such as mineral oil or chloroform.The liquid can be the salt of melting.Suspension can have There is the longer life-span so that energy minimization to maintain emulsion.The liquid suspension that metal can be formed in another metal Or mixture.Using arbitrary proportion and appropriate metal miscible Mg as Na and K.Formed liquid mixture when temperature be respectively 97.7 DEG C and 63 DEG C.Reaction temperature can remain the about or above temperature.Mg can also be dissolved in Al, wherein in original When sub- % is 50/50 and temperature is higher than 450 DEG C, mixture is liquid.Alternatively, Mg can (such as 5 is former with Y The atom % of sub- %~10 Y) dissolve, it is liquid at about 600 DEG C.The liquid suspension that Ca can be formed in another metal Liquid or mixture.It is in any proportion Na with appropriate metal miscible Ca.Temperature when forming liquid mixture is 97.6 DEG C. Ca is soluble in La or Eu.

In another embodiment, such as Mg or Ca bulk metals catalyst includes intermetallic compound.Such as Mg²⁺Deng gold The energy level of metal ion center in category lattice is varied so that ionization energy is closer in intermetallic compound and meets m 27.2eV to form the catalyst of fraction hydrogen to serve as.Appropriate exemplary Mg intermetallic compounds are Mg-Ca, Mg-Ag, Mg- Ba, Mg-Li, Mg-Bi, Mg-Cd, Mg-Ga, Mg-In, Mg-Cu and Mg-Ni and its hydride.Exemplary mixture and its fusing point For Mg Ca (27/73 atom %, MP=443 DEG C), Mg Ag (77.43/22.57 atoms %, MP=472 DEG C), Mg Ba (65/35 Atom %, MP=358 DEG C), Mg Li (30/70 atom %, MP=325 DEG C), Mg Bi (41.1/59.9 atoms %, MP=553 DEG C), Mg Cd (50/50 atom %, MP=400 DEG C), Mg Ga (50/50 atom %, MP=370 DEG C), (50/50 is former by Mg In Sub- %, MP=460 DEG C), Mg Cu (85/15 atom %, MP=487 DEG C) and Mg Ni (76.5/23.5 atoms %, MP=506 ℃).Appropriate exemplary Ca intermetallic compounds are Ca-Cu, Ca-In, Ca-Li, Ca-Ni, Ca-Sn, Ca-Zn and its hydrogenation Thing.Exemplary mixture and its fusing point are Ca Cu (75.7/24.3 atoms %, MP=482 DEG C), Ca In (5/95 atom %, MP =300 DEG C), Ca Li (40/60 atom %, MP=230 DEG C), Ca Ni (84/16 atom %, MP=443 DEG C), Ca Sn (15/ 95 atom %, MP=500 DEG C) and Ca Zn (72.6/27.4 atoms %, MP=391 DEG C).In other embodiments, metal It is dissolved in intermetallic compound.The Ca of the excessive Ca of exemplary formation dissolving intermetallic compound is suitable with other metals When mixture is Ca Li (50/50 atom %) and Ca Mg (70/30 atom %), other appropriate mixtures can be by this area skill Art personnel are determined by phasor.Reactant mixture can also include such as TiC carriers.H atom source is added to and suspended or molten In the metal of solution.The source can be hydrogen or hydride and the dissociation agent of optional hydrogen.Reaction temperature may remain in form liquid Temperature is near or above.

In one embodiment, catalyst (passes through x-ray photoelectron energy comprising the 27.2eV that ionization energy is equal to integral multiple Spectrum determine) metal or compound.In one embodiment, NaH serves as catalyst and H sources, wherein exceeding in hydrogen pressure Reaction temperature is maintained above NaH 638 DEG C of fusing point during 107.3 bar.

Al metals can serve as catalyst.First, second, and third ionization energy is respectively 5.98577eV, 18.82856eV And 28.44765eV, thus Al to Al³⁺Ionization be 53.26198eV.The enthalpy plus fault location Al bond energys matching 2 × 27.2eV。

The another kind of material for meeting net this catalysts conditions of enthalpy for providing integral multiple 27.2eV is hydrogen atom and another thing The combination of matter (such as atom or ion), thus makes the summation of the ionization energy of hydrogen atom and one or more electronics of other materials For m27.2 (equation (5)).For example, H ionization energy is 13.59844eV, and Ca first, second, and third ionization energy is IP₁=6.11316eV, IP₂=11.87172eV and IP₃=50.9131eV.Therefore, Ca and H can serve as net enthalpy for 3 × X27.2eV catalyst.Ca can also serve as catalyst, because the first, the three, the third and fourth (IP₄=67.27eV) electricity Summation from energy is 5 × 27.2eV.In later case, because H (1/4) is based on its stability but preferred situation, therefore Ca The H atom being catalyzed can be using transition as H (1/4) state, wherein causing Ca ionization to be Ca⁴⁺Be transferred to Ca energy comprising in being formed Mesosome H* (1/4) 81.6eV parts and the 54.56eV discharged as H* (1/4) part decay energy.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture comprising catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source (such as KH or NaH), Carrier (such as metal carbides, preferably TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、WC、TiCN、B₄C, SiC or YC₂, or metal, such as Fe, Mn or Cr Transition metal), reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal) and may act as in the alkaline-earth halide of oxidant at least two.It is preferred that It is that alkaline-earth halide Oxidizing and Reducing Agents includes same alkaline-earth metal.Exemplary reaction mixture includes KH Mg TiC Or YC₂MgCl₂；KH Mg TiC or YC₂MgF₂；KH Ca TiC or YC₂ CaCl₂；KH Ca TiC or YC₂ CaF₂；KH Sr TiC Or YC₂ SrCl₂；KH Sr TiC or YC₂ SrF₂；KH Ba TiC or YC₂ BaBr₂；With KH Ba TiC or YC₂ BaI₂。

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source (such as KH or NaH) With carrier (such as metal carbides, such as TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、WC、TiCN、B₄C, SiC or YC₂, or metal, such as Fe, Mn or Cr Transition metal).Appropriate carrier is to cause catalyst and hydrogen formation so that those carriers of H-shaped component number hydrogen.Exemplary reaction Mixture includes KH YC₂；KH TiC；NaH YC₂With NaH TiC.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or hydrogen source, such as alkali metal hydrogen Compound.Appropriate reactant is KH and NaH.Reactant mixture can also include reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal, preferably Mg), and can To additionally comprise carrier, wherein the carrier can be carbon (such as activated carbon), metal or carbide.Reactant mixture can be wrapped also Containing oxidant, such as alkaline-earth halide.In one embodiment, oxidant can be carrier, such as carbon.Carbon can be comprising such as The form such as graphite and activated carbon, it is possible to also dissociate agent, such as Pt, Pd, Ru or Ir comprising hydrogen.Appropriate such carbon can be included Pt/C, Pd/C, Ru/C or Ir/C.Oxide can be with one or more metals or reactant mixture formation intercalation compound.Gold Category can be the metal of catalyst or catalyst source, such as alkali metal.In an exemplary reaction, intercalation compound can be KC_x, wherein x can be 8,10,24,36,48,60.In one embodiment, intercalation compound can be regenerated as metal and Carbon.Regeneration can be carried out by heating, and wherein metal can be removed by dynamic and further completed with compulsive reaction.What is regenerated is appropriate Temperature is about 500 DEG C~1000 DEG C, preferably from about 750 DEG C~900 DEG C.Can be by adding another species (such as gas) come further Promote reaction.Gas can be inert gas or hydrogen.Hydrogen source can be hydride, such as catalyst source (such as KH) or oxidizer source (such as MgH₂).Appropriate gas can be inert gas and nitrogen.Alternatively, gas can be ammonia or itself and its The mixture of his gas.Gas can be removed by such as pumping.Other displacing agents include with comprising catalyst or catalyst source The different intercalator of intercalator, is such as different from another alkali metal of the alkali metal corresponding to catalyst or catalyst source.Exchange It can be dynamic, or intermittently occur, so that at least some catalyst or catalyst source are regenerated.Carbon is by such as by driving For dosage form into intercalation compound it is easier decompose etc. mode also regenerated.This can be by heating or by using gas Displacing agent and occur.Any methane or hydrocarbon formed by carbon and hydrogen can be restructured as carbon and hydrogen on appropriate catalyst.Methane Corresponding hydride and carbon can be formed with the metal reaction such as such as alkali metal.Appropriate alkali metal is K and Na.

NH₃Solution dissolves K.In one embodiment, NH₃Fluid density is may be at when inserting in carbon.Then, its It may act as by MC_xThe solvent of regenerative carbon, and NH₃Removed easily from reative cell as gas.In addition, NH₃Can be with reversible React to form acid amides (such as KNH with such as K M in ground₂), it can be driven from MC_xThe completion of middle extraction M reaction.In an embodiment party In formula, certain pressure and under other reaction conditions by NH₃Add to MC_x, so that carbon regenerates while M is removed.Then true Sky is lower to remove NH₃.It can be reclaimed in another regeneration cycle.

In another embodiment, can be by alkali metal from intercalation product by using the solvent extraction metal of metal Such as MC_xRemoved in (M is alkali metal), to form metal and carbon.The appropriate solvent for dissolving alkali metal is hexamethyl phosphoramide (OP (N (CH₃)₂)₃), ammonia, amine, ether, complexing solvent, crown ether and cryptand, and with the addition of crown ether or cryptand such as ether or Acid amides (such as THF) equal solvent.The speed for removing alkali metal can be improved using Ultrasound Instrument.In one embodiment, react mixed Compound is (such as comprising catalyst or catalyst source and also comprising hydrogen or hydrogen source (such as alkali metal hydride, such as KH or NaH), reduction Agent (such as alkaline-earth metal) and the reactant mixture of carbon carrier (such as activated carbon)) flow through power generating part and flow to product reproducing unit. Regeneration can be realized by using any metal being inserted into of solvent extraction.Solvent can be evaporated to remove alkali metal.Gold Category can be hydrogenated and be combined with the carbon and reducing agent of regeneration to form initial reaction mixture, the initial reaction mixture with Power section is flow to afterwards to complete the circulation that a power is produced and regenerated.Dynamic response portion may remain in higher temperature to draw Send out energy response.The thermal source that keeping temperature and any other step (such as solvent evaporates) to circulation provide heat can come from The formation reaction of fraction hydrogen.

In one embodiment, maintenance reaction condition (such as pond running temperature) so that intercalation compound dynamic formation and point Solution, wherein energy and regenerative response obtain synchronous maintenance.In another embodiment, make temperature cycles so that intercalation formation with Balanced sequence between decomposition, so as to alternately maintain energy and regenerative response.In another embodiment, metal and carbon can With by intercalation compound electrochemical regeneration.In this case, pond also includes negative electrode and anode, and can also include by appropriate Salt bridge electrical contact negative electrode and anodic compartment.The carbon of reduction can be oxidized to carbon, and hydrogen can be reduced to hydride So that reactant (such as KH and AC) is by KC_xRegeneration.In one embodiment, pond includes liquid potassium K_mAnode and the graphite of insertion Negative electrode.Electrode can be coupled by dielectric and salt bridge.Electrode can be coupled by solid-state potassium-vitreous electrolyte, and the electricity is situated between Matter can provide K⁺Conveying of the ion from anode to negative electrode.Anode reaction can be

K⁺+e^-→K_m (78)

Cathode reaction may relate to level (stage) change such as n-1 to n, and its middle rank is higher, and the K of insertion amount is fewer. Become by 2 grades in the situation for turning to 3 grades, the reaction at negative electrode can be

3C₂₄K→2C₃₆K+K⁺+e^- (79)

Then overall reaction is

3C₂₄K→2C₃₆K+K_m (80)

Pond can be circulated or be operated intermittently, and wherein dynamic response is carried out after reactant regeneration or partial regeneration.To being The change of electromotive force in system caused by Injection Current can cause the reaction of fraction hydrogen to proceed.

Comprising catalyst or at least one of catalyst source, hydrogen or hydrogen source and oxidant, carrier and reducing agent In one embodiment (wherein oxidant can include a form of carbon), such as in reactant mixture KH Mg AC, oxygen Change reaction and obtain the reproducible metal intercalation compound under higher temperature and vacuum.Alternatively, carbon can be with Regenerated by using displacing gases.Pressure can be higher than or about 0.1 atmospheric pressure~500 atmospheric pressure.Suitable gas is H₂, inert gas, N₂Or CH₄, or other volatile hydrocarbons.Preferably, carbon (such as KC of reduction_x/ AC) it is regenerated as carbon (such as AC) without aoxidizing or making K reactions to be to be unable to the compound that K is returned in thermal transition.By such as evaporate or distil etc. mode by K from After being removed in carbon, displacing gases can be removed with pump, K or can not be hydrogenated and return in pond, and carry out energy response again.

The carbon of incorporation can be charged, to improve the Catalysis Rate for forming fraction hydrogen.Charging can change the change of reactant Learn gesture.The counterelectrode not contacted by using the electrode contacted with reactant and with reactant can apply high voltage.Voltage can To apply in being carried out in reaction.Pressure (such as hydrogen pressure) can be adjusted with so that can be to reactant charging while avoiding glow discharge Voltage.Voltage can be direct current (DC) or radio frequency (RF) voltage, or including with any inclined in maximum voltage range Move any desired frequency or waveform with the pulse of any voltage max, and working cycles.In one embodiment, Counterelectrode makes electrical contact with reactant, passes through so that electric current is maintained in reactant.Counterelectrode can have back bias voltage, and conductive Pond is grounded.Alternatively, polarity reversal can be come.Second electrode can be introduced so that reactant is located at electricity Between pole, and electric current is flowed between electrode by least one of reactant.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes KH, Mg and activated carbon (AC).In other embodiments, Reactant mixture includes LiH Mg AC, NaH Mg AC, KH Mg AC, RbH Mg AC, CsH Mg AC, Li Mg AC, Na Mg One or more in AC, K Mg AC, Rb Mg AC and Cs Mg AC.In other illustrative embodiments, reaction mixing Thing includes KH Mg AC MgF₂、KH Mg AC MgCl₂、KH Mg AC MgF₂+MgCl₂、KH Mg AC SrCl₂With KH Mg AC BaBr₂In one or more.Reactant mixture can comprising as reducing agent or as carrier intermetallic compound such as Mg₂Ba, and also include the mixture of oxidant, mixture (such as MgF of such as alkaline-earth halide itself₂+MgCl₂) or Its mixture (such as KF+MgF with alkali halide₂Or KMgF₃).These reactants can be warm by the product of reactant mixture Regeneration.

Temperature be higher than 527 DEG C when, K will not intercalation in carbon.In one embodiment, pond is run in higher temperature, So that the K of the intercalation in carbon can not be formed.In one embodiment, K is added in reaction tank in the temperature.Pond reactant Such as Mg reducing agents can also be included.H₂Pressure can maintain the level by KH is formed in situ, and be such as 5 atmospheric pressure~50 Atmospheric pressure.

In another embodiment, AC is replaced using another material, the material and catalyst or catalyst source are (such as K) react to form corresponding ionic compound such as MC_x(M is to include M⁺WithAlkali metal).The material can serve as oxidation Agent.The material can form intercalation chemical combination with least one of catalyst, catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as K, Na, NaH and KH) Thing.Material is suitably inserting for hexagonal boron nitride and metal chalcogenide.Appropriate chalkogenide is that with hierarchy A little chalkogenides, such as MoS₂And WS₂.The chalkogenide of layering can be the one or more to be formed in following inventories：TiS₂、 ZrS₂、HfS₂、TaS2、TeS₂、ReS₂、PtS₂、SnS₂、SnSSe、TiSe₂、ZrSe₂、HfSe₂、VSe₂、TaSe₂、TeSe₂、 ReSe₂、PtSe₂、SnSe₂、TiTe₂、ZrTe₂、VTe₂、NbTe₂、TaTe₂、MoTe₂、WTe₂、CoTe₂、RhTe₂、IrTe₂、NiTe₂、 PdTe₂、PtTe₂、SiTe₂、NbS₂、TaS₂、MoS₂、WS₂、NbSe₂、TaSe₂、MoSe₂、WSe₂And MoTe₂.Other appropriate examples Property embodiment be silicon, doped silicon, silicide, boron and boride.Appropriate boride includes forming double-strand and image-stone ink like that Two-dimensional network those borides.Conductive two-dimension netted boride can have such as MB₂Molecular formula, wherein M be gold Category, such as Cr, Ti, Mg, Zr and Gd (CrB₂、TiB₂、MgB₂、ZrB₂、GdB₂At least one of).It can be that heat can that compound, which is formed, Inverse.Reactant can by remove the catalyst of catalyst source and hot recycling.

In one embodiment, the maximized following reaction of first power phase operation temperature operation of fraction hydrogen yield is made Mixture：Intercalation compound (such as metal for including the element beyond carbon as the formation of oxidant comprising reactant mixture Graphite, metal hydride graphite or similar compound) reactant.Then pond temperature can be changed into most useful in regeneration cycle Regeneration second value or scope.In situation of the regeneration cycle temperature less than power cycle temperature, heat exchanger can be used Reduce temperature.In situation of the regeneration cycle temperature higher than power cycle temperature, heater can be used to raise temperature.Heater Can utilize the electric resistance heater produced by the heat energy disengaged in power cycle.System can include heat exchanger, such as Contracurrent system, wherein heat loss is minimum when making the reactant hot cooling of regeneration to be regenerated.As resistance heating with Outer another selection, can use heat pump mixture to reduce consumed electricity.Heat loss also can by from it is hotter to The transfer of colder object (such as the pond using heat pipe) and minimize.Reactant can be caused by hot-zone continuous feed point Number hydrogen reaction, it is possible to make it further flow or be sent to another region, compartment, reactor or system (wherein in batches, interval Or continuously regenerate), wherein regeneration product can be static or moved.

In one embodiment, NaOH is the NaH sources in regeneration cycle.NaOH and Na to Na₂O and NaH reaction is

NaOH+2Na→Na₂O+NaH (- 44.7kJ/ moles) (81)

Exothermic reaction can drive NaH (g) formation.Therefore, NaH is decomposed into Na or metal and can serve as to form catalyst NaH (g) reducing agent.In one embodiment, the production of the reaction of the generation NaH catalyst provided as such as equation (81) Na formed by thing₂O is reacted with hydrogen source, and the NaOH of NaH catalyst sources can be further acted as to be formed.In an embodiment In, the NaOH of equation (81) regenerative response is in the presence of atomic hydrogen

Na₂O+1/2H → NaOH+Na Δ H=-11.6kJ/ moles of NaOH (82)

H=-10,500kJ/ moles of H of NaH → Na+H (1/3) Δ (83)

With

H=-19,700kJ/ moles of H of NaH → Na+H (1/4) Δ (84)

Therefore, NaH catalysis is served as come a small amount of NaOH and Na and atom hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen in the source such as Na metals or NaH freely The catalysis source of agent, and it forms point in high yield further through multiple circulations of regenerative response being provided such as equation (81-84) Number hydrogen.The reaction that equation (82) is provided can be by using hydrogen dissociation agent enhancing with by H₂Form atom H.Appropriate dissociation agent bag Containing selected from least one of noble metal, transition metal, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ni, Ti (and these elements are located on carrier) group. Reactant mixture can include NaH or NaH sources and NaOH or NaOH sources, it is possible to also be reduced comprising such as alkaline-earth metal (such as Mg) Agent and carrier (such as carbon or carbide, such as TiC, YC₂、TiSiC₂At least one of and WC).

In one embodiment, KOH is the source of K and KH in regeneration cycle.KOH and K to K₂O and KH reaction is

KOH+2K→K₂O+KH (+5.4kJ/ moles) (85)

During KH is formed, occurs the reaction of fraction hydrogen.In one embodiment, K₂O and hydrogen source react that to be formed can With the KOH for the reactant for further acting as equation (85).In one embodiment, the equation (85) in the presence of atomic hydrogen KOH regenerative response is

K₂O+1/2H₂H=-63.1kJ/ moles of KOH of → KOH+K Δs (86)

H=-19,700kJ/ moles of H of KH → K+H (1/4) Δ (87)

Therefore, the KH of catalyst is served as come a small amount of KOH and K and atom hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen in the sources such as the category of karat gold freely or KH The catalysis source in source, and it forms point in high yield further through multiple circulations of regenerative response being provided such as equation (85-87) Number hydrogen.The reaction that equation (86) is provided can be by using hydrogen dissociation agent enhancing with by H₂Form atom H.Appropriate dissociation agent bag Containing selected from least one of noble metal, transition metal, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ni, Ti (and these elements are located on carrier) group. Reactant mixture can include KH or KH sources and KOH or KOH sources, it is possible to also comprising such as alkaline-earth metal (such as Mg) reducing agent and Carrier (such as carbon or carbide, such as TiC, YC₂、TiSiC₂At least one of and WC).

The component of reactant mixture can be any mol ratio.Comprising catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as NaH or KH), the reactant mixture of reducing agent, solvent or hydride exchange reaction thing (such as alkaline-earth metal, such as Mg) and carrier is appropriate Ratio is that the former two is approximate equimolar ratio, and carrier is excessive.Exemplary NaH or KH+Mg and carrier (such as AC) appropriate ratio Example is respectively 5%, 5% and 90%, wherein it is 100% together that each mole of %, which can change 10 percentage points but add,.When carrier is During TiC, exemplary proper proportion is respectively 20%, 20% and 60%, wherein each mole of % can change 10 percentage points but add It is 100% together.Include catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as NaH or KH), reducing agent, solvent or hydride exchange reaction Thing (such as alkaline-earth metal, such as Mg) includes metal halide (such as alkali metal, alkaline earth of oxidant or halide exchange reaction thing Metal, transition metal, Ag, In or rare earth metal halide) and the proper proportion of reactant mixture of carrier be that the former two is near Like equimolar ratio, metal halide is equimolar ratio or slightly deficiency, and carrier is excessive.Exemplary NaH or KH+Mg+MX or MX₂(wherein M is metal and X is halide) and the proper proportion of carrier (such as AC) they are respectively 10%, 10%, 2% and 78%, its In each mole of % can change 10 percentage points but add together be 100%.In the situation that carrier is TiC, exemplary appropriate ratio Example is respectively 25%, 25%, 6% and 44%, wherein it is 100% together that each mole of %, which can change 10 percentage points but add,.

In one embodiment, the power set shown in Fig. 2 include multitubular reactor, wherein in time in reactor Between control fraction hydrogen reaction (catalysis by H-shaped component number hydrogen for producing power) and regenerative response to maintain over time Required power output.Can be with heating bath with initiation reaction, and can be stored in heat from the energy that the formation of fraction hydrogen is reacted It is desired to realize in matter (its caloic for including the caloic in pond and being transmitted under controlled conditions by heat transfer medium and control system) The contribution to power over time.Regenerative response can combine progress to remain continuous with dynamic response in multiple ponds Operating.Hot recycling can be carried out, wherein the hot energy that at least partially or fully can be discharged by forming fraction hydrogen is provided.Regeneration It can be carried out in the containing unit that each pipe (reactor) with multitubular reactor is connected.In one embodiment, come automatic The heat that power produces pond flow to the pond regenerated due to thermal gradient.Flowing can be entered by the thermal conductivity medium including cooling agent OK, controlled wherein flowing by valve and at least one flow governor and pump.

In an embodiment shown in Fig. 5, reactor comprises mean for making reaction by the catalysis of hydrogen to fraction hydrogen The main reactor 101 of the lively power of produce and the second Room 102 connected with main reactor.Two Room reactors 110 are comprising single more than one group Element apparatus, it includes multitubular reactor 100.Each unit also includes heat exchanger 103.Each pond can have thermal boundary (such as heat guard Or air gap) to control hot transfer.Heat exchanger can be provided to make most cold part be located at the region farthest apart from main reaction chamber Second Room.Temperature can approach the bottom of main reaction chamber with heat exchanger and gradually rise.Heat exchanger, which can be included, to be enclosed The pipe around reative cell is wound on, to maintain the thermograde along heat exchanger.Heat exchanger can have from exchanger most Heat is partly to the pipeline 107 of heat load (such as steam generator 104, steam turbine 105 and generator 106).The pipeline can be with As shown in Figure 5 close to the bottom of main reactor, and it can also be a part for the main circulation loop 115 of closing.It is anti-from multitube Heat load can be transferred to by heat exchanger 111 by answering the heat of device system, and heat exchanger 111 is by the biography of dynamical system (major loop) Thermal medium is isolated with heat load (such as generator system 104,105 and 106).Working fluid (such as high temperature in power-conversion system Steam) can be by pipeloop 113 and condenser 112 (it can also include heat rejecting heat exchanger) as from turbine The Low Temperature Steam of machine and received.The power circulation system can include the secondary loop for working media (such as steam and water) 116.In another embodiment comprising single loop heat transfer system, pipeline 115 is joined directly together with steam generator 104, is returned Return pipe 108 is joined directly together with condenser 112, and the circulation in any of which construction can be provided by circulating pump 129.

In one embodiment, each room is vertical.The most cold part of heat exchanger with cold intake pipeline 108 can So that positioned at the top of the second Room with counterflow heat exchanger, wherein heat transfer medium (such as fluid or gas) is by the top of second Room Become more and more hotter to the direction of main chamber, wherein heat is removed and is oriented to heat load by the near middle in main chamber using pipe 107. Each room can be connected or be isolated by the on and off of chamber isolation valve (gate valve or gate between such as each room).Reactor 110 is also Gas outlet pipe 121 can be included (it can include vavuum pump 127).Waste gas can be separated by fraction hydrogen separator 122, and And fraction hydrogen can be used in the chemicals manufacture in system 124.Hydrogen can be collected by hydrogen recover 123, hydrogen Recover 123 can be such that the hydrogen of recovery returns (alternatively plus the gaseous hydrogen from feeder 125) by pipeline 120.

Exemplary reactants KH and SrBr are used at one₂Embodiment in, fraction Hydrogen Energy quantitative response can be carried out, so After open gate valve, K is in SrBr₂The cold top of second Room is moved to while being formed in main chamber, the valve is closed, K is hydrogenated, The valve is opened, KH drops back to main chamber, close the valve, the reaction for then forming fraction Hydrogen Energy amount utilizes the SrBr of regeneration₂Carried out with KH. Mg metals can also be collected in the second chamber.Due to its low volatility, Mg can open condensation with K points, and separate the first Room of return. In another embodiment, KH can be replaced by another alkali metal or alkali metal hydride, and oxidant SrBr₂Can be with Replaced by another oxidant.Reactor is preferably metal, and it being capable of hot operation and will not be within the temperature range of operation With Sr formation intermetallic compounds.Appropriate reactor material is stainless steel and nickel.Reactor can include Ta or Ta coatings, and Change between the metal of the intermetallic compound that can be also formed comprising the further intermolecular compound of resistance, such as Sr and stainless steel or nickel Compound.

Reaction can be by controlling the pressure of inert gas to control, and the inert gas can pass through hydrogen inlet pipe 120 introduce, and are discharged by gas outlet pipe 121.Gate can be opened so that catalyst (such as K) is evaporated to by reative cell 101 Room 102.Gas outlet pipe pump dehydrogenation can be used.Catalyst or hydrogen source (such as KH) can not be resupplied, or can control to supply To amount with according to expectation termination or reduction power.Reducing agent (such as Mg) can be hydrogenated, with by via feeder 120 and gate Add H₂Or by directly adding H via independent pipeline₂And reduce speed.The caloic of reactor 110 can cause complete in reactant Temperature is no more than failure level during full response, wherein stopping regeneration cycle being maintained.

In situation of the temperature of reactor higher than hydride decomposition temperature, such as KH hydride can be significantly less than its heat Thermal reaction mixture is added back in the period of resolving time.LiH melts at 900 DEG C the following is stabilization, and at 688.7 DEG C Melt；Therefore, reactor can be added back to, and is not thermally decomposed in the corresponding regeneration temperature less than LiH decomposition temperatures.Suitably The reactant mixture comprising LiH be LiH Mg TiC SrCl₂、LiH Mg TiC SrBr₂With LiH Mg TiC BaBr₂.It is suitable When the reactant mixture comprising LiH be LiH Mg TiC SrCl₂、LiH Mg TiC SrBr₂、LiH Mg TiC BaBr₂With LiH Mg TiC BaCl₂。

The hot pond regenerated can be heated by other ponds of generation power.In power and regeneration cycle process between pond Heat transfer can be carried out by the valve for the cooling agent for controlling to flow.In one embodiment, pond can include cylinder, such as straight Footpath is 1 inch~4 inches of pipe.Pond can be by indwelling in heat-conducting medium (such as solid-state, liquid or gaseous medium).Medium can be with It is the water that can be seethed with excitement, the boiling is carried out for example, by the pattern of the nucleateboiling at pool wall.Alternatively select Select, medium can be the metal or salt or solid (such as copper bullet) of melting.Pond can be square or rectangular, with therebetween More effectively conducted heat.In one embodiment, the pond regenerated passes through the pond in power generation cycle Heat transfer and maintain on regeneration temperature.Heat transfer can be carried out by thermal conductivity medium.Power produce pond there may be than Higher temperature needed for regeneration, to maintain the part heat transfer to these ponds.Heat load (such as heat exchanger or steam generator) The heat from thermal conductivity medium can be received.Appropriate position is located at surrounding.The system can be included and maintained at thermal conductivity medium In the thermal boundary of the temperature higher than heat load.The thermal boundary can include heat guard or air gap.Power produces what pond heating was regenerated Those ponds, so that power output can statistically reach constant level with the increase of the quantity in pond.Accordingly, it is capable to Amount is gratifying constant.In one embodiment, the circulation in each pond is controlled, to select power to produce pond to select Regenerated reactor heat supply.Circulation can be controlled by controlling reaction condition.It can control to make metal vapors condensation leave reaction The on and off of the device of mixture, to control the circulation in each pond.

In another embodiment, heat flow can be passive, and can also be active.Can be by multiple ponds Indwelling is in thermal conductivity medium.Medium can be high-termal conductivity.Appropriate medium can be solid (such as metal, including copper, aluminium And stainless steel), liquid (such as the salt of melting) or gas (such as inert gas, such as helium or argon).

Multitubular reactor can include the pond of horizontal alignment, and its long axis direction along pond has dead space (dead Space), the dead space makes metal vapors (such as alkali metal) to be escaped during regenerating.Metal be able to can be maintained in temperature Less than the position of pond temperature with the cold-zone of pond interior contact condense.Appropriate position is in the end in pond.Cold-zone can lead to Cross with can heating receive the heat exchanger of speed and maintain desired temperature.Condenser zone, which can be included, to be had and can be closed The chamber of the valve (such as gate valve) closed.The metal (such as K) of condensation can be hydrogenated, and hydride can be for example, by machinery or gas The means such as dynamic are back to reactor.Can be by means known in the art stirring reaction mixture, methods described such as machinery is mixed Close or mechanical agitation, including low-frequency vibration or ultrasonic wave.Mixing can also be carried out by Pneumatic method, for example using gas (such as Hydrogen or inert gas) injection.

In the multitubular reactor comprising pond, (it includes the pond of horizontal alignment, and has dead space along the long axis direction in pond, makes Metal vapors (such as alkali metal) can escaped during regenerating) another embodiment in, one along on the length direction in pond Individual region is maintained the temperature lower than reactant mixture.Metal can be condensed along the cold-zone.Can by with it is variable and by The cold-zone is maintained desired temperature by the heat exchanger that the heat of control receives speed.Heat exchanger, which can be included, has flowing Cooling agent conduit or heat pipe.Based on the stream being controlled by such as its pressure, temperature and the hot conduit for receiving surface area parameter The heat transfer rate of speed or heat pipe, can be desired value by the temperature control in cold-zone and pond.Because of the presence of hydrogen in pond, condensation Metal (such as K or Na) can be hydrogenated.Hydride can be back in reactor, and rotates pond by institute by the major axis around pond Hydride is stated to mix with other reactants.Rotation can be driven by motor, wherein can make pond synchronous using transmission device.For Mixed reactant, rotation can be carried out alternately clockwise and counterclockwise.Pond can intermittently be overturn 360 °.Rotation It can be carried out with high angular velocity so that the change occurred to the heat transfer of heat trap is minimum.Quick rotation can be superimposed upon On slow constant rotational speeds, with realize will likely Residual reactants (such as metal hydride) further mix.Pass through Hydrogen pipeline can be supplied hydrogen to each pond by the infiltration through pool wall or hydrogen permeability film, and wherein hydrogen, which is supplied to, has one The chamber in individual or multiple ponds.Hydrogen can also be supplied by electrolysis water.Electrolytic cell can include the rotary components in pond, such as along reaction The column shaped rotating axle of the centerline direction in device pond.

Alternatively, including can making one or more internal scrapers (wiper blade) or agitator Surface is inswept, and the hydride formed is mixed with other reactants.Each scraper or agitator can be surrounded and pond The parallel axle rotation of major axis.Scraper can be driven using the magnetic coupling of internal scraper and the magnetic field sources of outside rotation.Magnetic Flux can pass through such as stainless steel wall chamber wall.In one embodiment, the rotary speed or scraper in pond are controlled or is stirred The rotary speed of device is mixed, metal hydride is formed to be reacted in metal vapors and makes power output most when being mixed with reactant mixture Bigization.Reaction tank can be the tubular body with circle, ellipse, square, rectangle, triangle or polygonal crosssection. Heat exchanger can be comprising the pipe or conduit for being loaded with cooling agent, and it can have square or rectangle and circle, ellipse, triangle Shape or polygonal crosssection are to obtain required surface area.Square or rectangular pipe array can be included for the continuous of heat exchange Surface.The surface of each pipe or conduit can be transformed with fin or other surfaces product increase material.

In another embodiment, reactor includes multiple areas with different temperatures, with selectively condensed product A variety of selected components of mixture or a variety of selected components from product mixtures.These components can be regenerated as initial anti- Answer thing.In one embodiment, most cold-zone condenses alkali metal, and the alkali metal of such as catalyst or catalyst source is (in such as Na and K At least one).Another area condenses the second component, such as alkaline-earth metal (such as magnesium).The temperature in the firstth area can be 0 DEG C~500 DEG C, the temperature in the secondth area can be 10 DEG C~490 DEG C, and it is less than the temperature in the firstth area.The temperature in each area can be by with can Become and the heat exchanger or collector of controlled efficiency are controlled.

In another embodiment, reactor includes the reaction for being at vacuum or the pressure with more than atmospheric pressure Room and the entrance of one or more materials at least one gaseous state, liquid or solid-state, and at least one material outlet.One Individual outlet can include the vacuum pipeline for being used for pumping such as hydrogen gas.Reative cell is also comprising the reactant for forming fraction hydrogen.Instead Device is answered also to include the heat exchanger being located in reative cell.Heat exchanger can include cooling agent conduit.Conduit can be whole Individual reative cell distribution, to receive the heat from the reactant mixture reacted.Each conduit can have in reactant mixture and Adiabatic barrier between catheter wall.Alternatively, the thermal conductivity of wall can make in operation process reactant with it is cold But there is thermograde between agent.Heat guard can be vacuum gap or air gap.Conduit can be penetrate reactant mixture and The pressure sealing pipe of reative cell is sealed to maintain at breakthrough point.The flow velocity of cooling agent (such as water) can be controlled, dimension is thought Hold the required temperature of reative cell and reactant.In another embodiment, conduit is replaced by heat pipe, and the heat pipe is from reaction Mixture removes heat and is passed to such as radiator or boiler hot receiver (heat sink).

In one embodiment, utilize to restrain multiple ponds that the thermocouple of setting joins, fraction hydrogen reacts in a batch manner Maintain and regenerate, wherein what is circulated produces pond pond of the heating in regeneration period of phase in power.Set in this batch (-type) pond power In meter, with pond increasing number, heat power is statistically constant, or control pond is circulated to realize stable power.Pass through profit The heat engine of circulation is circulated etc. with such as Rankine machine, Bretton machine, Stirling-electric hybrid or steam engine, it is possible to achieve heat power is to electrodynamic Conversion.

Each pond circulation can be controlled by controlling the reactant and product of fraction Hydrochemistry.In an embodiment In, the chemistry of driving fraction hydrogen formation is related to alkali metal hydride catalyst and hydrogen source and metal halide oxidant (such as alkaline earth Metal or alkali halide) between halide-hydride exchange reaction.React the spontaneous progress in closed system.But, When system is open system to cause the alkali metal of initial hydrogenation thing from other reactants by evaporation or removing, form initial The back reaction of alkali metal hydride and alkaline-earth halide is thermal reversion.The alkali metal then condensed is hydrogenated and returned again System.As shown in fig. 6, pond includes reative cell 130 and the metal condensation separated by gate or gate valve 132 and again hydrogenation room 131, institute State gate or gate valve 132 and pass through the flowing of the metallic vapour of control evaporation, the alkali metal hydride for hydrogenating and regenerating again of metal Resupply to control power and regenerative response.By heat exchanger 139 (as have can heating receive the water cooling coil pipe of speed), A cold-zone for being in desired temperature can be maintained in condensation chamber.Therefore, the pond shown in Fig. 6 is included by gate or gate valve 132 two rooms separated.When reative cell 130 is closed, fraction hydrogen and alkali halide and alkaline-earth metal hydrogenation are formed The forward reaction of thing product.Then, valve is opened, and is evaporated and is being cooled down by coolant circuit 139 in volatile alkali While condensation in another catalyst case 131, the thermally-induced product metal from other ponds is exchanged with halide.Valve is closed, Condensing metal and hydrogen react to form alkali metal hydride, are again turned on valve with by the initial alkali metal hydride of reactant and regeneration Resupply.Hydrogen is recovered and added together with the hydrogen of supplement forms the hydrogen that fraction hydrogen is consumed to supplement.Pass through row using pump 134 Tracheae 133 is pumped out hydrogen by reative cell.Fraction hydrogen is discharged at pipe 135.The hydrogen of residual is reclaimed by pipeline 136 and with leading to The supplement hydrogen (make-up hydrogen) that pipeline 137 adds from hydrogen source is crossed to supply to catalyst case by pipeline 138 together.Water The pond of flat orientation is so that with bigger surface area so that another design of catalyst evaporation.In this case, hydride Resupplied by mechanical mixture rather than only by gravity charging.In another embodiment, pond can be tilted vertically, To cause hydride to fall into reative cell and mix wherein.

Power produces the temperature that its temperature is increased above needed for regeneration by pond.Then, Fig. 7 multiple ponds 141 and Fig. 8 Multiple ponds 148 are arranged in tube bank 147, and are restrained 147 and be arranged in Fig. 8 boiler 149 so that followed by carrying out ultromotivity generation The pond regenerated is maintained above the temperature of regeneration temperature (such as from about 700 DEG C) by the heat transfer in the pond in ring.Tube bank can be set Put in boiler case.Reference picture 7, thermal gradient driving in power regenerating circulate different phase each tube bank in pond 141 it Between heat transfer.To realize for example following Temperature Distributions, i.e. be in the maximum temperature power generation side of gradient 750 DEG C to compared with Low temperature regeneration side is about 700 DEG C, and pond is by indwelling in high-termal conductivity medium.High conductivity material 142 (such as copper bullet) is effectively The heat transfer and around heat is transmitted between pond, while maintaining the Temperature Distribution in tube bank, achieves regeneration and maintains center temperature Degree limits required temperature less than material.Heat is finally passed to cooling agent (such as water), and cooling agent is including boiler tube 143 Seethed with excitement around respectively restraining.The proper temperature of boiling water is 250 DEG C~370 DEG C.These temperature are up to enough to realize nucleateboiling (its For the most effective mode of heat transfer to aqueous medium)；It but is below by the vapour pressure institute excessive in the temperature higher than this scope The maximum of setting.In one embodiment, due to needing much higher temperature in the tube bank of each pond, thus each tube bank with Temperature gradients between heat load, waste water and follow-on system.In one embodiment, the thermal boundary at surrounding maintains the ladder Degree.Each multitubular reactor pond tube bank is embedded in inner cylinder ring body or tube bank confinement tube 144, and in inner ring body and outer ring body Between there is heat guard or vacuum gap 145 with temperature gradients.The control of heat transfer can be by changing in the gap Gas pressure or by being realized in the gap using the gas with desired thermal conductivity.The outer wall of outer ring body 143 with Water is contacted, wherein nucleateboiling occurs on a surface, so as to produce steam in the boiler, as shown in Figure 10.Steamturbine Machine can receive the steam from waste water, and can utilize electrical power generators as shown in Figure 11.

Boiler 150 shown in Fig. 9 restrains 151, pond reative cell 152 comprising many ponds, receives metal vapors and hydrogenate it Catalyst case 153, containing hydrogen discharge and supply pipeline and catalyst case ooling channel conduit 154, cooling agent 155 (such as water) and steam manifold 156.The electricity generation system shown in Figure 10 includes boiler 158, pressure turbine 159, low-pressure turbine 160th, generator 161, steam-water separator 162, condenser 163, cooling tower 164, cooling water pump 165, condenser pump 166, boiler are given Water purification system 167, first stage feed-water heater 168, degasification feed-tank 169, feed pump 170, booster 171, product are deposited Storage and processor 172, reagent storage and processor 173, vacuum system 174, startup heater 175, electrolytic cell 176, hydrogen supply Source 177, coolant lines 178, cooling agent valve 179, reactant and product line 180, and reactant and product line valve 181. In the present invention it is anticipated that other components and modification, these are known to those skilled in the art.

The width of pool size in each tube bank, pond quantity and vacuum gap is selected, with temperature needed for being maintained in each tube bank The required temperature for the waste water located around distribution, the kinetic current from pond, and appropriate boiling surface heat flux.Design analysis Response parameter can be obtained based on experiment, and shown experiment is related to various possible hydride-halide exchange reactions and with notable Dynamics and energy gain cause fraction hydrogen formation and comprising it is as described herein can hot recycling reaction other reactants. For design engineering purpose exemplary operating parameters be：5W/cc~10W/cc, 300KJ/ moles~400kJ/ moles Agent, 150kJ/ moles of conveying K, relative to regeneration chemistry 3:1 energy gain, 50MJ/ moles of H₂, regeneration temperature be 650 DEG C~ 750 DEG C, it is sufficient to be maintained in the pond running temperature of the regeneration temperature in the pond in the corresponding period of energy regeneration circulation, the recovery time is 10 minutes, and the reaction time is 1 minute.

In an exemplary 1MW hot systems, tube bank is made up of 2 meters of long pipes of 33 Close stacks, and each pipe has 5cm internal diameter (ID), and indwelling is in high-termal conductivity copper bullet.Therefore, each pipe is with slightly below 4 liters of dischargeable capacity.Due to dynamic Power phase and regeneration period duration are respectively 1 minute and 10 minutes, therefore selection (times of cyclostage (11 minutes) of 33 pipes Number) obtain the instant power from tube bank constant in time.Tube bank confinement tube has 34cm internal diameter and 6.4mm wall It is thick.Boiler bore and wall thickness are respectively 37.2cm and 1.27cm.Using typical response parameter, each pipe in tube bank produces heat The time average power that power is about 1.6kW, and respectively tube bank produces about 55kW heat power.Locate centered on temperature in tube bank About 782 DEG C to towards 664 DEG C at the surface in gap.Heat flux at boiler pipe surface is about 22kW/m², it is by boiler tube appearance The temperature in face maintains 250 DEG C, and slightly higher and be enough to cause the nucleateboiling at surface.By the energy density of reaction improve to More than 7W/cc or shorten the recovery time can reduce cause it is larger boiling efficiency boiling flux.About 18 such tube banks should Produce 1MW thermal output.

Another system design of boiler shown in Fig. 9 is shown in fig. 11.The system joins comprising at least one thermocouple Restrain and be used as the periphery Shui Bi of the heat load through gap heat transfer in many ponds.The reactant mixture for forming fraction hydrogen includes high table Area conductive carrier and reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal).These materials can also be high-termal conductivity, so that it can be at least Partly instead of Fig. 9 tube bank high conductivity material.The chemical substance helps to transmit heat between pond and is passed to Around, while maintaining appropriate heat distribution and thermal gradient in the array.Steam generated in the pipe of water wall can flow to whirlpool With the direct generation of electricity in turbine and generator, or water wall can deliver to steam in primary steam loop, the primary steam ring Road transfers heat to indirect steam loop by heat exchanger.The secondary loop can send out turbine and generator operation Electricity.

The system comprising multiple reactor cell arrays or each, restrain by the pond with heat trap.As shown in Figure 11, instead It can be square or rectangular to answer device pond 186, to realize close contact.Pond can be in groups in tube bank 185, heat transfer The load 188 occurred into restraining, wherein tube bank temperature is by maintained at least at the temperature needed for regeneration.In tube bank and heat load Can be with temperature gradients between (such as heat trap or exchanger 188).Heat exchanger can be comprising water wall or with flowing The circular tube group of cooling agent, wherein flowing can be maintained and can be enclosed in heat guard 189 by least one pump.Reactor System can include positioned at heat trap or exchanger 188 with each multitubular reactor pond or multitubular reactor pond tube bank 185 it Between air gap 187.Heat transfer control can be by changing the gas being located between tube bank wall 185 and heat trap or exchanger 188 Gas pressure in gap 187 or by wherein being carried out using the gas with required thermal conductivity.

Control the circulation in each pond and come with selecting power to produce pond for selected regenerated reactor heat supply.Alternatively, Power produces pond and heats those ponds regenerated in a random way so that power output can be with the increase of the quantity in pond And statistically reach constant level.Therefore, power is statistically constant.

In another embodiment, system is included by the outside elevated power density gradient in center, entirely to restrain It is middle to maintain desired Temperature Distribution.In another embodiment, heat is transferred to boiler by pond by heat pipe.Heat pipe can be with warm Exchanger is connected, or is directly contacted with cooling agent.

In one embodiment, continuously maintained and regenerated in the reaction of each pond mid-score hydrogen, wherein from thermal reversion The heat that the power of circulation produces the phase provides energy for initial reactant from the regeneration of product.Because reactant enters in each pond simultaneously Both patterns of row, therefore the output of the heat power from each pond is constant.By using such as Rankine machine, Bretton machine, Si Te The heat engine of the circulation such as woods machine or steam engine circulation, it is possible to achieve heat power to electrodynamic conversion.

The multitubular reactor system for continuously generating power as shown in Figure 12 comprising heat guard 192, reactor cell 193, Multiple plane layers repeatedly of thermal conductivity medium 194 and heat exchanger or collector 195.In one embodiment, each pond is Round tube, and heat exchanger is parallel with pond and consistently receives heat.The single list for the multitubular reactor system that Figure 13 is shown Member, the system includes chemicals 197 (it includes at least one of reactant and product), heat-insulating material 198, reactor 199, With with the thermally conductive materials 200 comprising heat exchanger or the embedded water pipe 201 of collector.

Each pond continuously generates power its temperature of charge is increased above to the temperature needed for regeneration.In an embodiment party In formula, the reaction for forming fraction hydrogen is the hydride between alkali metal hydride catalyst and hydrogen source and alkaline-earth metal or lithium metal Exchange.Reactant, exchange reaction, product and regenerative response and parameter are disclosed herein.Include alternate insulator layer, reaction Figure 12 of device pond and heat exchanger multitube reaction system maintains continuous power by pond thermal gradient.Reactant metal hydride alkaline Thing cyclic regeneration in the following manner：Decomposition product, alkali metal is elevated in the temperature maintained by using condensation reaction Evaporate, and hydrogenated again in the colder top region maintained by heat trap in bottom zone.Rotation scraper makes regeneration Alkali metal hydride and reactant mixture in conjunction with.

Condensation metal (such as K or Na) because of hydrogen in pond (including the hydrogen consumed for manufacture hydride hydrogen for supplementing) In the presence of and after being hydrogenated, hydride is back to the bottom of reactor and mixed with other reactants.It can make one or more Internal scraper or agitator are inswept along interior pool wall, and the hydride formed is mixed with other reactants.Optionally, lead to Crossing makes pond be rotated around its major axis, by alkali metal hydride and other reactants in conjunction with and carry out chemical mixing.The rotation By the heat transfer of the bottom position in pond to postrotational new tip position；Therefore, its provide control in pond thermograde with The another way conveyed for alkali metal.But, corresponding heat transfer speed is higher, so as to need low-down rotary speed To maintain thermal gradient.The mixing in scraper or pond can be driven by motor, and wherein pond can the synchronization using transmission device.It is mixed Closing can also be carried out by the magnetic induction of the pool wall (such as stainless steel pool wall) through hypotonicity.

In another embodiment, initial alkali metal hydride regenerates in the following manner：In 400 DEG C~550 DEG C steamings Hair, and condensed in the presence of hydrogen in low about 100 DEG C of temperature, the hydrogen reacts to form alkali metal hydride.Therefore, in driving heat The reactant of higher temperature and compared with there is thermal gradient between cold-zone in each pond of regeneration.Pond is horizontally oriented, and along the axial direction in pond With dead space, the dead space makes alkali metal vapour to depart from reactant along the bottom in pond during cyclic regeneration.Gold Category is condensed in the relatively cold-zone at the top along pond.Cooler regions maintain desired condensation temperature by heat trap, described Heat trap include the top in each pond have can heating receive the boiler tube of speed.Heat exchanger, which is included, to be had and will flow Water be heated to be steam boiler tube water wall.Specifically, saturation water flows through water pipe, absorbs the energy for carrying out autoreactor Amount, and evaporation forms steam.In another illustrative embodiments, thermal reactor area is 750 DEG C ± 200 DEG C, compared with cold-zone quilt The temperature that maintains specific heat reactor zone is low 50 DEG C~300 DEG C of temperature.Reactant mixture and hot recycling reaction can be comprising these Those mixtures of invention and reaction.For example, appropriate reactant mixture includes alkali metal or its hydride, hydrogen source, reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal, such as Mg or Ca) and carrier (such as TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、WC、TiCN、B₄C, SiC and YC₂) at least two. Reactant can carry out hydride-halide exchange reaction, and regenerative response can be the reverse exchange reaction of thermal drivers.

Heat is finally delivered to the water seethed with excitement in the pipe around each reactor cell, wherein boiler tube formation water wall.Boiling water Proper temperature be 250 DEG C~370 DEG C.These temperature are up to enough to realize that nucleateboiling (most has to the heat transfer of aqueous medium Efficacious prescriptions formula)；It but is below by the maximum set by the vapour pressure excessive in the temperature higher than this scope.The complex of water Boiling occur Figure 13 each boiler tube 201 inner surface, wherein due to pipe be placed in high-termal conductivity medium 200 (such as copper) because And the uniform Temperature Distribution in water wall is maintained, the water for not being evaporated to steam in addition is recycled.Heat is flowed through by top pool wall Medium arrives at boiler tube.Because the low side even in warm gradient in each pond is also required to much higher temperature, therefore in each Chi Ding Maintain have second temperature gradient between portion and heat load, boiling water and follow-on system.Because the ability that boiler tube removes heat is higher than pond The ability of heat is produced, therefore can be maintained by adding one or more thermal boundarys between the first half and pool wall of pool wall outside second Portion's thermal gradient.The required internal pond mild temperature gradient of height is by by least one in the outer wall of the first half in pond and each boiler tube It is individual to completely cut off to realize with thermal conductivity medium.The medium passed through by thermal boundary, the boiler tube of the first half boiler tube for adjusting pond Steam flow rate in thermal conductivity and capacity of heat exchanger and pipe, pond temperature and gradient are controlled to be optimal by variable heat transfer Value.In latter situation, thermal boundary can each self-contained air gap or vacuum gap, its can according to gas composition and pressure and become.

Multitube reaction system can be assembled into the steam generator system shown in Figure 14, to export steam.The steam generator system includes Figure 12 Shown in multitube reaction system and cooling agent (saturation water) flow regulations systems.Reaction system heating comprising reactor 204 Saturation water simultaneously produces steam.Flow regulations systems (i) collect the saturation in steam collection pipe line 205 and entrance recirculation pipe 206 Current and the steaming steam-water seperator 207 that the current are inputted to separate vapour and water, (ii) makes separation using recirculation pump 209 Water enters recirculated through boiler tube 208, outlet recirculation pipe 210 and water distribution pipe line 211, and (iii) output and guiding steam Enter main steam pipe 212 to arrive at turbine or load and heat exchanger.Pipeline and pipeline can be adiabatic to prevent heat loss. Input cooling agent (condensed water such as from turbine or the return water from heat load and heat exchanger) returns to water by entrance Pipe 213 raises pressure to input by entrance booster 214.

Steam generated in the pipe of water wall can be flow in turbine and generator with the direct generation of electricity, or water wall can be with Steam is fed in primary steam loop, the primary steam loop transfers heat to indirect steam ring by heat exchanger Road.Secondary loop can make turbine and generator operation generate electricity.In the embodiment shown in Figure 15, steam is in boiler system Generate, and exported by steaming steam-water seperator to main steam pipe in system.Steam turbine receives the steam from boiled water, And generated electricity using generator.Steam is condensed and blowback is to steam generator system.The electricity generation system shown in Figure 15 includes boiler 217th, heat exchanger 218, pressure turbine 219, low-pressure turbine 220, generator 221, steam-water separator 222, condenser 223rd, cooling tower 224, cooling water pump 225, condenser pump 226, boiler feedwater cleaning system 227, first stage feed-water heater 228th, degasification feed-tank 229, feed pump 230, booster (214 in Figure 14), product storage and processor 232, reagent storage With processor 233, vacuum system 234, start heater 235, it is electrolytic cell 236, hydrogen supply source 237, coolant lines 238, cold But agent valve 239, reactant and product line 240, and reactant and product line valve 241.In the present invention it is anticipated that its His part and modification, these are known to those skilled in the art.

Consider an exemplary 1MW hot systems.To make pond bottom temp be in following ranges, i.e. the high temperature of gradient Power generation side is 400 DEG C~550 DEG C and the regeneration side temperature in top is low about 100 DEG C, as shown in Figure 12, and pond is only on top Portion has heat trap, and the reactant for producing energy is located in bottom, and the base section in pond is adiabatic.Selected system is set Meter parameter is the quantity in pond in (1) pool size, (2) system, and (3), around the heat resistance of the material of the lower half in pond, (4) are in pond The thermal boundary of the first half of outer wall, the thermal conductivity of the medium for the first half around pond that (5) boiler tube is passed through, (6) outer boiler tube Thermal boundary at wall, (7) boiler tube quantity, size and spacing, (8) steam pressure, and the flowing of (9) steam and recirculation rate.Choosing System design parameterses are selected, to realize or maintain following required operational factors：(1) temperature in each pond and inside and outside thermograde, (2) The temperature of boiling water around kinetic current from pond, and (3) appropriate boiling surface heat flux.Design the response parameter of analysis It can be obtained based on various possible hydride exchange reactions by experiment, the hydride reaction is increased with notable dynamics and energy Benefit causes the formation of fraction hydrogen and comprising can be by the reaction of hot recycling.It disclosed herein power and biochemical again and its ginseng Number.For design engineering purpose typical operating parameters be：0.25W/cc constant powers, 0.67W/g reactants, 0.38g/cc is anti- Answer thing density, 50MJ/ moles of H₂, biochemical again relative to hydride is 2:1 energy gain, maintains the phase of constant power output Deng reaction and the recovery time, and for power and regeneration be respectively 550 DEG C and 400 DEG C~450 DEG C of temperature, wherein reacting Temperature is enough the alkali metal of evaporation tank bottom, and internal thermal gradients maintain the regeneration temperature at the top of pond.Using reactant and The gross mass of energy density, the continuous thermodynamic reactant volumes of generation 1MW and reactant is respectively 3940 liters and 1500kg.Make With 0.25% reactant fill factor, total reaction volume is 15.8m³。

In sample design, boiler is that 176cm, external diameter are that 30.5cm, cylindrical shape wall thickness are comprising 140 length 0.635cm and end plate thickness 3.81cm stainless steel reaction pond.The wall thickness meets following design requirement：Because exemplary pressure is decisive Reactant NaH balance decomposition pressure, at 550 DEG C, internal pressure is 330PSI.Each pond weight 120kg and the heat for exporting 7.14kW Power.The lower half of each pipe is embedded in heat guard.The copper or aluminium bullet (high-termal conductivity medium) that water pipe is passed through are around each pond The first half.Temperature in pond is for 550 DEG C at bottom wall to 400 DEG C at the wall surface in face of copper or aluminium bullet.As shown in figure 13, each reaction Boiler (water) pipe that the cross section span that the external diameter (OD) of device is 30.5cm is 2.54cm by the external diameter that six thickness are 0.32cm Covering, these pipes are uniformly distributed with 5.08cm centre-to-centre spacing.The heat flux of the inner surface of each boiler tube is about 11.8kW/m², should The temperature of each boiler tube outer surface is maintained 367 DEG C by value.

In one embodiment, the heat power that reactant is produced is used for the saturated vapor of 360 DEG C of generation.Figure 16 is shown The flow chart that steam is produced.In the water inflow heat exchanger of room temperature (about 25 DEG C), it mixes and led to saturated vapor in this place Cross the condensation of steam and be heated to 360 DEG C of saturation temperature.The porch of steam-water seperator 252 is being steamed, booster 251 will The pressure of water is improved to being 18.66MPa at 360 DEG C.Saturation water flows through the boiler tube of the water wall of steam generator system 253, with Produce the steam of identical temperature and pressure.A part for steam flow back to heat exchanger with preheat will from turbine enter returning Backwater, while its another part enters turbine to produce electric power.In addition, making the recycling of Shui Bizhong unevaporated water with along each Boiler tube keeps uniform temperature.To realize this point, steam collection pipe line receives steam and unevaporated water and transmitted To steaming steam-water seperator 252.By water distribution pipe line by water by the base section blowback of separator to boiler tube.Steam is by dividing Top from device 252 flow to turbine, and wherein sub-fraction turns to heat exchanger, to preheat the return water from turbine. In the system of 140 reactors, the flow velocity of the saturation water in boiler tube is 2.78kg/s, and always steam output flow velocity is 1.39kg/s。

In one embodiment, reactant comprising catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as KH), carrier (such as carbon) and At least two in reducing agent (such as Mg).Product can be metal-carbon product, such as intercalation product MH_yC_xAnd MC_x(y can be point Number or integer, x is integer), such as KC_x.Reactor can be comprising one or more reactant supply sources, reative cell, from reative cell The middle heat exchanger for eliminating heat and multiple receive product (such as KC_x) and make at least one of reactant regenerate container, institute State reative cell and be maintained at higher temperature so that the reactant of flowing is reacted to form fraction hydrogen wherein.By heating and Applying vacuum can be by MH_yC_xAnd MC_xAt least one of make carbon and M or MH regenerate, wherein the metal M of collected evaporation can be with It is hydrogenated.In the situation that reducing agent is metal, reducing agent can also be reclaimed by evaporating.Each metal or hydride can be by Collect in some reactant supply source.One in reactant supply source can include for regenerative carbon and have carbon and can Each container of the reducing agent of choosing.

Heat for regeneration can pass through the power supply from fraction hydrogen.Heat can use heat exchanger to transmit.Heat is handed over Parallel operation can include at least one heat pipe.Line load such as heat exchanger can be transferred into by carrying out the heat of the regeneration container of self-heating Or boiler.The flowing of reactant or product (such as those reactants or product for including carbon) can mechanically carry out or utilize weight Power is realized at least in part.Mechanical conveyer can be auger or conveyer belt.React shorter than recovery time in fraction hydrogen In many situations, the volume of regeneration container can exceed the volume of thermal reaction area.The volume can be proportional, to maintain Pass through the constant flow of reaction zone.

In one embodiment, the speed of evaporation, distillation or the volatilization of volatile metal (such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal) By reactant, the surface area of square vacuum space is limited degree thereon relatively.The speed can be by rotating pond or passing through Mix to improve new surface exposed to other means of vacuum space.In one embodiment, such as reducing agent (such as alkali Earth metal, such as Mg) the particle of reactant and carrier be combined together to reduce its surface area.For example, Mg is molten at 650 DEG C Melt, it is possible to be combined together with TiC particles to reduce surface area, this can be by making metal (be MgH such as by Mg hydrogenations₂) hydrogen Change and then form powder to correct by grinding or crushing.Appropriate method is ball milling.Alternatively, hydride can be with It is melted and is removed as liquid, or liquid is remained in it can improve the situation of aggregation of carrier granular.Appropriate hydrogenation Thing is MgH₂, it is 327 DEG C because its fusing point is very low.

In one embodiment, carrier has high surface area.Can in the way of obtaining the property synthetic vectors.Example Such as, TiC powder can use plasma torch (plasma torch) or other plasma systems to synthesize.Volatility titanium Compound (such as TiCl₄) and fluid carbon compound (such as hydrocarbon, such as methane) can flow into plasma.By control as pressed The reaction conditions such as power, gas flow rate, reactant ratio and wall temperature can control particle diameter.Similarly, inflow can be used wherein just Fluid carbon compound (such as methane) and volatility tungsten compound (such as WCl in the plasma for forming WC reactions₅) come Synthesize WC.In both example scenarios, fine powder can be collected in the trap in effluent stream.

In one embodiment, reactor includes fluid bed, and wherein liquid reactants can be included on carrier Coating.Solid can be separated in a stage after reactant reaction formation includes the product of fraction hydrogen.Separation can be with Carried out using cyclone separator (cyclone seperator).Separation causes metal vapors condensation, to force some products to occur Back reaction is so as to become at least one initial reaction thing again.Initial reaction mixture is reproduced, preferably by hot recycling.

In one embodiment, the mixing material K/KH Mg MgX of melting₂(X is halide) is comprising on TiC carriers Coating, mutually exists not as separated.K also includes steam, and its pressure is preferably higher in the power phase.Reactor is dynamic The temperature of power phase is preferably above the temperature (such as from about 600 DEG C~800 DEG C) needed for regeneration.Passing through halogen equal to or higher than regeneration temperature Compound exchange reaction and make during reactant regenerates, K is condensed and forms KH.Condensation can be at about 100 DEG C~400 DEG C Temperature is carried out, wherein there may be H₂To form KH.To carry out K condensations in low temperature and carrying out halide exchange reaction in high temperature, Reaction system can also include the separator that degranulation is removed from steam.This allows to the heating in a part or chamber Grain simultaneously condenses steam in another part or chamber.

In other embodiments, thermal reversion reaction also includes exchange reaction, preferably at two kinds each self-contained at least one Plant the exchange reaction between the material of metallic atom.Exchange can catalyst metal (such as alkali metal) and exchangeable object (such as Oxidant) metal between carry out.Exchange can also be carried out between oxidant and reducing agent.The material of exchange can be it is cloudy from Son, such as halide, hydride, oxide, sulfide, nitride, boride, carbide, silicide, arsenide, tellurides, phosphorus Compound, nitrate, sulfur hydrogen salt, carbonate, sulfate, disulfate, phosphate, hydrophosphate, dihydric phosphate, perchloric acid Salt, chromate, bichromate, cobalt oxide and other oxo anion and anion well known by persons skilled in the art.Exchange At least one of object can comprising alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, second be transition metal, the 3rd be transition gold Category, noble metal, rare earth metal, Al, Ga, In, Sn, As, Se and Te.The appropriate anion exchanged is halide, oxide, Sulfide, nitride, phosphide and boride.The appropriate metal for being used to exchange is alkali metal (preferably Na or K), alkaline-earth metal (preferably Mg or Ba) and rare earth metal (preferably Eu or Dy), it is respectively as metal or hydride.Exemplary catalyst reactant It is given below with exemplary exchange reaction.These reactions are not intended to progress exhaustion, and other examples are for art technology Personnel are known.

■4g AC3-3+1g Mg+1.66g KH+2.5g DyI2,Ein:135.0kJ,dE:6.1kJ,TSC:Nothing, Tmax: 403 DEG C, theoretical value 1.89kJ, gain is 3.22 times,

■4g AC3-3+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.09g EuF3,Ein:185.1kJ,dE:8.0kJ,TSC:Nothing, Tmax: 463 DEG C, theoretical value 1.69kJ, gain is 4.73 times,

■KH 8.3gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+CrB₂3.7gm,Ein:317kJ,dE:19kJ, nothing TSC and Tmax are about that at 340 DEG C, theoretical energy is heat absorption 0.05kJ, and gain is infinity,

■0.70g TiB₂, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and the active carbon powders of 4g CA-III 300 (AC3-4) used up. Energy gain is 5.1kJ, but does not observe that pond temperature rises sharply.Highest pond temperature is 431 DEG C, theoretical value 0.

■ 0.42g LiCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-4 are used up.Energy gain is 5.4kJ, but not seen Chi Wen is observed to rise sharply.Highest pond temperature is 412 DEG C, theoretical value 0, and gain is infinity.

■ 1.21g RbCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-4, energy gain is 6.0kJ, but does not observe pond Temperature rises sharply.Highest pond temperature is 442 DEG C, theoretical value 0.

■4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+0.87g LiBr；Ein:146.0kJ；dE:6.24kJ；TSC:Do not observe Arrive；Tmax:439 DEG C, theoretically absorb heat,

■KH 8.3gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+YF₃7.3gm；Ein:320kJ；dE:17kJ；Without TSC And Tmax is about 340 DEG C；Energy gain is about 4.5X (X is about 0.74kJ*5=3.7kJ),

■NaH 5.0gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+BaBr₂14.85gm (is dried)；Ein:328kJ； dE:16kJ；Without TSC and Tmax is about 320 DEG C；Energy gain 160X (X is about 0.02kJ*5=0.1kJ),

■KH 8.3gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+BaCl₂10.4gm；Ein:331kJ；dE:18kJ without TSC and Tmax is about 320 DEG C.Energy gain is about 6.9X (X is about 0.52 × 5=2.6kJ)

■NaH 5.0gm+Mg 5.0gm+CAII-300 20.0gm+MgI2 13.9gm；Ein:315kJ；dE:16kJ without TSC and Tmax is about 340 DEG C.Energy gain is about 1.8X (X is about 1.75x5=8.75kJ)

■4g AC3-2+1g Mg+1g NaH+0.97g ZnS；Ein:132.1kJ；dE:7.5kJ；TSC:Nothing；Tmax: 370 DEG C, theoretical value 1.4kJ, gain is 5.33 times,

■2.74g Y₂S₃, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and the active carbon powders of 4g CA-III 300 (in 300 DEG C of dryings), energy Flow gain is 5.2kJ, but does not observe that pond temperature rises sharply.Highest pond temperature is 444 DEG C, and theoretical value 0.41kJ, gain is 12.64 Times,

■4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.82g Ca₃P₂；Ein:133.0kJ；dE:5.8kJ；TSC:Nothing； Tmax:407 DEG C, theoretically absorb heat, gain is infinity.

■20g AC3-5+5g Mg+8.3g KH+9.1g Ca3P2,Ein:282.1kJ,dE:18.1kJ,TSC:Nothing, Tmax:320 DEG C, theoretically absorb heat, gain is infinity.

In one embodiment, hot recycling reaction system is included：

(i) NaH and KH at least one catalyst or catalyst source are selected from；

(ii) NaH, KH and MgH are selected from₂At least one hydrogen source；

(iii) it is selected from alkaline-earth halide (such as BaBr₂、BaCl₂、BaI₂、CaBr₂、MgBr₂Or MgI₂), rare earth metal Halide (such as EuBr₂、EuBr₃、EuF₃、DyI₂、LaF₃Or GdF₃), second or the 3rd be transition metal halide (such as YF₃), gold Belong to boride (such as CrB₂Or TiB₂), alkali halide (such as LiCl, RbCl or CsI), metal sulfide (such as Li₂S, ZnS or Y₂S₃), metal oxide (such as Y₂O₃) and metal phosphide, nitride or arsenide (such as alkaline-earth metal phosphide, nitride or Arsenide, such as Ca₃P₂、Mg₃N₂And Mg₃As₂) at least one of oxidant；

(iv) it is selected from Mg and MgH₂At least one reducing agent；With

(v) AC, TiC and WC a kind of carrier are selected from.

In another can carry out the example system of hot recycling, exchange catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH or KH) with may act as alkaline-earth halide (such as BaBr of oxidant₂Or BaCl₂) between carry out.Alkali and alkaline earth metal ions do not exist Any part is miscible.Ba and Mg fusing point is respectively 727 DEG C and 1090 DEG C；Therefore the separation in regenerative process is easily achieved. In addition, Mg and Ba does not form Ba intermetallic compounds of the atom % below about 32% when temperature is maintained below about 600 DEG C. BaCl₂、MgCl₂、BaBr₂And MgBr₂Generation heat be respectively -855.0kJ/ moles, -641.3kJ/ moles, -757.3kJ/ rubs You and -524.3kJ/ moles；Therefore ba halides are more favourable than magnesium halide.So, hot recycling can be mixed by appropriate reaction Thing (such as KH or NaH Mg TiC and BaCl₂Or BaBr₂) realize, it forms alkali halide and alkaline earth metal hydride.Again Life can be accomplished by the following way：Heated Products simultaneously evaporate alkali metal and are collected with being passed to such as condensation means.Catalysis Agent can be hydrogenated again.In one embodiment, the removal of alkali metal, which drives, re-forms the anti-of alkaline-earth halide Should.In other embodiments, it is necessary to when, hydride can be decomposed by heating under vacuo.Due to MgH₂327 DEG C melting, it is therefore preferred to, as necessary by melting and optionally removing liquid it is separated with other products.

F. the fraction hydrogen reaction of absorbent, carrier or Matrix-assisted

In another embodiment, exchange reaction is heat absorption.In such a embodiment, metallic compound can To serve as in the preferred vector or matrix of the reaction of fraction hydrogen or the product absorbent for improving fraction hydrogen reaction speed At least one.Exemplary catalyst reactant and exemplary carrier, matrix or absorbent are given below.These reactions are simultaneously It is not intended to carry out exhaustion, what other examples were known to those skilled in the art.

■4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+2.23g Mg₃As₂,Ein:139.0kJ,dE:6.5kJ,TSC:Nothing, Tmax:393 DEG C, theoretically absorb heat, gain is infinity.

■20g AC3-5+5g Mg+8.3g KH+11.2g Mg₃As₂,Ein:298.6kJ,dE:21.8kJ,TSC:Nothing, Tmax:315 DEG C, theoretically absorb heat, gain is infinity.

■1.01g Mg₃N₂, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-4 be in 1 " heavy wall (heavy duty) pond, energy Flow gain is 5.2kJ, but does not observe that pond temperature rises sharply.Highest pond temperature is 401 DEG C, theoretical value 0, and gain is infinity.

■ 0.41g AlN, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-5 are in 1 " heavy wall pond, and energy gain is 4.9kJ, But do not observe that pond temperature rises sharply.Highest pond temperature is 407 DEG C, is theoretically absorbed heat.

In one embodiment, hot recycling reaction system includes at least two components selected from (i)~(v)：

(i) NaH, KH and MgH are selected from₂At least one catalyst or catalyst source；

(ii) it is selected from NaH and KH at least one hydrogen source；

(iii) it is selected from metal arsenide (such as Mg₃As₂) and metal nitride (such as Mg₃N₂Or AlN) at least one oxidation Agent, matrix, Second support or absorbent；

(iv) it is selected from Mg and MgH₂At least one reducing agent；With

(v) AC, TiC or WC at least one carrier are selected from.

D. liquid fuel：Organic and melting solvent system

Other embodiments include the solid (such as the salt of melting) or liquid flux for the melting being contained in room 200.Can To evaporate liquid flux by making pond be operated in the temperature higher than solvent boiling point.Such as catalyst reactant can dissolve or hang Floating in a solvent, or form catalyst and H reactant to be suspended or dissolved in solvent.The solvent of evaporation can be served as The gas that hydrogen catalyst reacts the speed to form fraction hydrogen is improved together with catalyst.The solid of melting or the solvent of evaporation can be with Heat and be maintained by using heater 230.Reactant mixture can also include solid carrier, such as HSA materials.Reaction can Sent out with the interaction because of the solid of melting, liquid or gas-solvent and catalyst and hydrogen (such as K or Li+H or NaH) on surface It is raw.In an embodiment using heterogeneous catalyst, the solvent of mixture can improve catalyst reaction speed.

In the embodiment comprising hydrogen, H can be made in the form of blasting bubble₂Pass through solution.In another reality Apply in mode, pond is pressurizeed to improve dissolved H₂Concentration.In another embodiment, reactant is stirred, preferably In the temperature high-speed stirred of the fusing point of boiling point of organic solvent or so and inorganic solvent or so.

Organic solvent reactant mixture can be heated, preferably at about 26 DEG C~400 DEG C, more preferably about 100 DEG C~300 DEG C heating.Inorganic solvent mixture, which can be heated above the temperature that solvent is liquid and be less than, causes NaH molecules to divide completely The temperature of the temperature of solution.

Solvent can include the metal of melting.Appropriate metal has low melting point, for example, Ga, In and Sn.At another In embodiment, the metal of melting can serve as carrier, such as conductive carrier.Reactant mixture can include catalyst or catalysis At least three kinds in agent source, hydrogen or hydrogen source, metal, reducing agent and oxidant.Pond can be operated, so that metal melting.One In individual embodiment, catalyst is selected from NaH or KH (it also functions as hydrogen source), and reducing agent is Mg, and oxidant is EuBr₂、 BaCl₂、BaBr₂、AlN、Ca₃P₂、Mg₃N₂、Mg₃As₂、MgI₂、CrB₂、TiB₂, alkali halide, YF₃、MgO、Ni₂Si、Y₂S₃、 Li₂S、NiB、GdF₃And Y₂O₃In one kind.In another embodiment, oxidant is MnI₂、SnI₂、FeBr₂、CoI₂、 NiBr₂, one kind in AgCl and InCl.

A. organic solvent

Organic solvent can comprising can with one or more following parts, the part can by add functional group and by Modification turns into other solvents.The part can include hydrocarbon (such as alkane, cycloalkane, alkene, cycloolefin, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbon, miscellaneous Cyclic hydrocarbon and combinations thereof), ether, halogenated hydrocarbons (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, idohydrocarbon, preferably fluorohydrocarbon), amine, sulfide, nitrile, phosphamide (for example OP(N(CH₃)₂)₃At least one of) and amino phosphine nitrile.The group can include amino, cycloalkyl, alkoxy carbonyl, cyanogen Base, carbamyl, the heterocycle containing C, O, N, S, sulfo group, alkyloxysulfonyl, phosphono, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy, alkyl Mercaptan, acyloxy, aryl, alkenyl, aliphatic group, acyl group, carboxyl, amino, cyano alkoxy, diazo, carboxyalkyl first Acylamino-, enylsulfanyl, cyano alkoxy carbonyl, carbamyl alkoxy carbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl amino, cyanoalkyl ammonia Base, alkoxy carbonyl alkyl amino, alkylthio amino, alkyl sulfonamides alkyl amino, epoxide, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl carbonyl Epoxide, cyanoalkyl, carbonylalkylthio, arylamino, heteroaryl amino, alkoxy carbonyl, alkyl carbonyl oxy, cyano group alcoxyl Base, Alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, carbamyl alkoxy, carbamoyl alkyl carbonyloxy group, thio alkoxy, nitro, alkoxy Aryl, halogenated aryl, aminoaryl, alkylaminoaryl, tolyl, alkenyl aryl, pi-allyl aryl, alkenyl epoxide aryl, Pi-allyl epoxide aryl, cyano-aryl, carbamyl aryl, carboxyl aryl, alkoxy carbonyl aryl, alkyl carbonyl epoxide virtue At least one of base, thioaryl, alkoxy aryl, sulfonamides aryl and nitroaryl.Preferably, the group Include alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cyano group, the heterocycle containing C, O, N, S, sulfo group, phosphono, halogen, alkoxy, alkyl sulfide Alcohol radical, aryl, alkenyl, aliphatic group, acyl group, alkyl amino, enylsulfanyl, arylamino, heteroaryl amino, halo virtue Base, aminoaryl, alkylaminoaryl, alkenyl aryl, pi-allyl aryl, alkenyl epoxide aryl, pi-allyl epoxide aryl and cyanogen At least one of base aryl.

In an embodiment comprising liquid flux, catalyst n aH is at least one in the component of reactant mixture Kind, and formed by reactant mixture.Reactant mixture can also include NaH, Na, NH₃、NaNH₂、Na₂NH、Na₃N、H₂O、 NaOH, NaX (X is anion, preferably halide), NaBH₄、NaAlH₄, Ni, Pt are black, Pd is black, R-Ni, doped with Na materials R-Ni, HSA carrier, absorbent, dispersant, hydrogen source (such as H of (such as at least one of Na, NaOH and NaH)₂) and hydrogen dissociation agent At least one of group.In other embodiments, Na is replaced with Li, K, Rb or Cs.In one embodiment, solvent With halogen functional group, preferably fluorine.Appropriate reactant mixture includes at least one of phenyl-hexafluoride and octafluoro naphthalene, and it is added Mixed to catalyst (such as NaH) and with carrier (such as activated carbon), fluoropolymer or R-Ni.In one embodiment, instead Mixture is answered to include the one or more materials come from Na, NaH, solvent (preferably fluorinated solvents) and the group of HSA materials.For The appropriate fluorinated solvents of regeneration are CF₄.It is NaF for fluorinated solvents and the suitable carrier or HSA materials of NaH catalyst.One In individual embodiment, reactant mixture comprises at least NaH, CF₄And NaF.Other fluorine class carriers or absorbent include M₂SiF₆ (wherein M is alkali metal, such as Na₂SiF₆And K₂SiF₆)、MSiF₆(wherein M is alkaline-earth metal, such as MgSiF₆)、CaF₃、PF₅、 MPF₆(wherein M is alkali metal), MHF₂(wherein M is alkali metal, such as NaHF₂And KHF₂)、K₂TaF₇、KBF₄、K₂MnF₆With K₂ZrF₆, wherein it is possible to consider other similar compounds, for example with another alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal (such as with Li, Na or K In one kind be used as alkali metal) substitution compound.

B. inorganic solvent

In another embodiment, reactant mixture includes at least one inorganic solvent.The solvent can be additionally comprised The salt of the inorganic compound of melting, such as melting.Inorganic solvent can be the NaOH of melting.In one embodiment, react mixed Compound includes catalyst, hydrogen source and the inorganic solvent for the catalyst.Catalyst can be in NaH molecules, Li and K at least It is a kind of.Solvent can be the salt or eutectic of melting or fusion, the group of such as alkali halide and alkaline-earth halide At least one of salt of melting.The inorganic solvent of NaH catalyst reaction mixtures can include alkali halide (such as NaCl And KCl) mixture low melt eutectic.Solvent can be low melting point salt, preferably Na salt, such as NaI (660 DEG C), NaAlCl₄(160℃)、NaAlF₄With such as NaMX with metal halide more more stable than NaX₄(wherein M is metal, and X Halide) at least one of similar compound.Reactant mixture can also include such as R-Ni carriers.

The inorganic solvent of Li catalyst reaction mixtures can include the mixture of alkali halide (such as LiCl and KCl) Low melt eutectic.The salt solvent of melting can be included to fluorine solvent stable NaH.LaF₃Fusing point be 1493 DEG C, and And NaF fusing point is 996 DEG C.The mixture (alternatively with other fluorides) of ball milling includes stable to NaH in appropriate proportions And preferably in fluoride-salt solvent of 600 DEG C~700 DEG C meltings.In the embodiment of the salt of a melting, reactant mixture Comprising NaH+ salt mixtures (MP=454 DEG C of such as NaF-KF-LiF (11.5-42.0-46.5)) or NaH+ salt mixtures are (such as MP=492 DEG C of LiF-KF (52%-48%)).

V. regenerative system and reaction

It is as shown in Figure 4 according to the schematic diagram of the system for being used for recycling or generative fuel of the present invention.In an embodiment party In formula, the accessory substance of fraction hydrogen reaction includes metal halide MX, preferably NaX or KX.Then, fuel recirculator 18 (Fig. 4) Include the separator 21 for separating inorganic compound such as NaX from carrier.In one embodiment, separator or its component bag The screening machine (shifter) or cyclone separator 22 separated containing the density contrast based on material.Another separator or its group Part includes magnetic separator 23, and wherein magnetic-particle (such as nickel or iron) is suctioned out by magnet, and is flowed if nonmagnetic substance (such as MX) It is dynamic to pass through separator.In another embodiment, separator or its component dissolve or suspension system 24 comprising otherness product, The system is included and can be washed at least one component with the mixed solvent of the degree soluble more much bigger than another component or suspension Liquid 25 thus allows for separation, and the separator or its component can be with inclusion compound recovery systems 26, such as solvent Evaporator 27 and compound collector 28.Alternatively, recovery system is dried comprising settling vessel 29 and compound Device and collector 30.In one embodiment, the turbine 14 and the used heat of water condenser 16 shown in Fig. 4 is used for At least one (Fig. 4) in heating evaporation device 27 and drier 30.Heat for any other stage of recirculator 18 (Fig. 4) Used heat may all be included.

Fuel recovery device 18 (Fig. 4) also includes electrolytic cell 31, its by the MX of recovery electrolysis for metal and halogen gas or its His halogenated product or halide product.In one embodiment, electrolysis occurs in energy response device 36, preferably by fused mass (such as eutectic fused mass) is electrolysed.Separate collection is electric at high volatile gas collector 32 and at metal collectors 33 respectively The gas and metallic product of solution, in the situation of metal mixture, metal collectors 33 can also include metal distiller or divide From device 34.If initial reactant is hydride, metal is hydrogenated by hydrogenation reactor 35, and the hydrogenation reactor 35 includes pressure Power can be less than, be more than and the pond 36 equal to atmospheric pressure, the entrance and exit 37 of metal and hydride, hydrogen inlet 38 and its Valve 39, hydrogen-supplying source 40, gas vent 41 and its valve 42, pump 43, heater 44 and pressure and temperature meter 45.At one In embodiment, hydrogen supply source 40 includes the water electrolyser with hydrogen and oxygen separator.The metallic product of separation is anti-in halogenation Answer by halogenation at least in part in device 46, halogenation reactor 46 can be less than, be more than and equal to the pond of atmospheric pressure comprising pressure 47th, carbon entrance and halogenated products outlet 48, fluorine gas entrance 49 and its valve 50, halogen gas supply source 51, gas vent 52 and Its valve 53, pump 54, heater 55 and pressure and temperature meter 56.Preferably, reactor is also anti-with other containing catalyst Thing is answered, it can cause metal 57 to be changed into the halide with desired oxidation state and stoichiometric proportion as product.Metal or At least two in metal hydride, metal halide, carrier and other initial reactants follow again in blender 58 after mixing Ring is to boiler 10 for another power generation cycle.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, Mg, MnI₂With carrier, work Property charcoal, WC or TiC.In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through MnI₂Metal hydride oxidation reaction, such as

2KH+MnI₂→2KI+Mn+H₂ (106)

Mg+MnI₂→MgI₂+Mn (107)

KI and MgI₂Can be I by the salt electrolysis melted₂, K and Mg.Fusion electrolysis can utilize downs cell (Downs Cell) or transformation downs cell carry out.Mn can be separated with optional sieve in favor of mechanical separator.Unreacted Mg or MgH₂It can be separated by melting and by Solid-Liquid Separation.Iodide for electrolysis can come from using appropriate solvent (such as deoxidation air water) rinses the washing lotion obtained by reaction product.The solution can be filtered to remove carrier (such as AC) and optional transition Metal.Solid can be centrifuged and dry, and be carried out preferably by the used heat from dynamical system.Alternatively select Select, halide can be separated by being melted then progress Solid-Liquid Separation.In another embodiment, lighter AC It can be separated at first by methods such as such as cyclonic separations with other reaction products.K and Mg are unmixing, can use H₂Gas (it is preferred from H₂O electrolysis) hydrogenate the metal (such as K) of separation.Metal iodide can by using separation metal or Formed using the known response for the metal not separated with AC.In one embodiment, Mn and HI reacts to form MnI₂And H₂, H₂Recycle and and I₂Reaction forms HI.In other embodiments, replaced using other metals (preferably transition metal) Mn.Another reducing agent (such as Al) can replace Mg.Another halide, preferably chloride can replace iodide.LiH、KH、 RbH or CsH can replace NaH.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, Mg, AgCl and carrier, work Property charcoal.In one embodiment, the source of exothermic reaction is the oxidation reaction of the metal hydride by AgCl, such as

KH+AgCl→KCl+Ag+1/2H₂ (108)

Mg+2AgCl→MgCl₂+2Ag (109)

KCl and MgCl₂Can be Cl by the salt electrolysis melted₂, K and Mg.Fusion electrolysis can utilize downs cell or change The downs cell made is carried out.Ag can be separated with optional sieve using mechanical separator.Unreacted Mg or MgH₂Can be with Separated by melting and by Solid-Liquid Separation.Chloride for electrolysis can come from using appropriate solvent (such as deoxidation gas Water) rinse reaction product obtained by washing lotion.The solution can be filtered to remove carrier (such as AC) and optional Ag metals.Solid can To be centrifuged and dry, carried out preferably by the used heat from dynamical system.Alternatively, halide can To be separated by being melted then progress Solid-Liquid Separation.In another embodiment, lighter AC can lead at first Such as cyclonic separation method is crossed to separate with other reaction products.K and Mg are unmixing, can use H₂Gas (is preferred from H₂O electrolysis) hydrogenate the metal (such as K) of separation.Metal chloride can by using separation metal or using not with The known response of the metal of AC separation is formed.In one embodiment, Ag and Cl₂Reaction forms AgCl and H₂, H₂Recycling And and I₂Reaction forms HI.In other embodiments, Ag is replaced using other metals (preferably transition metal or In).Separately A kind of reducing agent (such as Al) can replace Mg.Another halide, preferably chloride can replace iodide.LiH, KH, RbH or CsH can replace NaH.

In one embodiment, reactant mixture is regenerated by fraction hydroformylation reaction product.In exemplary fraction hydrogen and again In raw reaction, solid fuel reactant mixture includes KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH₂With alkaline-earth halide (such as BaBr₂) With carrier (activated carbon, WC or preferred TiC).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through BaBr₂Metal hydride Or the oxidation reaction of metal, such as

2KH+Mg+BaBr₂→2KBr+Ba+MgH₂ (110)

2NaH+Mg+BaBr₂→2NaBr+Ba+MgH₂ (111)

Ba, magnesium, MgH₂, NaBr and KBr fusing point be respectively 727 DEG C, 650 DEG C, 327 DEG C, 747 DEG C and 734 DEG C.Therefore, By keeping MgH₂With alternatively adding H₂(preferably by MgH₂Melting), and liquid is separated with mixture of reaction products, can be by MgH₂Separated with barium and any Ba-Mg intermetallic compounds.Optionally, it can be thermal decomposited as Mg.It is then possible to will be residual The reaction product stayed is added to electrolyzing fused thing.Solid carrier and Ba precipitate to form preferred separable layer.It is used as other one Kind of selection, Ba can be used as liquid and separate by melting.It is then possible to be electrolysed NaBr or KBr to form alkali metal and Br₂.Afterwards Person and Ba react to form BaBr₂.Alternatively, Ba is anode, and BaBr₂Directly formed in anodic compartment.Alkali Metal can be hydrogenated after electrolysis, or by blasting H into cathode bays₂Come during being electrolysed in cathode bays shape Into.Then, MgH₂Or Mg, NaH or KH, BaBr₂Reactant mixture is returned with carrier.In other embodiments, using another Plant alkaline-earth halide (such as BaI₂、MgF₂、SrCl₂、CaCl₂Or CaBr₂) replace BaBr₂。

In another embodiment, due to there is smaller capacity volume variance, therefore regenerative response between reactant and product Can occur without electrolysis.The reaction that equation (110-111) is provided can be inverse by changing such as temperature or hydrogen pressure condition Turn.Alternatively, can by melting or volatile materials (such as K or Na) be selectively removed, with drive reaction to Opposite direction is carried out, so that reactant regenerates or can further react and be added back in pond to form the thing of initial reaction mixture Matter.In another embodiment, volatile materials can with continuous backflow, with maintain catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH, KH, Na or K) reversible reaction between initial oxidant (such as alkaline-earth halide or rare earth metal halide).In an implementation In mode, backflow is realized using distiller (distiller 34 as shown in Figure 4).Distiller includes and forms volatile materials The tube core or wicking system of the drop of (such as K or otheralkali metal).Drop can be dropped down onto in reative cell by gravity.Tube core or hair Tubule can be similar to the tube core or capillary of molten metal heat pipe, or distiller can include molten metal heat pipe.Heat pipe Volatile materials (such as metal, such as K) can be made to be back to reactant mixture by tube core.In another embodiment, may be used To form hydride on surface or structure is collected and wipe its machinery.Hydride can be dropped back into by gravity to reaction mixing In thing.Returning to supply can continuously or intermittently be carried out.In this embodiment, pond can be level horizontal and along pond Axle has vapor space, and condenser portion can be located at the end in pond.The amount for being present in the volatile materials (such as K) in pond can Think with the metal of the oxidant stoichiometric proportion or less such as about so that when volatile materials is conveyed in pond, it is limited System causes the formation of oxidant in back reaction.Hydrogen can be supplied to pond under controlled optimum pressure.Hydrogen can be blasted instead Mixture is answered to increase its pressure.Hydrogen can flow through material to maintain desired hydrogen pressure.Can be with by heat exchanger Remove the heat of condensation portion.Heat transfer can be carried out by the boiling of cooling agent (such as water).Boiling can be nucleateboiling, to carry High heat transfer speed.

In the embodiment of another reactant mixture for comprising more than a kind of volatile materials (such as metal), each material It can evaporate or distil as gaseous state and condense.The difference of relation based on vapour pressure between material and temperature, each material can be Different zones are condensed.Each material further can react with other reactants (such as hydrogen), or return directly to reactant mixture. The reactant mixture of merging can form fraction hydrogen comprising the initial reaction mixture regenerated.Reactant mixture can be included and urged At least two materials in agent, hydrogen source, oxidant, the group of reducing agent and carrier.Carrier can also include oxidant.Carbon or carbonization Thing is such suitable carrier.Oxidant can include alkaline-earth metal (such as Mg), and catalyst and H sources can include KH.K and Mg It hot can volatilize, and condensed as the band of separation.K can be by using H₂Handle and be hydrogenated to KH, and KH can be returned It is back to reactant mixture.Alternatively, K can be returned, then reacts to form KH with hydrogen.Mg can be returned directly To reactant mixture.While power is produced by forming fraction hydrogen, product can continuously or intermittently regenerate and be back to Initial reactant.The corresponding H consumed is added to maintain power output.

In another embodiment, thus it is possible to vary such as temperature or hydrogen pressure reaction condition are so that reaction is reversed.Herein In situation, reaction is initially positive to be carried out, to form fraction hydrogen and reactant mixture product.Then, the product in addition to low energy hydrogen It is converted into initial reactant.This can be carried out in the following way：Change reaction condition, and may add or remove with The similar product of those products or reactant at least part that is initially use or being formed or reactant or other products or reaction Thing.Therefore, forward reaction and regenerative response are carried out with alternate circulation.Hydrogen can be added and form middle disappeared to replenish fraction hydrogen The hydrogen of consumption.In another embodiment, reaction condition (such as elevated temperature) is maintained, and wherein reversible reaction is optimised, So that forward reaction and back reaction all occur in the way of it can obtain fraction hydrogen formation speed desired, preferably up to.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, solid fuel reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, Mg, FeBr₂ With carrier (activated carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through FeBr₂Metal hydride oxidation reaction, Such as

2NaH+FeBr₂→2NaBr+Fe+H₂ (112)

Mg+FeBr₂→MgBr₂+Fe (113)

NaBr and MgBr₂Can be Br by the salt electrolysis melted₂, Na and Mg.Fusion electrolysis can using downs cell or The downs cell of transformation is carried out.Fe is ferromagnetic and can carry out Magnetic Isolation with optional sieve in favor of mechanical separator. In another embodiment, ferromagnetic Ni can replace Fe.Unreacted Mg or MgH₂Can be by melting and passing through solid-liquid It is separated and separates.Bromide for electrolysis can come from rinsing obtained by reaction product using appropriate solvent (such as deoxidation air water) Washing lotion.The solution can be filtered to remove carrier (such as AC) and optional transition metal.Solid can be centrifuged and do It is dry, carried out preferably by the used heat from dynamical system.Alternatively, halide can by melted with Carry out Solid-Liquid Separation afterwards and separate.In another embodiment, lighter AC can pass through the side such as such as cyclonic separation at first Method is separated with other reaction products.Na and Mg are unmixing, can use H₂Gas (is preferred from H₂O electrolysis) make separation Metal (such as Na) hydrogenation.Metal bromide can be by using the metal of separation or using the metal not separated with AC Principal reaction is formed.In one embodiment, Fe and HBr reacts to form FeBr₂And H₂, H₂Recycle and and Br₂Reaction is formed HBr.In other embodiments, Fe is replaced using other metals (preferably transition metal).Another reducing agent (such as Al) Mg can be replaced.Another halide, preferably chloride can replace bromide.LiH, KH, RbH or CsH can replace NaH.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, solid fuel reactant mixture comprising KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH₂、SnBr₂With carrier (activated carbon, WC or TiC).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through SnBr₂Metal The oxidation reaction of hydride or metal, such as

2KH+SnBr₂→2KBr+Sn+H₂ (114)

2NaH+SnBr₂→2NaBr+Sn+H₂ (115)

Mg+SnBr₂→MgBr₂+Sn (116)

Tin, magnesium, MgH₂, NaBr and KBr fusing point be respectively 119 DEG C, 650 DEG C, 327 DEG C, 747 DEG C and 734 DEG C.Tin-magnesium Alloy will melt about 5 weight % Mg when higher than certain temperature (such as 400 DEG C), as given by its alloy phase diagram.In an implementation In mode, tin and magnesium metal and alloy are separated with carrier and halide in the following manner：Molten metal and alloy and separating liquid Phase and solid phase.Alloy can be with H₂Forming MgH₂The thermotonus of solid and tin metal.Solid phase and liquid phase can be separated to provide MgH₂And tin.MgH₂It can thermally decompose as Mg and H₂.Alternatively, optionally by unreacted Mg and appoint What Sn-Mg alloy is converted into solid MgH₂With the temperature of Molten Tin, can be by H₂Original position is added to reaction product.Tin can be chosen Selecting property is removed.It is then possible to by MgH₂Heat and removed as liquid.Next, can be by such as following methods from carrier Remove halide：(1) they are melted and are separated, cyclonic separation (the wherein preferred closely knit load of (2) based on density contrast Body, such as WC), or (3) screened based on its size difference.Alternatively, halide can be dissolved in suitably In solvent, and liquid phase and solid phase are separated by such as method such as filtering.Can be by liquid evaporation, then can be by halide by melting Thing electrolysis is Na or K and possible Mg metals (unmixing and be individually separated).In another embodiment, K is by using Na The reduction of the halide of metal and formed, the Na metals by sodium halide (preferably with formed in fraction hydrogen reactor Halide identical halide) electrolysis and regenerate.In addition, collecting halogen gas (such as Br from electrolyzing fused thing₂), and with every From Sn react to form SnBr₂, SnBr₂With NaH or KH and Mg or MgH₂Another the following for the reaction of fraction hydrogen is recycled together Ring, wherein hydride is by using H₂Gas is hydrogenated and formed.In one embodiment, HBr is formd, and shape is reacted with Sn Into SnBr₂.HBr can pass through Br₂With H₂Reaction formed, or by blasting H₂And formed in electrolytic process at anode (it has the advantages that reduction electrolysis energy).In another embodiment, replaced using another metal (preferably transition metal) Sn, and another halide (such as I) can replace Br.

In another embodiment, in initial step, all reaction products and HBr reactant aqueous solutions, and by the solution Concentration is with from MgBr₂SnBr is settled out with KBr solution₂.Other appropriate solvents and separation method can be used to separate this Salt.Then by MgBr₂It is Mg and K with KBr electrolysis.Alternatively, it is molten using mechanical means or by selectivity Agent method is first by Mg or MgH₂Remove, so as to only need KBr being electrolysed.In one embodiment, Sn as fused mass from solid MgH₂It is middle to remove, MgH₂Can be by adding in fraction hydrogen course of reaction or afterwards H₂And formed.Then by MgH₂Or Mg, KBr It is added to carrier in electrolyzing fused thing.Carrier sinks to crystallizing field because of its big particle diameter.MgH₂With KBr formation part fused mass simultaneously Separated based on density.Mg and K are unmixing, and K also forms single phase, make Mg and K by separate collection.Anode can be Sn, so that K, Mg and SnBr₂For electrolysate.Anode can be Molten Tin, or Molten Tin can be injected in into anode On with bromine reaction and forming SnBr₂.In this case, the energy gap of regeneration is compound energy gap with corresponding at two electrodes The relative value of the higher element energy gap of element product.In another embodiment, reactant includes KH, carrier and SnI₂Or SnBr₂.Sn can be removed as liquid, and remaining product (such as KX) and carrier may be added in electrolyzing fused thing, its Middle carrier is based on density and separated.In this case, preferably closely knit carrier, such as WC.

Reactant can include oxygen compound, to form oxide products, such as catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH, Li or K oxide and reducing agent (Mg, MgH)₂, Al, Ti, B, Zr or La) oxide.In one embodiment, reactant can With by the way that oxide is regenerated with sour (such as halogen acids, preferably HCl) reaction with forming corresponding halide (such as chloride). In one embodiment, the carbonizable substance (such as carbonate, bicarbonate, carboxylic acid) of oxidation, carboxylic acid material's (such as oxalic acid or oxalates) Can be by metal or metal hydride reduction.Preferably, Li, K, Na, LiH, KH, NaH, Al, Mg and MgH₂At least one of With the substance reaction comprising carbon and oxygen and forming respective metal oxide or hydroxide and carbon.Each respective metal can pass through electricity Solve and regenerate.Electrolysis can use the salt (fuse salt of such as eutectic mixture) of melting to carry out.Halogen gas electrolysate is (such as Chlorine) it can be used for being formed corresponding sour (such as HCl) of a part as regeneration cycle.Halogen acids HX can be by by halogen Gas reacts with hydrogen and formed alternately through hydrogen halide is dissolved in water.Preferably, hydrogen passes through electrolysis Water and formed.Oxygen can be the reactant of fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture, or can react to form fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture Oxygen source.Product will can be rinsed the step of oxide fraction hydroformylation reaction product and acid reaction including the use of acid include gold to be formed Belong to the solution of salt.In one embodiment, fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture and corresponding product mixtures include carrier, and such as carbon is excellent Select activated carbon.Metal oxide can be detached from the carrier by being dissolved in the aqueous solution of acid.Therefore, it is possible to use acid is rinsed Product, and can further filter to separate the component of reactant mixture.Water (can be preferred from dynamical system using heat Used heat) removed by evaporation, and can by salt (such as metal chloride) added to electrolysis mixture in be formed metal and Halogen gas.In one embodiment, methane or hydrocarbon products can be restructured as hydrogen and optional carbon or carbon dioxide.As Another option, methane is separated from gaseous product mixture and as commodity selling.In another embodiment, By methods known in the art (such as fischer-tropsch reaction), other hydrocarbon products of methanogenesis can be made.By adding interference gas (such as Inert gas) and by keeping unfavorable conditions (such as the hydrogen pressure or temperature of reduction) that the formation of methane can be suppressed.

In another embodiment, metal oxide is by eutectic mixture Direct Electrolysis.Oxide (such as MgO) can be with Water reacts to form hydroxide (such as Mg (OH)₂).In one embodiment, hydroxide is reduced.Reducing agent can be alkali Metal or hydride, such as Na or NaH.Product hydroxide can be as the salt of melting by Direct Electrolysis.Fraction hydroformylation reaction product (such as alkali metal hydroxide) is also used as commodity and obtains corresponding halide.Then halide can be electrolysed as halogen Gas and metal.Halogen gas may be used as commercial industrial gas.It can use and be preferred from the hydrogen of electrolysis water by metallic hydrogen Change, and be supplied to the part in reactor as fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture.

Using the methods known to those skilled in the art and system, reducing agent (such as alkali metal) can be by including corresponding chemical combination Thing (preferably NaOH or Na₂O product regeneration).A kind of method is included in mixture (such as eutectic mixture) and is electrolysed. In another embodiment, reducing agent product can be comprising at least one oxide, such as reducing agent metal oxide (for example MgO).Hydroxide or oxide are soluble in weak acid (such as hydrochloric acid) to form corresponding salt, such as NaCl or MgCl₂.Make The processing carried out with acid can also be anhydrous response.These gases can be in low-pressure gasifying.Product-reducing agent (such as alkali can be used Metal or alkaline-earth metal) salt is handled to form initial reducing agent.In one embodiment, the second reducing agent is alkaline earth gold Category, wherein preferably Ca, NaCl or MgCl₂It is reduced to Na or Mg metals.Additional product CaCl₃It is recovered and recycles.Another In one embodiment, in applied at elevated temperature H₂Reduced oxide.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、O₂It is (living with carrier Property charcoal).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through O₂Metal hydride oxidation reaction, such as

MgH₂+O₂→Mg(OH)₂ (117)

MgH₂+1.5O₂+C→MgCO₃+H₂ (118)

NaH+3/2O₂+C→NaHCO₃ (119)

2NaH+O₂→2NaOH (120)

Any MgO products can be by being converted into hydroxide with water reaction

MgO+H₂O→Mg(OH)₂ (121)

Sodium or magnesium carbonate, bicarbonate and other materials comprising carbon and oxygen can be reduced with Na or NaH：

NaH+Na₂CO₃→3NaOH+C+1/H₂ (122)

NaH+1/3MgCO₃→NaOH+1/3C+1/3Mg (123)

Na or NaH can be used by Mg (OH)₂It is reduced to Mg：

2Na+Mg(OH)₂→2NaOH+Mg (124)

Then, NaOH can be directly electrolysed by fused mass as Na metals and NaH and O₂.Castner Process can be used.With In alkaline solution appropriate negative electrode and anode be nickel.Anode can also be that carbon, noble metal (such as Pt), carrier (are such as coated with expensive The Ti of metal (such as Pt)), or the anode that size is fixed.In another embodiment, by being reacted with NaCl, NaOH quilts It is converted into NaCl, wherein NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl₂Can be with the H from water electrolysis₂React to form HCl.The NaCl of melting electricity Solution can be carried out using downs cell or the downs cell of transformation.Alternatively, HCl can pass through chlor-alkali electricity Solve and produce.The NaCl aqueous solution for this electrolysis can come from rinsing the washing lotion of reaction product using HCl/water solution.Can mistake Filter the solution to remove carrier (such as AC), it is possible to centrifuge and dry the carrier, preferably use useless from dynamical system Heat is carried out.

In one embodiment, reactions steps include：(1) using HCl/water solution rinse product with from such as hydroxide, The material such as oxide and carbonate formation metal chloride, (2) utilize water gas shift reaction and fischer-tropsch reaction by any generation CO₂Pass through H₂Reduce and be converted into water and C, wherein carbon is recycled can be used in step as the carrier and water in step 10 1st, in 4 or 5, (3) are filtered and dry carrier (such as AC), and the step of wherein drying can include centrifuging, water electrolysis is by (4) H₂And O₂To supply to step 8~10, (5) alternatively form H by the electrolysis of the NaCl aqueous solution₂With HCl to supply to step 1 and 9, (6) are separated and dry metal chloride, and the fused mass electrolysis of metal chloride is metal and chlorine by (7), and (8) pass through Cl₂With H₂ Reaction form HCl to supply to step 1, (9) make any metal hydride form corresponding initial action by being reacted to hydrogen Thing, and (10) utilize O of the addition from step 4₂Or using from the O for being isolated from air₂To form initial reaction mixture.

In another embodiment, at least one of magnesia and magnesium hydroxide are Mg and O by fused mass electrolysis₂。 Fused mass can be NaOH fused mass, and wherein Na can also be electrolysed.In one embodiment, oxycarbide (such as carbonate And bicarbonate) CO and CO can be decomposed into₂At least one of, they can be added in reactant mixture and be used as oxygen Source.Alternatively, oxycarbide material (such as CO₂And CO) can be carbon and water by hydrogen reduction.CO₂It can lead to CO Cross water-gas shift reaction and fischer-tropsch reaction is reduced.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、CF₄It is (living with carrier Property charcoal).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through CF₄Metal hydride oxidation reaction, such as

2MgH₂+CF₄→C+2MgF₂+2H₂ (125)

2MgH₂+CF₄→CH₄+2MgF₂ (126)

4NaH+CF₄→C+4NaF+2H₂ (127)

4NaH+CF₄→CH₄+4NaF (128)

NaF and MgF₂Can be by may the fusion electrolysis comprising HF be additionally F₂, Na and Mg.Na and Mg be it is unmixing, H can be used₂Gas (is preferred from H₂O electrolysis) make the metal hydride of separation.F₂Gas can be with carbon and any CH₄Reaction production Thing is reacted so that CF₄Regeneration.Alternatively further, it is preferred that the anode of electrolytic cell includes carbon, and keep electric current With electrolytic condition to cause CF₄For anode electrolysis product.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、P₂O₅(P₄O₁₀) and Carrier, activated carbon.In one embodiment, the source of exothermic reaction is to pass through P₂O₅Metal hydride oxidation reaction, such as

5MgH₂+P₂O₅→5MgO+2P+5H₂ (129)

5NaH+P₂O₅→5NaOH+2P (130)

Phosphorus can be by O₂Middle burning conversion is P₂O₅

2P+2.5O₂→P₂O₅ (131)

MgO products can be by being converted into hydroxide with water reaction

MgO+H₂O→Mg(OH)₂ (132)

Na or NaH can be used by Mg (OH)₂It is reduced to Mg：

2Na+Mg(OH)₂→2NaOH+Mg (133)

Then, NaOH can be directly electrolysed by fused mass as Na metals and NaH and O₂, or can be by anti-with HCl NaCl, wherein NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl should be converted into₂Can be with the H from water electrolysis₂React to form HCl.In an embodiment party In formula, metal (such as Na and Mg) passes through the H with being preferred from electrolysis water₂Reaction can be converted into corresponding hydride.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, solid fuel reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、 NaNO₃With carrier, activated carbon.In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through NaNO₃Metal hydride oxidation it is anti- Should, such as

NaNO₃+NaH+C→Na₂CO₃+1/2N₂+1/2H₂ (134)

NaNO₃+1/2H₂+2NaH→3NaOH+1/2N₂ (135)

NaNO₃+3MgH₂→3MgO+NaH+1/2N₂+5/2H₂ (136)

NaH+Na₂CO₃→3NaOH+C+1/H₂ (137)

NaH+1/3MgCO₃→NaOH+1/3C+1/3Mg (138)

Carbonate can also be decomposed into hydroxide and CO by aqueous medium₂

Na₂CO₃+H₂O→2NaOH+CO₂ (139)

Utilize water gas shift reaction and fischer-tropsch reaction, produced CO₂H can be passed through₂It is water and C to reduce and react

CO₂+H₂→CO+H₂O (140)

CO+H₂→C+H₂O (141)

MgO products can be by being converted into hydroxide with water reaction

MgO+H₂O→Mg(OH)₂ (142)

Na or NaH can be used by Mg (OH)₂It is reduced to Mg：

2Na+Mg(OH)₂→2NaOH+Mg (143)

Alkali nitrates can utilize method known to those skilled in the art regeneration.In one embodiment, NO₂ It can be generated by the commercial run as known to by aber process and subsequent ostwald process etc..In an embodiment In, exemplary step sequence is：

Specifically, aber process can be used for using such as containing α-iron some oxide catalyst higher temperature with Pressure is by N₂And H₂Produce NH₃.Ostwald process can be used for ammonia oxygen at the catalyst such as such as hot platinum or platinum-rhodium catalyst Turn to NO₂.Heat can be the used heat from dynamical system.NO₂It is soluble in water to form nitric acid, nitric acid and NaOH, Na₂CO₃Or NaHCO₃React to form sodium nitrate.Then, the NaOH of residual can be directly electrolysed by fused mass as Na metals and NaH and O₂, or can be by being converted into NaCl, wherein NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl with HCl reactions₂Can with from water electrolysis H₂React to form HCl.In one embodiment, metal (such as Na and Mg) passes through the H with being preferred from electrolysis water₂Reaction can To be converted into corresponding hydride.In other embodiments, Na is replaced using Li and K.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、SF₆It is (living with carrier Property charcoal).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through SF₆Metal hydride oxidation reaction, such as

4MgH₂+SF₆→3MgF₂+4H₂+MgS (145)

7NaH+SF₆→6NaF+3H₂+NaHS (146)

NaF and MgF₂And sulfide can be by can the fusion electrolysis comprising HF be additionally Na and Mg.Fluorine electrolytic gas Body can react to form the SF that can dynamically remove with sulfide₆Gas.SF₆With F₂Separation can be by known in the art Method, enter such as low temperature distillation (cryo-distillation), UF membrane or using the chromatography of the medium as molecular sieve OK.NaHS can be a part for the electrolysis mixture of melting in 350 DEG C of meltings.Any MgS products can react with Na NaHS is formed, wherein reaction can occur in electrolytic process situ.S and metal can be the products formed in electrolytic process. Alternatively, metal can be a small amount of, to form more stable fluoride, or can add F₂To form fluorine Compound.

3MgH₂+SF₆→3MgF₂+3H₂+S (147)

6NaH+SF₆→6NaF+3H₂+S (148)

NaF and MgF₂Can be by can the fusion electrolysis comprising HF be additionally F₂, Na and Mg.Na and Mg be it is unmixing, H can be used₂(preferred addition is from H for gas₂O electrolysis) make the metal hydride of separation.F₂Gas can be with reaction of Salmon-Saxl so that SF₆ Regeneration.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、NF₃It is (living with carrier Property charcoal).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through NF₃Metal hydride oxidation reaction, such as

3MgH₂+2NF₃→3MgF₂+3H₂+N₂ (149)

6MgH₂+2NF₃→3MgF₂+Mg₃N₂+6H₂ (150)

3NaH+NF₃→3NaF+1/2N₂+1.5H₂ (151)

NaF and MgF₂Can be F by the salt electrolysis for the melting that can additionally comprise HF₂, Na and Mg.Mg₃N₂To MgF₂Conversion Can occur in fused mass.Na and Mg are unmixing, can use H₂Gas (is preferred from H₂O electrolysis) make separation Metal hydride.F₂Gas can be with NH₃It is preferred that being reacted in the reactor that copper is filled to form NF₃.Ammonia can be produced by aber process It is raw.Alternatively, NF₃NH can be passed through₄Electrolysis of the F in anhydrous HF is formed.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, solid fuel reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、 Na₂S₂O₈With carrier (activated carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through Na₂S₂O₈Metal hydride oxygen Change reaction, such as

8MgH₂+Na₂S₂O₈→2MgS+2NaOH+6MgO+6H₂ (152)

7MgH₂+Na₂S₂O₈+C→2MgS+Na₂CO₃+5MgO+7H₂ (153)

10NaH+Na₂S₂O₈→2Na₂S+8NaOH+H₂ (154)

9NaH+Na₂S₂O₈+C→2Na₂S+Na₂CO₃+5NaOH+2H₂ (155)

Any MgO products can be by being converted into hydroxide with water reaction

MgO+H₂O→Mg(OH)₂ (156)

Carbonate, bicarbonate and other materials comprising carbon and oxygen of sodium or magnesium can be reduced with Na or NaH：

NaH+Na₂CO₃→3NaOH+C+1/H₂ (157)

NaH+1/3MgCO₃→NaOH+1/3C+1/3Mg (158)

MgS can burn in oxygen, hydrolysis, and it is Na to be exchanged with Na to form sodium sulphate, and be electrolysed₂S₂O₈

2MgS+10H₂O+2NaOH→Na₂S₂O₈+2Mg(OH)₂+9H₂ (159)

Na₂S can burn in oxygen, be hydrolyzed to sodium sulphate, and be electrolysed to form Na₂S₂O₈

2Na₂S+10H₂O→Na₂S₂O₈+2NaOH+9H₂ (160)

Na or NaH can be used by Mg (OH)₂It is reduced to Mg：

2Na+Mg(OH)₂→2NaOH+Mg (161)

Then, NaOH can be directly electrolysed by fused mass as Na metals and NaH and O₂, or can be by anti-with HCl NaCl, wherein NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl should be converted into₂Can be with the H from water electrolysis₂React to form HCl.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, solid fuel reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂, S and Carrier (activated carbon).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation reaction of the metal hydride by S, such as

MgH₂+S→MgS+H₂ (162)

2NaH+S→Na₂S+H₂ (163)

Magnesium sulfide can be by being converted into hydroxide with water reaction

MgS+2H₂O→Mg(OH)₂+H₂S (164)

H₂S can be decomposed in higher temperature, or for by SO₂It is converted into S.Vulcanized sodium is by burning and hydrolysis can be with It is converted into hydroxide

Na₂S+1.5O₂→Na₂O+SO₂

Na₂O+H₂O→2NaOH (165)

Na or NaH can be used by Mg (OH)₂It is reduced to Mg：

2Na+Mg(OH)₂→2NaOH+Mg (166)

Then, NaOH can be directly electrolysed by fused mass as Na metals and NaH and O₂, or can be by anti-with HCl NaCl, wherein NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl should be converted into₂Can be with the H from water electrolysis₂React to form HCl.SO₂It can use H₂It is reduced in elevated temperature.

SO₂+2H₂S→3S+2H₂O (167)

In one embodiment, metal (such as Na and Mg) passes through the H with being preferred from electrolysis water₂Reaction can be converted into Corresponding hydride.In other embodiments, S and metal can be regenerated by being electrolysed by fused mass.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、N₂O and carrier are (living Property charcoal).In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through N₂The oxidation reaction of O metal hydride,

Such as

4MgH₂+N₂O→MgO+Mg₃N₂+4H₂ (168)

NaH+3N₂O+C→NaHCO₃+3N₂+1/2H₂ (169)

MgO products can be by being converted into hydroxide with water reaction

MgO+H₂O→Mg(OH)₂ (170)

Magnesium nitride can also be hydrolyzed to magnesium hydroxide：

Mg₃N₂+6H₂O→3Mg(OH)₂+3H₂+N₂ (171)

Sodium carbonate, bicarbonate and other materials comprising carbon and oxygen can be reduced with Na or NaH：

NaH+Na₂CO₃→3NaOH+C+1/H₂ (172)

Na or NaH can be used by Mg (OH)₂It is reduced to Mg：

2Na+Mg(OH)₂→2NaOH+Mg (173)

Then, NaOH can be directly electrolysed by fused mass as Na metals and NaH and O₂, or can be by anti-with HCl NaCl, wherein NaCl water electrolytic gas Cl should be converted into₂Can be with the H from water electrolysis₂React to form HCl.Manufactured by aber process Ammonia be oxidized (equation (144)), and the N for controlling temperature to be separated in favor of other gases with homeostatic reaction product mixtures₂O Generation.

In exemplary fraction hydrogen and regenerative response, reactant mixture includes NaH catalyst, MgH₂、Cl₂With carrier (such as Activated carbon, WC or TiC).Reactor can also include high energy light (preferably ultraviolet light) source, to dissociate Cl₂So as to trigger fraction hydrogen Reaction.In one embodiment, exothermic reaction, which is derived from, passes through Cl₂Metal hydride oxidation reaction, such as

2NaH+Cl₂→2NaCl+H₂ (174)

MgH₂+Cl₂→MgCl₂+H₂ (175)

NaCl and MgCl₂Can be Cl by the salt electrolysis melted₂, Na and Mg.The NaCl of melting electrolysis can utilize Tang scholar Electrolytic cell or the downs cell of transformation are carried out.NaCl for this electrolysis can come from rinsing reaction product using the aqueous solution Washing lotion.The solution can be filtered can be centrifuged with removing carrier (such as AC), and preferably using the used heat from dynamical system With the dry carrier.Na and Mg are unmixing, can use H₂Gas (is preferred from H₂O electrolysis) hydrogenate the metal separated. Example results are as follows：

■4g WC+1g MgH₂+1g NaH+0.01mol Cl₂, by for by Cl₂The UV lamp for dissociating into Cl triggers, Ein: 162.9kJ,dE:16.0kJ,TSC:23-42℃,Tmax:85 DEG C, theoretical value 7.10kJ, gain is 2.25 times.

Comprising catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH, K or Li or its hydride), reducing agent (such as alkali metal or hydride, It is preferred that Mg, MgH₂Or Al) and oxidant (such as NF₃) reactant can be regenerated by electrolysis.Preferably, electrolysis, metal are passed through Fluoride product is regenerated as metal and fluorine gas.Electrolyte can include eutectic mixture.Mixture can also include HF.NF₃Can To pass through NH₄Electrolysis of the F in anhydrous HF and regenerate.In another embodiment, NH₃With F₂The reactor filled in such as copper Reacted Deng in reactor.Using being conducive to F₂The condition of generation, can be with by electrolysis using the anode or carbon anode of dimensionally stable Make F₂Regeneration.SF₆S and F can be passed through₂Reaction and regenerate.Pass through thermal decomposition, H₂Reduce, be oxidized to oxide or hydroxide With reaction for halide and then electrolysis and in being reacted with halogen gas during the fusion electrolysis metal halide extremely Few one kind, can make any metal nitride regeneration that may be formed in the reaction of fraction hydrogen.NCl₃Ammonia and chlorine can be passed through Reaction or pass through ammonium salt (such as NH₄Cl) formed with the reaction of chlorine.Chlorine can come from chloride salt, and (Tathagata is from product Those salt in reactant mixture) electrolysis.NH₃It can be formed using aber process, wherein hydrogen can come from being electrolysed, be preferred from The electrolysis of water.In one embodiment, NCl₃Pass through NH₃With ammonium salt (such as NH₄At least one of) and Cl Cl₂The reaction of gas It is formed in situ in the reactor.In one embodiment, BiF₅BiF can be passed through₃With being electrolysed the F formed by metal fluoride₂ Reaction and regenerate.

In one embodiment of the reducing agent that heat release priming reaction is acted alternatively as in oxygen or halogen source, oxygen or halide Product preferably passes through electrolytic regeneration.Electrolyte can include eutectic mixture, such as Al₂O₃And Na₃AlF₆；MgF₂, NaF and HF； Na₃AlF₆；NaF、SiF₄And HF；And AlF₃, NaF and HF mixture.SiF₄To Si and F₂Electrolysis can be by alkali metal fluosilicate Compound eutectic mixture is carried out.Because Mg and Na have low compatibility, therefore they can be separated in the phase of fused mass.Due to Al and Na have low compatibility, therefore they can be separated in the phase of fused mass.In another embodiment, electrolysate Separated can be passed through.In another embodiment, by with C and Cl₂Form CO and TiCl₄Reaction, can make Ti₂O₃Regeneration, and TiCl₄Further react to form Ti and MgCl with Mg₂.Mg and Cl₂It can be regenerated by electrolysis.It is in product In MgO situation, Mg can be regenerated by Pidgeon methods.In one embodiment, MgO and Si reacts to form SiO₂And Mg Gas, and condense Mg gases.Product SiO₂Can be in high temperature by H₂Reduce and be regenerated as Si or by reacting to form Si with carbon And CO and CO₂.In another embodiment, Si in the calcium chloride in melting by using such as being electrolysed soild oxide Method is electrolysed and regenerated.In one embodiment, chlorate or perchlorate (such as alkali metal chlorate or perchlorate) are logical Cross electrolytic oxidation and regenerate.Can be aluminate and perchlorate by bittern electrolytic oxidation.

Any oxide coating is likely to form on metallic carrier, it is necessary to be removed by diluted acid to regenerate reactant, and with Separated afterwards with reactant or product mixtures.In another embodiment, carbide is discharged by oxide by being reacted with carbon Carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide and regenerate.

, can be by solvent and other reactants or product point for intending regeneration in the solvent-laden situation of reactant mixture bag From its mode is to retain solid using evaporation of solvent or by filtering or centrifuging.There are other volatility In the situation of component (such as alkali metal), they can by be heated to appropriate high temperature so that its evaporation and it is selectively removed. For example, retaining carrier (such as carbon) by distilling collection metal (such as Na metals).Na can again be hydrogenated as NaH and is back to Solvent be with the addition of so that in the carbon of reactant mixture regeneration.The solid (such as R-Ni) of isolation can also individually be regenerated.Point From R-Ni can be by being hydrogenated in hydrogen of the pressure for the atmospheric pressure of 0.1 atmospheric pressure~300.

In the situation decomposed during solvent forms fraction hydrogen in catalyst reaction, solvent can regenerate.For example, DMF catabolite can be dimethylamine, carbon monoxide, formic acid, sodium formate and formaldehyde.In one embodiment, two are utilized The reaction in methyl alcohol of methylamine and carbon monoxide or the reaction of methyl formate and dimethyl amine generate dimethylformamide.Its It can also be prepared by the way that dimethylamine and formic acid are reacted.

In one embodiment, exemplary ether solvents can be regenerated by the product of reactant mixture.Preferably, select Reactant mixture and condition are selected to cause the reaction speed of ether to be minimized relative to the speed for forming fraction hydrogen, so that any ether drops Solution is all insignificant for the energy produced by fraction hydrogen.Therefore, ether can remove ether catabolite as needed After be added back.Alternatively, ether and reaction condition can be selected so that ether reaction product can be isolated and ether Regenerated.

One embodiment includes at least one of situations below：HSA is fluoride, and HSA is metal, and solvent is by fluorine Change.Metal fluoride can be reaction product.Metal and fluorine gas can be regenerated by electrolysis.Electrolyte can include fluorination Thing, such as NaF, MgF₂、AlF₃Or LaF₃, and other at least one materials (such as HF) can be additionally comprised and reduction fluoride is molten Other salt (salt disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,427,657) selected.Excessive HF can dissolve LaF₃.Electrode can To be carbon (such as graphite), fluorocarbons can also be formed according to desired catabolite.In one embodiment, it is preferred to be Metal or alloy Co, Ni, Fe, other transition metal powders or the alloy of coating (such as carbon) for being coated with carbon of nanometer powder and excellent The carbon for electing the metal coating of nanometer powder as (is such as coated with the carbon of transition metal or alloy, preferably Ni, Co, Fe and Mn is coated with At least one of carbon) at least one of include magnetic-particle.Can be by magnetic-particle and fluoride (such as NaF) using magnet Separated with the mixture such as the mixture of carbon.The particle of collection can as formed fraction hydrogen reactant mixture a part Recycling.

In one embodiment, the electrolysis by separation product and then, catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH and fluorine-containing Solvent) regenerated by the product comprising NaF.Separation NaF method can use that there is lower boiling polar solvent to rinse mixing Thing, then carries out one or many filterings and is evaporated to provide NaF solids.Electrolysis can be fusion electrolysis.The salt of melting can To be such as eutectic mixture mixture.Preferably, mixture includes NaF as known in the art and HF.Sodium metal and fluorine Gas can be collected from electrolysis.Na can react to form NaH with H.Fluorine gas can may act as the fluorohydrocarbon of solvent with hydrocarbon reaction formation. HF fluorinated products can be back to electrolysis mixture.Alternatively, hydrocarbon and carbon product (such as benzene and graphitic carbon) can be with It is fluorinated and is back to respectively reactant mixture.By methods known in the art, carbon can be cracked into compared with low melting point Smaller fluorinated moieties to serve as solvent.Solvent can include mixture.It is anti-that the degree of fluorination is used as control hydrocarbon catalysis The method for answering speed.In one embodiment, using carbon electrode or by the reaction of carbon dioxide and fluorine gas, melting is passed through Fluoride salt (preferred as alkali fluoride) electrolysis and produce CF₄.Any CH₄It can also be fluorinated as CF with hydrocarbon products₄With Fluorohydrocarbon.

Appropriate fluorine-containing HSA materials and the method that the HSA materials are formed with fluorocarbons can be it is known in the art that A little materials and method, such as U.S. Patent No. 3,929, No. 920, U.S. Patent No. 3,925,492, U.S. Patent No. 3,925, No. 263 and material and method disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,886,921.Other methods include：Such as U.S. Patent No. 4, The preparation of poly- two carbon list fluoride (poly-dicarbon monofluoride) disclosed in No. 139,474, such as United States Patent (USP) The method of the continuous fluorination of carbon disclosed in No. 4,447,663, the manufacture master as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,423,261 To include by formula (C₂F)_nMethod, such as U.S. Patent No. 3,925,263 of the Graphite fluorination thing of the poly- two carbon list fluoride represented Disclosed in the method for preparing poly- carbon list fluoride, the system of Graphite fluorination thing as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,872,032 Preparation Method, the method for preparing poly- two carbon list fluoride as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,243,615, such as U.S. Patent No. 4, The haptoreaction by carbon and fluorine gas disclosed in No. 438,086 prepares the method for Graphite fluorination thing, such as U.S. Patent No. 3, The synthesis of fluorographite disclosed in No. 929,918, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,925,492 prepare poly- carbon list fluorination The method of thing, and provide new synthesis side disclosed in such as Lagow, J.C.S.Dalton, 1268 (1974) for graphite-fluorine chemistry Material disclosed in the mechanism of method, wherein this article includes the HSA materials.For the material category of reactor, in view of fluorine The corrosivity of gas, can use monel metal (Monel metal), nickel, steel or copper.Carbon material includes amorphous carbon (such as charcoal Black, petroleum coke, petroleum pitch coke and charcoal) and crystalline carbon (such as native graphite, graphene and electrographite, fullerene and Nanotube (preferably single-walled nanotube)).Preferably, Na is not inserted into carbon carrier and does not also form acetylide.Such carbon material can To use in a variety of manners.It is usually preferable that powder carbon material has the average grain diameter no more than 50 microns, but it is slightly larger It is applicable.In addition to powder carbon material, other forms are also suitable.Carbon material can be block shape, spherical, bar shaped and fiber shape.Instead It is able to should be carried out in the reactor selected from fluid bed-type of reactor, rotary kiln type reactor and disc type tower reactor.

In another embodiment, regenerate fluorocarbons using additive.Carbon can also be by inorganic reaction thing (such as CoF₃) outside pond or fluorination in situ.Reactant mixture can also include inorganic fluoriding reactant source (such as Co, CoF, CoF₂With CoF₃In one kind, it may be added to that in reactor and regenerates, or its can formed by reactant mixture fraction hydrogen pond transport Formed during turning) and possible another reagent (such as F₂Gas) and optional fluorination catalyst metal (such as Pt or Pd).Addition Agent can form NH₄F NH₃.At least one of carbon and hydrocarbon can be with NH₄F reacts to be fluorinated.In an embodiment party In formula, reactant mixture is also included can react the HNaF to be fluorinated with carbon₂.Fluorocarbons can be formed in situ or Formed outside fraction hydrogen reactor.Fluorocarbons can serve as solvent or HSA materials.

In the embodiment of at least one of solvent, carrier or absorbent comprising fluorine, product may include carbon If (solvent or carrier are fluorinated organic compound) and fluoride (such as NaHF of catalyst metals₂And NaF).Except the hydrogen compared with low energy Outside product (such as molecular fraction hydrogen), this also can discharge or collect.Utilize F₂, carbon can be used as CF₄Gas and by ablation, CF₄As reducing agent power can be produced in another circulation of reaction.Remaining NaF and NaHF₂Product can be electrolysed For Na and F₂.Na can react to form NaH, F with hydrogen₂It can be used to etch carbon product.NaH, remaining NaF and CF₄Can be with Another the aitiogenic circulation of operation power is combined to form fraction hydrogen.In other embodiments, Li, K, Rb or Cs can replace Na.

VI. other liquid and multiphase fuel embodiment

In the present invention, " liquid flux embodiment " includes liquid flux comprising any reactant mixture and accordingly Fuel, such as liquid fuel and multiphase fuel.

In comprising another of liquid flux embodiment, in atom sodium and molecule NaH it is a kind of by metal, ion or Reaction between the Na of molecular forms and other at least one compounds or element is provided.Na or NaH source can be metal Na, Inorganic compound (such as NaOH) comprising Na and other appropriate Na compounds (such as NaNH₂、Na₂CO₃And Na₂(X is halogen by O, NaX At least one of compound) and NaH (s)).Other elements can be H, displacing agent or reducing agent.Reactant mixture can be included At least one of following material：(1) solvent, such as (2) sodium source, Na (m), NaH, NaNH₂、Na₂CO₃、Na₂O, NaOH, NaOH mix At least one of miscellaneous R-Ni, NaX (X is halide) and the R-Ni of NaX doping, (3) hydrogen source, such as H₂Gas and dissociation agent and At least one in hydride, (4) displacing agent, preferably such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, Li, and (5) reducing agent, such as following metals Kind, the metal is, for example, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, lanthanide series metal, transition metal (such as Ti, aluminium, B), and metal alloy is (such as AlHg, NaPb, NaAl, LiAl), and source metal (such as alkaline-earth halide, transition metal single or combined with reducing agent Halide, lanthanide series metal halide and aluminium halogenide).Preferably, alkali metal reduction agent is Na.Other appropriate reducing agent bags Metal hydrogenation thing, such as LiBH₄、NaBH₄、LiAlH₄、NaAlH₄、RbBH₄、CsBH₄、Mg(BH₄)₂Or Ca (BH₄)₂.It is preferred that It is that reducing agent reacts to form NaH molecules and Na products (such as Na, NaH (s) and Na with NaOH₂O).NaH sources can be included NaOH R-Ni and reactant is (such as reducing agent (such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal or the R-Ni Al for being used to form NaH catalyst Intermetallic compound)).Other exemplary agents are alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal and oxidant, such as AlX₃、MgX₂、LaX₃、CeX₃ And TiX_n(wherein X is halide, preferably Br or I).In addition, reactant mixture can include another compound, the chemical combination Thing includes absorbent or dispersant, can such as be doped into the Na in dissociation agent (such as R-Ni)₂CO₃、Na₃SO₄And Na₃PO₄In at least It is a kind of.Reactant mixture can also include carrier, wherein carrier can doped with the mixture at least one reactant.Carry Body can preferably have high surface area, and it is conducive to producing NaH catalyst by reactant mixture.Carrier can comprising R-Ni, Al, Sn、Al₂O₃(β-aluminate (β-alumina) has other ions (such as Na for (such as γ, β or alpha-aluminium oxide), sodium aluminate⁺) exist simultaneously With preferable composition Na₂O·11Al₂O₃), lanthanide metal oxide (such as M₂O₃(preferably M=La, Sm, Dy, Pr, Tb, Gd and Er)), Si, silica, silicate, zeolite, lanthanide series metal, transition metal, metal alloy (such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions and Na Alloy), rare earth metal, SiO₂-Al₂O₃Or SiO₂The Ni of carrying, and other carrieds metal (platinum of such as supported on alumina, At least one of palladium or ruthenium) at least one of group.Carrier can have high surface area and include high surface area (HSA) material Material, such as R-Ni, zeolite, silicate, aluminate, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide nanoparticle, porous Al₂O₃, Pt, Ru or Pd/Al₂O₃、 Carbon, Pt/C or Pd/C, inorganic compound (such as Na₂CO₃, silica and zeolitic material (preferably Y zeolite powders) and carbon (such as fullerene Or nanotube).In one embodiment, such as Al₂O₃(and the Al of dissociation agent (if present)₂O₃Carrier) etc. carrier with reaction Thing (such as lanthanide series metal) reacts to form the carrier of surface modification.In one embodiment, surface A l is exchanged with lanthanide series metal And form the carrier of lanthanide series metal substitution.The carrier can doped with NaH molecular sources (such as NaOH) and with reducing agent (such as group of the lanthanides gold Category) reaction.The follow-up reaction of the carrier of lanthanide series metal substitution with lanthanide series metal significantly will not change to it, and surface On the NaOH of doping NaH catalyst can be reduced to by the reaction with reducing agent lanthanide series metal.Provide other here In embodiment, Li, K, Rb or Cs can replace Na.

In embodiment comprising liquid flux of the wherein reactant mixture comprising NaH catalyst sources, NaH sources can be Na and hydrogen source alloy.The alloy can at least one of comprising alloy known in the art, for example sodium metal and it is a kind of or Various other alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, Al, Sn, Bi, Ag, In, Pb, Hg, Si, Zr, B, Pt, Pd or other gold The alloy of category, and hydrogen source can be H₂Or hydride.

As the reagents such as NaH molecular sources, sodium source, NaH sources, hydrogen source, displacing agent and reducing agent can for needed for any mol ratio. Its respective mol ratio is more than 0 and less than 100%.Preferably, mol ratio is similar.

In a liquid flux embodiment, reactant mixture is included by solvent, Na or Na sources, NaH or NaH sources, gold Belong to hydride or metal hydride material resource, the reactant for forming metal hydride or reactant source, hydrogen dissociation agent and hydrogen source group Into at least one of group material.Reactant mixture can also include carrier.Reactant for forming metal hydride can To include lanthanide series metal, preferably La or Gd.In one embodiment, La reversibly can react to form LaH with NaH_n(n= 1,2,3).In one embodiment, hydride exchange reaction formation NaH catalyst.Reversible general reaction can be given by following formula Go out

Other MH type catalyst that the reaction that equation (176) is provided is provided suitable for table 2.Reaction can be with hydrogen formation Carry out simultaneously, the hydrogen can be dissociated to form atomic hydrogen, and atomic hydrogen reacts to form NaH catalyst with Na.Dissociating agent is preferably Pt, Pd or Ru/Al₂O₃At least one of powder, Pt/Ti and R-Ni.Preferably, dissociation agent carrier (such as Al₂O₃) at least wrap It is contained in surface and replaces Al substituent with La, or includes Pt, Pd or Ru/M₂O₃Powder (wherein M is lanthanide series metal).Dissociate agent It can be separated with the remainder of reactant mixture, wherein dissociation agent transmission atom H.

Appropriate liquid flux embodiment is comprising solvent, NaH, La and in Al₂O₃The reactant mixture of Pd on powder, Wherein can be with by removing solvent, addition H₂, by sieving separating NaH and lanthanum hydride, heating lanthanum hydride to form La Reactant mixture is regenerated with by the La embodiments mixed with NaH.Alternatively, regeneration is related to by melting Na Separated with liquid is removed Na and lanthanum hydride, heating lanthanum hydride with formed La, by Na hydrogenations be NaH, mixing La and NaH simultaneously The step of adding solvent.La and NaH mixing can be carried out by ball milling.

In liquid flux embodiment, high surface area material (such as R-Ni) is doped with NaX (X=F, Cl, Br, I).Doping R-Ni and reagent reacting, the reagent will replace above-mentioned halide to form at least one of Na and NaH.In an implementation In mode, reactant is at least one alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, preferably at least one of K, Rb, Cs.In another implementation In mode, reactant is alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride, preferably KH, RbH, CsH, MgH₂And CaH₂At least one of.Instead It can be alkali and alkaline earth metal ions hydride to answer thing.Reversible general reaction can be given by

D. other MH types catalyst and reaction

The MH types hydrogen catalyst for being commonly used for producing fraction hydrogen goes out as given in table 2, and the fraction hydrogen passes through M-H keys Fracture is provided plus the ionization from atom M t electronics, and each self-ionization of t electronics is to continuous energy level to cause The summation for stating bond energy and the ionization energy of t electronics is about m27.2eV, and wherein m is integer.Each MH catalyst is given in first row Go out, corresponding M-H bond energys are provided in a second column.The atom M of the MH materials provided in first row is ionized, to provide plus the The net enthalpy for being m27.2eV after bond energy in two row.The enthalpy of catalyst is provided in being arranged the 8th, and wherein m is provided in being arranged the 9th. Give the ionization potential (also referred to as ionization energy or combination energy) for the electronics for participating in ionization.For example, NaH bond energy 1.9245eV is Provided in two row.The ionization potential of n-th of electronics of atom or ion is by IP_nRepresent and provided by CRC.That is, such as Na+ 5.13908eV→Na⁺+e^-And Na⁺+47.2864eV→Na²⁺+e^-.First ionization potentials₁=5.13908eV and the second ionization potential IP₂=47.2864eV is provided in second and the 3rd arrange respectively.The fracture of NaH keys and the Na net reaction enthalpy ionized twice are 54.35eV, goes out as given in the 8th row, and m=2 in equation (36), goes out as given in the 9th row.In addition, H can be with table 2 In each MH molecules for providing react to form fraction hydrogen, the fraction hydrogen has independent relative to what such as exemplary equation (23) was provided MH catalyst reaction product add 1 quantum number p (equation (35)).

Table 2. can provide the MH type hydrogen catalysts that net reaction enthalpy is about m27.2eV

VIII. hydrogen discharge power and plasma pond and reactor

The hydrogen discharge power of the present invention and plasma pond and reactor are as shown in figure 17.Figure 17 hydrogen discharge is moved Power and plasma pond and reactor include gas discharge pond 307, and it includes the glow discharge full of hydrogen with room 300 Vacuum tank 315.Hydrogen is supplied to room 300 by hydrogen source 322 by control valve 325 via hydrogen feed path 342.Catalyst by comprising In pond room 300.Voltage and current source 330 promotes electric current to pass through between negative electrode 305 and anode 320.Electric current can be reversible 's.

In one embodiment, the material of negative electrode 305 can be catalyst source, such as Fe, Dy, Be or Pd.Put in hydrogen In electric power and plasma pond and reactor another embodiment, wall of a container 313 is conductive and serves as negative electrode To substitute electrode 305, and anode 320 can be hollow, such as be stainless steel hollow anode.Catalyst source can be evaporated to by electric discharge Catalyst.Molecular hydrogen can be formed the hydrogen atom for being used for producing fraction hydrogen and energy by electric discharge by dissociating.Other dissociation It can be provided by the hydrogen dissociation agent in room.

(wherein catalytic action occurs another embodiment of hydrogen discharge power and plasma pond and reactor Gas phase) it make use of controllable gaseous catalyst.For gaseous hydrogen atom the putting by molecular hydrogen gas converted to fraction hydrogen Electricity is provided.Gas discharge pond 307, which has, to be used to make gaseous catalyst 350 lead to reative cell 300 from catalyst reservoir 395 Catalyst feed path 341.Catalyst reservoir 395 is heated by the catalyst reservoir heater 392 with power supply 372 To provide gaseous catalyst to reative cell 300.By control catalyst reservoir 395 temperature (by by its power supply 372 come Regulation heater 392) control catalyst vapor pressure.Reactor also includes selective breather valve 301.It is placed on gas discharge pond The open containers (such as stainless steel, tungsten or ceramic open ware) of internal chemical resistance can contain catalyst.Use pass The open ware heater for joining power supply heats the catalyst in the open ware of catalyst to provide gaseous catalyst to reative cell.As Another selection, operates glow gases electric discharge pond so that the catalyst in open ware is distilled, seethes with excitement or is evaporated in higher temperature Gas phase.By controlling the temperature (adjusting heater by using its power supply) in open ware or pond of discharging to control catalyst vapor Pressure.In order to avoid catalyst is condensed in pond, temperature is maintained above catalyst source, catalyst reservoir 395 or catalyst The temperature of the temperature of open ware.

In one embodiment, catalytic action occurs in the gas phase, and lithium is catalyst, and by the way that pond temperature is maintained About 300 DEG C~1000 DEG C and by source (such as lithium metal or lithium compound, such as LiNH of atom lithium₂) it is changed into gaseous state.Most preferably, Pond is maintained at about 500 DEG C~750 DEG C.Atom and/or molecule hydrogen reactant can be maintained below the pressure of atmospheric pressure, preferably It is the support of about 10 millitorrs~about 100.Most preferably, by maintaining lithium metal and lithium to hydrogenate in the pond for expecting operating temperature is maintained The mixture of thing determines pressure.Operating temperature preferably ranges from about 300 DEG C~1000 DEG C, and most preferably, pressure is Pond is in the pressure reached during about 300 DEG C~750 DEG C of operating temperature.Pond can be heated coil (in such as Figure 17 by power supply 380) 385 power supplies control in desired operating temperature.Pond may also include internal-response room 300 and outside hydrogen reservoir 390 So that hydrogen can be spread by the hydrogen through the wall 313 for separating two Room and be supplied to pond.The temperature of wall can be controlled with heater with Control the speed of diffusion.The speed of diffusion can be by controlling the hydrogen pressure in hydrogen reservoir further to control.

With including Li, LiNH₂、Li₂NH、Li₃N、LiNO₃、LiX、NH₄X (X is halide), NH₃、LiBH₄、LiAlH₄ And H₂Group reactant mixture system another embodiment in, by add one or more reagents and by etc. from Daughter regenerates and regenerates at least one reactant.Plasma can be such as NH₃And H₂Deng one kind in gas.Plasma It can maintain in the original location (in reaction tank) or in the outside pond connected with reaction tank.In another embodiment, K, Cs and Na replace Li, and wherein catalyst is atom K, atom Cs and molecule NaH.

For catalyst pressure is maintained into aspiration level, it will can be sealed as the permeability pond of hydrogen source.It is used as other one Selection is planted, the pond can also include high-temperature valve in entrance or outlet respectively so that the valve of haptoreaction admixture of gas is maintained In desired temperature.

Can be by by pool insulation and independent by plasma pond temperature by using the supplementary heating power of heater 380 Control is in relative broad range.Therefore, catalyst vapor pressure can be controlled independently of plasma power.

Discharge voltage can be about 100 volts~10,000 volts.Electric current can be at any required scope under required voltage.And And, plasma can enter horizontal pulse with any desired frequency range, offset voltage, crest voltage, peak power and waveform.

In another embodiment, plasma can appear in the liquid medium (solvent of such as catalyst or as urging The solvent of the reactant of the material in agent source) in.

IX. fuel cell and battery

One embodiment of fuel cell and battery 400 is shown in figure 18.Include solid fuel or heterogeneous catalyst Fraction hydrogen reactant include for respective cells half-reaction reactant.Based on the novel reaction, for the fuel-cell device More preferable name can be catalyst ionization-hydrogen transition pond (CIHT).In operation process, catalyst reacts with atomic hydrogen, by Atomic hydrogen to the 27.2eV of the integral multiple of catalyst non-radiation type energy cause catalyst ionization and with instantaneous free electron Release, and form fraction hydrogen atom and discharge substantial amounts of energy.The reaction can occur in anodic compartment 402 so that sun Pole 410 finally receives the electronic current of ionization.Electric current can be from the oxidation of the reducing agent in anodic compartment.In fuel cell An embodiment in, anodic compartment 402 serves as anode.At least one of Li, K and NaH can be served as to be divided for being formed The catalyst of number hydrogen.Such as carbon dust, carbide (such as TiC, WC, YC₂Or Cr₃C₂) or the carrier such as boride can serve as with electrode (such as The anode of current collector can be served as) electrical contact electronic conductor.The electronics of conduction can come from ionization or the reducing agent of catalyst Oxidation.Alternatively, carrier can include the anode and negative electrode that load is electrically connected to bridging wire (lead) In at least one.Can be any conductor, such as metal with loading the anode being connected bridging wire and negative electrode bridging wire.

In one embodiment, oxidant is reacted to form fraction hydrogen reactant, and fraction hydrogen reactant is then anti- Fraction hydrogen should be formed.Alternatively, final electron acceptor reactant includes oxidant.Oxidant or negative electrode-pond Reactant mixture can be located in the cathode bays 401 with negative electrode 405.Alternatively, negative electrode-pond reaction mixing Thing is made up of ion and electron transfer in cathode bays.In an embodiment of fuel cell, cathode bays 401 fill Work as negative electrode.In operation process, cation can be migrated from anode to cathode bays.In some embodiments, the migration is led to Salt bridge 420 is crossed to occur.Alternatively, anion is migrated by salt bridge 420 from negative electrode to anodic compartment.Migration from Son can be ion, ion (such as H of hydrogen of catalyst or catalyst source⁺、H^-Or H^-(1/p)) and pass through catalyst or catalyst Source and at least one of counter ion of compound formed by the anionic reactive of oxidant or oxidant.Each half-cell is anti- It can be at least one of supply in the following manner, the reactant for maintaining and regenerating to answer thing：Will via passage 460 and 461 Reactant is moved to for product storage and regenerated the reservoir 430 and 431 of (optional) added to reactant source or by product In.Generally, appropriate oxidant is as those oxidants disclosed in fraction hydrogen reactant, such as hydride, halide, vulcanization Thing and oxide.Appropriate oxidant is metal hydride (such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions hydride) and metal halide is (such as Alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, rare earth metal, silver and indium metal halide) and oxygen or oxygen source, halogen (preferably F₂Or Cl₂) or halogen source (such as CF₄、SF₆And NF₃).Other appropriate oxides include free radical or its source, and anti-as negative electrode-pond The source of counter of the positively charged of the component of mixture is answered, it finally removes electronics that catalyst reaction discharged to form fraction Hydrogen.

Reference picture 18, fuel or CIHT batteries 400 include the cathode bays 401 with negative electrode 405, with anode 410 Anodic compartment 402, salt bridge 420, in the pond operation process with separated electronics flowing and ion mass transfer to constitute fraction hydrogen anti- Answer the reactant of thing, and hydrogen source.In general embodiment, CIHT batteries are hydrogen fuel cells, and it is by hydrogen to more lower state The catalytic reaction of (fraction hydrogen) and produce electromotive force (EMF).Therefore, it serves as fuel cell to be released by the reaction of fraction hydrogen The energy put is converted into electricity.In another embodiment, CIHT batteries are produced in electric power gain and heat power gain At least one, the electric power gain and heat power gain exceed by electrode 405 and 410 apply electrolysis power it is electronic Power gain and heat power gain.Pond consumes hydrogen to form fraction hydrogen thus need to add hydrogen；Another situation is, in an implementation In mode, the reactant for forming fraction hydrogen has at least one of hot recycling or electrolytic regeneration.In different ponds Differential responses thing is provided in compartment or in different conditions or condition (such as at least one of different temperatures, pressure and concentration) Under same reaction thing, the pond compartment for electronics with the separated pipeline of ion by being connected to complete electricity between the compartments Road.Due to fraction hydrogen react potential between the dependence to material flowing between the compartments, the electrode of separated compartment and The thermal enhancement of electric power gain or system is thus produced.Material flowing provides at least one scenario described below：Reaction generation point The formation of the reactant mixture of number hydrogen and the condition for making the reaction of fraction hydrogen occur with notable speed.Material flowing also needs to electronics Conveyed with ion in the separated pipeline of connection compartment.Electronics can come from being catalyzed in the course of reaction of atomic hydrogen and catalyst At least one of the ionization of agent and the oxidation of reactant species (such as atom, molecule, compound or metal) or reduction reaction. Ionization of the material in compartment (such as anodic compartment 402) can be attributed at least one of following reasons：(1) by the material Oxidation, the reduction of reactant species in different compartments (such as negative electrode 401) and migration ion (it puts down the electric charge in compartment Weigh as electroneutral) reaction caused by favourable Gibbs free, and (2) as fraction hydrogen formed reaction caused by free energy Change, the fraction hydrogen formation reacts the reduction of the material because of the oxidation of the material, in different compartments and migrates ion React (it causes the reaction to form fraction hydrogen) and occur.The migration of ion can be carried out by salt bridge 420.In another implementation In mode, the oxidation of material, the reduction of material in different compartments and migrate ion reaction may not be it is spontaneous or Person may be carried out with low velocity.Apply electroaffinity to force reaction to carry out, wherein the material stream it is dynamic provide it is at least one with Lower situation：React with the formation for the reactant mixture for producing fraction hydrogen and the bar for making the reaction of fraction hydrogen occur with notable speed Part.Electroaffinity can be applied by external circuit 425.The reactant of each half-cell can be supply in the following manner, At least one of reactant of maintenance and regeneration：Via passage 460 and 461 by reactant is added to reactant source or will produce Thing is moved to in product storage and the reservoir 430 and 431 regenerated.

In one embodiment, at least one of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst can pass through reactant mixture and one kind The reaction of reactant and formed, can be reacted by the reactant and catalysis is played a role.Trigger the anti-of fraction hydrogen reaction Should be able to be exothermic reaction, coupling reaction, radical reaction, oxidation-reduction reaction, exchange reaction and absorbent, carrier or base At least one of catalytic reaction of matter auxiliary.In one embodiment, the reaction for forming fraction hydrogen provides electrochemical kinetics. The reactant mixture and reaction (such as the exchange reaction of the present invention) that trigger the reaction of fraction hydrogen are the bases of fuel cell, in the combustion The reaction for forming fraction hydrogen by hydrogen in material battery develops electric power.Due to the half-reaction of oxidationreduction pond, generation fraction is constituted The reactant mixture of hydrogen, and electron transfer via external circuit and complete electricity via the ion mass transfer in separated path Road.Can be comprising being used for half-cell reaction and the overall reaction of generation fraction hydrogen provided and corresponding reactant mixture by adding The reaction type of the fraction Hydrochemistry production of heat power and the present invention.Thus, it is desirable that the reaction of fraction hydrogen does not occur, or Do not occur when being flowed in the absence of electronics with ion mass transfer with considerable speed.The free energy Δ G reacted from fraction hydrogen is produced Potential, according to the oxidationreduction chemistry for constituting the reactant mixture for producing fraction hydrogen, the potential can be oxidation potential or Reduction potential.The potential can be used for producing voltage in a fuel cell.Potential V can be expressed with free energy Δ G：

Wherein F is Faraday constant.It is assumed that the free energy that H transition is H (1/4) is about -20MJ/ moles, then voltage may It is very high.

In above-mentioned chemistry produces the situation of active fraction hydrogen reactant in the anodic compartment of fuel cell, from catalytic machine Seen in reason, oxidation potential and electronics may be contributed.As shown in equation (6-9), catalyst can be included and connect by being ionized By the material of the energy from atomic hydrogen.Δ G based on reaction, the transition ionized with H electronics to relatively low electronic state of catalyst Potential provide the oxidation potential that is provided by equation (178).Because NaH formation fraction hydrogen is Na to Na²⁺Ionization (such as equation (25-27) is provided) collaboration internal-response, therefore equation (178) is particularly suitable in this case.

In one embodiment, anodic half-cell oxidation reaction is reacted comprising catalytic ionization.Cathode half-cell reaction can To be restored to hydride comprising H.Exemplary reaction is

Anodic half-cell reacts：

Cathode half-cell reacts：

Wherein E_RFor MgH₂Also proper energy.Other appropriate oxidants (such as hydride) are NaH and KH.With catalyst sun Ion or hydride ion are by the migration of appropriate salt bridge, and catalyst and hydrogen can regenerate in anodic compartment.In catalyst Stable oxidation state is in Cat situation, and salt bridge reaction is

Salt bridge reacts：

Wherein 0.754eV is hydride ionization energy, and 4.478eV is H₂Bond energy.Catalyst or catalyst source can be It may act as the hydride in H sources.Then, salt bridge, which reacts, is

Salt bridge reacts：

Wherein E_LFor CatH lattice energy.Then, fuel cell reaction can be obtained by replacing hydrogen to cathode bays Maintain.Reaction is given by

Hydrogen can come from Cat^r+Reduction formed in the excessive hydrogen from anodic compartment recycling and come from H is subsequently formed to being initially formed H (1/4) by electrolysis water₂(1/4) supplement of the hydrogen consumed.These reaction energy be

2H(1/4)→H₂(1/4)+87.31eV (184)

H₂O+2.962eV→H₂+0.5O₂ (185)

Appropriate reactant is KH and NaH.The balance of the KH provided by equation (179-185) in units of kJ/ moles Fuel cell reaction be

7873kJ/ moles of+KH → K³⁺+3e^-+ 19,683kJ/ moles of+H (1/4) (186)

1.5(MgH₂+2e^-+E_R→Mg+2H^-) (187)

K³⁺+3H^-→KH+H₂+ 7873kJ/ moles of+213.8kJ/ moles of+E_L (188)

1.5(Mg+H₂→MgH₂+ 75.30kJ/ moles) (189)

0.5(2H(1/4)→H₂(1/4)+8424kJ/ moles) (190)

To obtain well approximate, net reaction is given by

0.5H₂O→0.5O+0.5H₂(1/4)+24,000kJ/ moles (192)

The fuel cell reaction of the KH provided by equation (179-185) balance is

5248kJ/ moles of+NaH → Na²⁺+2e^-+ 10,497kJ/ moles of+H (1/3) (193)

1(MgH₂+2e^-+E_R→Mg+2H^-) (194)

Na²⁺+2H^-→NaH+0.5H₂+ 5248kJ/ moles+70.5kJ/ moles (195)

1(Mg+H₂→MgH₂+ 75.30kJ/ moles) (196)

Wherein 5248kJ/ moles of the item of equation (195) includes E_L.To obtain well approximate, net reaction is given by

0.5H₂+ 10,643kJ/ moles of O → 0.5O+H (1/3) (198)

Additional energy is discharged by following manner：H (1/3) transits to H (1/4) (equation (23-24)) and subsequently forms work For the H of final product₂(1/4).The high energy release of CIHT battery piles (cell stack) and Scalable Performance make kinetic force with micro- Distribution, the distribution and electrodynamic mode application in center.Furthermore it is possible to manufacture conversion hysteria power by CIHT battery technologies Source, especially because the system is direct electric energy type, cost and system complexity all will be notable compared with the system based on heat energy Reduction.CIHT battery piles 500, hydrogen source (such as electrolytic cell and water tank are included using the automobile construction of the CIHT battery piles shown in Figure 19 Or hydrogen case) 501, at least one motor 502, electronic control system 503 and gear train or gearbox 504.In general, using Including hot (such as resistance heating), electricity, power and aviation and other application well known by persons skilled in the art.In later case In, the external turbine machine of motor driving can replace jet engine, and the propeller of motor driving can replace phase The internal combustion engine answered.

In one embodiment, basic pond operating principle is related to by hydride ion (H^-) conductibility fused electrolyte Hydrogen ion conveying and with catalyst (such as alkali metal) formation at least one of hydride and fraction hydrogen reaction.One kind is shown Example property electrolyte is the LiH being dissolved in eutectic fuse salt LiCl-KCl.In pond, the H of melting^-Conductive electrolyte can be by Be contained in be formed at two hydrogen permeability solid metal foil electrodes (such as V, Nb, Fe, Fe-Mo alloy, W, Rh, Ni, Zr, Be, Ta, At least one of Rh, Ti and Th paper tinsel, it also functions as current collector) between room in.H₂Gas is spread by cathode electrode first, and Pass through H+e in cathode-electrolyte interfacial^-To H^-Reaction form hydride.H^-Ion and then the migration under chemical potential gradient effect Pass through electrolyte.The gradient can be produced by the presence of the catalyst (such as alkali metal) in anode pool.H^-Ion anode- By reacting H at electrolyte interface^-To H+e^-Discharge electronics and form hydrogen atom.Hydrogen atom is spread by anode electrode, and with such as At least one of the catalyst reactions such as alkali metal formation metal hydride, metal-hydrogen molecule and fraction hydrogen.Anode current also may be used There is the contribution of the ionization of catalyst.There may be other reactants in anodic compartment to cause fraction hydrogen to react or improve its speed Degree, other described reactants be, for example, carrier (such as TiC) and reducing agent, catalyst and hydride exchange reaction thing (such as Mg or Ca).The electronics of release flows through foreign current to realize charge balance.

Reactant can be with hot recycling or electrolytic regeneration.Product can regenerate in negative electrode or anodic compartment.Or, utilize pump Be sent to regenerator, wherein the present invention or it is well known by persons skilled in the art it is any again it is biochemical may be used to just The regeneration of beginning reactant.The pond heat supply of regeneration of reactants can be carried out to those by carrying out the pond of fraction hydrogen reaction.Make product In the situation to realize regeneration of heating up, CIHT cell products and regenerative response thing can deliver to regenerator respectively or from regeneration By heat exchanger during device, to reclaim heat and improve battery efficiency and system capacity balance.

In an embodiment using Ion transfer formation metal hydride, metal hydride (such as metal hydride alkaline) It is thermal decomposited.H₂Gas can pass through H₂Permeability solid metal film is separated with alkali metal, and is moved in the cathode chamber in pond.Exhaust The alkali metal of hydrogen can be shifted in the anode chamber in pond, so as to maintain to be related to H^-The reaction of conveying.

The ion of migration can be the ion of such as alkali metal catalyst, such as Na⁺.Ion can be reduced, it is possible to can Selection of land and hydrogen are reacted to form catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as KH or NaH), and thus catalyst and hydrogen, which react, to form point Number hydrogen.Form energy production EMF and heat that fraction hydrogen is discharged.Therefore, in other embodiments, the reaction of fraction hydrogen can be with Occur to provide help to forming pond EMF in cathode bays.

In one embodiment, anodic compartment includes alkali metal, and the alkali metal is in than identical in cathode bays The higher temperature of alkali metal or pressure.Pressure differential or temperature difference provide EMF so that such as sodium metal is in anodic oxidation.Ion leads to Ion selective membrane is crossed (such as to Na⁺The selective βAl2O3 of ion) conveying.The ion of migration is reduced in negative electrode.Example Such as, Na⁺It is reduced to form Na.Cathode bays further comprise as to form hydrogen or hydrogen source that the reactant of fraction hydrogen is provided.Negative electrode every Between in there may be other reactants, such as carrier (such as TiC) and reducing agent, catalyst and hydride exchange reaction thing (such as Mg Or Ca).H sources can react to form hydride with alkali metal.In one embodiment, NaH is formd.NaH one kind is appropriate Form is molecular forms, and it, which further reacts, forms fraction hydrogen.It is from the metal hydride energy discharged with the formation of fraction hydrogen Ionization and ion (such as Na⁺) migration provide further driving force, so as to improve the power output in pond.It is any not carry out It can be thermal decomposited by the metal hydride (such as NaH) of the reaction of H-shaped component number hydrogen so that hydrogen and metal (such as Na) recycling. By electromagnetic pump, such as pressure of the Na metals in anode pool compartment can be improved.

In a kind of hydride exchange reaction, hydride exchange reaction can include the hydrogenation except catalyst or catalyst source The reduction of hydride beyond thing (such as alkali metal hydride, such as LiH, KH or NaH).Hydride ion makes the height in activated state The catalyst cation of degree ionization is stable.The purpose of the different hydride is to force reaction forming activated state and fraction hydrogen Positive direction on carried out with higher degree.Appropriate different hydride are alkaline earth metal hydride (such as MgH₂), different alkali gold Belong to hydride (such as LiH and KH or NaH), transition metal hydride (such as TiH₂) and rare earth metal hydride (such as EuH₂、GdH₂With LaH₂)。

In one embodiment, electronics and catalyst ion are reconfigured in transition state, so as to will not occur catalyst Reaction.It can promote the catalyst of catalytic action and ionization from the counter ion of the outside catalyst (such as hydride ion) for providing ionization (such as Na²⁺Or K³⁺) formation.This can be further by the conductive carrier (such as TiC) of the component as reactant mixture and optional Reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal or its hydride (such as MgH₂) or hydride ion other sources) promote.Therefore, CIHT batteries Battery can be served as and power is provided to variable load when needed, wherein load makes the electronics from anodic compartment flow and come Circuit is completed from the flowing of the counter ion of cathode bays.In addition, in one embodiment, in this electronics and counter ion extremely A kind of few circuit improves the speed of fraction hydrogen reaction.

Reference picture 18, fuel cell 400 include with the cathode bays 401 of negative electrode 405, the anode with anode 410 every Between 402, salt bridge 420, fraction hydrogen reactant and hydrogen source.Anodic compartment reactant can comprising catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen or Hydrogen source (such as NaH or KH), it is possible to also comprising one or more carriers (such as TiC) and reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal and its hydrogenation Thing (such as Mg and MgH₂) and at least one of alkali metal and its hydride (such as Li and LiH)).Cathode bays reactant can be wrapped Source containing commutative material (such as anion, such as halide or hydride).Appropriate reactant is metal hydride, such as alkaline earth Metal or alkali metal hydride, such as MgH₂And LiH.Corresponding metal (such as Mg and Li) may reside in cathode bays.Salt Bridge can include anionic conduction film and/or anion conductor.Salt bridge can be by zeolite or aluminum oxide (such as with the sun of catalyst The aluminum oxide of ion saturation, such as sodium aluminate), lanthanide series metal boride (such as MB₆, wherein M is lanthanide series metal) or alkaline-earth metal Boride (such as MB₆, wherein M is alkaline-earth metal) formed.Salt bridge can include hydride, it is possible to selectivity conduction hydrogen bear from Son.Hydride can have good heat endurance.Due to its high-melting-point and heat decomposition temperature, appropriate hydride is saloid type Hydride (saline hydride) (such as hydride of lithium, calcium and boron) and metal hydride (such as rare earth metal (such as Eu, Gd and La hydride)).In latter case, H or proton can be spread by metal, and by H at surface^-It is transformed or turns Turn to H^-.Negative electrode and anode can be electric conductors.The conductor can be above-mentioned carrier, and can also include negative electrode and anode each By it with loading the bridging wire that is connected.It is also conductor to bridge wire.Appropriate conductor is metal, carbon, carbide or boronation Thing.Appropriate metal be transition metal, stainless steel, noble metal, interior transition metal (inner transition metal) (such as Ag), alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb and Te.

Pond can include solid, fused mass or liquid cell.The latter can include solvent.Operating condition can be controlled, to obtain Obtain the expectation of at least one reactant or pond part (such as cathode pool reactant, anode pool reactant, salt bridge and pond compartment) State or property.Appropriate state is solid-state, liquid and gaseous state, and appropriate property is ion and electronic conductivity, thing Rationality matter, compatibility, diffusion velocity and reactivity.It is maintained in one or more reactants in the situation of molten condition, can Using by the temperature control of compartment as higher than reactant fusing point.Exemplary Mg, MgH₂, K, KH, Na, NaH, Li and LiH fusing point Respectively 650 DEG C, 327 DEG C, 63.5 DEG C, 619 DEG C, 97.8 DEG C, 425 DEG C (decomposition), 180.5 DEG C and 688.7 DEG C.Heat can come from Hydrogen to fraction hydrogen catalytic action.Alternatively, using the internal resistance by fuel cell or external heater is passed through 450 heat provided melt oxidant and/or reducing agent reactant.In one embodiment, CIHT batteries insulated body bag Enclose so as to constitute double walled vacuum set, such as it is well known by persons skilled in the art filled with resistance conduction and the thermal insulation of radiation heat loss The metal foil sleeve-board of body.In one embodiment, the reactant of at least one in negative electrode and anodic compartment by solvent at least Partial salvation.Solvent can be with catalyst-solvent or catalyst source, such as alkali metal and hydride, such as KH, K, NaH and Na.It is suitable When solvent be " organic solvent " partly and " inorganic solvent " part disclosed in those solvents.Dissolve the appropriate solvent of alkali metal For hexamethyl phosphoramide (OP (N (CH₃)₂)₃), ammonia, amine, ether, complexing solvent, crown ether and cryptand, and with the addition of crown ether Or cryptand such as ether or acid amides (such as THF) equal solvent.

Fuel cell can also be used to measuring, transmit and controlling the hydrogen for reaching the hydrogen of at least one compartment comprising at least one System 460,461,430 and 431.Hydrogen system can include pump, at least one valve, a pressure gauge and reader, and for The control system of at least one supply hydrogen in negative electrode and anodic compartment.Hydrogen can be recycled to separately by hydrogen system by a compartment One compartment.In one embodiment, hydrogen system is by H₂Gas is recycled to cathode bays by anodic compartment.Recycling can be with It is actively or passively.In former, H₂Can in operation process by anode pump to cathode bays, and in latter In situation, H₂Can in the operation process of the reaction according to equation (181-182) because anodic compartment accumulate pressure and by sun Spread or flow to cathode bays in pole.

Product can regenerate in negative electrode or anodic compartment.Product can be sent to regenerator, wherein any can be applied That invents is biochemical again so that initial reactant regenerates.The regeneration of reactants can be carried out to those by carrying out the pond of fraction hydrogen reaction Pond heat supply.

In one embodiment, fuel cell includes anode and cathode bays, and it each contains anode and negative electrode, corresponding Reactant mixture and compartment between salt bridge.Compartment can include the non-conductive pool wall of inertia.Appropriate container material is carbon Compound and nitride (such as SiC, B₄C、BC₃Or TiN) or inside be coated with carbide and nitride (such as SiC, B₄C、BC₃Or TiN) Stainless steel tube.Alternatively, pond can stud with inertia insulator, such as MgO, SiC, B₄C、BC₃Or TiN.Pond can be with It is made up of the conductive material with insulating spacer.Appropriate pond material be stainless steel, transition metal, noble metal, refractory metal, Rare earth metal, Al and Ag.Pond can each have inertia insulated feedthrough device (feedthrough).Appropriate insulating spacer It is MgO and carbide and nitride (such as SiC, B with the material for electric feedthrough device₄C、BC₃Or TiN).Other can be used Pond, spacer and feedthrough device known to art personnel.Each self-contained stainless steel wool of exemplary negative electrode and anode, its profit Wire is bridged by stainless steel with silver solder and is connected to pond feedthrough device.Exemplary anode reactant mixture is included：(i) catalyst Or catalyst source and hydrogen source, it comes from K, KH, Na, NaH, Mg, MgH₂、MgX₂(X is halide), Li, LiH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH group, optional (ii) reducing agent, its group from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li, and (iii) carrier, its from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC₂Group.Exemplary cathode reactant mixture is included：(i) oxide, it comes from MX₂(M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba； X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) and LiX (X=H, Cl, Br) group, optional (ii) reducing agent, it is from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li Group, and optional (iii) carrier, it comes from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC₂Group.Exemplary salt bridge is included and is pressed into or shape Into the metal hydride with high-temperature stability of sheet material.Salt bridge can come from metal hydride LiH, CaH₂、SrH₂、BaH₂、 LaH₂、GdH₂And EuH₂Group.Hydrogen or hydride added to any can also be dissociated the pond of agent (such as Pd or Pt/C) comprising hydrogen Compartment.In Mg²⁺For in an embodiment of catalyst, catalyst source is the metal hydride such as Mg of mixing_x(M₂)_yH_z, wherein X, y and z are integer, and M₂For metal.In one embodiment, the hydride of mixing includes alkali metal and Mg, such as KMgH₃、 K₂MgH₄、NaMgH₃And Na₂MgH₄。

In one embodiment, anode and cathode reaction include the differential responses thing or identical for being used for forming fraction hydrogen Reactant, but the same reaction thing is maintained at various concentrations, non-same amount or at least one of under the conditions of differential responses, So that developing voltage between two half-cells, the voltage can bridge wire by anode and negative electrode and external loading is supplied Electricity.In one embodiment, anode reaction mixture is included：(i) catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source, such as from K, KH, Na、NaH、Mg、MgH₂、Ca、CaH₂, Li, LiH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH at least one of group, optional (ii) reducing agent, Such as at least one of group from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li, and (iii) carrier, such as come from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC₂ At least one of group.Cathode reaction mixture is included：(i) catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source, such as from K, KH, Na, NaH、Mg、MgH₂、MgX₂(X is halide), Ca, CaH₂, Li, LiH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH at least one of group and H₂, Optionally (ii) reducing agent, such as comes from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Li and H₂At least one of group, and (iii) carrier such as comes from C, Pd/C, Pt/C, TiC and YC₂At least one of group.Optionally, each half-cell reaction mixture can include oxidation Agent, such as MX₂(M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba；X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) and LiX (X=H, Cl, Br) at least one of group.One In individual illustrative embodiments, anode reaction mixture includes KH Mg TiC, and cathode reaction mixture includes NaH Mg TiC.In other illustrative embodiments, pond includes Mg MgH₂ TiC//NaH H₂、KH TiC Mg//NaH TiC、KH TiC Li//NaH TiC、Mg TiC H₂//NaH TiC、KH MgH₂TiC Li//KH Mg TiC LiBr、KH Mg TiC//KH Mg TiC MX₂(MX₂Alkaline-earth halide), NaH Mg TiC//KH Mg TiC MX₂, wherein " // " represents salt bridge, its Can be hydride.Hydrogen or hydride can be added to arbitrarily can also dissociate the pond compartment of agent (such as Pd or Pt/C) comprising hydrogen.

In one embodiment, at least one pond additionally comprises electrolyte.Electrolyte can include the hydride of melting. The hydride of melting can include metal hydride, such as alkali metal hydride or alkaline earth metal hydride.The hydride of melting can To be dissolved in salt.Salt can have low melting point, the cation identical that such as one of which cation can be with metal hydride Eutectic salts.Salt can include the LiH being dissolved in LiCl/KCl mixtures, or such as LiF/MgF₂Deng mixture.Salt can be wrapped Containing with one or more halide with the cation identical cation of catalyst, or than the halogen by catalyst and salt The more stable compound of halide compound that the reaction of compound (such as LiH and LiCl/KCl mixture) is formed.Eutectic salts can To include alkali earth metal fluoride (such as MgF₂) and catalyst metals fluoride (such as alkali metal fluoride).Catalyst or catalysis Agent source and hydrogen source can include alkali metal hydride, such as LiH, NaH or KH.Alternatively, salt mixture include with The mixed halide of catalyst metals identical alkali metal, because halide-hydride exchange reaction with catalyst hydride Net reaction will not be caused.The halide of appropriate mixing and the mixture of catalyst hydride are KF, KCl, KBr and KI and KH With at least two in the Li or Na that replace K.Preferably salt is hydride ion conductor.In addition to halide, hydrogen can be conducted and born Other appropriate molten salt electrolytes of ion are that hydroxide (such as KH is in KOH or NaH is in NaOH) and metal have Body system is (as being in NaAl (Et)₄In NaH).Pond can be made up of metal (such as Al or stainless steel), and it includes graphite or nitrogen Change boron crucible.

Electrolyte can be comprising two or more fluorides (in the group of such as alkali halide and alkaline-earth halide extremely Few two kinds of compounds) eutectic salts.Exemplary salt mixture includes LiF/MgF₂、NaF/MgF₂、KF/MgF₂And NaF/CaF₂.Show Example property reactant mixture includes NaH NaF MgF₂ TiC、NaH NaF MgF₂ Mg TiC、KH KF MgF₂ TiC、KH KF MgF₂ Mg TiC、NaH NaF CaF₂ TiC、NaH NaF CaF₂ Mg TiC、KH NaF CaF₂TiC and KH NaF CaF₂ Mg TiC。

In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes and is loaded with hydride ion H^-It is used as the electrolysis of the counter ion of migration Matter, wherein the counter ion is balanced with the cation produced in fraction hydrogen course of reaction by the ionization of catalyst.KCl and LiCl generation heat is respectively -436.50kJ/ moles and -408.60kJ/ moles.In one embodiment, reactant mixture Include molten salt electrolyte, such as alkali halide salts mixture, such as KCl and LiCl.Mixture can be eutectic mixture. Pond temperature can be maintained above salt fusing point.Reactant mixture also includes hydride ion source, such as such as alkali metal hydride, LiH, KH Or NaH.Reactant mixture can also include carrier (such as TiC or C) and reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal or its hydride, such as Mg Or MgH₂At least one of).

Reactant mixture can be included：(1) in catalyst or catalyst source or hydrogen source, such as LiH, NaH, KH, RbH and CsH One kind, (2) can have high ion-conductivity and the eutectic salts that may act as electrolyte that pass through selectively hydride ion Mixture, its include the group from Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba at least two cations and from F, Cl, At least one of Br and I group halide, the carrier that (3) can be conductive, such as carbide, such as TiC, and (4) are optional Reducing agent and hydride exchange reaction thing, such as alkaline-earth metal or alkaline earth metal hydride.

In an embodiment of CIHT batteries, monolith catalysts, such as Mg, Ca or Mg and carrier or Ca and carrier (wherein appropriate carrier is selected from TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、WC、TiCN、B₄C, SiC and YC₂), the reducing agent comprising anodic compartment.Electrolysis Matter can include the eutectic mixture salt for such as conducting hydride ion.Negative electrode can include hydrogen permeability film, optionally anode Compartment can also include hydrogen permeability film.Hydrogen can be provided to cathode bays so that it is through the film and forms hydride ion, described Hydride ion is migrated by electrolyte to anodic compartment, and is oxidized to H in anodic compartment.H, which can spread, passes through anode film, and React to form fraction hydrogen with monolith catalysts.In another embodiment of CIHT batteries, alkali metal or alkali metal hydride Comprising catalyst or catalyst source, and anode reaction mixture can also include reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal, such as Mg or Ca) and at least one of carrier, wherein appropriate carrier is selected from TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、WC、TiCN、B₄C, SiC and YC₂.This is anti- Mixture is answered to include the reducing agent of anodic compartment.Electrolyte can include salt, such as conduct the eutectic mixture of hydride ion. In one embodiment, electrolyte includes the alkali metal hydroxide for the melting that can conduct hydride ion, such as KOH.Negative electrode can So that comprising hydrogen permeability film, optionally anodic compartment can also include hydrogen permeability film.Hydrogen can be provided to cathode bays so that It is through the film and forms hydride ion, and the hydride ion is migrated by electrolyte to anodic compartment, and in anodic compartment quilt It is oxidized to H.H, which can spread, passes through anode film, and forms fraction hydrogen with catalyst reaction.Alternatively, H can with The catalyst reaction for being formed or being existed at negative electrode or anode film or in the electrolyte.

In one embodiment, salt bridge includes the solid for hydride ion with high conductance.Salt bridge can also fill Work as electrolyte.At least one of salt bridge and electrolyte can comprising hydride (such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride, for example MgH₂Or CaH₂), halide (such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth halide, such as LiF) and host material (such as Al₂O₃Powder) Mixture.Mixture can be sintered, wherein sintering can be in H₂Carried out in atmosphere.Alternatively, salt bridge and can The electrolyte of choosing can be liquid, such as the salt of melting, and wherein at least one kind is not dissolved in negative electrode and anodic half-cell reactant Salt bridge or electrolyte.One example of the hydride conductor salt bridge of melting is eutectic fuse salts of the LiH in LiCl/KCl.Example Property fraction hydrogen reactant be catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as NaH or KH), carrier (such as TiC, C, Pd/C and Pt/C) and alkaline-earth metal Hydride (such as MgH₂) or other hot recyclings hydride (such as LiH, MBH₄And MAlH₄In (M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) at least It is a kind of).Half-cell compartment can be isolated or be connected by the spacer that is electrically insulated.Spacer can also be served as salt bridge Carrier.Salt bridge can include the salt of the melting carried by spacer.Spacer can be MgO or BN fibers.The latter can be machine Fabric or non-woven mat.In one embodiment, catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as NaH or KH) are substantially insoluble in salt Bridge.Each half pond reaction-ure mixture can be squeezed into plate and be attached to the current collector of anode and negative electrode.The plate can use at least one Individual perforated sheet (such as sheet metal) is fixed.Alternatively, spacer can be that H is infiltrative, wherein H^-In negative electrode The formation of half-cell interfacial reaction H, H by spacer and form H at anodic half-cell interface^-.By forming H come transport of H^-It is suitable When spacer for fire resisting metalloid (such as V, Nb, Fe, Fe-Mo alloy, W, Rh, Ni, Zr, Be, Ta, Rh, Ti, Th) and rare earth and Noble metal and alloy (such as Pd and Pd/Ag alloys).Metal comprising H films may tend to improve the H of interface^-The work of/H conversions Property.The activity can also be improved by using concentration gradient.

In one embodiment, CIHT battery bags contain cathode bays and anodic compartment, and wherein the two compartments can Containing at least one identical reactant, difference is, anodic compartment is specially containing the reaction of maintenance fraction hydrogen with favourable speed Degree carries out developing one or more selective reaction things needed for voltage between pond.Anode and cathode bays pass through salt bridge Contact, the salt bridge is ion conductor, but is substantially insulator for electronics.In one embodiment, salt bridge is negative to hydrogen Ionic conductivity has selectivity.In one embodiment, salt bridge can make the reactant materials in addition to selective reaction thing Migrate or exchange between the compartments.In one embodiment, anodic compartment contains catalyst or catalyst source and hydrogen source (such as NaH or KH), optional reducing agent (such as alkaline-earth metal or hydride, such as Mg and MgH₂) and one or more selective reactions Thing (such as at least one to also act as the carrier that hydrogen dissociates agent).Carrier can include carbon, carbide or boride.Appropriate carbon, Carbide and boride are carbon black, TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、TiCN、SiC、YC₂、TaC、Mo₂C、WC、C、B₄C、HfC、Cr₃C₂、ZrC、 CrB₂、VC、ZrB₂, NbC and TiB₂.The appropriate carrier that hydrogen dissociation agent can also be served as is Pd/C, Pt/C Pd/MgO, Pd/ Al₂O₃, Pt/MgO and Pt/Al₂O₃.Half-cell compartment can be separated and be connected by the spacer that is electrically insulated, the electric insulation isolation Thing can also function as the carrier of salt bridge.Salt bridge can include the fuse salt carried by spacer.Fuse salt can be electrolyte, bag At least one of the hydride of the electrolyte and dissolving of hydrogeneous compound in the electrolyte.Alternatively, it can make The spacer that can not be permeated with selective reaction thing replaces salt bridge.Spacer is mixed for anodic compartment or cathode bays reaction The one or more ions or compound of thing can have permeability, and not have permeability for selective reaction thing.One In individual embodiment, spacer does not have permeability for carrier.Spacer can be MgO or BN fibers.The latter can be machine Fabric or non-woven mat.Because the special anodic compartment reactant comprising selective reaction thing and spacer or salt bridge are anti-for selectivity The impenetrability of thing is answered, the fraction hydrogen reaction of the selectively formed catalyst for forming ionization in anodic compartment.

In one embodiment, the conveying of ion and electronics causes fraction hydrogen reactant in negative electrode or anodal compartment Region beyond at least one is formed.Fraction hydrogen reactant can be formed in the electrolyte so that the reaction of fraction hydrogen is below extremely A kind of few position occurs：Electrolyte, salt bridge, interface, electrolyte-cathode interface and anode-electrolyte circle of electrolyte and salt bridge Face.Negative electrode can include hydrogen permeability film (such as nickel foil or pipe) or porous nickel electrode and electrolyte can be born comprising conveying hydrogen The eutectic salts of ion (such as dissolved in the LiH in LiCl-KCl).Hydrogen can penetrate through film, and such as Li⁺Or K⁺Deng catalyst from Son can be reduced to such as Li or K catalyst in electrolyte interface so that Li or K and H are formed in interface, and further Reaction forms fraction hydrogen.In this case, reduction potential is raised.In one embodiment, LiCl-KCl concentration is about 58.5+41.2 moles of %, melting temperature is about 450 DEG C, and LiH concentration is about 0.1 mole of below %.In another embodiment party In formula, LiH concentration can be any desired molar percentage, and saturation limit is about 8.5%.In another exemplary embodiment party In formula, electrolyte can include LiH+LiF+KF or NaF and optional carrier such as TiC.Electrolyte can include urging beyond LiH Agent or catalyst source and other appropriate electrolyte, such as KH or NaH and NaBr+NaI, KOH+KBr, KOH+KI, NaH+ NaAlEt₄、NaH+NaAlCl₄、NaH+NaAlCl₄+NaCl、NaH+NaCl+NaAlEt₄With one in other salt (such as halide) Kind.The cation of at least one salt can be the cation of catalyst or catalyst source.In one embodiment, catalyst and H sources can be by Cl^-Or HCl formed by H oxidation.Cl^-It can come from electrolyte.

One embodiment in hot pond is distributed including a kind of reactant mixture, and the distribution causes the region of catalyst reaction to determine Ion and electronics are produced positioned at local.The distribution of reactant causes the firstth area in pond specially to be reacted containing maintenance fraction hydrogen to have Sharp speed carry out needed for one or more selective reaction things, with least one first area in pond and at least one second Voltage is developed between region.In one embodiment, pond includes electric conductivity wall, or can include order wire circuit.Electronics Stream can flow through pool wall or circuit because of voltage.Reactant (such as hydride) in electron reduction second area, so that Produce anion, such as hydride ion.Anion can migrate to complete circuit from second area to first area.Migration can be with Pass through solvent or fuse salt.Fuse salt can be electrolyte, the hydrogenation of the electrolyte comprising hydride and dissolving in the electrolyte At least one of thing.Spacer or salt bridge can maintain selective reaction thing in the first region.Spacer or salt bridge The isolation of other segregate reactants can be maintained to expect.Spacer or salt bridge can have selectivity to hydride ion.

In an illustrative embodiments, anode and cathode reactant except anodic compartment or region specially containing carrier it It is identical outside.When in the absence of salt bridge, carrier alternatively can be limited in cathode bays by physical isolation body and ion conductor Or in region.For example, anode and cathode reaction mixture include NaH or KH and Mg, and anode reaction mixture is also included TiC.In other illustrative embodiments, the reactant mixture in two ponds includes one or more catalyst, catalyst source With hydrogen source (such as Li, LiH, Na, NaH, K, KH, Rb, RbH, Cs, CsH, Mg and MgH₂At least one of), and reducing agent or hydrogen Compound exchange reaction thing (such as alkaline-earth metal or hydride, such as Mg, LiH, MBH₄、MAlH₄(M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and M₂ (BH₄)₂At least one of (M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)).Carrier is located at anodic compartment or region only.Can also serve as hydrogen from Solving the appropriate carrier of agent includes carbon, carbide or boride.Appropriate carbon, carbide and boride include carbon black, TiC, Ti₃SiC₂、YC₂、TiCN、SiC、TaC、Mo₂C、WC、C、B₄C、HfC、Cr₃C₂、ZrC、CrB₂、VC、ZrB₂, NbC and TiB₂.Also may be used Pd/C, Pt/C Pd/MgO, Pd/Al are included with the appropriate carrier for serving as hydrogen dissociation agent₂O₃, Pt/MgO and Pt/Al₂O₃.Suitably Anode reaction mixture include NaH Pd/Al₂O₃TiC+H₂、NaH NaBH₄TiC、NaH KBH₄ TiC、NaH NaBH₄ Mg TiC、NaH KBH₄ Mg TiC、KH NaBH₄ TiC、KH KBH₄ TiC、KH NaBH₄ Mg TiC、KH KBH₄ Mg TiC、NaH RbBH₄ Mg TiC、NaH CsBH₄ Mg TiC、KH RbBH₄ Mg TiC、KH CsBH₄ Mg TiC、NaH Mg TiC Mg (BH₄)₂、NaH Mg TiC Ca(BH₄)₂、KH Mg TiC Mg(BH₄)₂、KH Mg TiC Ca(BH₄)₂、NaH Mg TiC、KH Mg TiC、LiH Mg TiC、NaH Mg Pd/C、KH Mg Pd/C、LiH Mg Pd/C、NaH Mg Pt/C、KH Mg Pt/C、 NaH Mg LiCl, KH Mg LiCl, KH KOH TiC and LiH Mg Pt/C.In addition in the absence of carrier, cathode reactant can With same.

In one embodiment, at least anode is applied positive bias to collect the electronics from ionized catalyst.One In individual embodiment, ionization electron is collected positioned at the electron collector of anode, its speed is with faster than situation in the absence of collector. Appropriate speed be reacted than electrons and surrounding reactant (such as metal hydride) be partially formed anion (such as hydrogen bear from Son) fireballing speed.Therefore, collector forces electronics to pass through external circuit, wherein energy of the voltage because forming fraction hydrogen Discharge and raise.Therefore, to serve as the fraction hydrogen for providing power for CIHT batteries anti-for electron collector (positive potential of such as application) The source for the activation energy answered.In one embodiment, the bias plays such as transistor current amplifier and (wherein, injected Low current cause by fraction hydrogen react provide power high current flowing) effect.Applied voltage and its can be controlled His condition (such as temperature and hydrogen pressure) is to control the power output of battery.

In one embodiment, pond includes the anode containing fraction hydrogen catalyst reactant mixture (no H or H are limited) Compartment, the cathode bays comprising hydrogen source (such as hydrogen or hydride), by ionic conduction connect compartment salt bridge (wherein conduct from Son can be hydride ion) and the anode and negative electrode that are electrically connected by external circuit.Power can be transferred into and external circuit Connected load, or power can be transferred into the pond with the additional power source of external circuit serial or parallel connection.Outer power-up Source can provide the activation energy of fraction hydrogen reaction so that export the energy of amplification from pond because of additional energy.At other In embodiment, additional electrolysis power causes the migration of another ion (such as halide or oxide), wherein mass transfer bag Include and the reaction of fraction hydrogen occurs in compartment.

In an embodiment of CIHT batteries, product is regenerated by electrolysis.Fuse salt can include electrolyte.Production Thing can be the alkali halide and at least the bimetallic hydride (such as alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal hydrogenation of catalyst metals Thing).Halide can be reduced to metal in electrolysis cathode by applying voltage and reduce halide in electrolytic anode by product It is oxidized for halogen, wherein polarity and the opposite polarity of CIHT batteries.Catalyst metals can react to form alkali metal with hydrogen Hydride.Halogen can form corresponding halogenation to metal hydride (such as alkali metal hydride or alkaline earth metal hydride) reaction Thing.In one embodiment, salt bridge has selectivity to halogen anion, and catalyst metals are in CIHT anodic compartments In, and the second metal is in CIHT cathode bays.Needed for the electric energy discharged by forming fraction hydrogen regenerates far above after The electric energy wanted, therefore the 2nd CIHT batteries can make the first CIHT battery recyclings, vice versa so that in power and following for regenerating Constant power can be exported in ring by multiple batteries.One exemplary CIHT battery is NaH or KH Mg and carrier (such as TiC// MX, wherein MX are metal halide, such as LiCl), and be halogen anion conductor by the salt bridge that " // " represents.Appropriate halogen Plain anion conductor is halide salts, is such as included under the operational factor of pond for the alkali halide of solid, alkaline-earth metal halogenation The electrolysis of the melting of thing and its mixture, solid rare metal oxychloride and alkali halide or alkaline-earth halide Matter.In one embodiment, Cl^-Solid electrolyte can include metal chloride, metal halide and other halogenation materializations Compound (such as can be doped with KCl and PbF₂、BiCl₃PdCl₂) and ion-exchange polymer (silicate, sodium phosphotungstate and polyphosphoric acid Sodium).Solid electrolyte can include the carrier of dipping.Exemplary solid electrolytes are the PbCl for being impregnated with doping₂Weaving glass Glass cloth.In another embodiment, counter ion is the ion beyond halide, such as oxide, phosphide, boride, hydrogen Oxide, silicide, nitride, arsenide, selenides, tellurides, antimonide, carbide, sulfide, hydride, carbonate, Bicarbonate, sulfate, disulfate, phosphate, hydrophosphate, dihydric phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, permanganate, Chlorate, perchlorate, excessively chlorite, chlorite, hypochlorite, bromate, perbromate, bromite, excessively sub- bromine Hydrochlorate, iodate, periodates, excessively iodite, iodite, chromate, bichromate, tellurate, selenate, arsenic acid Salt, silicate, borate, cobalt/cobalt oxide, tellurium oxide and other oxo anion (the oxo anion of such as halogen), P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co and Te, CIHT cathode bays contain the compound of counter ion, and salt bridge pair Counter ion has selectivity.Can be included in by the exemplary CIHT batteries of electrolytic regeneration anode alkali metal hydride and The metal halide (such as alkali metal or see figure metal halide) and metal halide electrolyte of negative electrode (such as the eutectic salts of melting). Anode and negative electrode can also include the metal of hydride and halide respectively.

Based on Nernst equation, H^-Increase cause potential more become on the occasion of.The potential for the negative value that more becomes be conducive to catalyst from The stabilisation of sub- activated state.In one embodiment, reactant mixture includes hydride exchangeability metal, and to cause energy, this is special Potential more becomes negative value.Appropriate metal is Li and alkaline-earth metal, such as Mg.Reactant mixture can also include oxidant (such as alkali gold Category, alkaline-earth metal or transition metal halide) to reduce potential.Oxide can receive electronics when forming catalyst ion.

Carrier can serve as capacitor and receive the electricity from ionized catalyst during energy transfer is carried out from H The period of the day from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m charges.The electric capacity of carrier can be improved, Huo Zhe electricity by adding the high dielectric constant dielectric that can be mixed with carrier Dielectric material is gaseous in pond running temperature.In another embodiment, magnetic field is applied so that the electricity ionized by catalyst Son deflection is so as to drive fraction hydrogen reaction forward to carry out.

In another embodiment, catalyst is ionized and is reduced in anodic half-cell reaction.Reduction can be with By making hydrogen formation H⁺Come carry out.H⁺It can be migrated by appropriate salt bridge to cathode bays.Salt bridge can be proton-conductive films, PEM and/or proton conductor, are such as based on SrCeO₃Solid-state Ca-Ti ore type proton conductor, for example SrCe_0.9Y_0.08Nb_0.02O_2.97And SrCeO_0.95Yb_0.05O₃-α。H⁺It can be reacted in cathode bays and form H₂.For example, H⁺Can be with Be reduced in negative electrode, or with hydride such as MgH₂Reaction forms H₂.In another embodiment, the cation of catalyst is moved Move.It is such as Na in the ion of migration⁺In situation Deng cation, salt bridge can be beta-alumina solid electrolyte.Liquid electrolytic Matter such as NaAlCl₄It can be used for conveying such as Na⁺Plasma.

In the compartment pond of double films three shown in Figure 20, the compartment that salt bridge may be embodied between anode 472 and negative electrode 473 Ion-conducting electrolyte 471 in 470.Electrode is held apart at, and can be sealed in inner reservoir wall so that chamber wall and electricity Pole forms the chamber 470 for electrolyte 471.Electrode is electrically insulated with container so that it is isolated from each other.Electrode electrical short may be made Any other conductor must be also electrically insulated with container, to avoid short circuit.Anode and negative electrode can be hypertonic comprising having for hydrogen The metal of permeability.Electrode can be comprising the geometry (such as pipe electrode) for providing high surface area, or it can include porous electricity Pole.Hydrogen from cathode bays 474 can diffuse through negative electrode, and be reduced at the interface of negative electrode and salt bridge electrolyte 471 It is changed into H^-。H^-Electrolyte is migrated across, and H is oxidized in electrolyte-anodic interface.H diffuses through anode, and in anode With catalyst reaction formation fraction hydrogen in compartment 475.H^-Reduction current is provided in negative electrode with catalyst ionization, the reduction current is carried In in external circuit 476.H permeability electrode can comprising V, Nb, Fe, Fe-Mo alloy, W, Mo, Rh, Ni, Zr, Be, Ta, Ti, rare earth metal, other refractory metals and the art technology of V, Pd coating of Ag, Pd coating of Rh, Ti, Th, Pd, Pd coating Metal known to personnel.Electrode can be metal foil.Any hydrogen that chemical substance can be formed by heating in anodic compartment Compound is to be thermally decomposed and hot recycling.Hydrogen can be flow to or pump is to cathode bays, so that initial cathode reactant regeneration.Regeneration Reaction can occur in anode and cathode bays, or the chemical substance in this one or two compartment can be transported to One or more reaction vessels are to be regenerated.

In another embodiment, catalyst carries out H catalysis, and is ionized in cathode bays, also in cathode bays In be neutralized so that will not there is net current directly to flow because of catalytic reaction.Produce EMF shape of the free energy from fraction hydrogen Into the formation of the fraction hydrogen needs the mass transfer of ion and electronics.For example, the ion of migration can be by anodic compartment Material (such as H₂) oxidation formed by H⁺。H⁺By at least one of electrolyte and salt bridge (such as PEM) to negative electrode Compartment is migrated, and is reduced to H or hydride in cathode bays, so as to cause the reaction generation of fraction hydrogen.Alternatively Selection, H₂Or hydride can be reduced to form H in cathode bays^-.The reduction also forms catalyst, catalyst source and made At least one of atom H that the reaction of goals for hydrogen can occur.H^-Migrated to anodic compartment, wherein H^-Or another material is electric From with to external circuit offer electronics so as to realize circulation.The H of ionization can form H₂, using pump by H₂It is recirculated to the moon Pole compartment.

In another embodiment, metal is oxidized in anode.Metal ion transport is by electrolyte (such as the salt of melting Or solid electrolyte).The halide of metal ion of the suitable fused electrolyte for migration.Metal ion is reduced in negative electrode, Wherein metal is reacted and changes its activity.In appropriate reaction, dissolving metal is in another metal, and being formed has extremely A kind of few intermetallic compound of other metals, and on chemisorbed or physical absorption to surface or insertion such as carbon material In.Metal can serve as catalyst or catalyst source.Cathode reactant also includes hydrogen, it is possible to sent out comprising the reaction of fraction hydrogen is caused Other raw reactants.Other reactants can include carrier (such as TiC) and reducing agent, catalyst and hydride exchange reaction Thing.Appropriate exemplary Mg intermetallic compounds include Mg-Ca, Mg-Ag, Mg-Ba, Mg-Li, Mg-Bi, Mg-Cd, Mg-Ga, Mg-In, Mg-Cu and Mg-Ni and its hydride.Appropriate exemplary Ca intermetallic compounds include Ca-Cu, Ca-In, Ca- Li, Ca-Ni, Ca-Sn, Ca-Zn and its hydride.Exemplary Na and K alloys or amalgam include Hg and Pb those Na and K alloys Or amalgam.Other include Na-Sn and Li-Sn.Hydride can be thermal decomposited.Intermetallic compound can be by distillation again It is raw.The metal of regeneration may be recirculated.

In another embodiment, the catalyst or catalyst source in anodic compartment are ionized, and corresponding sun from Son is migrated across for the selective salt bridge of cation.Appropriate cation is Na⁺, and Na⁺Selective membrane is beta oxidation Aluminium.Cation is in other reactant (such as carrier, reducing agent, oxygen containing hydrogen or hydrogen source and optional fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture One or more in agent and hydride exchanger) cathode bays in reduce.Pond can as CIHT batteries, electrolytic cell or Combine to run, the electrolysis power applied in it is reacted and amplified by fraction hydrogen.

In one embodiment, cation (such as eutectic salts LiCl/KCl Li of electrolyte⁺) and optional LiH from sun Pole compartment is migrated by salt bridge to cathode bays, and is reduced to metal or hydride, such as Li and LiH.Another exemplary electrical Solve the LiPF that matter is included in dimethyl carbonate/ethylene carbonate₆.Pyrex can be spacer.In other embodiment party In formula, one or more alkali metal replace at least one of Li and K.In K⁺Instead of Li⁺In situation as the ion of migration, Solid potash glass electrolyte can be used.In one embodiment, due to such as Li⁺The migration of plasma, it is reduced and any The catalysis of follow-up reaction (such as hydride is formed) and H to fraction hydrogen state all occurs in cathode bays, to contribute to pond EMF.Shape Can be following hydride into the hydride and H hydrogen source reacted for fraction hydrogen, the hydride has than migration ion The negative generation that the absolute value of the negative generation heat of hydride is smaller is hot.In Li⁺In situation as the electronics of migration, appropriate hydrogenation Thing includes MgH₂、TiH₂、NaH、KH、RbH、CsH、LaNi_xMn_yH_zAnd Mg₂NiH_x, wherein x, y and z is rational.Instead of Li K Or Na appropriate hydride is MgH₂.Cathode reaction mixture can include other reactions for improving fraction hydrogen reaction speed Thing, such as carrier, such as TiC.

In one embodiment, the fraction hydrogen formed by the catalysis of hydrogen by disclosed fraction hydroformylation reaction mixture fills Work as oxidant.Fraction hydrogenThe reaction of negative electrode 405 with electronics in fuel cell forms fraction hydrogen hydride ion H^-(1/p)。 Reducing agent reacts to supply electronics with anode 410, it is flowed through carrier 425 to negative electrode 405, and appropriate cation and leads to Cross to be migrated to cathode bays 401 by salt bridge 420 by anodic compartment 402 and complete circuit.Alternatively, it is appropriate Anion (such as fraction hydrogen hydride ion) completes electricity by being migrated by cathode bays 401 by salt bridge 420 to anodic compartment 402 Road.

The negative electrode half-reaction in pond is：

Anode half-reaction is：

Reducing agent → reducing agent⁺+e^- (200)

Always cell reaction is：

Reducing agent can be any electrochemical reduction agent, such as zinc.In one embodiment, reducing agent has high oxidation electricity Gesture and negative electrode can be copper.In one embodiment, reducing agent include proton source, wherein proton can by by anode every Between 402 migrated by salt bridge 420 to cathode bays 401 and complete circuit, or hydride ion can be migrated round about.Matter Component includes hydrogen, the compound (hydrogen compound that can be higher as combined) comprising hydrogen atom, molecule and/or proton, water, molecule Hydrogen, hydroxide, common hydride ion, ammonium hydroxide and HX (wherein X^-For halide ion).In one embodiment, comprising The oxidation of the reducing agent of proton source produces proton and the gas that can be discharged while fuel cell running.

In another fuel cell embodiments, fraction hydrogen source 430 is connected by fraction hydrogen channel 460 with container 400. Fraction hydrogen source 430 is the pond of the generation fraction hydrogen according to the present invention.In one embodiment, fraction hydrogen is supplied to cathode bays Or the compound that the combination of generation can be higher by the fraction hydrogen reaction from reactant disclosed herein.Pass through heat or change Credit solution combines hydrogen compound that can be higher, can also be supplied fraction hydrogen to negative electrode by oxidizer source.Exemplary passes through fraction The oxidizer source 430 that hydrogen reactant is produced is includedIt has the cation M combined with fraction hydrogen hydride ionⁿ⁺ (wherein n is integer) so that cation or atom M^(n-1)+Combination can be less than fraction hydrogen hydride ionCombination energy. Other appropriate oxidants are reduced or reacted at least one following material of generation：(a) stoichiometry is different from reactant With reference to hydrogen compound that can be higher, the hydrogen compound that the combination of (b) with identical stoichiometry can be higher, it is comprising a kind of or many The material that combination can be higher is planted, the material has the combination energy higher than the respective substance of reactant, (c) fraction hydrogen or fraction hydrogen Hydride, (d) has double fraction hydrogen of the high combination energy of fraction hydrogen more double than reactant, or (e) is with higher than reactant fraction hydrogen Combination can fraction hydrogen.

In some embodiments, it is disclosed herein to make in addition to only needing to supplement and to form the hydrogen that fraction hydrogen is consumed Power, chemistry, battery and the fuel cell system that reactant regenerates and maintained the formation of low energy hydrogen to react can be closings, wherein The hydrogen fuel consumed can be obtained by the electrolysis of water.Fuel cell can be used for being widely applied, and such as generate electricity, such as public power Power, cogeneration of heat and power, power, ship power and aviation.In later case, CIHT batteries can be to be used as Electric aircraft energy storage The battery charging of device.

Power can be by controlling negative electrode and anodic half-cell reactant and reaction condition to control.Appropriate controlled parameter For hydrogen pressure and running temperature.Fuel cell can be the part for constituting the multiple batteries stacked.Fuel cell component can be with heap It is folded, it is possible to by being interconnected in each pad interconnection in the form of series connection.Interconnection thing can be metal or ceramics interconnection thing.It is suitable When interconnection thing be conductive material, ceramics and metal-ceramic composite material.

In one embodiment, the polarity in pond is made periodically to reverse using optional external voltage, so that oxidationreduction At least one of reaction product and fraction hydrogen product are removed, so as to eliminate Product inhibiton.Product can also by physics and Hot method (respectively such as ultrasound and heating) and remove.

X. chemical reactor

Present invention is alternatively directed to hydrogen compound (such as double the fraction hydrogen molecules and fraction that the combination for producing the present invention can be higher Hydrides compound) other reactors.Depending on the type in pond, other products of catalytic action are power and optional etc. Gas ions and light.Such reactor is hereinafter referred to as " hydrogen reactor " or " hydrogen pond ".Hydrogen reactor, which includes to be used to produce, to be divided The pond of number hydrogen.Pond for producing fraction hydrogen can use chemical reactor or gas-fed fuel cell (such as gas discharge pond, plasma Body torch pond or microwave power pond) form.Liquid fuel power can be taken by producing the illustrative embodiments in the pond of fraction hydrogen The form in pond, solid fuel cell and multiphase fuel cell.These ponds are each self-contained：(i) atom hydrogen source；(ii) being selected from is used to produce The solid catalysts of several hydrogen estranged, the catalyst of melting, liquid catalyst, at least one of gaseous catalyst or its mixture are urged Agent；(iii) is used for the container by hydrogen and the catalyst reaction for producing fraction hydrogen.As used herein and such as institute of the present invention Consider, term " hydrogen " unless otherwise refer in particular to otherwise not only include protium (¹H), in addition to deuterium (²H) and tritium (³H).Using deuterium conduct In the situation of the reactant of fraction hydrogen reaction, it is contemplated that produce tritium or the helium production of the relative trace of multiphase fuel and solid fuel Thing.

At one of the chemical reactor for synthesizing the compound (such as fraction Hydrides compound) comprising low energy hydrogen In embodiment, iron fraction Hydrides film is synthesized using the molysite of the Fe in positive oxidation oxygen, the molysite can pass through iron Counter ion, preferably cementite, iron oxide or volatility molysite (such as FeI₂Or FeI₃) displacement and and H^-(1/p) reacts.Catalyst Can be K, NaH or Li.H can come from H₂With dissociation agent such as R-Ni or Pt/Al₂O₃.In another embodiment, iron fraction Hydrides can by source of iron (for example reactor running temperature decompose iron halide), catalyst (such as NaH, Li or K) and Hydrogen source (such as H₂Gas and dissociation agent (such as R-Ni)) formed.Manganese fraction Hydrides can be by manganese source (such as organic metal, such as anti- The 2,4- glutaric acids Mn (II) for answering device running temperature to decompose), catalyst (such as NaH, Li or K) and hydrogen source (such as H₂Gas and dissociation agent (such as R-Ni)) formed.In one embodiment, temperature of reactor maintains about 25 DEG C~800 DEG C, preferably from about 400 DEG C~500 ℃。

In one embodiment, because alkali metal in gas phase is covalent diatomic molecule, it thus be accordingly used in be formed and combine energy The catalyst of higher compound is formed by the source by being reacted with least one other elements.Catalyst (such as K or Li) can be with By by K or Li metal dispersions in alkali halide (such as KX or LiX) with formed KHX LiHX (wherein X is halide) come Generation.Catalyst K or Li can also be by the K of evaporation₂Or Li₂React to form KH and K or LiH and Li next life respectively with atom H Into.With reference to can be higher hydrogen compound can be MHX, wherein M is alkali metal, and H is fraction Hydrides, and X is one electricity of band The ion of lotus, preferably X be halide andOne of.In one embodiment, for forming KHI or KHCl, (wherein H is Fraction Hydrides) reactant mixture include using KX (X=Cl, I) and dissociation agent (preferably nickel metal (such as nickel sieve and R- Ni the karat gold category)) converted respectively.Reaction by by reactant mixture be maintained at higher temperature (be preferably 400 DEG C~700 DEG C) and Hydrogen is added to carry out.Preferably, hydrogen pressure is maintained at about 5PSI meter pressure.Therefore, MX is placed in K top so that K is former Son migrates across halide lattice, and halide plays a part of scattered K and served as K₂Dissociation agent, the K₂On boundary Reacted with the H from dissociation agent (such as nickel sieve or R-Ni) to form KHX in face.

Appropriate reaction mixture for composite score Hydrides compound includes catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidant, reduction At least two materials in the group of agent and carrier, wherein oxidant are the source of at least one of sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen, such as SF₆、S、 SO₂、SO₃、S₂O₅Cl₂、F₅SOF、M₂S₂O₈、S_xX_y(such as S₂Cl₂、SCl₂、S₂Br₂、S₂F₂、CS₂、Sb₂S₅)、SO_xX_y(such as SOCl₂、 SOF₂、SO₂F₂、SOBr₂)、P、P₂O₅、P₂S₅、P_xX_y(such as PF₃、PCl₃、PBr₃、PI₃、PF₅、PCl₅)、PBr₄F or PCl₄F、PO_xX_y (such as POBr₃、POI₃、POCl₃Or POF₃)、PS_xX_y(such as PSBr₃、PSF₃、PSCl₃), phosphorous-nitrogen compounds (such as P₃N₅、(Cl₂PN)₃ Or (Cl₂PN)₄、(Br₂PN)_x(M is alkali metal, and x and y are integer, and X is halogen)), O₂、N₂O and TeO₂.Oxide can be wrapped also Halide source, such as preferred fluorinated thing, CF₄、NF₃Or CrF₂.Mixture can also include absorbent as the source of phosphorus or sulphur, Such as MgS and MHS (M is alkali metal).Appropriate absorbent is following atoms or compound, and the highfield that it causes common H is inclined The NMR peaks of shifting and the fraction Hydrides peak of highfield positioned at common H peaks.Appropriate absorbent include element S, P, O, Se and Te, or including the compound containing S, P, O, Se and Te.General aspects for the appropriate absorbent of fraction hydrogen hydride ion It is, it forms chain, cage or ring with the element form of element form, doping, or with catching and stablizing fraction hydrogen hydride ion Other elements formation chain, cage or ring.Preferably, H can be observed in solid or solution NMR^-(1/p).At another In embodiment, NaH or HCl serve as catalyst.A kind of appropriate reactant mixture includes MX and M ' HSO₄, wherein M and M ' are Alkali metal, respectively preferably Na and K, and X is halogen, preferably Cl.

Reactant mixture comprising at least one of following reaction is to be used to produce power and for producing compared with low energy The appropriate system of the hydrogen compound of amount：(1) NaH catalyst, MgH₂、SF₆With activated carbon (AC), (2) NaH catalyst, MgH₂, S and Activated carbon (AC), (3) NaH catalyst, MgH₂、K₂S₂O₈, Ag and AC, (4) KH catalyst, MgH₂、K₂S₂O₈And AC, (5) MH catalysis Agent (M=Li, Na, K), Al or MgH₂、O₂、K₂S₂O₈And AC, (6) KH catalyst, Al, CF₄And AC, (7) NaH catalyst, Al, NF₃And AC, (8) KH catalyst, MgH₂、N₂O and AC, (9) NaH catalyst, MgH₂、O₂With activated carbon (AC), (10) NaH catalysis Agent, MgH₂、CF₄And AC, (11) MH catalyst (M=Li, Na or K), MgH₂、P₂O₅(P₄O₁₀) and AC, (12) MH catalyst, MgH₂、MNO₃(M=Li, Na or K) and AC, (13) NaH or KH catalyst, Mg, Ca or Sr, transition metal halide are (preferably FeCl₂、FeBr₂、NiBr₂、MnI₂) or rare earth metal halide (such as EuBr₂) and AC, and (14) NaH catalyst, Al, CS₂With AC.In other embodiments of examples presented above reactant mixture, catalyst cation includes Li, Na, K, Rb Or one kind in Cs, and those materials of other materials selected from reaction 1~14 of reactant mixture.Reactant can be any Desired ratio.

Fraction hydroformylation reaction product is that have respectively respectively than ordinary molecular hydrogen or hydride hydrogen (hydrogen hydride) At least one of the fraction hydrogen molecule and hydride ion at the proton NMR peaks that proton NMR peaks are offset to highfield.In an implementation In mode, hydrogen product is combined with element in addition to hydrogen, and wherein proton NMR peaks are to common with product identical molecular formula The high field offset at the proton NMR peaks of molecule, material or compound, or the common molecular, material or compound in room temperature not It is stable.

In one embodiment, the hydrogen compound that power and combination can be higher is produced by following reactant mixtures, described Reactant mixture includes two or more in following material：LiNO₃、NaNO₃、KNO₃、LiH、NaH、KH、Li、Na、K、H₂, carrier (such as carbon, such as activated carbon), metal or metal hydride reducing agent (preferably MgH₂).Reactant can be any mol ratio.It is excellent Choosing is that reactant mixture includes 9.3 moles of %MH, 8.6 moles of %MgH₂, 74 moles of %AC and 7.86 mole of %MNO₃(M is Li, Na or K), wherein mole % of each material can be added and subtracted in the range of 10 percentage points in the percentage given by each material Change.After using NMR solvents (preferably deuterated DFM) extraction product mixtures, product point is observed that using liquid NMR Subfraction hydrogen and fraction hydrogen hydride ion with preferably 1/4 state are respectively about 1.22ppm and -3.85ppm.Product M₂CO₃Can be with The absorbent for fraction hydrogen hydride ion is served as to be formed such as MHMHCO₃Etc. compound.

In another embodiment, the hydrogen compound that power and combination can be higher is produced by following reactant mixtures, The reactant mixture includes two or more in following material：LiH、NaH、KH、Li、Na、K、H₂, metal or metal hydride Reducing agent (preferably MgH₂Or Al powder (preferably nanometer powder)), carrier (such as carbon, preferably activated carbon) and Fluorine source (such as fluorine gas or fluorine Carbon compound, preferably CF₄Or phenyl-hexafluoride (HFB)).Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably reactant mixture is included 9.8 moles of %MH, 9.1 moles of %MgH₂Or 9 moles of %Al nanometer powders, 79 moles of %AC and 2.4 mole of %CF₄Or (M is HFB Li, Na or K), wherein mole % of each material can be added and subtracted in the range of 10 percentage points in the percentage given by each material Change.Using NMR solvents (preferably deuterated DFM or CDCl₃) extraction product mixtures after, can be observed using liquid NMR To product molecule fraction hydrogen and the fraction hydrogen hydride ion with preferably 1/4 state is respectively about 1.22ppm and -3.86ppm.

In another embodiment, the hydrogen compound that power and combination can be higher is produced by following reactant mixtures, The reactant mixture includes two or more in following material：LiH、NaH、KH、Li、Na、K、H₂, metal or metal hydride Reducing agent (preferably MgH₂Or Al powder), carrier (such as carbon, preferably activated carbon) and Fluorine source (preferably SF₆).Reactant can rub to be any You compare.Preferably reactant mixture includes 10 moles of %MH, 9.1 moles of %MgH₂Or 9 moles of %Al powder, 78.8 moles of %AC With 24 moles of %SF₆(M is Li, Na or K), wherein mole % of each material can add and subtract 10 in the percentage given by each material Change in the range of percentage point.Appropriate reactant mixture includes NaH, MgH of these mol ratios₂Or Mg, AC and SF₆.Make With NMR solvents (preferably deuterated DFM or CDCl₃) extraction product mixtures after, be observed that product molecule using liquid NMR Fraction hydrogen and fraction hydrogen hydride ion with preferably 1/4 state are respectively about 1.22ppm and -3.86ppm.

In another embodiment, the hydrogen compound that power and combination can be higher is produced by following reactant mixtures, The reactant mixture includes two or more in following material：LiH、NaH、KH、Li、Na、K、H₂, metal or metal hydride Reducing agent (preferably MgH₂Or Al powder), carrier (such as carbon, preferably activated carbon), and at least one of sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen source (preferably S Or P powder, SF₆、CS₂、P₂O₅And MNO₃(M is alkali metal)).Reactant can be any mol ratio.Preferably reactant mixture Include 8.1 moles of %MH, 7.5 moles of %MgH₂Or Al powder, 65 moles of %AC and 19.5 mole of %S (M is Li, Na or K), wherein Mole % of each material can change in the range of the percentage given by each material adds and subtracts 10 percentage points.Appropriate reaction Mixture includes NaH, MgH of these mol ratios₂Or Mg, AC and S powder.Using NMR solvents (preferably deuterated DFM or CDCl₃) extraction After taking product mixtures, product molecule fraction hydrogen and fraction hydrogen hydrogen with preferably 1/4 state are observed that using liquid NMR Anion is respectively about 1.22ppm and -3.86ppm.

In another embodiment, the hydrogen compound that power and combination can be higher passes through the reactant mixture comprising NaHS Produce.Fraction hydrogen hydride ion can be separated with NaHS.In one embodiment, solid-state reaction is formed inside NaHS H^-(1/4), it can be with such as solvent (preferably H₂) etc. O further reaction forms H to proton source₂(1/4)。

Exemplary reaction mixture for forming molecular fraction hydrogen is 2g NaH+8g TiC+10g KI, 3.32g+KH+ 2g Mg+8g TiC 2.13g+LiCl、8.3g KH+12g Pd/C、20g TiC+2.5g Ca+2.5g CaH2、20g TiC+5g Mg、20g TiC+8.3g KH、20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH、20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.13g LiCl、20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+2.1g LiCl、12g TiC+0.1g Li+4.98g KH、20g TiC+5g Mg+1.66g LiH、 4.98g KH+3g NaH+12g TiC、1.66g KH+1g Mg+4g AC+3.92g EuBr₃、1.66g KH+10g KCl+1g Mg+3.92g EuBr₃、5g NaH+5g Ca+20g CA II-300+15.45g MnI₂、20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+5g Pt/Ti、3.32g KH+2g Mg+8g TiC+4.95g SrBr₂With 8.3g KH+5g Mg+20g TiC+10.4g BaCl₂.Instead It is able to should be carried out 1 minute~24 hours in 100 DEG C~1000 DEG C of temperature.Exemplary temperature and time are 500 DEG C or 24 hours.

In one embodiment, fraction Hydrides compound can be purified.Purification process can be including the use of suitable When at least one of the extraction of solvent and recrystallization.This method can further include chromatogram and known to those skilled in the art Be used for separate the other technologies of inorganic compound.

In a liquid fuel embodiment, solvent has halogen functional group, preferably fluorine.Appropriate reactant mixture bag Containing at least one of phenyl-hexafluoride and octafluoro naphthalene added to catalyst (such as NaH), and with carrier (such as activated carbon), fluorine-containing poly- Compound or R-Ni mixing.Reactant mixture can include the eutectic material that can be used in application well known by persons skilled in the art. Because the appropriate application that high energy is balanced is propeller and piston-mode motor fuel.In one embodiment, desired product is At least one of fullerene and the nanotube of aggregation.

In one embodiment, molecular fraction hydrogen H₂(1/p) (preferably H₂(1/4) it is) that can further react to be formed The product of corresponding hydride ion, the hydride ion can be used in such as hydride battery and face coat application.Molecule point Number hydrogen bond can be broken by impaction.H₂(1/p) can be by utilizing ion or the high energy of electronics in plasma or beam Collide and dissociate.The fraction hydrogen atom of dissociation can react to form desired hydride ion again.

XI. test

A. flow type calorimetry in batches

The energy of catalyst reaction mixture listed by the right side of the following and dynamic equilibrium are about using volume 130.3cm³(internal diameter (ID) 1.5 ", long 4.5 ", wall thickness 0.2 ") or volume are 1988cm³(internal diameter (ID) 3.75 ", long 11 ", and wall Thick 0.375 ") cylindrical stainless steel reactor and current calorimeter is obtained, and the current calorimeter is included containing each pond The 99+% of the energy discharged in vacuum chamber and collecting pit (realizes error<± external water coolant coil 1%).Energy is returned Receive by by gross output P_TDetermined with time integral.Power is given by

WhereinFor material flow, C_pFor the specific heat of water, and Δ T is the absolute change of temperature between entrance and outlet.Reaction Triggered by applying accurate power to external heater.Specifically, 100W~200W power is applied to heater (130.3cm³Pond) or 800W~1000W power (1988cm³Pond).Interim in the heating, reagent reaches the fraction hydrogen threshold of reaction Temperature, wherein the beginning reacted generally raises to determine rapidly by pond temperature.Once pond temperature reaches about 400 DEG C~500 DEG C, just will Input power is set to zero.After 50 minutes, power is pointed to zero by program.To improve heat transfer to the speed of cooling agent, utilize The helium of 1000 supports is to room repressurization, and the maximum change (outlet subtracts entrance) of water temperature is about 1.2 DEG C.Such as by observing fluid thermistor(-ter) In complete equipilibrium determined by, balance can be fully achieved in the device within the period of 24 hours.

In each experiment, exported by the integral and calculating energy input and energy of corresponding power.By by the volume flow of water Speed and the water density (0.998kg/ liters) at 19 DEG C, the specific heat (4.181kJ/kg DEG C) of water, the calibrated temperature difference and time interval It is multiplied, the heat energy that stream is cooled down in each incremental time is calculated using equation (202).The value entirely tested is added up total to obtain Energy is exported.Gross energy E from pond_TIt is necessarily equal to energy input E_inWith any net energy E_net.Therefore, net energy is by following formula Provide

E_net=E_T-E_in (203)

By energy balance, by following formula relative to maximum theoretical E_mtDetermine waste heat E_ex

E_ex=E_net-E_mt (204)

Calibration test result demonstrates the thermocouple connection of the resistance-type input more than 98% relative to output cooling agent, and zero Waste heat control, which is demonstrated, passes through applied verification, and calorimeter is accurate to error within 1%.As a result provide as follows, wherein Tmax is highest pond temperature, and Ein is input energy, and dE is the measured output energy more than input energy.All energy are all It is heat release.It is wherein given on the occasion of the size for representing energy.Using monolith catalysts (such as Mg) and carrier (such as TiC) In experiment, as determined by mass spectrum and gas-chromatography, H₂There is provided by the dehydrogenation of the metal of container.

Calorimetry result

Pond #4326-031210WFJL1:20g TiC#112+5g Mg#6；Maximum temperature (Tmax):685℃；Input energy (Ein):232.6kJ；(net energy) dE:6.83kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4327-031210WFJL2:20g TiC#112+5g Mg#6+1g LiH#1+2.5g LiCl#2+3.07g KCl#1(500V,W-G,1W,C)；Tmax:612℃；Ein:381.6kJ；dE:9.59kJ；CIHT PS theoretical values:-1.93kJ； Chem theoretical values:0kJ；Energy gain:4.98.

Pond #369-031210WFRC3:8.3g KH-22+0.83g KOH-1+20g TiC-110；Tmax:722℃；Ein: 492.5kJ；dE:6.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4320-031110WFJL4:20g Ti3SiC2-1+5g Mg#6+8.3g KH#22+2.13g LiCl#2 (12rpm)；Tmax:604℃；Ein:514.1kJ；dE:11.97kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.05kJ；Energy gain:3.93.

Pond #364-031110WFRC2:3g NaH-8+3g Mg-6+1.3g LiCl-2；Tmax:566℃；Ein: 234.7kJ；dE:5kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.1kJ；Energy gain:4.5；Energy/mole oxygen agent:166.5kJ/mol.

Pond #365-031110WFRC3:5g NaH-8+5g Mg-6+2.13g LiCl-2；Tmax:710℃；Ein: 490.5kJ；dE:7.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:4.4；Energy/mole oxygen agent:158kJ/mol.

Pond #366-031110WFRC4:29g La-1+20g TiC-109；Tmax:728℃；Ein:588kJ；dE:6kJ； Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

031110WFCKA1#1630；1.0 " thin-walled pond (LDC)；8.0g NaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2； Tmax:570℃；Ein:245kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:2.9kJ；Energy gain:3.5.

031110WFCKA2#1629；1.5"LDC；13.2gKH#22+8.0g Mg#6+16.64g BaCl2#4+32.0g TiC#107；Tmax:560℃；Ein:260kJ；dE:20kJ；Theoretical energy:6.56kJ；Energy gain:3.1.

031110WFCKA2#1628；1.5"LDC；13.2gKH#22+8.0g Mg#6+16.64g BaCl2#4+32.0g TiC#107；Tmax:563℃；Ein:274kJ；dE:16kJ；Theoretical energy:6.56kJ；Energy gain:2.4.

031010WFCKA1#1627；1.5"LDC；8.0g NaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2+5.0g TiC# 104；Tmax:584℃；Ein:294kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:2.9kJ；Energy gain:2.8.

031010WFCKA3#1625；1.5"LDC；8.0g NaH#8+8.0g Mg#6+3.4g LiCl#2+10.0g TiC# 105；Tmax:560℃；Ein:293kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:2.9kJ；Energy gain:2.8.

030910WFCKA2#1624；1.5"LDC；5.0gNaH#8+5.0g Mg#6+2.13g LiCl#2+10.0g TiC# 105+10.0g SiC#1；Tmax:570℃；Ein:281kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:4.4.

030910WFCKA3#1623；1.5"LDC；1.66g LiH#1+4.5g LiF#1+9.28g KF#1+20.0g TiC#105；Tmax:580℃；Ein:321kJ；dE:4kJ.

Pond #4312-031010WFJL4:20g Ti3SiC2-1+5g Mg#6+8.3g KH#22+2.13g LiCl#2 (6rpm)；Tmax:598℃；Ein:511.0kJ；dE:5.05kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.05kJ；Energy gain:1.65.

Pond #4313-031010WFGH1:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2(6

rpm)；Tmax:709℃；Ein:531.1kJ；dE:5.24kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.84kJ；Energy gain:2.85.

Pond #361-031010WFRC3:5g NaH-8+5g Mg-6+20g MgB2-2；Tmax:713℃；Ein: 503.3kJ；dE:6.2kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #362-031010WFRC4:8.3g KH-22+5g Mg-6+20g MgB2-2；Tmax:709℃；Ein: 560kJ；dE:5.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4303-030910WFJL4:20g Ti3SiC2-1+5g Mg#6+8.3g KH#22+2.13g LiCl#2 (1rpm)；Tmax:603℃；Ein:558.0kJ；dE:10.63kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.05kJ；Energy gain:3.49.

Pond #4304-030910WFGH1:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2 (12rpm)；Tmax:715℃；Ein:551.3kJ；dE:4.35kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.84kJ；Energy gain:2.36.

Pond #356-030910WFRC2:1.28g LiCl-2+4.98g KH-22+3g Mg-6+12g TiC-105；Tmax: 569℃；Ein:226.0kJ；dE:5.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:2.9；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 173.2kJ/mol。

Pond #357-030910WFRC3:1.7g Mg-6+21.2g Bi-1+20g TiC-105；Tmax:728℃；Ein: 501.5kJ；dE:13.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.9kJ；Energy gain:4.6.

Pond #358-030910WFRC4:5g Mg-6+20g Ti3SiC2-1；Tmax:712℃；Ein:515.1kJ；dE: 8.1kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4293-030810WFJL3:12g TiC#103+3g Mg#5+1g LiH#1+2.7g LiF#1+4.2g NaF# 1；Tmax:759℃；Ein:427.7kJ；dE:12.28kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.52kJ；Energy gain:23.61.

Pond #4296-030810WFGH2:12g TiC+3g Mg+3.94g Ag；Tmax:670C；Ein:270.1kJ；dE: 4.54kJ；Theoretical energy:0.00kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #353-030810WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-2+5g NaH-4+20g TiC-107；Tmax:721 ℃；Ein:475.1kJ；dE:16.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:9；Energy/mole oxygen agent:324kJ/ mol。

Pond #354-030810WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-2+5g NaH-4+20g TiC-109；Tmax:714 ℃；Ein:516kJ；dE:12.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:4.2；Energy/mole oxygen agent:250kJ/ mol。

030810WFCKA2#1622；1.5"LDC,5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0g TiC#105；Tmax:580℃；Ein:280kJ；dE:9kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:5.0.

030810WFCKA3#1621；1.5"LDC,5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0g TiC#105；Tmax:690℃；Ein:379kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:4.4.

030510WFCKA1#1620；1.5"LDC,5.0g NaH#7+5.0g Mg#5+2.18g LiCl#2+20.g YC2# 5；Tmax:570℃；Ein:287kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:3.8.

030510WFCKA2#1619；1.5"LDC,8.0g NaH#7+8.0g Mg#5+3.4g LiCl#2+32.0g TiC# 103；Tmax:562℃；Ein:282kJ；dE:15kJ；Theoretical energy:2.9kJ；Energy gain:5.1.

030510WFCKA3#1618；1.5"LDC,5.0g Mg#5+1.66g LiH#1+4.5g LiF#1+9.28g KF#1 +20.0g TiC#101；Tmax:670℃；Ein:392kJ；dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:2.55；kJ；Energy gain:2.3.

Pond #4284-030510WFJL3:12g TiC#101+3g Mg#5+1g LiH#1+2.7g LiF#1+5.57g KF# 1；Tmax:676℃；Ein:333.9kJ；dE:14.12kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.52kJ；Energy gain:9.3.

Pond #4285-030510WFJL4:20g TiC#101+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2(0rpm)； Tmax:616℃；Ein:564.3kJ；dE:9.67kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.85kJ；Energy gain:5.23.

Pond #4286-030510WFGH1:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2 (0rpm)；Tmax:717℃；Ein:559.3kJ；dE:4.64kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.84kJ；Energy gain:2.52.

Pond #349-030510WFRC3:12.4g SrCl2-AD-10+5g Mg-5+8.3g KH-21+20g TiC-98； Tmax:719℃；Ein:486.8kJ；dE:21.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-8.5kJ；Energy gain:2.5；Energy/moles Agent:276.9kJ/mol.

Pond #350-030510WFRC4:5g Ca-1+2.6g Cu-1+20g TiC-103；Tmax:730℃；Ein: 521.8kJ；dE:10.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.08kJ；Energy gain:131.3.

030410WFCKA2#1616；1.5"LDC；5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0g TiC#101；Tmax:708℃；Ein:378kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:6.1.

030410WFCKA3#1615；1.5"LDC；5.0g NaH#4+5.0g Mg#2+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0g TiC#101；Tmax:590℃；Ein:298kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:4.4.

030310WFCKA2#1613；1.5"LDC；5.0gNaH#7+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#2+20.0g SiC# 1；Tmax:520℃；Ein:256kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:3.8.

030310WFCKA3#1612；1.5"LDC；5.0g NaH#7+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#2+17.6g WC# A-1；Tmax:520℃；Ein:268kJ；dE:5kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:2.7.

Pond #4273-030410WFJL1:20g TiC#88+5g Ca#2+1.40g Ni；Tmax:699℃；Ein: 452.3kJ；dE:6.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.68kJ；Energy gain:9.95.

Pond #349-030410WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-2+5g NaH-4+20g TiC-103；Tmax:731 ℃；Ein:474.9kJ；dE:14.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:7.9；Energy/mole oxygen agent:284kJ/ mol。

Pond #350-030410WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-1+Mg-2+8.3g KH-24+20g TiC-103；Tmax:711 ℃；Ein:522.1kJ；dE:10.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:3.4；Energy/mole oxygen agent:206kJ/ mol。

Pond #4264-030310WFJL1:20g TiC-GW-3+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2；Tmax: 679℃；Ein:443.1kJ；dE:11.72kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.85kJ；Energy gain:6.34.

Pond #4266-030310WFJL3:12g TiC#88+3g Mg#5+3g NaH#7+1.21g LiF#1+0.48g NaF#1+2.44g KF#1；Tmax:737℃；Ein:373.3kJ；dE:10.61kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.45kJ；Energy gain: 23.61。

Pond #4267-030310WFJL4:20g TiC#88+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2(6rpm)； Tmax:628℃；Ein:590.3kJ；dE:9.41kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.85kJ；Energy gain:5.09.

Pond #343-030310WFRC1:3g NaH-6+2.7g LiBH4+12g TiC-88；Tmax:561℃；Ein: 259.3kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.0kJ；Energy gain:1.8.

Pond #345-030310WFRC3:5g Mg-5+6.6Ag-1+20g TiC-88；Tmax:773℃；Ein:545.3kJ； dE:14.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.4kJ；Energy gain:6.2.

Pond #346-030310WFRC4:5g Ca-1+1.4g Ni-1+20g TiC-88；Tmax:766℃；Ein: 557.0kJ；dE:12.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.7kJ；Energy gain:17.7.

Pond #4255-030210WFJL1:20g TiC#99+2.78g LiH#1+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2； Tmax:680℃；Ein:439.6kJ；dE:8.56kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.85kJ；Energy gain:4.63.

Pond #4257-030210WFJL3:12g TiC#99+1g LiH#1+1.21g LiF#1+0.48g NaF#1+2.44g KF#1；Tmax:689℃；Ein:333.7kJ；dE:8.91kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.83kJ；Energy gain:10.73.

Pond #4258-030210WFJL4:20g TiC#99+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#7+2.13g LiCl#2(1rpm)； Tmax:615℃；Ein:585.3kJ；dE:9.10kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.85kJ；Energy gain:4.92.

Pond #4259-030210WFGH1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.13g LiCl(6rpm)；Tmax:725 ℃；Ein:559.8kJ；dE:9.08kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:3.00.

Pond #339-030210WFRC1:30g RNi-185；Temperature slope variations (TSC):178℃(69–247℃)； Tmax:371℃；Ein:109.7kJ；dE:14.5kJ.

Pond #340-030210WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g TiC-GW-3；Tmax:590℃；Ein: 257.9kJ；dE:5.5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #341-030210WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-99；Tmax:767 ℃；Ein:562.8kJ；dE:19.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:6.6；Energy/mole oxygen agent:396kJ/ mol。

Pond #342-030210WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-1+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5；Tmax:739℃；Ein: 564.8kJ；dE:9.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:3.1；Energy/mole oxygen agent:186kJ/mol.

030210WFCKA2#1610；1.5"LDC；10.0g NaH#6+10.0g Mg#5+4.26g LiCl#1+40.0g TiC#98；Tmax:490℃；Ein:248kJ；dE:16kJ；Theoretical energy:3.6kJ；Energy gain:4.4.

030210WFCKA3#1609；1.5"LDC；10.0g NaH#6+10.0g Mg#5+4.26g LiCl#1+40.0g TiC#98；Tmax:510℃；Ein:274kJ；dE:15kJ；Theoretical energy:3.6kJ；Energy gain:4.2.

030110WFCKA2#1607；1.5"LDC；5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#1+10.0g TiC#97+10.0g TiC-Nano#1"；Tmax:490℃；Ein:288kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy increases Benefit:5.5.

022610WFCKA2#1604；1.5"LDC；5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0g PdC#3；Tmax:505℃；Ein:228kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:1.8kJ；Energy gain:6.6.

022610WFCKA3#1603；1.5"LDC；8.3g KH#21+5.0g Mg#5+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0g PdC#3；Tmax:500℃；Ein:232kJ；dE:14kJ；Theoretical energy:3.1kJ；Energy gain:4.5.

022610WFCKA1#1605；1.5"LDC；2.5g Ca#1+2.5gCaH2#1+20.0g TiC#97；Tmax:810 ℃；Ein:484kJ；dE:4kJ.

Pond #4246-030110WFJL1:20g TiC-GW-4+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+2.13g LiCl#1；TSC:Not It was observed that；Tmax:674℃；Ein:427.7kJ；dE:10.90kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.85kJ；Energy gain:5.9.

Pond #4248-030110WFJL3:12g TiC#98+4.98g KH#21+2.70g LiF#1+5.57g KF#1； Tmax:679℃；Ein:331.9kJ；dE:8.84kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4249-030110WFJL4:20g TiC#98+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6(12rpm)；Tmax:613℃； Ein:594.3kJ；dE:7.19kJ；Theoretical energy:0；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4250-030110WFGH1:20g TiC#97+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21+2.13g LiCl#1(1rpm)； Tmax:666℃；Ein:483.1kJ；dE:9.42kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:3.11.

Pond #4253-030110WFGH4:20g WC-A-1+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#21+2.13g LiCl#1；Tmax: 632℃；Ein:381.8kJ；dE:8.32kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:2.75.

Pond #4254-030110WFGH5:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21+2.13g LiCl#1； Tmax:627℃；Ein:408.3kJ；dE:9.15kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:3.02.

Pond #337-030110WFRC3:12.4g SrBr2-AD-4+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-98；Tmax: 716℃；Ein:506.9kJ；dE:14.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.6kJ；Energy gain:4.1；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 294kJ/mol。

Pond #338-030110WFRC4:7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-98； Tmax:716℃；Ein:543.9kJ；dE:10.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:3.5；Energy/moles Agent:210kJ/mol.

Pond #4237-022610WFJL1:20g TiC#97+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21；Tmax:678℃；Ein: 420.5kJ；dE:8.72kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4239-022610WFJL3:12g TiC#97+1.0g LiH#1+2.7g LiF#1+5.57g KF#1；Tmax: 683℃；Ein:342.9kJ；dE:12.62kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.52kJ；Energy gain:8.28.

Pond #4244-022610WFGH4:20g TiC88+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#4+2.13g LiCl#1；Tmax:681 ℃；Ein:440.2kJ；dE:6.43kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:2.12.

Pond #4245-022610WFGH5:20g CrB2#3+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6；Tmax:661℃；Ein: 429.6kJ；dE:6.55kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #332-022610WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g Pd/Al2O3-1；Tmax:584℃；Ein: 241.6kJ；dE:10.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.6kJ；Energy gain:1.9.

Pond #333-022610WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g Pd/Al2O3-1；Tmax: 722℃；Ein:472.7kJ；dE:21.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-11.2kJ；Energy gain:1.9；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 434kJ/mol。

Pond #334-022610WFRC4:10.4g BaCl2-AD-4+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20g Pd/Al2O3- 1；Tmax:716℃；Ein:537.0kJ；dE:16.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-11.1kJ；Energy gain:1.5；Energy/mole oxygen Agent:338kJ/mol.

Pond #4230-022510WFJL3:12g TiC#96+1.67g LiH#1+3g NaH#6+1.28g LiCl#1； Tmax:682℃；Ein:352.9kJ；dE:8.33kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.11kJ；Energy gain:7.50.

Pond #4231-022510WFJL4:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+0.35g Li#2(12rpm)； Tmax:621℃；Ein:604.1kJ；dE:7.30kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.72；Energy gain:4.23.

Pond #4232-022510WFGH1:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#5+0.1g MgH2#4(0rpm)；Tmax:681℃； Ein:520.8kJ；dE:4.12kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #328-022510WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g WCCo-A-1；Tmax:558℃；Ein: 237.8kJ；dE:4.0kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #329-022510WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g WCCo-A-1；Tmax: 709℃；Ein:487.5kJ；dE:8.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:4.8；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 172kJ/mol。

Pond #4219-022410WFJL1:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+2.1g LiCl#1；Tmax:686 ℃；Ein:438.9kJ；dE:10.70kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.82kJ；Energy gain:5.87.

Pond #4222-022410WFJL4:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+0.35g Li#2(0rpm)； Tmax:614℃；Ein:568.3kJ；dE:9.10kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.72；Energy gain:5.28.

Pond #4223-022410WFGH1:20g TiC#96+5g Mg#5+0.1g MgH2#4(12rpm)；Tmax:679C； Ein:477.5kJ；dE:6.23kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4226-022410WFGH4:20g TiC96+5g Mg#5+8.3g KH#21+0.35g Li#2；Tmax: 637C；Ein:386.7kJ；dE:7.81kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.64kJ；Energy gain:4.76.

Pond #324-022410WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+6g Pt/C-3；Tmax:592℃；Ein:247.5kJ； dE:8.3kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #325-022410WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g WC-A-1；Tmax:710 ℃；Ein:476.9kJ；dE:11.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:6.2；Energy/mole oxygen agent:224kJ/ mol。

Pond #326-022410WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20g WC-A-1；Tmax: 716℃；Ein:529.6kJ；dE:11.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:3.7；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 224kJ/mol。

Pond #320-022310WFRC2:4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-5+6g Pt/C-3；Tmax:572℃；Ein: 227.7kJ；dE:9.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #321-022310WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-95；Tmax:699 ℃；Ein:452.5kJ；dE:10.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:5.8；Energy/mole oxygen agent:210kJ/ mol。

Pond #322-022310WFRC4:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-5+20g TiC-95；Tmax: 711℃；Ein:526.8kJ；dE:8.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:3；Energy/mole oxygen agent:178kJ/ mol。

Pond #4203-022210WFJL3:12g TiC#94+3g Mg#5+3.94g Ag；Tmax:764℃；Ein: 381.3kJ；dE:7.36kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.42kJ；Energy gain:5.2.

Pond #4204-022210WFJL4:20g TiC#94+5g Mg#5+5g NaH#6+0.35g Li#2(1rpm)； Tmax:613℃；Ein:584.3kJ；dE:7.67kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.72；Energy gain:4.45.

Pond #4206-022210WFGH2:12g TiC#95+1g Mg#5+12.69g Bi#1；TSC:510-620℃； Tmax:693℃；Ein:301.6kJ；dE:7.00kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.76kJ；Energy gain:3.97.

Pond #4209-022210WFGH5:20g Ti3SiC2#1+5g Mg#5；Tmax:678℃；Ein:447.7kJ；dE: 4.38kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #317-022210WFRC2:1.3g LiCl-2+3g NaH-6+3g Mg-5+12g TiC-Nano-1；Tmax: 519℃；Ein:205.1kJ；dE:6.0kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.1kJ；Energy gain:5.5；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 199.8kJ/mol。

Pond #318-022210WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-5+20g TiCN-A-1；Tmax: 716℃；Ein:474.2kJ；dE:12.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:6.8；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 246kJ/mol。

Pond #4199-021910WFGH4:20g TiC94+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#21+4.74g LiAlH4#1；TSC: 325–435℃；Tmax:708℃；Ein:478.8kJ；dE:22.05kJ；Theoretical energy:-16.5kJ；Energy gain:1.34.

Pond #313-021910WFRC2:4.76g SrCl2-AD-10+4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-4+12g Ti3SiC2- 1；Tmax:584℃；Ein:239.5kJ；dE:6.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.3kJ；Energy gain:1.9；Energy/moles Agent:203.1kJ/mol.

Pond #315-021910WFRC4:6.25g BaCl2-SD-4+4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-4+12g Ti3SiC2- 1；Tmax:569℃；Ein:265.8kJ；dE:6.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.4kJ；Energy gain:2.7 energy/moles Agent:213.1kJ/mol.

Pond #4189-021810WFJL3:12g TiC#93+3g Mg#4+4.88g K+0.1g KH#21；Tmax:682℃； Ein:308.1kJ；dE:5.49kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #309-021810WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-4+12g TiCN-A-1；Tmax:577℃；Ein: 238.2kJ；dE:4.1kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #310-021810WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-21+5g Mg-4+20g Ti3SiC2-1； Tmax:712℃；Ein:475.2kJ；dE:10.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:3.5；Energy/moles Agent:212kJ/mol.

Pond #311-021810WFRC4:1.3g LiCl-2+4.98g KH-21+3g Mg-4+12g TiCN-A-1；Tmax: 555℃；Ein:265.9kJ；dE:5kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:2.8；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 166.5kJ/mol。

021810WFCKA1#1587；1.5"LDC；5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#4+2.1g LiCl#1+20.0g TiC# 93；Tmax:720℃；Ein:404kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:1.82；Energy gain:5.5.

021810WFCKA2#1586；1.0 " heavy-duty ponds (HDC)；3.g NaH#6+3.0g Mg#4+12.0g CrB2#2；Tmax:714℃；Ein:300kJ；dE:4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

021710WFCKA1#1584；1.0"HDC；4.98g KH#19+12.0g TiC#93+3.8g KBH4#1；Tmax: 620℃；Ein:281kJ；dE:4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

021710WFCKA2#1583；1.5"HDC；8.3gKH#19+5.0g Mg#4+11.2g KBH4+20.0g CrB2# 2；Tmax:548℃；Ein:266kJ；dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

021710WFCKA3#1582；1.5"HDC；5.0g NaH#6+5.0g Mg#4+8.0g NaBH4#1+20.0g CrB2#2；Tmax:550℃；Ein:321kJ；dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

021610WFCKA1#1581；1"HDC；8.3g KH#19+5.0g Mg#4+20.0g TiC#92+11.2g KBH4# 1(021110WFRC:14.1kJ)；Tmax:630℃；Ein:360kJ；dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #4178-021710WFJL1:20g TiC#92+5g Mg#4；TSC:525—575℃；Tmax:676℃；Ein: 419.1kJ；dE:8.76kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4179-021710WFJL2:8g TiC#92+3g Mg#4+4.98g KH#19 (1W firm powers, W+G, NC)； Tmax:652℃；Ein:423.5kJ；dE:6.3kJ；Theoretical energy:- 2.26kJ from additional power source；Energy gain:2.8.

Pond #4180-021710WFJL3:12g CrB2#2+3g Mg#4+3g NaH#6；Tmax:712℃；Ein: 343.7kJ；dE:6.13kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4182-021710WFGH1:20g TiC#92+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19(12rpm)；Tmax:673℃； Ein:490.3kJ；dE:6.85kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #305-021710WFRC2:3g NaH-6+3g Mg-4+12g Ti3SiC2-1；Tmax:566℃；Ein: 233.7kJ；dE:4.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #306-021710WFRC3:5g Mg-4+20g TiC-92；Tmax:694℃；Ein:471.1kJ；dE: 6.3kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4171-021610WFJL3:12g TiC#90+8.34g MgI2；Tmax:750℃；Ein:386.7kJ；dE: 5.24kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4173-021610WFGH1:20g TiC#90+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19(6rpm)；Tmax:668℃； Ein:480.3kJ；dE:5.64kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4176-021610WFGH4:20g TiC90+2.5g Mg#4+4.1g K+0.5g KH19；Tmax:701℃； Ein:436.3kJ；dE:5.50kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #301-021610WFRC2:1g LiH-1+4.74g LiAlH4-1+12g TiC-92；Tmax:593℃；Ein: 255.2kJ；dE:5.2kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

021510WFCKA2#1579；1"HDC；3.g NaH#6+3.0g Mg#4+11.5g PdC#3；Tmax:575C； Ein:215kJ；dE:5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

021510WFCKA3#1578；1"HDC；4.15g KH#19+2.5g Mg#4+10.0g PdC#3；Tmax:560℃； Ein:214kJ；dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #4164-021510WFGH1:20g TiC#90+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19(1rpm)；Tmax:674℃； Ein:491.2kJ；dE:4.98kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4168-021510WFGH5:20g TiC nano+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19+2.13g LiCl#2； Tmax:668℃；Ein:440.8kJ；dE:9.13kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:3.01.

Pond #297-021510WFRC2:4.98g KH-19+4.74g LiAlH4-1+12g TiC-89；Tmax:560℃； Ein:235.4kJ；dE:12.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-7.9kJ；Energy gain:1.6.

Pond #298-021510WFRC3:5g NaH-6+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-GW-1；Tmax:709℃；Ein: 484.8kJ；dE:13.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #299-021510WFRC4:4.98g KH-19+3g Mg-4+4.74g LiAlH4-1+20g TiC-89； Tmax:561℃；Ein:270.7kJ；dE:16.6；Theoretical energy:-9.9kJ；Energy gain:1.7.

Pond #4156-021210WFJL1:8g TiC#89+0.01g LiH#1+2g NaH#6+2.48g LiCl#1+3.09g KCl#1 (about 400 ohm of 20V, W+G, C, R=(across pond), I=about 0.2A, peak value)；Tmax:671℃；Ein:378.5kJ； dE:10.22kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.15kJ；Energy gain:4.75.

Pond #4158-021210WFJL3:12g TiC#89+3g Ca#1+0.84g Ni#1；Tmax:729℃；Ein: 333.5kJ；dE:8.93kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.41kJ；Energy gain:21.8.

Pond #4159-021210WFJL4:12g TiC+3g Ca+1.54g Cu；Tmax:726℃；Ein:297.0kJ；dE: 5.77kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.05kJ；Energy gain:113.

Pond #293-021210WFRC2:1g LiH-1+3g Mg-4+6.74g KBH4-1+20g TiC-89；Tmax:561 ℃；Ein:227.3kJ；dE:6.5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #294-021210WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+5g NaH-6+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-GW-1；Tmax: 708℃；Ein:469.3kJ；dE:12.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.8kJ；Energy gain:6.8；Energy/mole oxygen agent: The 244kJ/mol. results show that TiC succeeds regeneration.

Pond #295-021210WFRC4:3g NaH-6+4.74g LiAlH4-1+12g TiC-89；Tmax:560℃；Ein: 276.6kJ；dE:6.1；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4149-021110WFJL3:12g TiC#91+3g Mg#4；(pond is supplied into Jiliang to carry out MS points Analysis)；Tmax:750℃；Ein:383.7kJ；dE:8.28kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4150-021110WFJL4:12g TiC#91+1g Mg#4；Tmax:781℃；vcEin:315.6kJ；dE: 5.97kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4151-021110WFGH1:20g TiC#91+5g Mg#4+5g NaH#6(1rpm)；Tmax:665℃；Ein: 483.5kJ；dE:7.83kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #289-021110WFRC2；1g LiH-1+3g Mg-4+4.73g NaBH4-1+12g TiC-91；Tmax:566 ℃；Ein:251.3kJ；dE:6.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #290-021110WFRC3:11.2g KBH4-1+8.3g KH-19+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-89；Tmax: 601℃；Ein:389.0kJ；dE:14.1kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4140-021010WFJL3:12g TiC#87+5g Mg#4；Tmax:741℃；Ein:385.9kJ；dE: 7.07kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4142-021010WFGH1:20g TiC#87+5g Mg#4+5g NaH#6(6rpm)；Tmax:723℃；Ein: 584.4kJ；dE:7.48kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4144-021010WFGH3:12g TiC91+3g Mg#4+2.27g Ni#1；Tmax:655℃；Ein: 311.1kJ；dE:4.70kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.09kJ；Energy gain:4.31.

Pond #4146-021010WFGH5:20g TiC#91+5g Mg#4+8.3g KH#19+0.35g Li#1；Tmax:614 ℃；Ein:389.0kJ；dE:7.17kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.64kJ；Energy gain:4.37.

Pond #285-021010WFRC2:4.98g KH-18+4.73g NaBH4-1+12g TiC-91；Tmax:558℃； Ein:243.5kJ；dE:7.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.7kJ；Energy gain:1.6.

Pond #282-020910WFRC3:7.93g SrCl2-SD-10+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20g YC2-4； Tmax:731℃；Ein:500.5kJ；dE:16kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.5kJ；Energy gain:2.9；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 320kJ/mol。

Pond #286-021010WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3KH-18+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-91；Tmax:717 ℃；Ein:486.8kJ；dE:13.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.0kJ；Energy gain:4.4；Energy/mole oxygen agent:264kJ/ mol。

Pond #4132-020910WFJL4:12g TiC#91+3g Mg#4+1.3g LiF#1+3.1g MgF2#2+0.4g LiH#1；Tmax:731℃；Ein:301.0kJ；dE:4.42kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.05kJ；Energy gain:83.65.

Pond #4133-020910WFGH1:20g TiC#91+5g Mg#4(1rpm)；Tmax:672℃；Ein:512.5kJ； dE:5.45kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4134-020910WFGH2:12g TiC#91+3g Mg#4+6.75g Ca#1；Tmax:650℃；Ein: 301.1kJ；dE:6.00kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4136-020910WFGH4:20g TiC#87+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+2.12g LiCl#1 (are used for true Recognize)；Tmax:563℃；Ein:313.4kJ；dE:7.68kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:2.53.

Pond #4137-020910WFGH5:20g TiC#88+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+2.12g LiCl#1 (are used for true Recognize)；Tmax:581℃；Ein:349.7kJ；dE:7.54kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:2.49.

020810WFCKA3#1563；1"HDC；2.5g Ca#1+2.5g Na+12.0g TiC#86_850C；Tmax:898 ℃；Ein:423kJ；dE:5kJ.

020410WFCKA2#1558；1"HDC；2.5g Ca#1+2.5g Li#3+12.0g TiC#85_850C；Tmax: 861℃；Ein:437kJ；dE:4kJ.

Pond #4121-020810WFJL2:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4 (carry out measuring wall temperature in CIHT；Operation is extremely About 700 DEG C)；Tmax:729 DEG C (wall temperature)；Ein:467.1kJ；dE:4.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4122-020810WFJL3:12g TiC#87+3g Ca#1+0.77g Mg#4；TSC:540–610℃；Tmax: 735℃；Ein:350.0kJ；dE:6.12kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.63kJ；Energy gain:9.83.

Pond #4123-020810WFJL4:12g TiC#87+3g Ca#1+10.4g La#1；Tmax:751℃；Ein: 322.5kJ；dE:4.45kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4124-020810WFGH1:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4(6rpm)；Tmax:678℃；Ein:552.3kJ； dE:5.28kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4127-020810WFGH4:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4；Tmax:829℃；Ein:536.0kJ；dE: 7.14kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4128-020810WFGH5:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4；Tmax:670℃；Ein:447.1kJ；dE: 5.37kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #277-020810WFRC2:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-4+12g ZrB2-1；Tmax:558℃；Ein: 231.8kJ；dE:3.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #278-020810WFRC3:12.4g SrBr2-AD-4+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-86； Tmax:739℃；Ein:553.3kJ；dE:18.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.7kJ；Energy gain:2.8；Energy/moles Agent:368kJ/mol.

020410WFCKA3#1557；1"HDC；3.5g Ca#1+1.5g Mg#3+12.0g TiC#84_850C；Tmax: 855℃；Ein:465kJ 4kJ；dE:1.2kJ.

Pond #4111-020510WFJL1:8g TiC#86+3g Mg#4+3g NaH#5(20V,NC,W-；Pond short circuit)； Tmax:687℃；Ein:390.9kJ；dE:5.05kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4114-020510WFJL4:12g VC#1+3g Mg#4；Tmax:674℃；Ein:282.4kJ；dE: 3.26kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4118-020510WFGH4:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4+1.4g Y#1；Tmax:626℃；Ein: 344.9kJ；dE:6.44kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4119-020510WFGH5:20g TiC#86+5g Mg#4+4.79g Na+0.5g NaH#5；Tmax:585 ℃；Ein:354.6kJ；dE:6.51kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #272-020510WFRC1:4.98g KH-18+3g Mg-4+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12g TiC-86； Tmax:569℃；Ein:262.3kJ；dE:12.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.5kJ；Energy gain:2.3.

Pond #273-020510WFRC2:1g LiH-1+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12g TiC-86；Tmax:571℃；Ein: 260.3kJ；dE:3.5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #274-020510WFRC3:10.4g BaCl2-SD-4+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20g TiC-86； Tmax:710℃；Ein:477.0kJ；dE:14.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.7kJ；Energy gain:2.1；Energy/moles Agent:286kJ/mol.

Pond #4102-020410WFJL1:8g TiC#85+3g Mg#4+4.98g KH#18 (3V, no electric conductivity)；Tmax: 626℃；Ein:332.1kJ；dE:6.57kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4106-020410WFGH1:20g TiC#85+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3(12rpm)；Tmax:690℃； Ein:513.2kJ；dE:8.23kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4109-020410WFGH4:20g TiC#85+5g Mg#4+4.79g Na+0.1g NaH#5；Tmax: 346.5C；Ein:5.89kJ；dE:0kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #269-020410WFRC2:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-4+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12g TiC-85；Tmax: 561℃；Ein:240.4kJ；dE:14.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.5kJ；Energy gain:2.6.

Pond #270-020410WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-2+8.3g KH-18+5g Mg-4+20g TiCNano-1； Tmax:707℃；Ein:484.8kJ；dE:18.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-3kJ；Energy gain:6.3；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 378kJ/mol。

Pond #271-020410WFRC4:4.98g KH-18+6.75g NaAlH4-1+12g TiC-85；Tmax:561℃； Ein:286.4kJ；dE:7.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ (does not have found KAlH4 formation heat, but deposited between NaAlH4 and LiAlH4 In smaller difference)；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4093-020310WFJL1:8g TiC#84+3g Mg#3+3g NaH#5 (20V, conductive)；Tmax: 596℃；Ein:298.7kJ；dE:6.29kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4096-020310WFJL4:12g TiC#84+3g MgH2#3+3g NaH#5+0.1g Pd/C#3；TSC:Not It was observed that；Tmax:560℃；Ein:240.9kJ；dE:5.76kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4097-020310WFGH1:20g TiC#84+8.3g KH#18+5g Mg#3(1rpm)；Tmax:609℃； Ein:425.9kJ；dE:8.44kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

020310WFKA3#1554；1"HDC；3.5g Ca#1+1.5g Mg#3+12.0g TiC#84above 550℃； Tmax:650℃；Ein:250kJ；dE:5kJ；Theoretical energy:1.2kJ.

020110WFKA2#1551；1.5"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+4.34g LiBr+20.0g TiC#83； Tmax:573℃；Ein:337kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:2.2kJ；Energy gain:4.5.

020110WFKA3#1550；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+5.g Mg#3+4.34g LiBr+20.0g TiC#83； Tmax:568℃；Ein:363kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:3.75kJ；Energy gain:3.

Pond #4084-020210WFJL1:8g TiC#83+3g NaH#5+3g Mg#3 (20V, no electric conductivity)；Tmax:599 ℃；Ein:335.1kJ；dE:3.96kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4088-020210WFGH1:20g TiC#83+8.3g KH#18+5g Mg#3(6rpm)；Tmax:542℃； Ein:367.6kJ；dE:5.93kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4091-020210WFGH4:20g TiC#84+3g Mg#3+1.3g LiF#1+3.1g MgF2#2+2g KH# 18；Tmax:605℃；Ein:343.2kJ；dE:6.35kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #261-020210WFRC2:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-3+12g TiB2-1；TSC:Nothing；Tmax:548℃；Ein: 242.5kJ；dE:4.2kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #262-020210WFRC3:5g NaH-5+20g Cr3C2-1；Tmax:644℃；Ein:435.8kJ；dE: 5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4076-020110WFJL2:20g TiC#83+2.5g Ca#1+2.5g CaH2#1；Tmax:616℃；Ein: 415.9kJ；dE:5.50kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4078-020110WFJL4:12g TiC#83+1.3g LiF#1+3.1g MgF2#2+0.4g LiH#1； Tmax:596℃；Ein:251.3kJ；dE:3.57kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4079-020110WFGH1:20g TiC#82+8.3g KH#18+5g Mg#3(12rpm)；Tmax:545℃； Ein:350.0kJ；dE:8.42kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #258-020110WFRC3:8.3g KH-18+12g Pd/C-3；Tmax:571℃；Ein:349.8kJ；dE: 11.2kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #259-020110WFRC4:4.98K-1+3g MgH2-3+6g Pd/C-3；Tmax:545℃；Ein:251kJ； dE:8.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.6kJ；Energy gain:3.2.

020110KAWFC2#1551；1.5"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+4.34g LiBr+20.0g TiC#83； Tmax:573℃；Ein:337kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:2.2kJ；Energy gain:4.5.

020110KAWFC3#1550；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+5.g Mg#3+4.34g LiBr+20.0g TiC# 83；Tmax:568℃；Ein:363kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:3.75kJ；Energy gain:3.

012810KAWFC2#1549；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+20.0g TiC#77+12.4g SrBr2-AD-2；Tmax:582℃；Ein:339kJ；dE:13kJ；Theoretical energy:6.7kJ；Energy gain:1.9.

012810KAWFC3#1548；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+20.0g TiC#77+12.4g SrBr2-AD-2；Tmax:580℃；Ein:363kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:6.7kJ；Energy gain:1.8.

012810KAWFC2#1546；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+12.4g SrBr2-AD-9g#2_3.4g#3+20.0g TiC#81+5.0g Sr Granule；Tmax:585℃；Ein:339kJ；dE:16kJ；Theoretical energy:6.7kJ；Energy gain: 2.4。

012810KAWFC3#1545；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+7.94g SrCl2-AD-10+20.0g TiC#81- 82+5.0g Sr Granule；Tmax:590℃；Ein:363kJ；dE:14kJ；Theoretical energy:5.4kJ；Energy gain:2.6.

012710KAWFC1#1544；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+20.0g TiC#77+12.4g SrBr2-AD-2；Tmax:540℃；Ein:326kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:6.7kJ；Energy gain:1.5.

012710KAWFC2#1543；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+10.4g BaCl2-SD-4+20.0g TiC#77；Tmax:580℃；Ein:366kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:4.1kJ；Energy gain:2.4.

012710KAWFC3#1542；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#18+5.0g Mg#3+2.13g LiCl#1+20.0g TiC#77；Tmax:570℃；Ein:363kJ；dE:9kJ；Theoretical energy:3.1kJ；Energy gain:2.9.

Pond #4073-012910WFGH4:20g TiC#80+5g Mg#3；Tmax:630℃；Ein:371.5kJ；dE: 5.29kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #254-012910WFRC3:10.4g BaCl2-AD-4+5g Mg-3+8.3g KH-18+20g TiC-81； Tmax:620℃；Ein:375.4kJ；dE:12.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-4kJ；Energy gain:3.2；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 254kJ/mol。

Pond #4062-012810WFJL2:20g TiC#81+5g Mg#3；Tmax:618℃；Ein:395.7kJ；dE: 6.31kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4064-012810WFJL4:12g TiC#81+3g NaH#5+1g NaOH#2；Tmax:532℃；Ein: 202.8kJ；dE:3.69kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4065-012810WFGH1:20g TiC#81+8.3g KH#18(12rpm)；Tmax:551℃；Ein: 368.2kJ；dE:4.21kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #250-012810WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+5g Mg-3+8.3g KH-18+20g TiC-81；Tmax: 577℃；Ein:353.7kJ；dE:13.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-3kJ；Energy gain:4.6；Energy/mole oxygen agent:274kJ/ mol。

Pond #4056-012710WFGH1:20g TiC#77+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3(12rpm)；Tmax:537℃； Ein:356.1kJ；dE:10.04kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #246-012710WFRC3:7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+5g Mg-3+8.3g KH-18+20g YC2-4； Tmax:561℃；Ein:331.6kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.5kJ；Energy gain:2；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 220kJ/mol。

Pond #4047-012610WFGH1:20g TiC#77+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3(6rpm)；Tmax:567℃；Ein: 394.3kJ；dE:7.52kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4049-012610WFGH3:12g TiC#78+3g Mg#3+4.98g KH#17+2.2g KCl#1；Tmax: 485℃；Ein:214.0kJ；dE:4.56kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4050-012610WFGH4:20g TiC77+5g Mg#3+5g NaH#5+5g Pt/Ti+0.009mol H2； Tmax:547℃；Ein:273.1kJ；dE:6.40kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.30kJ；Energy gain:4.92.

Pond #4051-012610WFGH5:20g TiC77+5g MgH2#3+8.3g KH#18+5g Pt/Ti；Tmax:510 ℃；Ein:297.6kJ；dE:11.44kJ；Theoretical energy:-7.14kJ；Energy gain:1.60.

Pond #242-012610WFRC3:5g NaH-4+5g Mg-3+20g TiC-81 (new lot #, in 500 DEG C of dryings)； Tmax:544℃；Ein:330.4kJ；dE:7.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

012510KAWFC2#1538；1.5"HDC；20g TiC#78+5.0g Mg+5.0g NaH+2.1g LiCl；Tmax: 548℃；Ein:338kJ；；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:1.82kJ；Energy gain:6.0.

012210KAWFC3#1537；1.5"HDC；20g TiC#79+5.0g Mg+3.7g KCl+2.1g LiCl+1.59g LiH；Tmax:508℃；Ein:316kJ；dE:4kJ.

Pond #4035-012510WFJL2:20g TiC#78+5g Mg#3+8.3g KH#17+5g Pt/Ti；Tmax:505 ℃；Ein:320.3kJ；dE:6.50kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.2kJ；Energy gain:2.

Pond #4038-012510WFGH1:20g TiC78+5g NaH#5+5g Mg#3(1rpm)；Tmax:547℃；Ein: 358.8kJ；dE:8.62kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4041-012510WFGH4:20g TiC78+5g MgH2#3+5g NaH#5+5g Pt/Ti；Tmax:670℃； Ein:391.4kJ；dE:10.98kJ；Theoretical energy:-7.14kJ；Energy gain:1.54.

Pond #4042-012510WFGH5:20g TiC78+5g Mg#3+5g NaH#5+5g Pt/Ti；Tmax:594℃； Ein:337.0kJ；dE:7.73kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.27kJ；Energy gain:2.36.

Pond #238-012510WFRC3:2.13g LiCl-1+8.3g KH-17+5g Mg-3+20g TiC-80 (new crowd Number)；Tmax:550℃；Ein:326.5kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:-3kJ；Energy gain:3.3；Energy/moles Agent:200kJ/mol.

Pond #4028-012210WFJL4:6g Pd/C#2+3g Mg#3+3g NaH#5；TSC:375—425℃；Tmax: 501℃；Ein:182.5kJ；dE:8.57kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4030-012210WFGH2:12g TiC78+3g Mg#3+4.98g KH#17+1.3g LiCl#1；Tmax: 486℃；Ein:179.1kJ；dE:5.23kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.86kJ；Energy gain:2.81.

Pond #4016-012110WFJL1:20g TiC#80+5g Mg#3+8.3g KH#17+2.13g LiCl#1；Tmax: 484℃；Ein:269.6kJ；dE:8.45kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.05kJ；Energy gain:2.77.

Pond #4017-012110WFJL2:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+10.4g BaCl2-SD-5； Tmax:529℃；Ein:323.7kJ；dE:10.70kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.06kJ；Energy gain:2.64.

Pond #4023-012110WFGH4:20g TiC#80+5g Mg#3+1.66g LiH#1；Tmax:571℃；Ein: 309.0kJ；dE:5.91kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #1534-01210WFKA2 (1 " HDC):12g TiC#80+3g NaH#3+3g Mg#3+3g Pt/Ti；Tmax: 562℃；Ein:210.2kJ；dE:4.04kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #234-012110RCWF3:8.3g KH-17+5g Mg-3+20g TiC-80:Tmax:596℃；Ein: 365.6kJ；dE:5.2kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #4008-011910WFJL2:20g CrB2+5g Mg#3+5g NaH#5；Tmax:508℃；Ein:328.9kJ； dE:5.40kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3999-011910JLWF1:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+2.13g LiCl#1；Tmax: 478℃；Ein:255.2kJ；dE:9.72kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.05kJ；Energy gain:3.19.

Pond #224-011910WFRC1:3g NaH-5+3g Mg-3+12g CrB2-1；Tmax:533℃；Ein: 241.4kJ；dE:6.9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3994-011810JLWF4:20g TiC#74+5g Mg#3+8.3g KH#17；Tmax:489℃；Ein: 630.9kJ；dE:5.78kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3997-011810WFGH4:20g TiC#74+8.3g KH+5.42g MgH2；Tmax:748℃；Ein: 466.0kJ；dE:13.07kJ；Theoretical energy:-7.05kJ；Energy gain:1.85.

Pond #3998-011810WFGH5:20g TiC74+5g NaH#3+5g Ca；Tmax:550℃；Ein:307.2kJ； dE:11.68kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.62kJ；Energy gain:1.76.

Pond #220-011810WFRC1:3g NaH-5+Ca-1+TiC-76；Tmax:533℃；Ein:214kJ；dE: 9.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.3kJ；Energy gain:2.3.

Pond #3967-011410JLWF1:20g TiC#74+2.5g Mg#1+2.5g NaH#3；Tmax:566℃；Ein: 318.2kJ；dE:5.99kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3969-011310JLWF3:12g TiC#74+2g Mg#1+3.32g KH#17；Tmax:513℃；Ein: 243.6kJ；dE:5.84kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3970-011310JLWF4:12g TiC#73+1.5g Mg#1+1.5g NaH#3；Tmax:498℃；Ein: 302.2kJ；dE:4.67kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3964-011210GHWF3:12g TiC#74+2g Mg#1+3.32g KH#17；Tmax:512℃；Ein: 212.1kJ；dE:4.08kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3965-011210GHWF4:20g TiC#68+8.3g KH#16+5g Mg#2+10.4g BaCl2-SD-4； Tmax:539℃；Ein:286.0kJ；dE:10.41kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.06kJ；Energy gain:2.56.

Pond #3966-011210GHWF5:20g TiC#68+8.3g KH#16+5g Mg#2+12.4g SrBr2-AD-3； Tmax:517℃；Ein:300.6kJ；dE:12.66kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.72kJ；Energy gain:1.88.

Pond #3959-011210JLWF2:20g TiC#73+8.3g KH#17+0.35g Li#2；Tmax:542℃；Ein: 342.5kJ；dE:6.48kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.65kJ；Energy gain:3.92.

Pond #3961-011210JLWF4:12g TiC#74+3g Mg#1+3g NaH#3Tmax:523℃；Ein: 208.7kJ；dE:5.04kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #204-011210RCWF1:3g NaH-3+12g TiC-75 (new lot number H11U005)；Tmax:525℃；Ein: 209.1kJ；dE:5.1kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #207-011210RCWF4:3g NaH-3+3g Mg-1+12g TiC-73 (new lot number G06U055)；Tmax: 520℃；Ein:246.2kJ；dE:4.0kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3949-011110JLWF1:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+10.4g BaCl2-SD-4； Tmax:475℃；Ein:246.0kJ；dE:8.96kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.06kJ；Energy gain:2.21.

Pond #3950-011110JLWF2:20g TiC#68+5g Mg#2+8.3g KH#16+12.4g SrBr2-AD-3； Tmax:458℃；Ein:253.8kJ；dE:13.96kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.71kJ；Energy gain:2.07.

Pond #3954-011110GHWF2:12g TiC#73+3g Mg#1+1g KH#17；Tmax:512℃；Ein: 188.1kJ；dE:4.56kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #1520-011110KAWF2 (1 " HDC):8g Pd/C#1+3g MgH2#2+1g Rb#1；Tmax:666℃； Ein:267.0kJ；dE:4.40kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.17kJ；Energy gain:25.9.

Pond #200-011110RCWF1:7.42g SrBr2-AD-3+4.98g KH-17+3g Mg-1+12g TiC-72； Tmax:525℃；Ein:207.0kJ；dE:13.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.0kJ；Energy gain:3.3；Energy/moles Agent:439.6kJ/mol.

Pond #3940-010810JLWF1:20g TiC#72+5g Mg#1；Tmax:607℃；Ein:327.5kJ；dE: 5.33kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3941-010810JLWF2:20g TiC#72+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#3+8.3g KH#17；Tmax:551 ℃；Ein:374.5kJ；dE:7.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3942-010810JLWF3:12g Pd/C#1+3g Mg#1+3g NaH#3；Tmax:526℃；Ein: 223.4kJ；dE:11.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3943-010810JLWF4:12g Pd/C 31+3g NaH#3；Tmax:533℃；Ein:200.4kJ；dE: 5.14kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3944-010810GHWF1:8g Pd/C#1+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#17；Tmax:511℃；Ein: 195.1kJ；dE:9.72kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3945-010810GHWF2:8g Pd/C#1+4.98g KH#17；Tmax:512℃；Ein:192.1kJ；dE: 7.58kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3946-010810GHWF3:8g Pd/C#1+3g MgH2#2+4.98g K#1；Tmax:531℃；Ein: 196.0kJ；dE:11.36kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.56kJ；Energy gain:4.44.

Pond #3947-010810GHWF4:20g TiC#72+8.3g KH#17+1g Li#2；Tmax:665℃；Ein: 368.4kJ；dE:8.15kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.68kJ；Energy gain:1.74.

Pond #196-010810RCWF1:1.5g NaH-3+1.5g Mg-1+12g TiC-71；Tmax:552℃；Ein: 229.0kJ；dE:7.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #197-010810RCWF2:3g Mg-1+3g NaH-4+12g TiC-71；Tmax:563℃；Ein: 227.0kJ；dE:5.5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3932-010710JLWF2:20g TiC#71+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#17 (carry sample after the completion of experiment Supply GW to regenerate)；Tmax:547℃；Ein:353.9kJ；dE:8.03kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3938-010710GHWF4:20g TiC71+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#3+0.04mol H2；Tmax:624℃； Ein:366.9kJ；dE:8.94kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.51kJ；Energy gain:2.55.

Pond #1517-010710KAWF3 (1.5 " HDC):20g TiC71+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+147psig H2； TSC:260–425℃；Tmax:514℃；Ein:371.7kJ；dE:14.49kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.70kJ；Energy gain: 3.10。

Pond #192-010710RCWF1:3g NaH-3+4.98g KH-17+12g TiC-71；Tmax:530℃；Ein: 232.1kJ；dE:5.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #194-010710RCWF3:7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH-17+20g TiC-71； Tmax:539℃；Ein:312.0kJ；dE:12.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.5kJ；Energy gain:2.3；Energy/moles Agent:250kJ/mol.

Pond #3922-010610JLWF1:20g TiC#70+5g Mg#1+1.66g LiH#1；TSC:475–550℃； Tmax:576℃；Ein:316.3kJ；dE:10.41kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3924-010610JLWF3:12g TiC#71+3g MgH2#2+2g Cs；Tmax:541℃；Ein: 254.9kJ；dE:5.35kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.50kJ；Energy gain:10.74.

Pond #3925-010610JLWF4:12g TiC#71+3g MgH2#2+2g Rb；Tmax:538℃；Ein: 207.4kJ；dE:2.63kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.55kJ；Energy gain:4.81.

Pond #3927-010610GHWF2:12g TiC70+0.1g Li#2+4.98g KH#14；Tmax:515℃；Ein: 196.0kJ；dE:4.45kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.47kJ；Energy gain:9.47.

Pond #1515-010610KAWF3 (1 " HDC):12g TiC70+1.5g NaH#3+3g Mg#1；Tmax:529℃； Ein:226.9kJ；dE:3.70kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #188-010610RCWF1:2g Mg-1+3.32g KH-14+12g TiC-70；TSC:Nothing；Tmax:524℃； Ein:210.0kJ；dE:8.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #189-010610RCWF2:3g Mg-1+3g NaH-3+12g TiC-70；Tmax:529℃；Ein: 208.0kJ；dE:5.9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #190-010610RCWF3:2.5g Mg-1+2.5g NaH-3+20g TiC-71；Tmax:556℃；Ein: 328.1kJ；dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3914-010510JLWF2:20g TiC#69+2g NaH-3；Tmax:536℃；Ein:336.0kJ；dE: 4.52kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3915-010510JLWF3:12g TiC#69+3g MgH2#2+3g NaH#3；Tmax:524℃；Ein: 238.0kJ；dE:6.23kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.41kJ；Energy gain:4.41.

Pond #3917-010510GHWF1:12g TiC69+3g MgH2#2+4.98g KH#14；Tmax:513℃；Ein: 221.1kJ；dE:4.49kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3920-010510GHWF4:20g TiC69+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+10.4g BaCl2-SD-2； Tmax:734℃；Ein:451.3kJ；dE:18.43kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.37kJ；Energy gain:2.89.

Pond #1511-010510KAWF2 (1.5 " HDC):20g TiC70+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+147psig H2； Tmax:557℃；Ein:332.5kJ；dE:20.37kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.70kJ；Energy gain:4.33.

Pond #184-010510RCWF1:3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-14+12g TiC-70；Tmax:523℃；Ein: 225.0kJ；dE:8.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #185-010510RCWF2:2g Mg-1+3.32g KH-14+12g TiC-70；Tmax:523℃；Ein: 199.1kJ；dE:5.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #186-010510RCWF3:6g Mg-1+6g NaH-3+24g TiC-70；Tmax:521℃；Ein: 312.0kJ；dE:11.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #187-010510RCWF4:1.5g Mg-1+1.5g NaH-3+12g TiC-70；Tmax:516℃；Ein: 221.0kJ；dE:5.9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3904-010410JLWF1:20g TiC#69+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH#14+8.75gBaF2-AD-1； Tmax:535℃；Ein:307.9kJ；dE:10.36kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3905-010410JLWF2:20g TiC#69+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH#14+10.4g BaCl2-SD-2； Tmax:537℃；Ein:337.9kJ；dE:15.19kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.06kJ；Energy gain:3.74.

Pond #3906-010410JLWF3:12g TiC#60+1g Mg-1+3g NaH-3；Tmax:510℃；Ein: 240.1kJ；dE:4.25kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3911-010410GHWF4:20g TiC60+5g NaH#3+0.35g Li#1；Tmax:545℃；Ein: 331.3kJ；dE:6.17kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.71kJ；Energy gain:3.61.

Pond #3912-010410GHWF5:20g TiC60+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14；Tmax:577℃；Ein: 325.1kJ；dE:8.35kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #1509-010410KAWF2 (1.5 " HDC):20g TiC69+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#14+10.4g BaCl2-SD-2；Tmax:436℃；Ein:227.6kJ；dE:12.34kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.06kJ；Energy gain:3.04.

Pond #181-010410RCWF2:6.24g BaCl2-SD-2+3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-14+12g TiC-60； Tmax:550℃；Ein:208.0kJ；dE:7.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.4kJ；Energy gain:3；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 243kJ/mol。

Pond #182-010410RCWF3:4.76g SrCl2-AD-1+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH-14+20g TiC-60； Tmax:537℃；Ein:310.0kJ；dE:11.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.3kJ；Energy gain:3.5；Energy/moles Agent:386.3kJ/mol.

Pond #183-010410RCWF4:8.91g BaBr2-AD-1+3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-14+12g TiC-60； Tmax:529℃；Ein:226.0kJ；dE:5.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.8kJ；Energy gain:2；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 186.5kJ/mol。

Pond #3891-123009GHWF2:12g TiC59+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#14+1.3g LiCl-AD-1； Tmax:525℃；Ein:194.1kJ；dE:8.60kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.86kJ；Energy gain:4.63.

Pond #3892-123009GHWF3:12g TiC59+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#14+2.6g LiBr-2；Tmax: 513℃；Ein:204.0kJ；dE:6.69kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.25kJ；Energy gain:2.97.

Pond #3894-123009GHWF5:20g TiC59+3g NaH#3；Tmax:557℃；Ein:335.3kJ；dE: 4.12kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

123009KAWF2(1.5"HDC):7.95g SrCl2-AD-10+8.3g KH#14+5g Mg#1+20g TiC#59； Tmax:532℃；Ein:308.1kJ；dE:10.28kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.4kJ；Energy gain:1.9.

Pond #172-123009RCWF1:4.98KH-11+3g Mg-1+12g Cr3C2-1；Tmax:537℃；Ein: 240.0kJ；dE:5.1kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3878-122909JLWF1:20g TiC#58+5g NaH-3,Ein:369.3kJ,dE:4.3kJ,Tmax:581 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3879-122909JLWF2:20g TiC#58+8.3g KH#14+0.35g Li#1,Ein:353.7kJ,dE: 8.9kJ,Tmax:552 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.6kJ, energy gain:5.6.

Pond #3880-122909JLWF3:12g TiC#58+3g NaH-3,Ein:240.3kJ,dE:4.5kJ,Tmax:529 DEG C theoretical energies:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3882-122909GHWF2:12g TiC58+4.98g KH#11+0.21g Li#1；Tmax:514℃；Ein: 187.1kJ；dE:4.80kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.98kJ；Energy gain:4.88.

Pond #3883-122909GHWF3:12g TiC58+3g Mg#1+4.98g KH#11+0.21g Li#1；Tmax:501 ℃；Ein:203.0kJ；dE:6.59kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.98kJ；Energy gain:6.72.

Pond #3884-122909GHWF4:20g TiC58+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#3+0.35g Li#1；Tmax:590℃； Ein:318.1kJ；dE:11.08kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.71kJ；Energy gain:6.48.

Pond #3885-122909GHWF5:20g TiC58+5g MgH2#1+8.3g K-1；Tmax:514℃；Ein: 287.1kJ；dE:15.12kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.93kJ；Energy gain:2.18.

122909KAWF2(1.5"HDC):5g NaH#3+5g Mg#1+20g TiC#58；Tmax:560℃；Ein: 346.0kJ；dE:7.17kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

122909KAWF3(1.5"HDC):2.5g NaH#3+2.5g Mg#1+20g TiC#58；Tmax:507℃；Ein: 348.5kJ；dE:4.27kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3871-122809JLWF2:(experiment is completed 20g TiC#67+5g Mg-1+8.3g KH#11+0.35g Li-1 Afterwards sample is supplied to GW to regenerate)；Tmax:564℃；Ein:356.5kJ；dE:14.76kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.65kJ；Energy Flow gain:8.92.

Pond #3872-122809JLWF3:12g TiC#67+3g Mg-1+3g NaH-3；Tmax:524℃；Ein: 239.1kJ；dE:10.26kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3873-122809JLWF4:5g NaH-3+0.35g Li-1；TSC:Tmax:533℃；Ein:215.1kJ； dE:3.04kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3874-122809GHWF2:12g TiC67+3g NaH#3+0.21g Li#1；Tmax:527℃；Ein: 207.0kJ；dE:2.56kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.03kJ；Energy gain:2.50.

Pond #3875-122809GHWF3:12g TiC67+3g Mg#1+3g NaH#3+0.21g Li#1Tmax:506℃； Ein:210.1kJ；dE:7.47kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.03kJ；Energy gain:7.28.

Pond #3876-122809GHWF4:20g AC#14+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#11；Tmax:764℃；Ein: 459.2kJ；dE:23.33kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3877-122809GHWF5:20g TiC67+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#11+147psig H2；TSC:380- 470℃；Tmax:535℃；Ein:313.5kJ；dE:19.43kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.70kJ；Energy gain:4.14.

Pond #164-122809RCWF1:3g NaH-3+12g TiC-67；Tmax:533℃；Ein:218.0kJ；dE: 2.6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #165-122809RCWF2:3.32g KH-11+8g AC-14；；Tmax:530℃；Ein:195.0kJ；dE: 4.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.3kJ；Energy gain:13.7.

Pond #166-122809RCWF3:6g NaH-3+6g Mg-1+24g TiC-67；Tmax:535℃；Ein:312kJ； dE:14.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3865-122409JLWF3:1.5g AC#14+3g NaH#2；Tmax:529℃；Ein:232.0kJ；dE: 2.26kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3867-122409GHWF2:12g CrB2+3g NaH#2；Tmax:507℃；Ein:198.1kJ；dE: 2.71kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3870-122409GHWF5:20g TiC67+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#11+5g MgH2；Tmax:507℃； Ein:276.5kJ；dE:16.64kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.54kJ；Energy gain:2.54.

Pond #160-122409RCWF1:3g NaH-2+12g CrB2；Tmax:515℃；Ein:217.0kJ；dE:2.2kJ； Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #162-122409RCWF3:6g NaH-2+24g TiC-67；Tmax:554℃；Ein:328kJ；dE:4.9kJ； Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #163-122409RCWF4:3g Mg-1+4.98g KH-11+3g MgH2-1+12g TiC-67；Tmax:512 ℃；Ein:214.0kJ；dE:9.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.9kJ；Energy gain:2.3.

Pond #3854-122309JLWF1:20g TiC#67+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#12；Tmax:540℃；Ein: 353.1kJ；dE:8.78kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3856-122309JLWF3:3g AC#14+3g NaH#2；Tmax:527℃；Ein:235.2kJ；dE: 4.02kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3863-122309GHWF5:20g TiC66+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#15+14.85g BaBr2-AD-4； Tmax:504℃；Ein:273.3kJ；dE:13.79kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.86kJ；Energy gain:2.84.

Pond #157-122309RCWF2:Chemical substance+2g Mg-1+3.32g KH-15s of the 8g from 121509C2Reg； Tmax:534℃；Ein:206.0kJ；dE:4.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.3kJ；Energy gain:15.3.

Pond #158-122309RCWF3:2g Mg-1+3.32g KH-15+8g CB-1；Tmax:569℃；Ein:334kJ； dE:4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #159-122309RCWF4:3g Mg-1+3g NaH-2+12g CrB2；Tmax:523℃；Ein:233.1kJ； dE:4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3845-122209JLWF1:20g TiC#66+5g Mg#1+8.3g KH#15+0.35g Li；Tmax:540 ℃；Ein:304.9kJ；dE:12.04kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.65kJ；Gain:7.28.

Pond #3846-122209JLWF2:8g YC2#4+2g Mg#1+3.32g KH#15+4.8g CaI2-AD-1；Tmax: 562℃；Ein:221.2kJ；dE:5.70kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.08kJ；Energy gain:1.85.

Pond #3847-122209JLWF3:8g AC#13+2g NaH；Tmax:537℃；Ein:254.5kJ；dE:5.24kJ； Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3848-122209JLWF4:8g AC#13+3.32g KH#15；Tmax:534℃；Ein:211.3.1kJ；dE: 6.16kJ；Theoretical energy:-.79kJ；Energy gain:7.80.

Pond #3852-122209GHWF4:20g TiC66+5g Mg#1+5g NaH#2+14.85g BaBr2-AD-4 (are used for NMR is tested)；Tmax:588℃；Ein:318.3kJ；dE:13.38kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.55kJ；Energy gain:8.63.

Pond #153-122209RCWF2:4.98g KH-15+3g Mg+12g TiC-66；Tmax:523℃；Ein: 197.0kJ；dE:6.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #150-122109RCWF3:2g Mg-1+2g NaH-1+8g CB-1；Tmax:645℃；Ein:372kJ；dE: 5.6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #154-122209RCWF3:6g Mg-1+6g NaH-2+24g TiC-66；Tmax:573℃；Ein:334kJ； dE:16.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

122109KAWFC2#1491；1.5"HDC；5.0g NaH+20.0g TiC#66；Tmax:563℃；Ein:338kJ； dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

122109KAWFC3#1490；1.5"HDC；5.0g NaH+20.0g TiC#66；Tmax:556℃；Ein:338kJ； dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #147-121809RCWF4:4.98g K+3g MgH2+12g TiC-65；Tmax:517℃；Ein:223.0kJ； dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.16kJ；Energy gain:1.92.

Pond #140-121709RCWF1:2g Mg+3.32g KH-13+8g 112409C1Regen1 at 575 DEG C (by taking out Vacuum AC/Mg/KH reaction system 96 hours and regenerate)；Tmax:524℃；Ein:211.1kJ；dE:5.2kJ；Theoretical energy Amount:-0.3kJ；Energy gain:17.3.

Pond #141-121709RCWF2:2g Mg+3.32g KH-13+8g 112409C2Regen1 at 575 DEG C (by taking out Vacuum AC/Mg/KH reaction system 96 hours and regenerate)；Tmax:530℃；Ein:206.0kJ；dE:4.6kJ；Theoretical energy Amount:-0.3kJ；Energy gain:15.3.

Pond #3827-121709JLWF1:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+5g MgH2+2.12g LiCl； Tmax:518℃；Ein:710.5kJ；dE:16.73kJ；Theoretical energy:-7.49kJ；Energy gain:2.23.

Pond #3828-121709JLWF2:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+2.12g LiCl；Tmax:380℃； Ein:679.7kJ；dE:9.60kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.04kJ；Energy gain:3.16.

Pond #3829-121709JLWF3:8g AC#13+2g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+0.85g LiCl； Tmax:535℃；Ein:230.3kJ；dE:14.66kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.00kJ；Energy gain:4.89.

Pond #3830-121709JLWF4:8g AC#13+2g Mg+3.32g KH#13+0.85g LiCl；Tmax:591℃； Ein:246.8kJ；dE:10.33kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.22kJ；Energy gain:8.49.

Pond #3831-121709GHWF1:12g TiC65+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+1.26g LiCl； Tmax:482℃；Ein:178.2kJ；dE:8.87kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.61kJ；Energy gain:2.46.

Pond #3832-121709GHWF2:12g TiC65+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1g MgH2+1.26g LiCl； Tmax:496℃；Ein:177.1kJ；dE:8.95kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.11kJ；Energy gain:2.88.

Pond #3833-121709GHWF3:12g TiC65+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1.26g LiCl；Tmax:491 ℃；Ein:184.0kJ；dE:7.53kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.80kJ；Energy gain:4.18.

Pond #3834-121709GHWF4:20g TiC65+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+5g MgH2+2.12g LiCl； Tmax:451℃；Ein:466.8kJ；dE:16.08kJ；Theoretical energy:-8.39kJ；Energy gain:1.92.

Pond #3835-121709GHWF5:20g TiC65+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15+2.12g LiCl；Tmax:430℃； Ein:444.0kJ；dE:11.80kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.03kJ；Energy gain:3.89.

Pond #3862-121809JLWF4:12g TiC+3g NaH；Tmax:528℃；Ein:202.3kJ；dE:5.63kJ； Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

121709KAWFC1#1486；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Ca+20.0g YC2+3.9g CaF2；Tmax: 720℃；Ein:459kJ；dE:9kJ；Theoretical energy:6.85kJ；Energy gain about 1.3.

121709KAWFC2#1485；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+13.9g MgI2；Tmax: 552℃；Ein:308kJ；dE:19kJ；Theoretical energy:12.6kJ；Energy gain about 1.5.

121709KAWFC3#1484；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+9.2g MgBr2；TSC: 260-390℃；Tmax:536℃；Ein:312kJ；dE:16kJ；Theoretical energy:11.6kJ；Energy gain about 1.38.

121609KAWFC1#1483；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#13+5.0g Mg+5.0g MgH2+20.0g TiC； Tmax:563℃；Ein:338kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

121609KAWFC2#1482；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1； TSC:340-460℃；Tmax:589℃；Ein:339kJ；dE:21kJ；Theoretical energy:6.72kJ；Energy gain about 3.1.

121609KAWFC3#1481；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1； TSC:320-460℃；Tmax:587℃；Ein:339kJ；dE:19kJ；Theoretical energy:6.72kJ；Energy gain about 2.82.

Pond #3817-121509GHWF5:20g TiC63+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13；Tmax:451℃；Ein: 499.8kJ；dE:5.49kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3818-121609JLWF1:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2+4.35g LiBr； Tmax:519℃；Ein:686.4kJ；dE:19.65kJ；Theoretical energy:-7.74kJ；Energy gain:2.54.

Pond #3819-121609JLWF2:20g AC#13+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+4.35g LiBr；Tmax:522℃； Ein:886.5kJ；dE:14.09kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.77kJ；Energy gain:3.73.

Pond #3820-121609JLWF3:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+2.61g LiBr-1； Tmax:524℃；Ein:223.8kJ；dE:12.28kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.10kJ；Energy gain:3.97.

Pond #3821-121609JLWF4:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2.61g LiBr-1；Tmax:536 ℃；Ein:197.5kJ；dE:13.64kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.27kJ；Energy gain:6.02.

Pond #3822-121609GHWF1:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2+2.61g LiBr-1； Tmax:538℃；Ein:233.1kJ；dE:10.56kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.06kJ；Energy gain:2.60.

Pond #3823-121609GHWF2:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1g MgH2+2.61g LiBr-1； Tmax:568℃；Ein:272.6kJ；dE:7.07kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.57kJ；Energy gain:1.98.

Pond #3824-121609GHWF3:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2.61g LiBr-1；Tmax:545 ℃；Ein:225.1kJ；dE:5.99kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.26kJ；Energy gain:2.65.

Pond #3825-121609GHWF4:20g TiC64+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2+4.35g LiBr-1； Tmax:483℃；Ein:521.6kJ；dE:16.78kJ；Theoretical energy:-9.13kJ；Energy gain:1.84.

Pond #3826-121609GHWF5:20g TiC64+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+4.35g LiBr-1；Tmax:451 ℃；Ein:485.0kJ；dE:11.57kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.77kJ；Energy gain:3.07.

Pond #136-121609RCWF1:1g Mg+1g NaH+4g CB-1；Tmax:527℃；Ein:207.3kJ；dE: 4.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #137-121609RCWF2:1g Mg+1.66g KH-13+4g CB-1；Tmax:531℃；Ein:196.5kJ； dE:4.2kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #139-121609RCWF4:2g NaH+2g Mg+2g MgH2+12g TiC-64；Tmax:511℃；Ein: 220.1kJ；dE:5.6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3809-121509JLWF1:20g AC#11+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2；Tmax:521℃； Ein:733.7kJ；dE:17.62kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.46kJ；Energy gain:2.73.

Pond #3810-121509JLWF2:20g AC#11+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13；Tmax:523℃；Ein: 941.8kJ；dE:10.93kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3811-121509JLWF3:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2；Tmax:541℃； Ein:227.2kJ；dE:12.98kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.58kJ；Energy gain:5.02.

Pond #3812-121509JLWF4:8g AC#11+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13；Tmax:562℃；Ein: 215.5kJ；dE:12.61kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3813-121509GHWF1:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+2g MgH2；Tmax:543℃； Ein:238.1kJ；dE:7.80kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.60kJ；Energy gain:3.00.

Pond #3814-121509GHWF2:12g TiC64+3g Mg+3.32g KH#13+1g MgH2；Tmax:519℃； Ein:203.0kJ；dE:4.07kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.31kJ；Energy gain:3.11.

Pond #3816-121509GHWF4:20g TiC64+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+5g MgH2；Tmax:480℃； Ein:529.0kJ；dE:14.54kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.54kJ；Energy gain:2.22.

Pond #132-121509RCWF1:3g Mg+3g NaH+2.61g LiBr+12g TiC-64；Tmax:521℃；Ein: 199.3kJ；dE:8.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.3kJ；Energy gain:3.9；Energy/mole oxygen agent:296.4kJ/mol.

Pond #133-121509RCWF2:3g NaH+12g TiC-64；Tmax:524℃；Ein:191.4kJ；dE:5.8kJ； Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3799-121009GHWF5:20g AC+10g Mg+10g NaH；Tmax:536℃；Ein:691.4kJ；dE: 18.66kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3800-121409JLWF1:20g AC#11+5g Mg+5g NaH+5g MgH2；Tmax:506℃；Ein: 751.3kJ；dE:13.25kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.36kJ；Energy gain:5.61.

Pond #3801-121409JLWF2:20g AC#11+5g Mg+5g NaH；Tmax:504℃；Ein:748.9kJ；dE: 7.57kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3802-121409JLWF3:8g AC#11+3g Mg+2g NaH+2g MgH2；Tmax:532℃；Ein: 226.0kJ；dE:10.76kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.94kJ；Energy gain:11.42.

Pond #3803-121409JLWF4:8g AC#12+3g Mg+2g NaH；Tmax:551℃；Ein:201.6kJ；dE: 10.61kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3804-121409GHWF1:12g TiC64+3g Mg+2g NaH+2g MgH2；Tmax:517℃；Ein: 211.1kJ；dE:4.12kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3808-121409GHWF5:20g TiC63+5g Mg+5g NaH；Tmax:524℃；Ein:627.0kJ；dE: 6.56kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #128-121409RCWF1:2g Mg+2g NaH+8g AC-11；Tmax:533℃；Ein:204.1kJ；dE: 6.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #129-121409RCWF2:2g Mg+3.32g KH-13+8g AC-11；Tmax:530℃；Ein:184.5kJ； dE:9.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.3kJ；Energy gain:30.3.

Pond #3782-121009JLWF1:20g TiC#63+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15；Tmax:531℃；Ein: 751.5kJ；dE:8.94kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3781-120909GHWF5:20g TiC62+5g Mg+5g NaH；Tmax:537℃；Ein:663.9kJ；dE: 8.83kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3784-121009JLWF3:12g TiC#63+3g Mg+4.98g KH#15；Tmax:524℃；Ein: 235.7kJ；dE:5.71kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3785-121009JLWF4:12g TiC#63+3g Mg+4.98g KH#15；Tmax:537℃；Ein: 228.1kJ；dE:8.74kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3786-121009GHWF1:5g Mg+5g NaH；Tmax:505℃；Ein:214.1kJ；dE:4.38kJ；Reason By energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3790-121009GHWF5:20g TiC63+5g Mg+8.3g KH#15；Tmax:506℃；Ein: 528.2kJ；dE:10.07kJ；Theoretical energy:0.

Pond #122-121009RCWF3:4.98g KH-15+3g Mg+12g TiC-63；Tmax:527℃；Ein:203kJ； dE:0.6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #123-121009RCWF4:2.61g LiBr+4.98g KH-15+3g Mg+12g TiC-62；Tmax:522 ℃；Ein:233.1kJ；dE:5.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.3kJ；Energy gain:2.4.

121009KAWFC1#1471；1.5"HDC；8.3g KH#15+5.0g Mg+20.0g ACII#12；Tmax:579 ℃；Ein:331kJ；dE:17kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

121009KAWFC2#1470；1.5"HDC；4.65g KH#15+2.5g Mg+20.0g ACII#12；Tmax:573 ℃；Ein:323kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

121009KAWFC3#1469；1.5"HDC 4.65g KH#15+2.5g Mg+20.0g ACII#12；Tmax:567 ℃；Ein:323kJ；dE:16kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #3773-120909JLWF1:20g TiC#62+5g Mg+5g NaH；Tmax:511℃；Ein:726.1kJ； dE:10.67kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3774-120909JLWF2:20g TiC#62+5g Mg+5g NaH；Tmax:511℃；Ein:711.1kJ； dE:5.77kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3775-120909JLWF3:12g TiC#62+3g Mg+3g NaH；Tmax:515℃；Ein:227.2kJ； dE:5.98kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3776-120909JLWF4:12g TiC#62+3g Mg+3g NaH；Tmax:525℃；Ein:212.1kJ； dE:8.95kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3778-120909GHWF2:12g TiC62+3g Mg+3g NaH；Tmax:513℃；Ein:203.1kJ；dE: 4.82kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3780-120909GHWF4:20g TiC62+5g Mg+5g NaH；Tmax:535C；Ein:627.0kJ；dE: 7.75kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #116-120809RCWF1:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-62；Tmax:513℃；Ein:206kJ；dE: 6.6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #119-120809RCWF4:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-62；Tmax:508℃；Ein:229.1kJ；dE: 5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

120909KAWFC1#1468；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0gTiC#62；Tmax:522℃；Ein: 426kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

120909KAWFC2#1467；2"HDC 2.5g NaH+2.5g Mg+20.0gTiC#62；Tmax:475℃；Ein: 605kJ；dE:9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

120909KAWFC3#1466；2"HDC 2.5g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0gTiC#62；Tmax:475℃；Ein: 605kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

120709KAWFC1#1465；2"HDC 8.3g KH#13+5.0g Mg+20.0g ACII#8；Tmax:512℃； Ein:567kJ；dE:19kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

120709KAWFC2#1464；2"HDC 4.65g KH#13+5.0g Mg+20.0g ACII#8；Tmax:514℃； Ein:605kJ；dE:21kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

120709KAWFC3#1463；2"HDC 4.65g KH#13+2.5g Mg+20.0g ACII#8；Tmax:490℃； Ein:605kJ；dE:18kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #3767-120709JLWF4:12g TiC#57+3g Mg+3g NaH；Tmax:522℃；Ein:197.2kJ； dE:10.6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3770-120709GHWF3:12g TiC57+5g Ca+8.3g KH#13+3.57g KBr；Tmax:485℃； Ein:175.0kJ；dE:7.35kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.11kJ；Energy gain:1.79.

Pond #3771-120709GHWF4:20g TiC57+5g Mg+8.3g KH#13+12.4g SrBr2-AD-2；Tmax: 718℃；Ein:996.8kJ；dE:15.75kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.72kJ；Energy gain:2.34.

Pond #113-120709RCWF2:6g NaH+6g Mg+24g TiC-56；Tmax:533℃；Ein:638kJ；dE: 17.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:Infinitely great.

Pond #114-120709RCWF3:2.34g CaF2-AD-1+4.98g KH+5g Ca+12g TiC-56；Tmax:717 ℃；Ein:274kJ；dE:8.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.1kJ；Energy gain:2.

Pond #115-120709RCWF4:3g NaH+2.6g LiBr+3g Mg+12g TiC-56；Tmax:424℃；Ein: 156kJ；dE:5.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.1kJ；Energy gain:5.

Pond #110-120409RCWF2:8.91g BaBr2-AD-4+0.96g KH+3g Mg+12g TiC-56；Tmax: 433℃；Ein:143kJ；dE:4.9kJ theoretical energy:-1.2kJ；Energy gain:4.1；Energy/mole oxygen agent:163.2kJ/ mol。

Pond #108-120309RCWF4:8g AC2-8+3.32g KH-12+0.4g Mg；Tmax:399℃；Ein:149kJ； dE:3.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.3kJ；Energy gain:13.

120409KAWFC1#1462；1"HDC；3.0g NaH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC#57；Tmax:567℃；Ein: 214kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

120409KAWFC2#1461；2"HDC；8.3g KH#13+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#57+10.4g BaCl2- AD-2；Tmax:489℃；Ein:604kJ；dE:18kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.06kJ；Energy gain:4.4.

120409KAWFC3#1460；2"HDC；8.3g KH#13+8.3g Ca+20.0g TiC#57+3.9g CaF2-AD- 1；Tmax:440℃；Ein:604kJ；dE:14kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.85kJ；Energy gain:2.

120309KAWFC2#1458；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g AC+10.78g FeBr2；TSC: 350—400℃；Tmax:496℃；Ein:605kJ；dE:35kJ；Theoretical energy:- 21.71kJ, energy gain:1.6.

120309KAWFC3#1457；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g AC；Tmax:498℃；Ein: 605kJ；dE:15kJ；Theoretical energy:-0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

120209KAWFC2#1455；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+0.35g Li+20.0g TiC；Tmax:496 ℃；Ein:605kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.64kJ；Energy gain:6.7.

120209KAWFC3#1454；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+0.35g Li+20.0g TiC；Tmax:475 ℃；Ein:605kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.71kJ；Energy gain:5.8.

Pond #3755-120309JLWF3:TiC#57+3g MgH2+4.98g KH#13；Tmax:426℃；Ein: 164.1kJ；dE:7.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.9kJ；Energy gain:2.0.

Pond #3756-120309JLWF4:12g TiC#57+5g Ca+3g MgH2+4.98g KH#13；TSC:About 350- 450℃；Tmax:490℃；Ein:141.9kJ；dE:19.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-12.8kJ；Energy gain:1.5.

Pond #3757-120309GHWF1:12g TiC56+3g MgH2+4.98g K；Tmax:405℃；Ein:150.0kJ； dE:4.30kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.55kJ；Energy gain:1.69.

Pond #3759-120309GHWF3:12g TiC56+3g Mg+3g Ti+3g NaH；Tmax:456℃；Ein: 149.0kJ；dE:6.68kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #105-120309RCWF1:8g AC2-8+3.32g KH-12+0.8g Mg,Tmax:408℃；Ein:142kJ； dE:2.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.6kJ；Energy gain:4.7.

Pond #106-120309RCWF2:3g Mg+3g NaH；Tmax:498℃；Ein:181kJ；dE:2.9kJ.

Pond #3720-120209JLWF1 (Regen Exp, Part 1):20g TiC#53+2g Ca+5g Mg+5g NaH； Tmax:367℃；Ein:394.7kJ；dE:9.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.4kJ；Energy gain:2.7.

Pond #3747-120209JLWF4:12g TiC#56+5g Ca+3g MgH2+3g NaH；TSC:About 380-475 ℃；Tmax:499℃；Ein:141.7kJ；dE:19.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-12.9kJ；Energy gain:1.5.

Pond #3750-120209GHWF3:8g AC8+2g Mg+3.32g KH#12；Tmax:633℃；Ein:309.1kJ； dE:7.57kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3752-120209GHWF5:20g TiC56+2.5g Mg+7.5g KH#12；Tmax:373℃；Ein: 428.4kJ；dE:7.05kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #101-120209RCWF1:8g AC2-8+1.99g KH-12+1.2g Mg；Tmax:406℃；Ein:141kJ； dE:3.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.3kJ；Energy gain:10.7.

Pond #102-120209RCWF2:8g AC2-8+2.66g KH-12+1.6g Mg；Tmax:408℃；Ein:131kJ； dE:2.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.4kJ；Energy gain:5.5.

Pond #104-120209RCWF4:8g AC2-8+3.32g KH-12+1.2g Mg；Tmax:417℃；Ein:137kJ； dE:4.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-0.6kJ；Energy gain:8.2.

Pond #3737-120109JLWF2:20g TiC#55+5g Mg+2.95g Ni+5g NaH；Tmax:369℃；Ein: 400.3kJ；dE:4.9kJ；Theoretical energy:- 2.6kJ (Mg2Ni intermetallic compounds)；Energy gain:1.9.

Pond #3738-120109JLWF3:12g TiC#55+3g Mg+3g Sr+3g NaH；Tmax:431℃；Ein: 160.3kJ；dE:10.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.3kJ；Energy gain:4.5.

Pond #3739-120109JLWF4:12g TiC#55+3g Mg+3g Ba+3g NaH；Tmax:432℃；Ein: 150.4kJ；dE:5.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.5kJ；Energy gain:3.7.

Pond #3740-120109GHWF1:12g TiC55+3g Mg+3g Eu+3g NaH；Tmax:464℃；Ein: 180.1kJ；dE:5.62kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.40kJ；Energy gain:4.00.

Pond #3741-120109GHWF2:12g TiC55+3g Mg+3g Gd+3g NaH；Tmax:481℃；Ein: 172.0kJ；dE:6.76kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.44kJ；Energy gain:4.69.

Pond #3742-120109GHWF3:12g TiC55+3g Mg+3g La+3g NaH；Tmax:445℃；Ein: 169.0kJ；dE:3.28kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.91kJ；Energy gain:1.71.

Pond #3744-120109GHWF5:20g TiC55+5g Mg+1.6g KH#12+14.85g BaBr2-AD-4； Tmax:385℃；Ein:385.5kJ；dE:4.60kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.94kJ；Energy gain:2.37.

Pond #3745-120209JLWF2:20g TiC#56+5g Mg+8.3g KH#12+6.2g SrBr2-AD-2+3.98g SrCl2-AD-1；Tmax:366℃；Ein:408.1kJ；dE:11.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.1kJ；Energy gain:1.9.

Pond #3746-120209JLWF3:12g TiC#56+3g MgH2+3g NaH；Tmax:415℃；Ein:160.8kJ； dE:6.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.4kJ；Energy gain:4.6.

Pond #98-120109RCWF2:8g AC2-9 (dry 4 days)+3.32g KH-12+2g Mg at 300 DEG C；Tmax:412 ℃；Ein:127kJ；dE:8.4kJ (21kJ for corresponding to 5x).

Pond #99-120109RCWF3:6g CaBr2-AD-3+4.98g KH-12+4.98g Ca+12g TiC-55；TSC: 100℃(321–421℃)；Tmax:464℃；Ein:155kJ；dE:9.9kJ；Theoretical energy:-7.2kJ；Energy gain:1.4； Energy/mole oxygen agent:329.7kJ/mol.

Pond #100-120109RCWF4:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-55；Tmax:497℃；Ein:192kJ；dE: 6.3kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

120109KAWFC2#1452；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+4.35g LiBr+20.0g TiC；Tmax:490 ℃；Ein:605kJ；dE:17kJ；Theoretical energy:3.75kJ；Energy gain:4.5.

120109KAWFC3#1451；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+4.35g LiBr+20.0g TiC；℃Tmax: 445℃；Ein:605kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:2.2kJ；Energy gain:5.4.

113009KAWFC2George Hu#1450；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.1g LiCl；Tmax:504℃；Ein:672kJ；dE:14k；Theoretical energy:1.82kJ；Energy gain:7.7.

113009KAWFC3George Hu#1449；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.1g LiCl； Tmax:508℃；Ein:664kJ；dE:9kJ；Theoretical energy:3kJ.

112509KAWFC2#1447；2"HDC；1.66g KH#12+1.0g Mg+4.0g TiC#53+2.33g KSrCl3_ 111209JHSY1；Tmax:427℃；Ein:164kJ；dE:5kJ.

112509KAWFC3#1446；2"HDC；10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC (heat is higher than 500 DEG C)； Tmax498℃；Ein:632kJ；dE:17kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

112409KAWFC1#1445；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+19.54g BaI2-SD-4 (being dried more than 750 DEG C in scaled pond)；Tmax:376℃；Ein:423kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy: 2.0kJ。

112409KAWFC2#1444；1"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g MgH2+20.0g ACII#7；Tmax:381℃； Ein:424kJ；dE:10kJ.

112409KAWFC3#1443；1"HDC；8.3g KH#10+5.0g Mg+5.55g CaCl2-AD-1+20.0g CrB2-AD_1"；TSC:360—430℃；Tmax:462℃；Ein:166kJ；dE:14kJ；Theoretical energy:7.2kJ；Energy increases Benefit:1.9.

112309KAWSU#1442；1.2 liters of 83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+124.0g SrBr2-SD-2； TSC:180-430℃；Tmax:512℃；Ein:2624kJ；dE:147kJ；Theoretical energy:67.2kJ；Energy gain:2.18.

Pond #3732-113009GHWF1:12g TiC55+3g Mg+5g Ca+1g NaH；Tmax:448℃；Ein: 148.0kJ；dE:6.88kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.89kJ；Energy gain:1.76.

Pond #3734-113009GHWF3:12g TiC55+5g Ca+3g NaH；Tmax:496℃；Ein:155.0kJ；dE: 7.45kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.31kJ；Energy gain:1.73.

Pond #3735-113009GHWF4:20g TiC55+5g Mg+8.3g KH#12+10g CaBr2-AD-4；Tmax: 374℃；Ein:348.8kJ；dE:15.43kJ；Theoretical energy:-8.54kJ；Energy gain:1.81.

Pond #95-113009RCWF1:20g AC2-8+4.98g KH-12+3g Mg；Tmax:417℃；Ein:388kJ； dE:14.6kJ。

Pond #93-113009RCWF2:20g AC2-8+8.3g KH-12+3g Mg；Tmax:415℃；Ein:508kJ；dE: 26.6kJ。

Pond #94-113009RCWF4:7.41g SrBr2-AD-2+4.98g KH-12+3g Mg+12g WC；Tmax:443 ℃；Ein:156kJ；dE:5.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.0kJ；Energy gain:1.3；Energy/mole oxygen agent:176.5kJ/ mol。

Pond #3728-112509GHWF5:20g TiC53+8.3g KH#12+5g Mg+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1+3.72g KCl；Tmax:379℃；Ein:380.8kJ；dE:8.11kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.43kJ；Energy gain:1.49.

Pond #3729-113009JLWF2:TiC#53+5g Mg+8.3g KH#12+10g CaBr2-AD-4；Tmax:364 ℃；Ein:409.1kJ；dE:14.0kJ；Theoretical energy:-8.5kJ；Energy gain:1.7.

Pond #3730-113009JLWF3:12g TiC#55+3g Mg+3g NaH；Tmax:510℃；Ein:236.6kJ； dE:9.9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #90-112509RCWF4:20g AC2-8+6.64g KH-10+4g Mg；Tmax:421℃；Ein:434.1kJ； dE:11.2kJ。

Pond #3723-112509JLWF4:12g TiC#53+3g Mg+1g LiH+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1；Tmax:426 ℃；Ein:152.7kJ；dE:4.3kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3722-112509JLWF3:12g TiC#52+3g Mg+1g LiH+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1；Tmax:407 ℃；Ein:159.8kJ；dE:5.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3721-112509JLWF2:20g AC2-8(Subst.by MCC)+6g Ba+8.3g KH#12；Tmax:364 ℃；Ein:385.9kJ；dE:13.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.6kJ；Energy gain:2.1.

Pond #3713-112409JLWF3:12g AC (code is not provided)+3g Mg+4.98g KH#10+7.44g SrBr2- AD-1；Tmax:433℃；Ein:153.1kJ；dE:12.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.0kJ；Energy gain:3.0.

Pond #3715-112409GHWF1:12g TiC51+5g Ca+4.98g KH#10+1.74g KF；Tmax:473℃； Ein:174.0kJ；dE:7.20kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.10kJ；Energy gain:1.76.

Pond #3716-112409GHWF2:12g TiC51+5g Ca+4.98g KH#10+2.24g KCl；Tmax:505℃； Ein:223.5kJ；dE:6.86kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.10kJ；Energy gain:1.67.

Pond #3717-112409GHWF3:12g TiC52+5g Ca+4.98g KH#10+3.57g KBr；Tmax:481℃； Ein:179.1kJ；dE:6.61kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.10kJ；Energy gain:1.61.

Pond #89-112409RCWF2:20g AC2-7+4.98g KH-10+3g Mg；Tmax:420℃；Ein:428.1kJ； dE:21.4kJ。

Pond #91-112509RCWF2:3g NaH+12g TiC-52+3g Mg；Tmax:456℃；Ein:148kJ；dE: 7.6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #92-112409RCWF4:20g AC2-7+6.64g KH-10+4g Mg；Tmax:425℃；Ein:449.9kJ； dE:21.8kJ。

Pond #3706-112309GHWF1:12g HfC+3g Mg+4.98g KH#10+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1；Tmax: 452℃；Ein:168.0kJ；dE:6.10kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.03kJ；Energy gain:1.51.

Pond #3707-112309GHWF2:12g Cr3C2+3g Mg+4.98g KH#10+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1； Tmax:472℃；Ein:173.0kJ；dE:5.76kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.03kJ；Energy gain:1.43.

Pond #3708-112309GHWF3:12g TiC51+3g Mg+3g NaH；Tmax:453℃；Ein:171.0kJ；dE: 4.36kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3710-112309GHWF5:20g TiC51+8.3g KH#10+5g Mg+6.2g SrBr2-AD-1+3.98g SrCl2-AD-1；Tmax:372℃；Ein:354.1kJ；dE:10.90kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.08kJ；Energy gain:1.79.

Pond #3711-112409JLWF1:20g TiC#51+5g Mg+8.3g KH#10+19.55g BaI2-SD-4； Tmax:368℃；Ein:392.1kJ；dE:9.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-5.9kJ；Energy gain:1.6.

Pond #86-112309RCWF2:4.94g SrBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-10+2g Mg+8g AC2-7；Tmax: 413℃；Ein:129kJ；dE:10.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.7kJ；Energy gain:3.7x. energy/mole oxygen agent: 505kJ/mol。

112309KAWFC3#1439；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g MgH2+20.0g ACII#7；Tmax:366℃； Ein:423kJ；dE:7kJ.

112009KAWFC2#1438；2"HDC；8.3g KH+28.5g Ba+20.0g TiC+14.85g BaBr2-AD-1； Tmax:750℃；Ein:1544kJ；dE:18kJ；Theoretical energy:8.1kJ；Energy gain:2.2.

112009KAWFC3#1437；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4g BaCl2-AD-1； Tmax:520℃；Ein:762kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:4.1kJ；Energy gain:2.4.

111809KAWSU#1430；1.2 rise；83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+195.4g BaI2-SD-4 (being dried more than 750 DEG C in scaled pond)；Tmax:52 0C；Ein:2870kJ；dE:110kJ；Ein: 58.5kJ；Energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3693-112009GZWF1:20g AC2-7(Subst.by MCC)+5g Mg+8.3g KH#10；Tmax:367 ℃；Ein:412.0kJ；dE:16.9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:Infinitely great (+16.9kJ).

Pond #3694-112009GZWF2:20g AC2-7(Subst.by MCC)+8.33g Ca+8.3g KH#10；TSC: About 250-300 DEG C；Tmax:384℃；Ein:400.1kJ；dE:31.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.8kJ；Energy gain:4.6.

Pond #3700-112009GHWF4:20g AC2-7+6g Sr+8.3g KH#10；Tmax:371℃；Ein: 334.3kJ；dE:14.23kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.40kJ；Energy gain:3.23.

Pond #82-112009RCWF1:3g NaH+3g Mg+12g TiC-49；Tmax:504℃；Ein:203kJ；dE: 8.6kJ. theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3684-111909GZWF1:20g TiC#49+8.3g Ca+8.3g KH#10+3.9g CaF2-AD-1； Tmax:369℃；Ein:380.1kJ；dE:10.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.8kJ；Energy gain:1.5.

Pond #3685-111909GZWF2:20g TiC#49+5g Mg+8.3g KH#10+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1；TSC: About 300-350 DEG C；Tmax:386℃；Ein:378.1kJ；dE:11.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.7kJ；Energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3686-111909GZWF3:12g TiC#49+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+8.91g BaBr2-AD-3；TSC: About 340-400 DEG C；Tmax:453℃；Ein:179.1kJ；dE:4.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.8kJ；Energy gain:1.6.

Pond #3687-111909GZWF4:12g TiC#49+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1；TSC: About 350-400 DEG C；Tmax:442℃；Ein:144.9kJ；dE:6.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.3kJ；Energy gain:2.0.

Pond #3688-111909GHWF1:12g TiC49+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2；Tmax: 416℃；Ein:143.1kJ；dE:7.04kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.31kJ；Energy gain:1.63.

Pond #3689-111909GHWF2:12g TiC49+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1；Tmax: 425℃；Ein:134.0kJ；dE:5.90kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.26kJ；Energy gain:1.81.

Pond #3690-111909GHWF3:12g TiC49+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+8.91g BaBr2-AD-3；℃ Tmax:426C；Ein:145.0kJ；dE:4.91kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.91kJ；Energy gain:1.69.

Pond #3691-111909GHWF4:20g TiC49+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1+0.5g K；℃Tmax:388℃；Ein:371.4kJ；dE:11.74kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.72kJ；Energy gain:1.75.

Pond #3692-111909GHWF5:20g TiC49+8.3g KH#10+5g Mg+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1；Tmax: 400℃；Ein:391.6kJ；dE:11.56kJ；Theoretical energy:-6.72kJ；Energy gain:1.72.

Pond #80-111909RCWF1:Chemical substance+8.3g KH-9+5g Mg from 111709RCWF1Regen1； Tmax:401℃；Ein:464.1kJ；dE:Water flow velocity in -6.8kJ.WF1 still has certain fluctuation.

Pond #81-111909RCWF4:2.34g CaF2-AD-1+4.98g KH-9+4.98g Ca+12g TiC-49； Tmax:426℃；Ein:147kJ；dE:7.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.1kJ；Energy gain:1.9；Energy/mole oxygen agent: 260kJ/mol。

Pond #3675-111809GZWF1:20g TiC#48+5g Mg+8.3g KH#9+14.85g BaBr2-AD-2； Tmax:368℃；Ein:356.0kJ；dE:7.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.7kJ；Energy gain:1.5.

Pond #3676-111809GZWF2:20g TiC#49+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2-AD-2；Tmax: 383℃；Ein:386.1kJ；dE:7.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.6kJ；Energy gain:4.8.

Pond #3678-111809GZWF4:12g TiC#48+5g Ca+4.98g KH#9+2.24g KCl；Tmax:461℃； Ein:147.7kJ；dE:7.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.1kJ；Energy gain:1.7.

Pond #3680-111809GHWF2:12g TiC48+4.98g KH#9+5g Ca+2.24g KCl；Tmax:462℃； Ein:152.0kJ；dE:7.16kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.11kJ；Energy gain:1.74.

Pond #3682-111809GHWF4:20g TiC48+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+2g Ca；Tmax:392℃；Ein: 354.0kJ；dE:10.10kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.3kJ；Energy gain:3.06.

Pond #3683-111809GHWF5:20g TiC48+5g NaH+5g Mg+2g Ca；TSC:350—380℃；Tmax: 404℃；Ein:392.1kJ；dE:8.79kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.4kJ；Energy gain:2.58.

Pond #78-111809RCWF2:8.3g KH-8+5g Mg+20g AC2-7；Tmax:419℃；Ein:440kJ；dE: 25.5kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.2kJ；Energy gain:21.

Pond #79-111809RCWF4:3.33g CaCl2-AD-2+4.98g KH-9+3g Mg+12g TiC-49；Tmax: 432℃；Ein:145kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.3kJ；Energy gain:1.9；Energy/mole oxygen agent:267kJ/ mol。

111909KAWFC2#1435；1"HDC；4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g YC2+7.44SrBr2-AD-1； TSC:375–485C；Tmax:485℃；Ein:163kJ；dE:10kJ；Theoretical energy:4.0kJ；Energy gain:2.5.

Pond #3666-111709GZWF1:20g TiC#48+5g Mg+8.3g KH#9+10.0g CaBr2-AD-2；Tmax: 334℃；Ein:312.0kJ；dE:14.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-8.55；Energy gain:1.7.

Pond #3669-111709GZWF4:12g TiC#47+3g Mg+3g NaH+8.91g BaBr2-AD-3；Tmax:434 ℃；Ein:142.0kJ；dE:5.6kJ；Theoretical energy:- 0.93. energy gains:6.

Pond #3670-111709GHWF1:12g TiC47+4.98g KH+3g Mg+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2；Tmax: 368℃；Ein:140.0kJ；dE:4.21kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.35kJ；Energy gain:1.79.

Pond #3671-111709GHWF2:8g TiC47+2g NaH+2g Mg+0.8g Ca；Tmax:445℃；Ein: 135.0kJ；dE:5.13kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.38kJ；Energy gain:3.72.

Pond #3672-111709GHWF3:12g TiC48+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+1.2g Ca；TSC:Not it was observed that； Tmax:404℃；Ein:145.0kJ；dE:4.66kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.98kJ；Energy gain:2.35.

Pond #3673-111709GHWF4:20g TiC48+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+10.0g CaBr2-AD-2；Tmax: 363℃；Ein:318.1kJ；dE:15.26kJ；Theoretical energy:-8.54kJ；Energy gain:1.79.

Pond #73-111709RCWF1:8.3g KH-9+5g Mg+20g AC2-7；Tmax:400℃；Ein:378kJ；dE: 15.5kJ。

Pond #77-111709RCWF2II:8.3g KH-9+5g Mg+20g AC2-9；Tmax:417℃；Ein:460.1kJ； dE:20.4kJ。

Pond #75-111709RCWF3:2.24g KCl+4.98g KH-9+5g Ca+12g TiC-45；Tmax:433℃； Ein:142kJ；dE:8.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-4.1kJ；Energy gain:2；Energy/mole oxygen agent:276.6kJ/mol.

111809KAWFC2#1432；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+19.54g BaI2-AD-1 ( 750 DEG C are dried in scaled pond)；Tmax:424℃；Ein:425kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:5.85kJ；Energy Flow gain:1.9.

111809KAWFC3#1431；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1； Small TSC；Tmax:402℃；Ein:424kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:6.72kJ；Energy gain:1.8.

111709KAWFC2#1428；1"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Ni+5.55g CaCl2-AD-I； TSC:385℃；Tmax:504℃；Ein:192kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:4.1kJ；Energy gain:2.92.

111709KAWFC3#1427；2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.95g Ni；Tmax:390 ℃；Ein:425kJ；dE:6kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #3659-111609GZWF3:12g TiC47+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+8.91g BaBr2-AD-3,Ein: 157.0kJ,dE:4.8kJ,Tmax:429 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 2.8kJ, energy gain:1.7.

Pond #3660-111609GZWF4:12g TiC47+3g Mg+4.98g KH#9+6.0g CaBr2-AD-2,Ein: 133.0kJ,dE:9.1kJ,Tmax:442 DEG C, theoretical energy E:- 5.1kJ, energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3661-111609GHWF1:8g TiC47+2g NaH+2g Mg+0.8g Ca；Ein:142.0kJ；dE: 3.94kJ；Tmax:411 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.38；Energy gain:2.86.

Pond #3662-111609GHWF2:12g TiC47+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+1.2g Ca；Ein:145.0kJ； dE:4.61kJ；Tmax:432 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.98kJ；Energy gain:2.33.

Pond #3663-111609GHWF3:12g TiC47+4.98g KH#9+3g Mg+7.44g SrBr2-AD-1；Ein: 143.0kJ；dE:6.13kJ；Tmax:434 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.03kJ. energy gain:1.52.

Pond #3664-111709GHWF4:20g TiC47+8.3g KH#9+5g Mg+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1；Ein: 327.9kJ；dE:9.22kJ；TSC:305-332℃；Tmax:353 DEG C of theoretical energies:5.43kJ；Energy gain:1.70. (compared with Low T provides less heat).

Pond #111609RCWF3:Chemicals (111209RCWF2 (8.3g KH-8+5g from 111209RCWF3Regen1 Mg+20g AC3-9 powder) is reproduced to regenerate the reaction system, heated using the C2H6 gases of 2 atmospheric pressure in room temperature, 819 DEG C continue 3 hours, are then vacuumized 10 hours at 819 DEG C)+8.3g KH-9；dE 12.2kJ；Tmax 388℃.

111309KAWFC2#1422；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.95g SrCl2-AD-I； Tmax:390℃；Ein:425kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:5.4kJ；Energy gain:2.1.

111209KAWFC1#1420；2"HDC；10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+31.0g In+29.7g BaBr2-AD-I； Tmax:402℃；Ein:424kJ；dE:13kJ；Theoretical energy:3.1kJ；Energy gain:4.1.

111209KAWFC2#1419；2"HDC；8.3g KH+8.3g Ca+20.0gTiC+5.55g CaCl2-AD-I；It is small TSC；Tmax:395℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:19kJ；Theoretical energy:10.8kJ；Energy gain:1.76.

111209KAWFC3#1418；1"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Fe+14.85gBaBr2-AD-I； Tmax:460℃；Ein:180kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:4.75kJ；Energy gain:1.7.

110909KAWSU#1408；1.2 rise；83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+79.5SrCl2-AD-I (Alfa Aesar Dried)；TSC:290–370℃；Tmax:430℃；Ein:2936kJ；dE:113kJ；Theoretical energy: 54.2kJ；Energy gain:2.08. (is carried out to 111209 after heater calibration)

111609KAWFC3#1424；1"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.0g Ca are (in 32gm 30.6gm)；Tmax:460℃；Ein:164kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:3.5kJ；Energy gain:3.42.

Pond #3643-111209GZWF3:12g TiC#45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1,Ein: 146.0kJ,dE:6.1kJ,Tmax:397 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 3.3kJ, energy gain:1.

Pond #3644-111209GZWF4:12g TiC#45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2,Ein: 135.1kJ,dE:7.8kJ,Tmax:434 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 4.3kJ, energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3645-111209GHWF1:12g TiC45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+4.77g SrCl2-AD-1；Ein: 145.0kJ；dE:5.62kJ；Tmax:402 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.26kJ. energy gain:1.72.

Pond #3646-111209GHWF2:12g TiC45+3g Mg+4.98g KH#8+3.33g CaCl2-AD-2；Ein: 132.0kJ；dE:7.23kJ；TSC:330-420℃；Tmax:431 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.31kJ. energy gain:1.68.

Pond #3639-111109GHWF4:10g TiC45+2.5g Mg+2.5g NaH+7.70g BaBr2-AD-2；Ein: 130.1kJ；dE:2.08kJ；Tmax:406 DEG C of theoretical energies:0.80kJ. energy gains:2.60.

Pond #63-111109RCWF1:5g NaH+5g Mg+2g Ca+20g TiC-44；Ein:150kJ；dE9.8kJ； Tmax:431℃；Theoretical energy:-3.5kJ；Energy gain:2.8.

Pond #64-111109RCWF2:33.41g 7.5g NaI+5g Mg+5g NaH+20g TiC-45 mixture； Ein:146kJ；dE 5.7kJ(dE:All mixtures are 6.4kJ)；Tmax 406℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:Nothing It is poor big.

Pond #65-111109RCWF3:5g NaH+5g Mg+2.95g Ni+20g TiC–45；Ein:400kJ；dE 20.5kJ；Tmax:364℃；Theoretical energy:-2.6kJ；Energy gain:7.9.

Pond #66-111109RCWF4:14.85g BaBr2-AD-2+5g Mg+8.3g KH-8+20g Mn；Ein:152kJ； dE 8.2kJ；Tmax:434℃；Theoretical energy:-4.8kJ；Energy gain:1.7.

111109KAWFC2#1416；2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.7g GdF3；Without TSC； Tmax:390℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:15kJ；Theoretical energy:3.0kJ；Energy gain:5.

111009KAWFC2#1413；2"HDC；8.3g KH+8.3g Ca+20.0g TiC+3.9g CaF2-AD-I； Tmax:383℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:22kJ；Theoretical energy:6.75kJ；Energy gain:3.25.

111009KAWFC3#1412；1"HDC；8.3g KH+8.3g Ca+20.0g Fe+10.0g CaBr2-AD-2； TSC:360–430℃；Tmax:461℃；Ein:172kJ；dE:13kJ；Theoretical energy:8.5kJ；Energy gain:1.52.

110909KAWFC1#1411；2"HDC；10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+29.7g BaBr2- AD-I；Tmax:396℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:3.1kJ；Energy gain:3.9.

110909KAWFC2#410；2"HDC；16.6g KH#+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#+15.9g SrCl2-AD-I Tmax:380℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:23kJ；Theoretical energy:10.8kJ；Energy gain:2.1.

Pond #3615-110909GZWF2:20g AC3-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH#8,Ein:380.1kJ,dE:16.8kJ, Tmax:399 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3606-110609GZWF2:20g TiC#43+5g Mg+8.3g KH#7+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein: 456.1kJ,dE:15.7kJ,Tmax:426 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 9.6kJ, energy gain:1.6.

Pond #3607-110609GZWF3:20g Mn+5g Mg+5g NaH+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein:166.0kJ, dE:2.6kJ,Tmax:461 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 7.2kJ, energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3608-110609GZWF4:10g TiC#43+2.5g Mg+4.2g KH#7+8.6g SrI2-AD-2,Ein: 149.0kJ,dE:9.9kJ,TSC:348-438℃,Tmax:471 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 4.1kJ, energy gain:2.4.

Pond #3609-110609GHWF1:8g Cr+3.33g Ca+3.32g KH#7+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1；Ein: 149.0kJ；dE:6.97kJ；Tmax:442 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.30kJ. energy gain:1.62.

Pond #55-110609RCWF3:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+2g Mg+8g Mn；Ein:147kJ； dE 8.4kJ；Tmax 426℃；Theoretical energy:-1.9kJ；Energy gain:4.4.

Pond #3599-110509GZWF4:8g TiC#42+2g Mg+3.32g KH#7+4.28g GdF3,Ein: 170.1kJ,dE:4.4kJ,Tmax:479 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.2kJ, energy gain:3.7.

Pond #50-110509RCWF2:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+2g Mg+8g Mn；Ein:146kJ；dE 4.3kJ；Tmax 407℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #51-110509RCWF3:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+2g Mg+8g Cr；Ein:146kJ；dE 5.7kJ；Tmax 398℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

110509KAWFC1#1403 2"HDC；16.6g KH#6+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+4.75g MgCl2- AD-I+5.0g MgF2-AD-1；Small TSC；Tmax:380℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:20kJ；Theoretical energy:9.58kJ；Energy increases Benefit:2.

110509KAWFC2#1402 2"HDC；16.6g KH#6+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+9.5g MgCl2- AD-I；TSC:300C-360℃；Tmax:370℃；Ein:352kJ；dE:40kJ；Theoretical energy:19.16kJ；Energy gain: 2.1。

110509KAWFC3#1401 2"HDC；16.6g KH#6+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC#40+10.0g MgF2- AD-I；Tmax:385℃；Ein:425kJ；dE:14kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

1.2 liters of 110409KAWSU#1400；83.0g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+47.5g MgCl2-AD-I Alfa Aesar Dried；TSC:130C-430℃；Tmax:478℃；Ein:1849kJ；dE:178kJ；Theoretical energy: 95.8kJ；Energy gain:1.85.

110409KAWFC1#1399 1"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Mn+4.750g MgCl2-AD-I； TSC:380C-465℃；Tmax:465℃；Ein:170kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy:7.27kJ；Energy gain:1.65.

110409KAWFC2#1398 1"HDC；8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#40+4.750g MgCl2- AD-I+0.5g K；TSC:350C-440℃；Tmax:450℃；Ein:153kJ；dE:13kJ；Theoretical energy:9.58kJ；Energy Gain:1.35.

110409KAWFC3#1397 1"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC+5.0g MgF2-AD-I； Tmax:430℃；Ein:168kJ；dE:5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

110309KAWFC1#1396 2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Sr+20.0g TiC#40+7.95g SrCl2-AD- 1:Tmax:394℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:9kJ；Theoretical energy:5.43kJ；Energy gain:1.65.

110309KAWFC2#1395 2"HDC；5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g In+14.85g BaBr2-AD-1 (pond #1306:12kJ)；Tmax:383℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:13kJ；Theoretical energy:4.68kJ；Energy gain:2.7.

Pond #3588-110409GZWF2:20g TiC#41+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+11.15g Mg3As2-CD-2, Ein:458.1kJ,dE:26.7kJ,Tmax:433 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #47-110409RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-7+3.33g Ca+8g Cr；Ein: 144kJ；dE 9.3kJ；Tmax 426℃；Theoretical energy:-4.3kJ；Energy gain 2.2.

Pond #3580-110309GZWF2:20g TiC#41+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1,Ein: 366.1kJ,dE:13.1kJ,Tmax:382 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 5.4kJ, energy gain:2.4.

Pond #3583-110309GHWF1:8g TiC#41+11.42g Ba+3.32g KH#6+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1； Ein:149.0kJ；dE:5.98kJ；Tmax:404 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.24kJ. energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3584-110309GHWF2:8g TiC#41+7.8g Ba+3.32g KH#6+7.82g BaI2-SD-1；Ein: 130.0kJ；dE:5.30kJ；Tmax:384 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.71kJ. energy gain:1.42.

Pond #41-110309RCWF1:2.88g AgCl-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g TiC-38；Ein: 169kJ；dE 12.5kJ；TSC:161℃(320–481℃)；Tmax 489℃；Theoretical energy:-5.8kJ；Energy gain:2.2.

Pond #42-110309RCWF2:4g CaBr2-AD-2+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Cr；Ein:167kJ；dE 7.1kJ；Tmax 467℃；Theoretical energy:-3.4kJ；Energy gain:2.1.

Pond #39-110209RCWF3:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+3.33g Ca+8g TiC-38；Ein: 141kJ；dE 7.8kJ；Tmax 424℃；Theoretical energy:-2.7kJ；Energy gain 2.9.

Pond #43-110309RCWF3:4g CaBr2-AD-2+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Fe；Ein:180kJ；dE 12.1kJ；Tmax 466℃；Theoretical energy:-3.4kJ；Energy gain:3.6.

103009KAWFC2#1392；1"HDC；8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#40+4.750g MgCl2- AD-I；TSC:350C-460℃；Tmax:464℃；Ein:148kJ；dE:18kJ；Theoretical energy:9.58kJ；Energy gain: 1.87。

110209KAWFC3#1391；1"HDC；8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#40+2.375g MgCl2- AD-I+2.50g MgF2-AD-1；TSC:370-440℃；Tmax:450℃；Ein:159kJ；dE:12kJ；Theoretical energy: 4.79kJ；Energy gain:2.50.

103009KAWFC1#1391；1"HDC；4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC+9.27g MnI2-A-I Purity 98%；TSC:40-270℃；Tmax:280℃；Ein:53kJ；dE:27kJ；Theoretical energy:11.1kJ；Energy increases Benefit:2.4.

103009KAWFC2#1389；1"HDC；8.3g KH#6+5.0g Mg+10.0g TiC#36+5.0g MgF2-AD- I；Tmax:403℃；Ein:155kJ；dE:7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

102909KAWSU#1388 50.0g NaH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+148.5g BaBr2-AD-I(Alfa Aesar Dried)；TSC:308C-330℃；Tmax:345℃；Ein:2190kJ；dE:71kJ；Theoretical energy:15.5kJ；Energy Flow gain:4.6.

Pond #3571-110209GZWF1:20g AC3-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6,Ein:370.1kJ,dE:19.0kJ, Tmax:368 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3572-110209GZWF2:20g TiC#40+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+2.38g MgCl2-AD-1+1.55g MgF2-AD-1,Ein:436.1kJ,dE:15.1kJ,Tmax:398 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 4.8kJ, energy gain:3.1.

Pond #3573-110209GZWF3:8g TiC#40+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+6.24g EuBr2H2O- 102209JH,Ein:164.1kJ,dE:10.6kJ,TSC:370-458℃,Tmax:468 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 2.98kJ, energy Gain:3.6.

Pond #3576-110209GHWF2:8g TiC#40+3.33g Ca+3.32g KH#6+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1； Ein:131.0kJ；dE:7.40kJ；TSC:370-464℃；Tmax:464 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.30kJ. energy gain:1.62.

Pond #3566-103009GHWF1:8g Mn+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 143.0kJ；dE:6.69kJ；TSC:375-430℃；Tmax:444 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.74.

Pond #3568-103009GHWF3:8g Fe+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 143.0kJ；dE:5.37kJ；TSC:370-430℃；Tmax:435 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.40.

Pond #3570-103009GHWF5:8g Cr+2g Mg+3.32g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 143.1kJ；dE:5.95kJ；Tmax:436 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.55.

Pond #33-103009RCWF1:7.2g AgCl-AD-1+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g AC3-9；Ein:326kJ； dE 33.8kJ；TSC:79℃(271–350℃)；Tmax 367℃；Theoretical energy:-14.5kJ；Energy gain:2.33.

Pond #34-103009RCWF2:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+3.33g Ca+8g TiC-38；Ein: 140kJ；dE 8.9kJ；Tmax 448℃；Theoretical energy:-4.3kJ；Energy gain:2.1.

Pond #35-103009RCWF3:1.24g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Mn；Ein:154kJ； dE 9kJ；Tmax 443℃；Theoretical energy:-2.5kJ；Energy gain:3.6.

102909KAWFC2#1387 1"HDC 4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC+9.27g MnI2-SA-I (Sigma Aldrich High Purity 99.9%) TSC:240-460℃；Tmax:460℃；Ein:121kJ；dE20kJ； Theoretical energy:11.1kJ；Energy gain:1.8.

102909KAWFC3#1386 1"HDC 4.98g KH+3.0g Mg+12.0g TiC+9.27g MnI2-A-I (Alfa Aesar Purity 98%) TSC:40C-260℃；Tmax:260℃；Ein:53kJ；dE:27kJ；Theoretical energy: 11.1kJ；Energy gain:2.43.

102809KAWFC1#1385 2"HDC 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+14.85g BaBr2-AD-I； Tmax:382℃；Ein:423kJ；dE:8kJ；Theoretical energy:1.55kJ；Energy gain:5.10.

102809KAWFC2#1384 2"HDC 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+8.75g BaF2-AD-I； Tmax:365℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:13kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

102809KAWFC3#1383 2"HDC 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.95g SrCl2-AD-I+ 1.65g Cs；Tmax:377℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:15kJ；Theoretical energy:5.5kJ；Energy gain:2.70.

Pond #3557-102909GZWF1:20g TiC#37+5g Mg+8.3g KH#6+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1+3.1g MgF2-AD-1+1g K,Ein:358.0kJ,dE:15.9kJ,Tmax:371 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 9.58kJ, energy gain: 1.7。

Pond #3564-102909GHWF4:8g TiC#38+2g Mg+1.16g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+0.5g K；Ein:134.0kJ；dE:6.32kJ；Tmax:438 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.03kJ. energy gain:1.57.

Pond #3565-102909GHWF5:8g TiC#38+2g Mg+1.16g KH#6+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1g K； Ein:141.9kJ；dE:6.18kJ；Tmax:437 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.03kJ. energy gain:1.53.

Pond #29-102909RCWF1:7.5g InCl-A-2+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g TiC-37；Ein:326kJ； dE 23kJ；TSC:62℃(13–201℃)；Tmax 371℃；Theoretical energy:-11.5kJ；Energy gain:2.

Pond #30-102909RCWF2:15.65g CoI2-A-2+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g TiC-37；Ein: 362kJ；dE 51.2kJ；TSC:73℃(173–246℃)；Tmax 396℃；Theoretical energy:-26.4kJ；Energy gain: 1.94。

Pond #31-102909RCWF3:54g CaBr2-AD-2+3.32g KH-6+3.33g Ca+8g TiC-37；Ein: 148kJ；dE 4.5kJ；Tmax 411℃；Theoretical energy:-1.9kJ；Energy gain 2.4.

Pond #32-102909RCWF4:4.32g FeBr2-A-1+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g TiC-37；Ein: 122kJ；dE 15.6kJ；TSC:249℃(249–498℃)；Tmax 503℃；Theoretical energy:-10kJ；Energy gain:1.56.

Pond #3548-102809GZWF1:20g TiC#37+10g Mg+8.3g KH#5+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein: 346.1kJ,dE:16.4kJ,TSC:285-315℃,Tmax:362 DEG C, theoretical energy E:- 9.58kJ, energy gain:1.7.

Pond #3550-102809GZWF3:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K,Ein:168.1kJ,dE:5.0kJ,Tmax:440 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 1.9kJ, energy gain: 2.6。

Pond #3551-102809GZWF4:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1+1g K,Ein:154.0kJ,dE:5.2kJ,Tmax:452 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.9kJ, energy gain:2.7.

Pond #3555-102809GHWF4:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+1.16g KH#6+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K；Ein:141.0kJ；dE:3.21kJ；Tmax:424 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3556-102809GHWF5:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1g K； Ein:144.4kJ；dE:3.72kJ；Tmax:407 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #25-102809RCWF1:0.72g MgF2-AD-1+0.95g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+1.6g K+2g Mg +8g TiC-37；Ein:142kJ；dE 4.7kJ；Tmax 393℃；Theoretical energy:-1.9kJ；Energy gain:2.4.

Pond #29-102909RCWF1:7.5g InCl-A-2+8.3g KH-6+5g Mg+20g TiC-37；Ein:326kJ； dE 23kJ；TSC:62℃(139–201℃)；Tmax 371℃；Theoretical energy:-11.5kJ；Energy gain:2.

Pond #26-102809RCWF2:1.90g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Mn；Ein:144kJ；dE 6.1kJ；Tmax 444℃；Theoretical energy:-3.8kJ；Energy gain:1.6.

Pond #27-102809RCWF3:5.94g BaBr2+3.32g KH-6+2g Mg+8g Fe；Ein:148kJ；dE 4.5kJ；Tmax 411℃；Theoretical energy:-1.9kJ；Energy gain 2.4.

Pond #28-102809RCWF4:5.94g BaBr2+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Cr；Ein:146kJ；dE 3.4kJ；Tmax 424℃；Theoretical energy:-1.9kJ；Energy gain:1.8.

102309KAWFC1#1380 2"HDC；8.3g KH#5+5.0g Mg+20.0g WC+10.0g CaBr2-AD-1； Tmax:394℃；Ein:423kJ；dE:19kJ, theoretical energy:8.5kJ；Energy gain:2.23.

102709KAWFC1#1382 2"HDC；8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2 (ball milling)+3.1g MgF2- AD-I；Tmax:406℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

Pond #3540-102709GZWF1:20g TiC#37+4g Mg+8.3g KH#5+3.1g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K, Ein:418.1kJ,dE:5.1kJ,Tmax:369 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3542-102709GZWF3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+0.5g K,Ein:158.0kJ,dE:5.8kJ,TSC:336-415℃,Tmax:442 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 3.8kJ, energy gain:1.5.

Pond #3543-102709GZWF4:8g TiC#37+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1g K,Ein:148.0kJ,dE:9.2kJ,TSC:339–417℃,Tmax:460 DEG C, theoretical energy:-3.8kJ, Energy gain:2.4.

Pond #3546-102709GHWF3:8g TiC#37+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+0.5g K；Ein:145.0kJ；dE:7.56kJ；TSC:340-450℃；Tmax:450 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain: 1.97。

Pond #3547-102709GHWF4:8g TiC#37+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1g K； Ein:126.0kJ；dE:8.07kJ；TSC:350-425℃；Tmax:440 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:2.10.

Pond #3539-102709GHWF5:8g TiC#37+4g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1；Ein: 143.1kJ；dE:3.55kJ；Tmax:417 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #21-102709RCWF1:0.72g MgF2-AD-1+0.95g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TiC-37；Ein:145kJ；dE 7.6kJ；Tmax 434℃；Theoretical energy:-1.9kJ；Energy gain:4.

Pond #22-102709RCWF2:0.72g MgF2-AD-1+0.95g MgCl2+3.32g KH-5+1.6g K+8g TiC-37；Ein:146kJ；dE 4.5kJ；Tmax 419℃；Theoretical energy:-1.9kJ；Energy gain:2.4.

Pond #23-102709RCWF3:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Fe；Ein:143kJ； dE 7.7kJ；Tmax 431℃；Theoretical energy:-3.8kJ；Energy gain 2.

Pond #24-102709RCWF4:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g Cr；Ein:141kJ； dE 10.9kJ；Tmax 440℃；Theoretical energy:-3.8kJ；Energy gain:2.9.

Pond #3531-102609GZWF1:20g TiC#36+6g Mg+8.3g KH#5+3.1g MgF2-AD-1,Ein: 416.1kJ,dE:5.1kJ,Tmax:364 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3532-102609GZWF2:20g TiC#36+6g Mg+8.3g KH#5+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,

Ein:420.1kJ,dE:14.2kJ,Tmax:390 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 9.6kJ, energy gain:1.5.

Pond #3533-102609GZWF3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+1.24g MgF2-AD-1,Ein:165.0kJ,dE:8.0kJ,TSC:354–446℃,Tmax:454 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 3.8kJ, energy Gain:2.1.

Pond #3530-102609GHWFC5:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 152.1kJ；dE:5.24kJ；Tmax:437 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.87kJ. energy gain:1.82.

Pond #3522-102309GZWF1:20g TiC#36+2g Mg+8.3g KH#5+3.1g MgF2-AD-1,Ein: 388.1kJ,dE:4.9kJ,Tmax:369 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3523-102309GZWF2:20g TiC#36+2g Mg+8.3g KH#5+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein: 358.1kJ,dE:15.8kJ,TSC:265—300℃,Tmax:348 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 9.6kJ, energy gain:1.7.

Pond #3524-102309GZWF3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1,Ein:162.0kJ,dE:5.0kJ,Tmax:439 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 1.9kJ, energy gain:2.6.

Pond #3525-102309GZWF4:8g TiC#36+4g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein: 146.0kJ,dE:7.1kJ,TSC:339—432℃,Tmax:455 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 3.8kJ, energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3526-102309GHWFC1:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+2.48g MgF2-AD-1；Ein: 146.0kJ；dE:4.13kJ；Tmax:432 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3527-102309GHWFC2:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1；Ein: 142.0kJ；dE:3.31kJ；Tmax:411 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3528-102309GHWFC3:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 145.0kJ；dE:7.21kJ；TSC:345—450℃；Tmax:455 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.88.

Pond #3529-102309GHWFC4:8g TiC#36+2g Mg+1.16g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1；Ein: 131.1kJ；dE:2.19kJ；Tmax:410 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #13-102309RCWF1:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TaC-3；Ein: 143.5kJ；dE 3.6kJ；Tmax 385℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #14-102309RCWF2:3.5g BaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TiC-39；Ein: 144kJ；dE 4.1kJ；Tmax 406℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #15-102309RCWF3:3.5g BaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+2g Mg+8g TaC-3；Ein:146kJ； dE 3.2kJ；Tmax 395℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain is infinitely great.

Pond #16-102309RCWF4:1.24g MgF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-5+1g K+2g Mg+8g TiC-39； Ein:143kJ；dE 3.2kJ；Tmax:399℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

102109KAWFC1#1372:8.3g KH#4+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#35+10.0g CaBr2-AD-1； Tmax:396℃；Ein:427kJ；dE:22kJ；Theoretical energy:8.5kJ；Energy gain:2.59.

102109KAWFC2#1371:8.3g KH#5+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#36+17.1g SrI2-AD-2；TSC: 320—350℃；Tmax:424℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:26kJ；Theoretical energy:8.1kJ；Energy gain:3.21.

102109KAWFC3#1370:5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+5.0g MgF2-AD-I；Tmax:373 ℃；Ein:425kJ；dE:11kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ.

102009KAWFC1#1369:5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Mn+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I；Without TSC； Tmax:390℃；Ein:422kJ；dE:17kJ；Theoretical energy:7.27；Energy gain:2.33.

102009KAWFC3#1367:8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+13.9g MgI2-AD-I；TSC:200— 250℃；Tmax:380℃；Ein:425kJ；dE:20kJ；Theoretical energy:12.6kJ；Energy gain:1.58.

101909KAWFC1#1366 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+7.95g SrCl2-AD-I； 436kJ461kJ 26kJ；Energy gain is about 4.6X (X=5.42kJ) (the TiC pond #1347 that energy gain is about 3.7X).

101909KAWFC2#1365 3.3g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+3.18g SrCl2-AD-I； 159kJ165kJ 6kJ；About 435 DEG C of energy gains of Tmax are about 2.8X (X=2.17kJ).

101909KAWFC3#1364 3.3g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g YC2+3.18g SrCl2-AD-I； 159kJ168kJ 9kJ；There is small TSC at 370 DEG C and Tmax is about that 445 DEG C of energy gains are about 4.1X (X=2.17kJ).

101309KAWFC2#1355 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I；424kJ 443kJ 19kJ；Energy gain is about 1.97X (X=9.6kJ).

101309KAWFC3#1354 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+3.1g MgF2-AD-I；421kJ431kJ 10kJ；Tmax is about that 380 DEG C of energy gains are about X (X=0kJ).

101209KAWFC1#1353 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I+0.5g K； 393kJ 418kJ 25kJ；There is small TSC at about 280 DEG C and Tmax is about that 418 DEG C of energy gains are about 2.6X (X= 9.5kJ)。

101209KAWFC3#1351 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+3.1g MgF2-AD-I；422kJ436kJ 14kJ；Tmax is about that 412 DEG C of energy gains are about X (X=0kJ).

Pond #3513-102209GZWF1:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+3.1g MgF2-AD-1,Ein: 408.1kJ,dE:10.1kJ,Tmax:394 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3514-102209GZWF2:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein: 366.1kJ,dE:23.4kJ,TSC:325—350℃,Tmax:408 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 9.6kJ, energy gain:2.43.

Pond #3515-102209GZWF3:8g TiC#35+2g Mg+2g NaH+0.8g Ca,Ein:167.1kJ,dE: 6.6kJ,Tmax:454 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 1.4kJ, energy gain:4.7.

Pond #3516-102209GZWF4:8g TiC#35+2g Mg+2g NaH+1.76g Sr,Ein:144.0kJ,dE: 4.2kJ,Tmax:439 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.4kJ, energy gain:About 3.

Pond #3518-102209GHWFC2:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+1.24g MgF2-AD-1；Ein: 136.1kJ；dE:5.63kJ；Tmax:432 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3519-102209GHWFC3:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#5+0.95g MgCl2-AD-1+0.62g MgF2-AD-1；Ein:144.0kJ；dE:6.96kJ；TSC:350—450℃；Tmax:457 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.92kJ. energy Flow gain:3.62.

Pond #3521-102209GHWFC5:8g YC2-3+3.32g KH#5+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 139.1kJ；dE:6.34kJ；Tmax:420 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.65.

Pond #10-102209RCWF2:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TiC-39；Ein: 144kJ；dE 3.6kJ；Tmax 426℃；Theoretical energy:-1.87kJ；Energy gain:1.9.

Pond #11-102209RCWF3:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TaC-3；Ein: 150kJ；dE 11.3kJ；Tmax 446℃；Theoretical energy:-3.83kJ；Energy gain 3.

Pond #12-102209RCWF4:1.56g CaF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TiC-39；Ein: 149kJ；dE 5.9kJ；Tmax 430℃；Theoretical energy:5.9kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3504-102109GZWF1:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+14.85g BaBr2-AD-1,Ein: 442.1kJ,dE:17.2kJ,Tmax:396 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 4.7kJ, energy gain:3.67.

Pond #3505-102109GZWF2:20g YC2-3+5g Mg+8.3g KH#4+19.55g BaI2-SD-2,Ein: 436.1kJ,dE:27.6kJ,Tmax:411 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 5.9kJ, energy gain:4.67.

Pond #3507-102109GZWF4:8g TiC#35+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+0.8g Ca,Ein:154.0kJ, dE:4.4kJ,Tmax:455 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 0.4kJ, energy gain:About 10.

Pond #3508-102109GHWFC1:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.56g CaF2-AD-1；Ein: 151.1kJ；dE:5.92kJ；Tmax:441 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3509-102109GHWFC2:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1；Ein: 148.1kJ；dE:8.15kJ；Tmax:468 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.88kJ. energy gain:2.83.

Pond #3510-102109GHWFC3:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+3.18g SrCl2-AD-1；Ein: 146.1kJ；dE:5.58kJ；TSC:375-470℃；Tmax:470 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.17kJ. energy gain:2.57.

Pond #3511-102109GHWFC4:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+4.16g BaCl2-SD-1；Ein: 128.2kJ；dE:3.48kJ；Tmax:435 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.62kJ. energy gain:2.15.

Pond #3512-102109GHWFC5:8g YC2-3+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1；Ein: 162.1kJ；dE:7.00kJ；TSC:360-465℃；Tmax:472 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.88kJ. energy gain:3.72.

Pond #5-102109RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g YC2-3；Ein: 155kJ；dE 6.3kJ；Tmax 434℃；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain 2.2.

Pond #6-102109RCWF2:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+2g NaH+2g Mg+8g YC2-3；Ein:153.1kJ； dE 4.9kJ；Tmax 448℃；Theoretical energy:-1.92kJ；Energy gain 2.6.

Pond #7-102109RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g YC2-3；Ein:144kJ； dE 8.4kJ；Tmax 438℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain is infinitely great.

Pond #8-102109RCWF4:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g YC2-3；Ein: 142kJ；dE 9.0kJ；Tmax 455℃；Theoretical energy:-1.92kJ；Energy gain 4.7.

Pond #3495-102009GZWF1:20g TiC#35+5g Mg+5g NaH+2.95g Ni,Ein:364.1kJ,dE: 9.0kJ,Tmax:371 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 2.6kJ, energy gain:3.46.

Pond #3-102009RCWF3:4.16g BaCl2-SD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TaC-2 powder；Ein: 150kJ；dE 4.6kJ；Tmax 400℃；Theoretical energy:-1.62kJ；Energy gain 2.8.

Pond #4-102009RCWF4:1.90g MgCl2-AD-1+3.32g KH-4+2g Mg+8g TiC-35 powder；Ein: 148kJ；dE 6.1kJ；TSC:333–426℃；Tmax 451℃；Theoretical energy:-3.83kJ；Energy gain 1.6.

Pond #3486-101909GZWF1:20g AC-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH+15.6g EuBr2,Ein:348.1kJ, dE:20.0kJ,Tmax:356 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 6.8kJ, energy gain:2.94.

Pond #3491-101909GHWFC2:8g TiC35+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1；Ein: 139.0kJ；dE:4.31kJ；Tmax:425 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.88kJ. energy gain:2.29.

Pond #3492-101909GHWFC3:8g TiC35+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+7.82g BaI2-SD-1；Ein: 148.0kJ；dE:6.26kJ；TSC:365—420℃；Tmax:442 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.36kJ. energy gain:2.65.

Pond #101909RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TiC powders are in 1 " HDC Use up .dE:6.1kJ；Theoretical energy:- 2.88kJ, energy gain, 2.1；Tmax:439℃.

Pond #101909RCWF2:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC powders are used in 1 " HDC Fall .dE:3.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.92kJ；Energy gain:1.8；Tmax:426℃.

Pond #101909RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TaC-2 powder is in 1 " HDC In use up .dE 6.5kJ；Theoretical energy:- 2.88kJ, energy gain:2.3；Tmax:423℃.

Pond #3477-101609GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2-SD-1,Ein: 384.1kJ,dE:11.44kJ,Tmax:362 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 4.1kJ, energy gain:2.78.

Pond #3478-101609GZWF2:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein: 376.1kJ,dE:22.98kJ,TSC:300–325℃,Tmax:389 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 9.58kJ, energy gain:2.4.

Pond #3479-101609GZWF3:8g TiC+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2,Ein:170.0kJ,dE: 6.31kJ,Tmax:436 DEG C of theoretical energies:- 2.73kJ, energy gain:2.3.

Pond #3481-101609GHWFC1:8g TiC34+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 148.0kJ；dE:9.70kJ；TSC:350-463℃；Tmax:463 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:2.53.

Pond #3484-101609GHWFC4:8g TiC34+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1；Ein: 134.0kJ；dE:5.51kJ；Tmax:435 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.88kJ. energy gain:1.91.

Pond #3485-101609GHWFC5:8g TiC34+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+3.18g SrCl2-AD-1；Ein: 148.0kJ；dE:4.16kJ；Tmax:430 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.17kJ. energy gain:1.92.

Pond #101609RCWF1:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g YC2-2 powder is in 1 " HDC In use up .dE 4.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.87kJ；Energy gain:2.5.Tmax 431℃.

Pond #101609RCWF2:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TiC-34 powder is 1 " Use up .dE 4.8kJ in HDC；Theoretical energy:-1.87kJ；Energy gain:2.6；Tmax:426℃.

Pond #101609RCWF3:5.94g BaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TaC-2 powder is in 1 " HDC In use up .dE:5.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.87kJ；Energy gain:2.7；Tmax:419℃.

Pond #101609RCWF4:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-4,2g Mg and 8g TiC-34 powder is in 1 " HDC In use up .dE:3.0kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:406℃.

Pond #3470-101509GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.90g CaF2-AD-1,Ein: 356.1kJ,dE:6.6kJ,Tmax:370 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3471-101509GZWF2:20g AC-9+5g Mg+8.3g KH,Ein:350.1kJ,dE:15.27kJ, Tmax:366 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3474-101509GHWFC1:8g Cr+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 151.0kJ；dE:5.97kJ；Tmax:438 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. gain:1.55.

Pond #101509RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g CrB2 the powder quilt in 1 " HDC Use up .dE:4.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.92kJ；Energy gain:2.2；Tmax 431℃.

Pond #3463-101409GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+5g MgF2-AD-1,Ein:326.0kJ, dE:7.36kJ,Tmax:360 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3468-101409GHWFC2:8g Mn+2g Mg+3.32g KH#4+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 140.0kJ；dE:5.87kJ；TSC:355–435℃；Tmax:446 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.53.

Pond #101409RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g Ni powder in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:5.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.92kJ；Energy gain:3；Tmax 393℃.

100909KAWFC1#1350 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+4.75g MgCl2-AD-I 435kJ464kJ 29kJ；Tmax is about 420 DEG C；Energy gain is about 3X (X=9.5kJ).

100809KAWFC1#1347 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.95g SrCl2-AD-I 435kJ455kJ 20kJ；Energy gain is about 3.7X (X=5.42kJ).

100809KAWFC2#1346 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+12.4g SrBr2-AD-I+0.5g K425kJ 437kJ 12kJ；Tmax is about 390 DEG C；Energy gain is about 2X (X=6.75kJ).

100809KAWFC3#1345 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+5.55g CaCl2-AD-1 425kJ436kJ 11kJ；Small TSC and Tmax is about 420 DEG C；Energy gain is about 2X (X is about 6.0kJ).

Pond #3436-100909GZWF1:20g TiC#33+5g Mg+8.3g KH+8.3g KI,Ein:350.1kJ,dE: 5.2kJ,Tmax:345 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3437-100909GZWF2:20g TiC#33+5g Mg+5g NaH+7.5g NaI,Ein:356.1kJ,dE: 12.38kJ,Tmax:355 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3441-100909GHWFC2:8g CrB2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 142.0kJ；dE:6.30kJ；TSC:375–430℃；Tmax:439 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. gain:1.64.

Pond #3443-100909GHWFC4:8g SrO+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 135.0kJ；dE:8.19kJ；TSC:380—470℃；Tmax:478 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.24kJ. gain:1.93.

Pond #100909RCWF1:7.84g BaI2-SD-3,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g TiC-33 quilts in 2 " HDC Use up .dE:4.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.34kJ；Energy gain:2.1；Tmax:403 DEG C (relatively low pond temperature).

Pond #100909RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g WC in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:6.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain:2.3；Tmax 420℃.

Pond #3446-101209GZWF2:20g YC2+5g Mg+8.3g KH+15.6g EuBr2,Ein:360.1kJ,dE: 21.72kJ,Tmax:388 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 6.83kJ, energy gain:3.2.

Pond #3449-101209GHWFC1:8g Fe+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 154.0kJ；dE:6.33kJ；TSC:380-440℃；Tmax:445 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.65.

Pond #3451-101209GHWFC3:8g Co+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 149.0kJ；dE:6.97kJ；TSC:360-440℃；Tmax:446 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.82.

Pond #3453-101209GHWFC5:8g Al+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 145.2kJ；dE:5.94kJ；TSC:400–449℃；Tmax:449 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.55.

Pond #101209RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Ni in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:10.4kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain:3.6；Tmax 442℃.

Pond #3454-101309GZWF1:20g YC2+5g Mg+5g NaH+5g MgF2-AD-1,Ein:398.1kJ,dE: 11.01kJ,Tmax:382 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3459-101309GHWFC2:8g Ni+2g Mg+2g NaH+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein:131.0kJ； dE:9.26kJ；TSC:380—470℃；Tmax:470 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.88kJ. energy gain:3.22.

Pond #101309RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g Fe powder in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:5.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-1.92kJ；Energy gain:3；Tmax 405℃.

Pond #3419-100709GZWF2:10g TiC#33+10g WC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10g CaBr2-AD-1, Ein:314.0kJ,dE:20.20kJ,Tmax:363 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 8.6kJ, energy gain:2.35.

Pond #100709RCWF1:7.84g BaI2-SD-3,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g TiC-33 quilts in 2 " HDC Use up .dE 7.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.34kJ；Energy gain:3.3；Tmax:638℃.

Pond #100809RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Al nanometer powders are 1 " By the .dE that uses up in HDC:8.1kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain:2.8；Tmax:445℃.

Pond #100709RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g HfC in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:7.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain:2.5；Tmax:418℃.

Pond #100809RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Fe powder is in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:9.2kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain:3.2；Tmax:449℃.

Pond #100809RCWF4:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Mn powder is in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:7.3kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain:2.5:Tmax:457℃.

Pond #3431-100809GHWFC1:8g GdB6+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 152.1kJ；dE:6.37kJ；TSC:355-430℃；Tmax:445 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.66.

Pond #3432-100809GHWFC2:8g TiB2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#2+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 141.0kJ；dE:5.62kJ；Tmax:433 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.46.

100709KAWFC1#1344 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+15.6g EuBr2 415kJ The small TSC of 446kJ31kJ are 40 DEG C (at 300 DEG C) and Tmax is about that 413 DEG C of energy gains are about 4.5X (X is about 6.85kJ).

100609KAWFC2#1340 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+14.85g BaBr2-AD-1+0.5g K 425kJ 437kJ 12kJ；Tmax is about that 410 DEG C of energy gains are about 2.5X (X is about 4.7kJ).

100509KAWFC2#1337 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+14.4g SrI2-AD-I+0.5g K425kJ 447kJ 22kJ；Tmax is about that 410 DEG C of energy gains are about 3.2X (X=6.67kJ, no K).

100609KAWFC1#1341 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.18g MnI2 59kJ 76kJ 17kJ；TSC is 200 DEG C (at about 50 DEG C) and Tmax is about that 270 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 3.7kJ*2=to 2.3X 7.4kJ)。

Pond #3396-100209GHWFC2:4g Ag NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+4.16g BaCl2-AD-1；Ein: 136.0kJ；dE:2.85kJ；Tmax:406 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.62kJ. gain:1.76.

Pond #3397-100209GHWFC3:4g Ag NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1；Ein: 148.0kJ；dE:3.48kJ；Tmax:422 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.90kJ. energy gain:1.83.

Pond #3398-100209GHWFC4:8g B4C+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+3.68g MgBr2-1；Ein: 138.1kJ；dE:7.15kJ；TSC:350–420℃；Tmax:431 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.46kJ. energy gain:1.60.

Pond #3399-100209GHWFC5:8g Al4C3+2g Mg+3.32g KH+3.68g MgBr2；Ein:151.0kJ； dE:6.55kJ；TSC:370-430℃；Tmax:440 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.46kJ. energy gain:1.57.

Pond #100209RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g ZrB2 powder is in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:2.9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:403℃.

Pond #100209RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g CrB2 in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:4.6kJ；(theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:403℃.

Pond #3404-100509GHWFC1:8g Cr3C2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+3.68g MgBr2-2；Ein: 147.0kJ；dE:7.92kJ；TSC:325-420℃；Tmax:425 DEG C of theoretical energies:4.46kJ. energy gain:1.78.

Pond #100509RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Ag powder is in 1 " heavy wall pond It is middle by the .dE that uses up:4.3kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:421℃.

Pond #100509RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Al powder quilt in 1 " HDC Use up .dE:5.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:Infinitely great Tmax:390℃.

Pond #3413-100609GHWFC1:8g YC2+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 149.0kJ；dE:10.88kJ；TSC:385–472℃；Tmax:472 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:2.83.

Pond #3417-100609GHWFC5:8g TaC+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.90g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 143.1kJ；dE:5.49kJ；TSC:370-430℃；Tmax:445 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.43.

Pond #100609RCWF1:10g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,5g Mg and 20g TiC-33 quilts in 2 " HDC Use up .dE:18.6kJ；Theoretical energy:-8.6kJ；Energy gain:2.2；Tmax:373℃.

Pond #100609RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Al nanometer powders are in 1 " HDC It is middle by the .dE that uses up:3.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:391℃.

Pond #100609RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g Cr powder quilt in 1 " HDC Use up .dE:6.1kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:396℃.

Pond #3355-092809GZWF1:20g TiC#30+5g Mg+8.3g KH+17.1g SrI2-AD-1,Ein: 358.1kJ,dE:23.38kJ,TSC:283-314℃,Tmax:358 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 8.1kJ, energy gain:2.89.

Pond #3361-092809GHWFC3:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.84g SrI2-AD-1+0.66g Cs；Ein:144.0kJ；dE:8.42kJ；TSC:370-465℃；Tmax:465 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.24kJ. energy gain: 2.60。

Pond #3362-092809GHWFC4:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.84g SrI2-AD-1+0.2g K； Ein:148.0kJ；dE:8.64kJ；TSC:370-440℃；Tmax:459 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.24. energy gain:2.67.

Pond #3382-100109GZWF1:10g TiC#32+10g WC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+17.1g SrI2-AD-1, Ein:344.1kJ,dE:19.91kJ,Tmax:344 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 8.11kJ, energy gain:2.45.

100109KAWFC2#1331 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+17.1g SrI2-AD-I+1.65g Cs 356kJ 384kJ 28kJ；Tmax is about that 380 DEG C of energy gains are about 3.45X (X=8.1kJ).

092809KAWFC2#1322 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Cu powder+19.0g BaI2-AD-I 403kJ 426kJ 23kJ；Tmax is about that 390 DEG C of energy gains are about 3.9X (X is about 5.85kJ).

092809KAWFC3#1321 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g WC+14.85g BaBr2-AD-I 395kJ 402kJ 7kJ；Tmax is about that 380 DEG C of energy gains are about 1.48X (X is about 4.7kJ).

092109KAWFC2#1315George 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Cu powder+14.85g BaBr2- Dried 384kJ 401kJ 17kJ；Tmax is about that 400 DEG C of energy gains are about 3.6X (X is about 4.7kJ).

092109KAWFC3#1314George 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g B powder+14.85g BaBr2- Dried 393kJ 402kJ 9kJ；Tmax is about that 350 DEG C of energy gains are about 2X (X is about 4.5kJ).

091809KAWFC1#1313 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Ag powder+7.5g InCl；389kJ 414kJ 25kJ；There is small TSC at 120 DEG C and Tmax is about that 410 DEG C of energy gains are about 2X (X is about 11.45kJ).

091809KAWFC3#1311 4.15g KH+2.5g Mg+10.0g Ag nanometer powder+7.425g BaBr2- Dried (1 inch of pond) 183kJ 191kJ 8kJ；There is TSC at 350 DEG C and Tmax is about that 480 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about by X For 4.7kJ).

100109KAWFC1#1332 8.3g KH-I+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+7.2g AgCl (tested K H) [pond # 1174:25kJ；Pond #1326:30kJ]412kJ 437kJ 25kJ；There is small TSC at about 220 DEG C and Tmax is about 390 DEG C of energy Flow gain is about 1.85X (X=13.52kJ).

092909KAWFC1#1326 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#32+7.2g AgCl (test TiC) pond # 1174:25kJ 411kJ 441kJ 30kJ；There is small TSC at about 250 DEG C and Tmax is about 430 DEG C of energy gains about 2.2X (X=13.52kJ).

100109KAWFC3#1330 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g B powder+19.0g BaI2-AD-2 390kJ 408kJ 17kJ；Tmax is about that 370 DEG C of energy gains are about 2.9X (X is about 5.85kJ).

093009KAWFC1#1329 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+5.55g CaCl2-AD-I 411kJ 426kJ 15kJ；Tmax is about that 410 DEG C of energy gains are about 2.1X (X is about 7.1kJ).

093009KAWFC2#1328 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+3.9g CaF2-AD-1 (repeat #1320) 425kJ 434kJ 9kJ；Tmax is about that 390 DEG C of energy gains are about X (X is about 0kJ).

093009KAWFC3#1327 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g B4C+10.0g CaBr2-AD-1 (repeat # 1319)425kJ 441kJ 16kJ；Tmax is about that 360 DEG C of energy gains are about 1.88X (X is about 8.5kJ).

092909KAWFC3#1324 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC#33+1.55g MgF2+1.94g CaF2 425kJ 431kJ 6kJ；Tmax is about that 360 DEG C of energy gains are about X (X=0kJ).

100209KAWFC2#1334 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+9.2g MgBr2-I 422kJ 446kJ 24kJ；Small TSC is about 50 DEG C (at 200 DEG C) and Tmax is about that 380 DEG C of energy gains are about 2.1X (X=11.16kJ).

100209KAWFC3#1333 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+9.2g MgBr2-I 422kJ 438kJ 16kJ has small TSC at about 270 DEG C and Tmax is about that 380 DEG C of energy gains are about 2X (X=8.03kJ).

Pond #3347-092509GZWF2:20g TiC#29+5g Mg+8.3g KH+8.75g BaF2-AD-1,Ein: 368.1kJ,dE:10.13kJ,Tmax:367 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3353-092509GHWFC4:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+3.18g SrCl2-AD-1+0.66g Cs；Ein:135.0kJ；dE:5.12kJ；Tmax:414 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.17kJ. energy gain:2.36.

Pond #3354-092509GHWFC5:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4.96g SrBr2-AD-1+0.2g K；Ein:141.1kJ；dE:4.27kJ；Tmax:409 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.69kJ. energy gain:1.59.

Pond #092509RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g YC2 are used up in 1 " HDC .dE:7.5kJ；Theoretical energy:- 2.4kJ, energy gain 3.1；Tmax:420℃.

Pond #3356-092809GZWF2:20g TiC#30+5g Mg+8.3g KH+13.9g MgI2-AD-1,Ein: 340.1kJ,dE:23.80kJ,TSC:220-242℃,Tmax:355 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 12.6kJ, energy gain:1.89.

Pond #3363-092809GHWFC5:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4.96g SrBr2-AD-1+0.66g Cs；Ein:149.1kJ；dE:4.39kJ；Tmax:421 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.68kJ. energy gain:1.64.

Pond #092809RCWF1:1.9g MgCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-29 in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:4.7kJ；Theoretical energy:-2.88kJ；Energy gain:1.6；Tmax:417℃.

Pond #092809RCWF2:1.9g MgCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-30 in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:5.9kJ；Theoretical energy:- 3.83kJ, energy gain:1.54；Tmax:442℃.

Pond #092809RCWF3:3.68g MgBr2,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-30 are used up in 1 " HDC .dE:9.7kJ；Theoretical energy -4.46kJ, energy gain 2.2；Tmax 435℃.

Pond #092809RCWF4:3.68g MgBr2,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-30 is used up in 1 " heavy wall pond .dE:7.8kJ；Theoretical energy:-3.21kJ；Energy gain, 2.4；Tmax:436℃.

Pond #3364-092909GZWF1:20g TiC#30+5g Mg+8.3g KH+1.55g MgF2+1.95g CaF2, Ein:348.1kJ,dE:6.66kJ,Tmax:343 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3370-092909GHWFC3:8g TiC#30+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1；Ein: 148.0kJ；dE:5.31kJ；TSC:330-420℃；Tmax:435 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:1.38.

Pond #3372-092909GHWFC5:8g TiC#30+2g Mg+3.32g KH+2.52g SrF2-AD-1+0.66g Cs；Ein:146.1kJ；dE:2.24kJ；Tmax:398 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #092909RCWF1:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g B4C " are used up 1 in HDC .dE:2.5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:382℃.

Pond #092909RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g Al4C3 are 1 " in HDC by with Fall .dE:3.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:397℃.

Pond #092909RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g Cr3C2 are 1 " in HDC by with Fall .dE:5.4kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:386℃.

Pond #3379-093009GHWFC3:8g YC2+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2；Ein:141.0kJ； dE:5.75kJ；TSC:370-460℃；Tmax:468 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.74kJ. energy gain:2.10.

Pond #3380-093009GHWFC4:8g TiC#32+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1+0.2g K；Ein:144.0kJ；dE:5.35kJ；Tmax:434 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.88kJ. energy gain:2.85.

Pond #3381-093009GHWFC5:8g TiC#32+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.9g MgCl2-AD-1+0.2g K； Ein:148.0kJ；dE:8.16kJ；TSC:350-430℃；Tmax:450 DEG C of theoretical energies:3.84kJ. energy gain:2.12.

Pond #093009RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g HfC " are used up 1 in HDC .dE:2.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax 396℃.

Pond #093009RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TaC " are used up 1 in HDC .dE:4.2kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:395℃.

Pond #3383-100109GZWF2:20g TiC#32+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2-AD-1 (are heated to 517℃),Ein:618.1kJ,dE:18.74kJ,Tmax:517 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 4.06kJ, energy gain:4.6.

Pond #3386-100109GHWFC1:4g SiC NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+4.16g BaCl2-AD-1；Ein: 145.0kJ；dE:2.36kJ；Tmax:385 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.62kJ. energy gain:1.46.

Pond #3387-100109GHWFC2:4g SiC NP+2g Mg+3.32g KH#3+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1；Ein: 143.2kJ；dE:3.82kJ；Tmax:419 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.88kJ. energy gain:2.03.

Pond #100109RCWF1:0.62g MgF2-AD-1,1.66g KH-3,1g Mg and 4g Ag nanometer powders are in 1 " HDC It is middle by the .dE that uses up:2.8kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:399℃.

Pond #100109RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g SiC powders are 1 " in HDC By the .dE that uses up:2.9kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:409℃.

Pond #100109RCWF3:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,3.32g KH-3,2g Mg and 8g YC2 are 1 " in HDC by with Fall .dE:9.5kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:435℃.

Pond #3310-092109GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+19.55g BaI2-SD-1,Ein: 350.1kJ,dE:6.4kJ,Tmax:324 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 2.0kJ, energy gain:3.2.

Pond #3311-092109GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+19.55g BaI2-SD-1,Ein: 378.1kJ,dE:10.9kJ,Tmax:369 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 5.9kJ, energy gain:1.9.

Pond #3313-092109GZWF4:8g TiC+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1(Ball Mill),Ein:134.0kJ,dE:5.0kJ,Tmax:403 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.87kJ, energy gain:2.7.

Pond #3319-092209GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1,Ein: 322.1kJ,dE:5.1kJ,Tmax:345 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 3.6kJ, energy gain:1.4.

Pond #3320-092209GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+12.4g SrBr2-AD-1,Ein: 372.1kJ,dE:12.0kJ,Tmax:367 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 6.7kJ, energy gain:1.8.

Pond #3328-092309GZWF1:20g TiC#27&28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+6.3g SrF2-AD-1,Ein: 358.1kJ,dE:4.8kJ,Tmax:343 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3329-092309GZWF2:20g TiC#28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+7.95g SrCl2-AD-1,Ein: 336.1kJ,dE:8.3kJ,Tmax:369 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 5.4kJ, energy gain:1.5.

Pond #3331-092309GZWF4:8g TiC#27+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.94g BaBr2-AD-1 (stirring), Ein:139.0kJ,dE:3.5kJ,Tmax:414 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.87kJ, energy gain:1.9.

Pond #3337-092409GZWF1:20g TiC#28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.75g MgCl2-AD-1,Ein: 314.0kJ,dE:19.0kJ,TSC:259-297℃,Tmax:327 DEG C, theoretical energy E:- 9.6kJ, energy gain:2.0.

Pond #3338-092409GZWF2:20g TiC#28+5g Mg+8.3g KH+9.2g MgBr2-1,Ein: 352.1kJ,dE:19.5kJ,TSC:250-270℃,Tmax:357 DEG C, theoretical energy E:- 11.2kJ, energy gain:1.75.

Pond #3341-092409GHWFC1:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+2.22g CaCl2-AD-1+1.04g SrO；Ein:143.0kJ；dE:5.81kJ；Tmax:429 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.88kJ. energy gain:2.01.

Pond #3342-092409GHWFC2:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4g CaBr2-AD-1+1.04g SrO；Ein:131.0kJ；dE:6.82kJ；TSC:335-440℃；Tmax:440 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.17kJ. energy gain: 3.14。

Pond #3343-092409GHWFC3:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+4g CaBr2-AD-1+0.4g MgO； Ein:141.0kJ；dE:4.47kJ；Tmax:430 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.17kJ. energy gain:2.06.

Pond #3344-092409GHWFC4:8g TiC#28+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.88g CaI2-AD-1+0.4g MgO；Ein:132.0kJ；dE:4.56kJ；Tmax:415 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.24kJ. energy gain:2.03.

Pond #3345-092409GHWFC5:8g TiC#29+2g Mg+3.32g KH+5.88g CaI2-AD-1+1.04g SrO；Ein:140.1kJ；dE:4.26kJ；TSC:340-430℃；Tmax:430 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.24kJ. energy gain: 1.90。

Pond #092109RCWF1:1.56g CaF2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-26 powder are in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:5.6kJ；Theoretical energy 0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:381℃.

Pond #092109RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g B4C powder .dE:5.1kJ； Theoretical energy -2.88kJ, energy gain:1.8；Tmax:431℃.

Pond #092209RCWF1:2.0g CaBr2-AD-1,1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g Ag nanometer powders are in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:6.6kJ；Theoretical energy -1.71kJ, energy gain:3.9；Tmax:420℃.

Pond #092309RCWF2:1.24g MgF2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-28 are by the .dE that uses up: 2.8kJ；Theoretical energy 0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:402℃.

Pond #092309RCWF3:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g WC powders are by the .dE that uses up: 7.2kJ；Theoretical energy -3.4kJ, energy gain:2.1；Tmax:422℃.

Pond #092309RCWF4:5.55g CaCl2-AD-1,5g NaH, 5g Mg and 20g TiC-28 are by the .dE that uses up: 10.5kJ；Theoretical energy:- 4.8kJ, energy gain:2.2；Tmax:416℃.

Pond #092409RCWF1:3.9g CaF2-AD-1,8.3g KH, 5g Mg and 20g TiC-28 in 2 " HDC by with Fall .dE:4.7kJ；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great；Tmax:371℃.

Pond #092409RCWF3:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 7.7g MgB2 are by the .dE that uses up: 7.0kJ；Theoretical energy -2.88kJ, energy gain:2.4；Tmax:413℃.

Pond #3302-091809GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+5.55g CaCl2-AD-1,Ein: 378.1kJ,dE:11.8kJ,Tmax:373 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 7.2kJ, energy gain:1.64.

Pond #3305-091809GHWFC1:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+2g NaH+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1.04g SrO；Ein:144.0kJ；dE:2.82kJ；Tmax:388 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3306-091809GHWFC2:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+3.32g KH+1.24g MgF2-AD-1+1.04g SrO；Ein:139.0kJ；dE:3.00kJ；Tmax:402 DEG C of theoretical energies:0kJ. energy gains:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3307-091809GHWFC3:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2；Ein: 230.0kJ；dE:5.77kJ；Tmax:521 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.73kJ. energy gain:2.11.

Pond #3308-091809GHWFC4:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2+1.04g SrO； Ein:152.1kJ；dE:6.28kJ；Tmax:445 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.73kJ. energy gain:2.30.

Pond #3309-091809GHWFC5:8g TiC#26+2g Mg+2g NaH+6.24g EuBr2+1.04g SrO； Ein:147.0kJ；dE:3.10kJ；Tmax:425 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.48kJ. energy gain:2.09.

Pond #091809RCWF1:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-26 powder are in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:9.2kJ；Theoretical energy -3.4kJ, energy gain:2.7；Tmax:433℃.

Pond #091809RCWF4:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,2g NaH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-26 powder are in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:8.1kJ；Theoretical energy:- 1.92kJ, energy gain:4.2；Tmax:404℃.

Pond #091709RCWF1:2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TiC-25 powder are in 1 " HDC It is middle by the .dE that uses up:6.2kJ；Theoretical energy -2.88kJ, energy gain:2.2；Tmax:413℃.

Pond #091709RCWF3:By the .dE that uses up in 2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g YC2: 5.7kJ；Theoretical energy:- 2.88kJ, energy gain:2；Tmax:444℃.

Pond #091709RCWF4:Used up in 2.22g CaCl2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g Al4C3 powder .dE:8.8kJ (theoretical energy -2.88kJ, energy gain:3.1；Tmax:420℃.

091709KAWFC1#1310 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+5.55g CaCl2-I 387kJ405kJ 18kJ；Tmax is about 370 DEG C, theoretical energy:7.9kJ, energy gain:2.28.

091709KAWFC2#1309 16.6g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+38.0g BaI2-AD- 1DRIED363kJ 404kJ 41kJ；Small 100 DEG C of TSC (at 160 DEG C) and Tmax is about 370 DEG C；Energy gain is about 3.5X (X is about 11.7kJ).

091709KAWFC3#1308 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+38.0g BaI2-DRIED 363kJ 393kJ 30kJ；By small TSC and Tmax it is about that 370 DEG C of energy gains are about 7.5X at 130 DEG C (X is about 4.0kJ).

091609KAWFC1#1307 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g MgO+10.4g BaCl2-I 387kJ 404kJ 17kJ；Tmax is about that 350 DEG C of energy gains are about 3.4X (X is approximately equal to 5.0kJ).

091609KAWFC2#1306 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g In+14.85g BaBr2-AD-I 424kJ436kJ 12kJ；Tmax is about that 400 DEG C of energy gains are about 2.6X (X is approximately equal to 4.68kJ).

Pond #3283-091609GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+10g CaBr2-AD-1,Ein:408.1kJ, dE:13.0kJ,Tmax:About 350 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 5.42kJ, energy gain:2.39.

Pond #3284-091609GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10g CaBr2-AD-1,Ein:376.1kJ, dE:13.9kJ,Tmax:356 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 8.55kJ, energy gain:1.62.

Pond #091609RCWF1:4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g TaC the powder quilt in 1 " HDC Use up .dE:7.4kJ；Theoretical energy:- 3.42kJ, energy gain 2.2；Tmax:411℃.

091509KAWSU#1304 83.3g KH+50.0g Mg+200.0g TiC+148.5g BaBr2-AD-I Alfa Aesar Dried 2340kJ 250kJ 160kJ；Have at 110 DEG C small TSC and another TSC be 200 DEG C (during at 280 DEG C) and Tmax is about 480 DEG C of energy gains:About 3.4X (X is about 46.8kJ).

091509KAWFC1#1303 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.24g EuBr2+0.2g MgO170kJ 187kJ 17kJ；Tmax is about 450 DEG C.

091509KAWFC2#1296 16.6g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC-23+38.0g BaI2-I 366kJ429kJ 63kJ；By small TSC and Tmax it is about 370 DEG C of energy gains at 130 DEG C:About 5.3X (X is about 11.7kJ).

091509KAWFC3#1301 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4g BaCl2-I 382kJ 387kJ 5kJ；Tmax is about 305 DEG C of energy gains:About X (X is approximately equal to 5.0kJ).

Pond #3275-091509GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+3.9g CaF2,Ein:542.1kJ,dE: 6.3kJ,Tmax:441 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3276-091509GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.9g CaF2,Ein:516.1kJ,dE: 9.4kJ,Tmax:461 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #091509RCWF1:2.0g CaBr2-AD-1,1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g SiC nano-powders are in 1 " HDC The middle .dE 5.0kJ that used up；Tmax:410 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.71kJ, energy gain:2.9.

Pond #091509RCWF2:By the .dE that uses up in 4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g YC2 powder: 5.5kJ；Tmax:439 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.42kJ, energy gain:1.6.

Pond #091509RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 4.0g CaBr2-AD-1,3.32g KH, 2g Mg and 8g B4C powder: 10.0kJ；Tmax:415 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.42kJ, energy gain:2.9.

Pond #3267-091409GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+3.1g MgF2,Ein:416.1kJ,dE: 4.8kJ,Tmax:342 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3268-091409GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.1g MgF2,Ein:418.1kJ,dE: 8.6kJ,Tmax:362 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #091409RCWF1:4.16g BaCl2,3.32g KH, 3.33g Ca and 8g TiC-20 in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:5.1kJ；Tmax:408 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.6kJ, energy gain:3.

5.091109KAWFC2#1296 16.6g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC-23+29.7g BaBr2Alfa Aesar Dried (20kJ utilizes NaH) 489kJ 517kJ 28kJ；Tmax is about 410 DEG C of energy gains:(X is about about 3X 9.36kJ)。

Pond #3259-091109GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+6.05g RbCl,Ein:370.1kJ,dE: 5.5kJ,Tmax:350 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3260-091109GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+8.3g KI,Ein:388.1kJ,dE: 7.9kJ,Tmax:356 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3261-091109GZWF3:8g TiC+2g Mg+2g NaH+6.24g EuBr2,Ein:85.0kJ,dE: 10.5kJ,TSC:109-308℃,Tmax:311 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.48kJ, energy gain:7.1.

Pond #3262-091109GZWF4:1000g RNi 2400,Ein:1520.0kJ,dE:685.3kJ(10.3kJ/15g RNi),TSC:82-429℃,Tmax:433℃。

Pond #3263-091109GHWFC1:8g AC3-9+2g Sr+2g NaH+6.24g EuBr2；Ein:149.0kJ； dE:6.03kJ；TSC:70-180℃；Tmax:527 DEG C of theoretical energies:1.5kJ, gain:4.

Pond #3264-091109GHWFC2:8g AC3-9+2g Sr+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2；Ein:191.1kJ； dE:14.1kJ；Tmax:407 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.7kJ, energy gain:5.

Pond #3265-091109GHWFC4:8g AC3-9+2g Mg+3.32g KH+6.24g EuBr2(Ball Mill)； Ein:160.4.0kJ；dE:9.68kJ；Tmax:468 DEG C of theoretical energies:2.7kJ, energy gain:3.6.

Pond #091109RCWF1:1.5g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Ag the nanometer powders quilt in 1 " HDC Use up .dE:6.3kJ；TSC:99℃(137–236℃).Tmax:402 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29kJ, energy gain:2.75.

Pond #091109RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 1.5g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g W nanometer powders: 12.6kJ；TSC:83℃(125–208℃).Tmax:378 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29kJ, energy gain:5.5.

Pond #3251-091009GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+19.55g BaI2,Ein:358.1kJ,dE: 18.5kJ,Tmax:336 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 1.99kJ, energy gain:9.3.

Pond #3252-091009GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+19.55g BaI2,Ein:358.1kJ,dE: 27.5kJ,Tmax:366 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 5.85kJ, energy gain:4.7.

090909KAWFC1#1291 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.05g AlN (pond #1231:6kJ) 338kJ 343kJ 5kJ Tmax are about that 350 DEG C of energy gains are about X (X is about 0kJ).

Pond #090909RCWF1:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Ag nanometer powders are in 1 " HDC By the .dE that uses up:4.3kJ；Tmax:418 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.94kJ, energy gain:4.6.

Pond #090909RCWF4:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g W nanometer powders are by the .dE that uses up: 6.7kJ；Tmax:368 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.94kJ, energy gain:7.1.

Pond #3244-090909GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2,Ein:582.1kJ,dE: 11.3kJ,Tmax:480 DEG C, theoretical energy:- 4.1kJ, energy gain:2.79.

Pond #090809RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 4.16g BaCl2,3.2g K, 4.17g TiH2 and 8g CrB2 powder: 4.4kJ；Tmax:363℃.

Pond #3236-090809GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+2.05g AlN,Ein:366.0kJ,dE: 5.3kJ,Tmax:35 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:Infinitely great

Pond #090409RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 4.16g BaCl2,3.2g K, 4.17g TiH2 and 8g TiC powders: 5.7kJ；Tmax:383 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.04kJ, energy gain:5.4.

090409KAWFC2#1284 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+2.15g LiCl 333kJ 345kJ12kJ；Tmax is about that 345 DEG C of energy gains are about 4X (X is about 0.6kJ*5=3.0kJ).

090109KAWFC2#1275 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20.0g In+14.85g BaBr2 336kJ 348kJ12kJ；Tmax is about that 340 DEG C of energy gains are about 8X (X is about 1.51kJ).

Pond #3220-090309GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.05g AlN,Ein:406.1kJ,dE: 6.5kJ,Tmax:343 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #090309RCWF1:5.94g BaBr2,3.32g KH, 2g Mg powder and 8g Mo powder in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:4.6kJ；Tmax:391 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.88kJ, energy gain:2.45.

Pond #3212-090209GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2,Ein:366.1kJ,dE: 6.7kJ,Tmax:355 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.55kJ, energy gain:4.3.

Pond #090209RCWF3:5.94g by the .dE that uses up in BaBr2,3.32g KH, 2g Mg powder and 8g Cu powder: 7.4kJ；Tmax:442 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.88kJ, energy gain:4.

090209KAWFC2#1278 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Co powder+7.5g InCl 336kJ 359kJ23kJ；Tmax is about that 345 DEG C of energy gains are about 1.74X (X is about 2.64kJ*5=13.2kJ).

Pond #3204-090109GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2,Ein:536.1kJ,dE: 17.1kJ,Tmax:481 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.55kJ, energy gain:11.

Pond #3207-090109GHWFC1:4g Al4C3+1g Mg+1.66g KH+3.79g SnI2；Ein:113.0kJ； dE:7.31kJ；TSC:190-300℃；Tmax:355 DEG C, theoretical energy:5.62kJ, energy gain:1.3.

Pond #3208-090109GHWFC2:4g TaC+1g Mg+1.66g KH+3.79g SnI2；Ein:113.1kJ；dE: 7.81kJ；TSC:165-270℃；Tmax:367 DEG C, theoretical energy:5.62kJ, energy gain:1.39.

Pond #090109RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 5.94g BaBr2,3.32g KH, 2g Mg powder and 8g B powder 9.5kJ；Tmax:419 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.9kJ, energy gain:5.

Pond #083109RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g SrO powder: 7.4kJ；Tmax:432 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.88kJ, energy gain:3.9.

Pond #3200-083109GHWFC2:4g NbC+1g Mg+1.66g KH+3.79g SnI2；Ein:129.0kJ；dE: 9.26kJ；TSC:170-310℃；Tmax:422 DEG C, theoretical energy:5.62kJ, energy gain:1.65.

Pond #3188-082809GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+14.85g BaBr2,Ein:342.1kJ, dE:14.5kJ,Tmax:368C, theoretical energy:4.68kJ, energy gain:3.

082709KAWFC2#1266 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g Co+7.5g InCl 336kJ 360kJ 24kJ；Tmax is about that 360C. energy gains are about 2.1X (X is about 11.45kJ).

082709KAWFC3#1265 8.3g KH+8.35g Ca+20.0g TiC+7.5g InCl 339kJ 364kJ 25kJ；Tmax is about that 340C. energy gains are about 1.77X (X is about 14.1kJ).

Pond #3171-082609GZWF3:4g TiC+1g MgH2+1.66g KH+3.09g MnI2,Ein:115.0kJ, dE:4.4kJ,TSC:35-150℃,Tmax:325 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.98kJ, energy gain:1.46.

Pond #3172-082609GZWF4:4g TiC+1g MgH2+1g NaH+3.09g MnI2,in:119.0kJ,dE: 5.0kJ,TSC:90-154℃,Tmax:372 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.21kJ, energy gain:2.27.

Pond #082609RCWF1:2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g YC2 are used up in 1 " HDC .dE:4.6kJ；Tmax:404 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.52kJ, energy gain:8.8.

Pond #082609RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Cu powder: 4.1kJ；Tmax:378 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.52kJ, energy gain:7.89.

Pond #082509RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 2.08g BaCl2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g WC: 4.1kJ；Tmax:363 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.52kJ, energy gain:7.9.

082109KAWFC1#1255 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g CAII-300+6.18g MnI2 83kJ101kJ 200 DEG C of 18kJ TSC (at about 240 DEG C) and Tmax is about that 440 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 3.7kJ*2=to 2.4X 7.4kJ)。

Pond #081909RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g SrO are used up in 1 " HDC .dE:5.9kJ；TSC:114℃(123–237℃).Tmax:386 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.18kJ, energy gain:1.85.

081809KAWFC1#1246 16.64g KH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+30.9g MnI2VALIDATION 122kJ 209kJ 87kJ；Energy gain is about 2.35X (X is about 3.7kJ*10=37kJ).

081909KAWFC1#1249 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+15.6g EuBr2VALIDATION 130kJ 177kJ 47kJ；TSC is 150 DEG C (at 50 DEG C) and Tmax is about 220 DEG C of energy gains about 6.86X (1.37kJx5=6.85kJ).

081809KAWFC2#1245 5.0g NaH+5.0g MgH2+20.0g TiC+15.45g MnI2 232kJ255kJ 23kJ；TSC is 100 DEG C (at 100 DEG C) and Tmax is about that 275 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 2.58kJ*5=to 1.78X 12.9kJ)。

081809KAWFC3#1244 5.0g NaH+5.0g MgH2+20.0g CAII-300+15.45g MnI2243kJ 268kJ 25kJ；TSC is 50 DEG C (at 150 DEG C) and Tmax is about that 250 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 2.58kJ*5 to 1.9X =12.9kJ).

081709KAWFC2#1243 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+20.8g BaCl2 339kJ 353kJ 14kJ；Tmax is about that 340 DEG C of energy gains are about X (X is about 0.04*10=.4kJ).

081709KAWFC3#1242 10.0g NaH+10.0g Mg+40.0g TiC+29.7g BaBr2 337kJ 357kJ 20kJ；Tmax is about that 340 DEG C of energy gains are about 6X (X is about 0.3kJ*10=3.0kJ).

081409KAWFC1#1241 8.3g KH (test lot number 422U002)+5.0g Mg+20.0g CAII-300+ 9.36g AgCl 327kJ 364kJ 37kJ have small TSC at about 250 DEG C and Tmax is about 360 DEG C of energy gains about 2.2X (X=2.7kJ*6.5=17.5kJ).

081409KAWFC2#1240 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4g BaCl2 repeat pond # 121616kJ 339kJ 351kJ 12kJ；Tmax is about that 340 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 2.6kJ to 4.6X；1 " pond:It is excessive Energy be about 5.4kJ).

081409KAWFC3#1239 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g YC2+14.85g BaBr2 339kJ 349kJ11kJ；Tmax is about that 340 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 0.94*5kJ=4.7kJ to 2.34X；1 " pond:Excessive energy Amount is about 5.3kJ).

081909KAWFC3#1247 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.18g MnI2DEMO RUN61kJ 78kJ 17kJ；TSC is that 200 DEG C (at about 50 DEG C) and Tmax are about that 270 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 2.3X 3.7kJ*2=7.4kJ.

Pond #3128-081909GZWF4:4g In+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.97g BaBr2,Ein:162.6kJ,dE: 5.8kJ,Tmax:454 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.31kJ, energy gain:18.7.

Pond #081809RCWF3:By the .dE that uses up in 2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Fe powder: 4.4kJ；Tmax:411 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.94kJ, energy gain:4.6.

Pond #081709RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Ti powder in 1 " HDC by with Fall .dE:5.2kJ；TSC:93℃(116–209℃).Tmax:390 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29, energy gain:2.27.

Pond #081709RCWF3:By the .dE that uses up in 1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Fe powder: 5.8kJ；TSC:88℃(129–217℃).Tmax:458 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29, energy gain:2.5.

Pond #081709RCWF4:By the .dE that uses up in 1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g Co powder: 6.0kJ；TSC:98℃(122–220℃).Tmax:465 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29, energy gain:2.6.

Pond #3098-081409GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.15g LiCl,Ein:326.0kJ,dE: 7.7kJ,Tmax:327 DEG C, theoretical energy:3kJ, energy gain:2.5.

Pond #3099-081409GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.35g LiBr,Ein:322.1kJ,dE: 10.2kJ,Tmax:317 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.75kJ, energy gain:2.66.

Pond #081409RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g VC are used up in 1 " HDC .dE:5.2kJ；TSC:76℃(135–211℃).Tmax:386 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29kJ, energy gain:2.27.

Pond #081409RCWF3:By the .dE that uses up in 1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g ZrB2: 5.1kJ,TSC:66 DEG C of (142-208 DEG C) 383 DEG C of .Tmax, theoretical energy:2.29kJ, energy gain:2.2.

Pond #081109RCWF3:By the .dE that uses up in 2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g B4C: 4.5kJ；Tmax:393 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.94, energy gain:4.8.

Pond #3058-081009GZWF1:20g AC3-8+8.3g K,Ein:325.6kJ,dE:6.8kJ,TSC:50-70 ℃,Tmax:330℃。

Pond #081009RCWF1:2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g YC2 are used up in 1 " HDC .dE:5.3kJ；Tmax:423 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.94kJ, energy gain:5.6.

Pond #081009RCWF3:By the .dE that uses up in 2.97g BaBr2,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g TaC: 7.1kJ；Tmax:395 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.94kJ, energy gain:7.55.

080609KAWFC1#1225 3.32g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g TiC+6.18g MnI2(2X)64kJ 80kJ 140 DEG C of 16kJ TSC (at about 50 DEG C) and Tmax is about that 260 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 3.7kJ*2=to 2.16X 7.4kJ)。

Pond #3046-080609GZWF4:4g AC3-8+1g MgH2+1g NaH+3.09g MnI2,Ein:1 49.1kJ, dE:8.0kJ,TSC:146-237℃,Tmax:428 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.58kJ, energy gain:5.

Pond #080609RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1.67g Ca and 4g AC3-8 are in 1 " HDC, dE: 9.9kJ；TSC:142℃(157–299℃).Tmax:382 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.82kJ, energy gain:3.5.

Pond #3034-080509GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.7g CrB2,Ein:316.6kJ,dE: 5.96kJ,Tmax:328 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.25kJ, energy gain:24.

Pond #3035-080509GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+14.85g BaBr2,Ein:318.1kJ, dE:13.0kJ,Tmax:334 DEG C, theoretical energy:4.7kJ, energy gain:2.76.

Pond #3037-080509GZWF4:4g AC3-7+1g MgH2+1g NaH+2.78g MgI2,Ein:254.0kJ, dE:7.5kJ,Tmax:653 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.75kJ, energy gain:4.3.

Pond #080509RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g YC2 are in 1 " HDC by the .dE that uses up: 7.7kJ；TSC:104℃(158–262℃).Tmax:390 DEG C, theoretical energy:4.7kJ, energy gain:1.6.

Pond #3026-080409GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+2.05g AlN,Ein:337.6kJ,dE: 5.20kJ,Tmax:296 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #3031-080409GHWFC3:4g Cu+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl；Ein:128.0kJ；dE: 6.33kJ；TSC:125-215℃；Tmax:379 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.35kJ, energy gain:1.94.

Pond #3032-080409GHWFC4:4g Cr+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl；Ein:142.0kJ；dE: 4.35kJ；TSC:250-350℃；Tmax:434 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.35kJ, energy gain:1.33.

Pond #3033-080409GHWFC5:4g Mn+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl；Ein:139.0kJ；dE: 6.26kJ；Tmax:413 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.35kJ, energy gain:1.93.

Pond #080409RCWF1:1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g Cr3C2 are in 1 " HDC by the .dE that uses up: 5.8kJ；TSC:110℃(130–240℃).Tmax:389 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29kJ, energy gain:2.5.

Pond #080409RCWF3:By the .dE that uses up in 1.50g InCl, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g Al4C3:4.1kJ； TSC:75℃(140–215℃).Tmax:389 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.29kJ, energy gain:1.79.

080309KAWFC1#1216 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+10.4g BaCl2 313kJ 329kJ16kJ Tmax are about that 340 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 2.6kJ to 6.1X；1 " pond:Excessive energy is about 5.4kJ)。

073109KAWFC1#1213 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g TiC+4.35g LiBr 318kJ 332kJ14kJ Tmax are about that 350 DEG C of energy gains are about 3.7X (X is about 0.75kJ*5=3.75kJ) 072709KAWFC2# 1200 excessive energy:21kJ.

073109KAWFC2#1212 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g CAII-300+2.0g MgO 339kJ358kJ 19kJ Tmax are about 340 DEG C, theoretical energy:0kJ, gain is infinity.

073109KAWFC2#1211 8.3g KH+5.0g Mg+20.0g CAII-300+7.3g Ni2Si 339kJ359kJ 20kJ Tmax are about 340 DEG C of energy gains, and (X is about 0.28kJ*5=1.40kJ for 14.3；1 " pond:It is excessive Energy be about 5.8kJ).

Pond #3017-080309GZWF2:20g TiC+5g Mg+8.3g KH+10.4g BaCl2,Ein:357.1kJ,dE: 16.56kJ,Tmax:343 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.6kJ, energy gain:6.3.

Pond #3021-080309GHWFC2:4g Fe+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl；Ein:139.0kJ；dE: 4.76kJ；TSC:260-360℃；Tmax:426 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.9kJ, energy gain:1.64.

Pond #3022-080309GHWFC3:4g Ni+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl；Ein:138.0kJ；dE: 6.96kJ；TSC:260-370℃；Tmax:418 DEG C, theoretical energy:4.97kJ, energy gain:1.40.

Pond #3008-073109GZWF2:20g AC3-7+8.3g KH+4.35g LiBr,Ein:312.1kJ,dE: 9.90kJ,Tmax:330 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.75kJ, energy gain:2.64.

Pond #3011-073109GHWFC1:4g Ti powder+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl；Ein:140.0kJ； dE:6.07kJ；TSC:270-360℃；Tmax:392 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.25kJ, energy gain:1.87.

Pond #072909RCWF1:1.49g Co2P, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg and 4g AC3-7 are in 1 " HDC by the .dE that uses up: 3.9kJ；Tmax:395 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.45, energy gain:8.69.

072909KAWFC2#1206 3.33g KH+2.0g Mg+8.0g CAII-300+8.32g DyI2(0.02mole) 129kJ 138kJ 9kJ；TSC and Tmax is about 370 DEG C, theoretical energy:6.32kJ, energy gain:1.42；1 " pond:Excessive Energy is about 6.1kJ with 0.006 mole.

072909KAWFC3#1205 5.0g NaH+5.0g Mg+20g TiC+14.85g BaBr2 339kJ 347kJ 8kJ；Tmax is about that 370 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 0.3kJ*5=1.5kJ to 5X；1 " pond:Excessive energy is about 8.0kJ)。

RbCl_6.05g (the * TPD that 072809KAWFC2#1203KH_8.3g+Mg_5.0g+CAII-300_20.0g+ is dried Show low-down moisture content；Energy excessive 071709KAWFC1#1180:18kJ)333kJ 346kJ 13kJ；Tmax is about It is about that (X is about 0kJ to X for 360 DEG C of energy gains；1 " pond:Excessive energy is about 6.0kJ).

072809KAWFC3#1202KH_8.3g+Mg_5.0g+CAII-300_20.0g+Y2S3_13.7g 336kJ 350kJ 14kJ；Tmax is about that 350 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 0.81kJ*5=4.05kJ to 3.45X；1 " pond:Excessive Energy is about 5.2kJ).

Pond #2992-072909GZWF4:4g AC3-7+1g Mg+1g NaH+1.49g Co2P,Ein:135.0kJ,dE: 6.7kJ,Tmax:380 DEG C, theoretical energy:0.45, energy gain:13.8.

Pond #2983-072809GZWF4:4g AC3-7+1g Mg+1.66gKH+0.01molCl2,Ein:189.5kJ,dE: 11.4kJ,Tmax:85 DEG C, theoretical energy:8kJ, energy gain:1.4.

Pond #072809RCWF1:0.41g AlN, 1.66g KH, 1.67g Ca and 4g AC3-7 are used up in 1 " HDC .dE:4.2kJ；Tmax:401 DEG C, theoretical energy:0, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #2972-072709GZWF1:20g AC3-7+5g Mg+8.3g KH+3.7g CrB2,Ein:352.6kJ,dE: 10.62kJ,Tmax:324 DEG C, theoretical energy:0, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #2973-072709GZWF2:20g AC3-7+5g Mg+8.3g KH+4.35g LiBr,Ein:334.6kJ, dE:16.79kJ,Tmax:381 DEG C, theoretical energy:3.75, energy gain:4.47.

Pond #2974-072709GZWF3:4g Pt/C+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl,Ein:148.0kJ,dE: 6.4kJ,TSC:388-452℃,Tmax:453 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.90, energy gain:2.2.

Pond #2975-072709GZWF4:4g Pd/C+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.44g AgCl,Ein:134.1kJ,dE: 9.9kJ,TSC:332-446℃,Tmax:455 DEG C, theoretical energy:2.90, energy gain:3.4.

072709KAWFC1#1201KH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+KI_8.3gm314kJ 331kJ 17kJ；Tmax is about 340 DEG C, theoretical energy:0, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

072709KAWFC2#1200KH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+LiBr_4.35gm 339kJ 360kJ 21kJ；Tmax is about 350 DEG C, theoretical energy:0, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

072709KAWFC3#1199KH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+NiB_3.5gm336kJ 357kJ 21kJ；Tmax is about that 340 DEG C of energy gains are about that 8 (X is about 0.52kJ*5=2.6kJ；1 " pond:Excessive energy is about For 4.9kJ).

Pond #072709RCWF1:2.38g Na2TeO4,1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g the AC3-7 quilt in 1 " HDC Use up .dE:22.3kJ；TSC:292℃(261–553℃)；Tmax:554 DEG C, theoretical energy:14.85, energy gain:1.5.

072409KAWFC2#1196KH_8.3gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+CoS_4.55gm 339kJ 357kJ 18kJ；Tmax is about that 350 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 2.63kJ*5=13.15kJ to 1.37X；1 " pond:Excessive Energy is about 8.7kJ).

072409KAWFC3#1195NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+GdF3_10.7gm 339kJ 351kJ 12kJ；Tmax is about that 320 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 0.13kJ*5=0.65kJ；1 " pond:Excessive energy is about For 8.68kJ).

072509KARU#1198NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+SF6Online ROWAN It is about 400 DEG C of energy increasings that TECH PARK load 252.7kJ 349.3kJ 96.5kJ Tmax herein for 072209 on BLP Benefit is about 1.37X (0.03 mole of SF6 of X correspondences is about 70kJ).

072409KAWRU#1194NaH_5.0gm+Ca_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+MnI2_15.45gm ROWAN TECH PARK load 346.8kJ 398.3kJ 51.5kJ herein for 072209 on BLP；Have at about 50 DEG C small TSC and Tmax is about that 320 DEG C of energy gains are about 1.75X (X is about 5.9kJ*5=29.5kJ).

072309KAWRU#1190NaH_5.0gm+Ca_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+MnI2_15.45gm ROWAN TECH PARK herein for 072209 on BLP load 336.5kJ 388.6kJ 52.1kJ have at about 50 DEG C small TSC and Tmax is about that 320 DEG C of energy gains are about 1.76X (X is about 5.9kJ*5=29.5kJ).

Pond #072409RCWF1:0.40g MgO, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-6 are in 1 " HDC, dE: 4.1kJ；Tmax:388℃；Theoretical energy:0；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #2963-072409GZWF1:20g TiC+5g Mg+5g NaH+14.85g BaBr2,Ein:381.1kJ,dE: 7.32kJ,Tmax:314 DEG C, theoretical energy:1.55kJ, energy gain:4.7.

Pond #2968-072409GHWFC2:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.38g Na2TeO4；Ein:141.0kJ； dE:19.32kJ；TSC:225-540℃；Tmax:540 DEG C, theoretical energy:14.85kJ, energy gain:1.3.

071609KAWRU#1177KH 8.3gm+Mg 5.0gm+TiC 20.0gm+SnI2 18.5gm 199.8kJ 245.8kJ 46kJ, theoretical energy:28.1kJ, energy gain:1.63.

Pond #2933-072009GHWFC2:4g AC3-5+1g Mg+1.66g KH+0.87g LiBr；Ein:146.0kJ； dE:6.24kJ；Tmax:439 DEG C, theoretical energy:Heat absorption.

Pond #2954-072309GZWF1:20g AC3-6+5g Mg+8.3g KH+13g CsI,Ein:333.1kJ,dE: 10.08kJ,Tmax:328 DEG C, theoretical energy:0, energy gain:It is infinitely great.

072409KAWRU#1194NaH_5.0gm+Ca_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+MnI2_15.45gm ROWAN It is about 1.75X (X that TECH PARK load 346.8kJ 398.3kJ 51.5kJ. energy gains herein for 072209 on BLP About 5.9kJ*5=29.5kJ).

072309KAWFC1#1193NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+InCl2_6.5gm 311kJ 338kJ 27kJ；There is small TSC at 150 DEG C and Tmax is about that 350 DEG C of energy gains are about that (X is about 4.22kJ*3.5=to 1.8X 14.7kJ；1 " pond:Excessive energy is about 7.9kJ).

072209KAWFC1#1189KH_8.3gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+AlN_2.05gm 326kJ 341kJ 15kJ；Tmax is about 320 DEG C；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:Infinitely great (1 " pond:Excessive energy is about 4.9kJ)。

072209KAWFC2#1188NaH_5.0gm+Mg_5.0gm+CAII-300_20.0gm+CsCl_8.4gm 320kJ 330kJ 10kJ；Tmax is about 330 DEG C；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:Infinitely great (1 " pond:Excessive energy is about 4.1kJ)。

Pond #2947-072209GZWF2:20g AC3-6+5g Mg+5g NaH+6.1g RbCl,Ein:322.6kJ,dE: 14.6kJ；Tmax:320℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #2931-072209GZWF4:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1.66g KH+1.66g KI,Ein:131.0kJ,dE: 5.6kJ；Tmax:397℃；Theoretical energy:0kJ；Energy gain:It is infinitely great.

Pond #072109RCWF1:0.70g NiB, 1.66g KH, 1g Mg powder and 4g AC3-6 are in 1 " HDC, dE: 4.9kJ；Tmax:402℃；Theoretical energy:0.52kJ；Energy gain:9.4.

Pond #2939-072109GZWF3:4g Pt/C+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.97g BaBr2,Ein:153.0kJ,dE: 5.1kJ；Tmax:390℃；Theoretical energy:0.31；Energy gain:16.

Pond #2944-072109GHWFC4:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1g NaH+2.32g Ag2O；Ein:221.1kJ；dE: 8.48kJ；TSC:70-150℃；Tmax:547℃；Theoretical energy:5.71kJ；Energy gain:1.49.

Pond #2945-072109GHWFC5:4g AC3-6+1g Mg+1.66g KH+2.32g Ag2O；Ein:215.9kJ； dE:10.12kJ；TSC:70-140℃；Tmax:545℃；Theoretical energy:5.71kJ；Energy gain:1.77.

B. solution NMR

The representational reactant mixture for being used to be formed fraction hydrogen is included：(i) at least one catalyst or catalyst and hydrogen Source, one kind such as in Li, Na, K, LiH, NaH and KH, (ii) at least one oxidant is such as selected from SrCl₂、SrBr₂、 SrI₂、BaCl₂、BaBr₂、MgF₂、MgCl₂、CaF₂、MgI₂、CaF₂、CaI₂、EuBr₂、EuBr₃、FeBr₂、MnI₂、SnI₂、PdI₂、 InCl、AgCl、Y₂O₃、KCl、LiCl、LiBr、LiF、KI、RbCl、Ca₃P₂、SF₆、Mg₃As₂With one kind in AlN, (iii) extremely A kind of few reducing agent, is such as selected from Mg, Sr, Ca, CaH₂、Li、Na、K、KBH₄And NaBH₄In one kind, and (iv) at least one carry Body, is such as selected from TiC, TiCN, Ti₃SiC₂、YC₂、CrB₂、Cr₃C₂、GdB₆, Pt/Ti, Pd/C, Pt/C, AC, Cr, Co, Mn, Si receive One kind in ground rice end (NP), MgO and TiC.The reaction product of 50mg reactant mixtures is added to and utilizes glass TEFLON^TMValve Deuterated N,N-dimethylformamide-the d7 of 1.5ml (DCON (CD in sealed bottle₃)₂, DMF-d7 (99.5%Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.)) in, stirring, and it is dissolved 12 hours in glove box under an argon.Pass through It is tightly connected, NMR pipes (5mm OD, 23cm length, Wilmad) will be transferred to without the solution that solid is present, then flame sealing should Pipe.The 500MHz Bruker NMR energy disperse spectroscopies for locking field using deuterium record H NMR spectroscopy.Chemical shift is with reference to relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) solvent frequency (such as DMF-d7) at 8.03ppm.

Relative to TMS, it is contemplated that fraction hydrogen hydride ion H can be observed at about -3.86ppm^-(1/4), it is contemplated that can be Molecular fraction hydrogen H is observed at 1.21ppm₂(1/4).It is expected that H can be observed at about -3ppm^-(1/3), its can by with sun The interaction of ion or solvent and displacement.The position occurred for these peaks of specific reactant mixture and displacement and intensity exist Provided in table 3.

Table 3. is after the DMF-d7 solvent extractions of the product of fraction hydrogen catalyst system¹H solution NMR

C. exemplary regeneration reactions

Alkaline-earth metal or lithium halide pass through alkaline-earth metal or lithium hydride (or lithium) and corresponding alkali halide is anti- Answer and formed.Reactant loading capacity, reaction condition and XRD results are given in table 4.Generally, it is 2 by mol ratio:1 alkali metal The mixture or mol ratio of halide and alkaline-earth metal are 1:1 alkali halide and Li or LiH mixture are put into earthenware Crucible bottom, the crucible is made up and position of stainless steel (SS) pipe (one end open) of about 25.4cm length, 1.27cm~1.9cm external diameters In the vacuum sealing quartz pipe (one end open) of 2.54cm external diameters.The openend of SS pipes is arranged on away from about 2.54cm outside stove Position, so that outside cooling and condensation of the alkali metal formed in course of reaction in heating zone, to avoid alkali metal and quartz ampoule Between any corrosion reaction.The device is horizontally oriented, to increase the surface area of heated chemical substance.Reaction is in vacuum or 1 Carried out in the Ar gas of individual atmospheric pressure in 700 DEG C~850 DEG C 30 minutes, then empty alkali metal 30 minutes in similar temperature.Another In one device, reactant is placed in SS crucibles, and sprays fused mass (10sccm) to be mixed using dry Ar.Ar By in the bottom of fused mass there is the syringe needle of opening to supply.Alkali metal is evaporated by hot-zone.After reaction, reactor is cooled to Room temperature, and be transferred in glove box and carry out collection of products.Product is identified using XRD.Sample is by crushed products and is added into Prepared using in plastic film coated sealed Panalytical fixators in glove box.The amount of reactant, temperature, when continuing Between and XRD results be given in Table 4, its prove halide hydride exchange reaction be thermal reversion.

(oxide comes from pan XRD fixators to reaction volume, temperature, duration and the XRD results of the regenerative response of table 4. Gas leakage)

Claims

1. a kind of battery or fuel cell system, the fraction hydrogen of the battery or fuel cell system from by hydrogen to compared with lower state Catalytic reaction produces electromotive force (EMF), and it is provided reacts the energy discharged to the direct conversion of electric power, the battery by fraction hydrogen Or fuel cell system is included：

Reactant, in the pond operation process with separated electronics flowing and ion mass transfer, the reactant constitutes fraction hydrogen Reactant,

Cathode bays comprising negative electrode,

Anodic compartment comprising anode, and

Hydrogen source；

Wherein described reactant, which is included, is selected from least two following components：Catalyst or catalyst source；Atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen Source；Form the reactant of the catalyst or catalyst source and the atomic hydrogen or atom hydrogen source；Trigger the catalysis of atomic hydrogen One or more reactants；With the carrier for enabling catalysis to occur；And

Wherein, at least one of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst are formed by the reaction of reactant mixture, and by its progress A kind of reactant of reaction causes catalytic reaction to activate, wherein causing the reaction of the catalytic reaction is included selected from following anti- Should：

(i) exothermic reaction；

(ii) coupling reaction；

(iii) radical reaction；

(iv) oxidation-reduction reaction；

(v) exchange reaction, and

(vi) catalytic reaction of absorbent, carrier or Matrix-assisted.

2. battery as claimed in claim 1 or fuel cell system, wherein providing differential responses thing in different pond compartments At least one of or in different conditions or under the conditions of same reaction thing, the different pond compartments by for electronics and The different pipelines of ion are connected to complete circuit between the compartment.

3. battery as claimed in claim 2 or fuel cell system, wherein the ion mass transfer provides scenario described below extremely Few one：The formation of the reactant mixture of reaction generation fraction hydrogen, and the bar for making the fraction hydrogen reaction occur with notable speed Part,

Wherein, in the absence of electronics flowing and during the ion mass transfer, the fraction hydrogen reaction does not occur or not with can The speed of sight occurs.

4. battery as claimed in claim 3 or fuel cell system, wherein producing in electric power gain and heat power gain At least one, the electric power gain and heat power gain exceed electric power gain and the heat of the electrolysis power applied by electrode Power gain.

5. battery as claimed in claim 4 or fuel cell system, wherein the fraction hydrogen reactant have hot recycling or At least one of electrolytic regeneration.

6. battery as claimed in claim 5 or fuel cell system, wherein the fraction hydrogen reactant with hot recycling Comprising：

(i) at least one catalyst or catalyst source of alkali metal hydride are selected from；

(ii) it is selected from the hydrogen source of alkali metal hydride；

(iii) it is selected from following at least one oxidant：

(a) alkaline-earth halide；

(b) alkali halide；

(c) rare earth metal halide；

(iv) it is selected from Mg and MgH₂、Ca、CaH₂With Li at least one reducing agent, and

(v) TiC, WC, TiCN, TiB are selected from₂、Cr₃C₂And Ti₃SiC₂At least one carrier.

7. battery as claimed in claim 6 or fuel cell system, wherein including the oxidation-reduction reaction for causing catalytic reaction The reactant mixture include：

(i) Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs and CsH at least one catalyst are selected from；

(ii)H₂Gas, H₂Gas source or hydride；

(iii) it is selected from following at least one oxidant：

Metallic compound, including halide, phosphide, boride, oxide, hydroxide, silicide, nitride, arsenide, Selenides, tellurides, antimonide, carbide, sulfide, hydride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, disulfate, phosphorus Hydrochlorate, hydrophosphate, dihydric phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, permanganate, chlorate, perchlorate, chlorite, mistake Chlorite, hypochlorite, bromate, perbromate, excessively bromite, bromite, iodate, periodates, iodous acid Salt, excessively iodite, chromate, bichromate, tellurate, selenate, arsenate, silicate, borate, cobalt/cobalt oxide, tellurium Oxide and halogen, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co and Te oxo anion；

Transition metal, Sn, Ga, In, lead, germanium, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions compound；

GeF₂、GeCl₂、GeBr₂、GeI₂、GeO、GeP、GeS、GeI₄、GeCl₄, fluorocarbons, ClCF₃, chlorocarbon, O₂、 MNO₃、MClO₄、MO₂、NF₃、N₂O、NO、NO₂, boron-nitrogen compound, sulphur compound, S_xX_y、CS₂、SO_xX_y、SOCl₂、SOF₂、 SO₂F₂、SOBr₂、X_xX’_y、ClF₅、X_xX’_yO_z、ClO₂F、ClO₂F₂、ClOF₃、ClO₃F、ClO₂F₃、B₃N₃H₆、Se、Te、Bi、As、 Sb、Bi、TeX_x、TeF₄、TeF₆、TeO_x、TeO₂、TeO₃、SeX_x、SeF₆、SeO_x、SeO₂Or SeO₃, tellurium oxide, tellurium halide, Tellurium compound, TeO₂、TeO₃、Te(OH)₆、TeBr₂、TeCl₂、TeBr₄、TeCl₄、TeF₄、TeI₄、TeF₆, CoTe or NiTe, selenium Compound, seleno oxide, selenium halide, selenium sulfide, SeO₂、SeO₃、Se₂Br₂、Se₂Cl₂、SeBr₄、SeCl₄、SeF₄、SeF₆、 SeOBr₂、SeOCl₂、SeOF₂、SeO₂F₂、SeS₂、Se₂S₆、Se₄S₄Or Se₆S₂、P、P₂O₅、P₂S₅、P_xX_y、PF₃、PCl₃、PBr₃、 PI₃、PF₅、PCl₅、PBr₄F、PCl₄F、PO_xX_y、POBr₃、POI₃、POCl₃Or POF₃、PS_xX_y、PSBr₃、PSF₃、PSCl₃, phosphorus-nitrogen Compound, P₃N₅、(Cl₂PN)₃、(Cl₂PN)₄、(Br₂PN)_x, arsenic compound, arsenic oxide, arsenic halogenide, pozzuolite compound, arsenic selenium Compound, arsenic tellurides, AlAs, As₂I₄、As₂Se、As₄S₄、AsBr₃、AsCl₃、AsF₃、AsI₃、As₂O₃、As₂Se₃、As₂S₃、 As₂Te₃、AsCl₅、AsF₅、As₂O₅、As₂Se₅、As₂S₅, antimonial, sb oxide, antimony halide, antimony sulfide, antimony sulfuric acid Salt, antimony selenides, antimony arsenide, SbAs, SbBr₃、SbCl₃、SbF₃、SbI₃、Sb₂O₃、SbOCl、Sb₂Se₃、Sb₂(SO₄)₃、 Sb₂S₃、Sb₂Te₃、Sb₂O₄、SbCl₅、SbF₅、SbCl₂F₃、Sb₂O₅、Sb₂S₅, bismuth compound, bismuth oxide, bismuth halide, bismuth sulphur Compound, bismuth selenides, BiAsO₄、BiBr₃、BiCl₃、BiF₃、BiF₅、Bi(OH)₃、BiI₃、Bi₂O₃、BiOBr、BiOCl、BiOI、 Bi₂Se₃、Bi₂S₃、Bi₂Te₃、Bi₂O₄、SiCl₄、SiBr₄, transition metal halide, CrCl₃、ZnF₂、ZnBr₂、ZnI₂、MnCl₂、 MnBr₂、MnI₂、CoBr₂、CoI₂、CoCl₂、NiCl₂、NiBr₂、NiF₂、FeF₂、FeCl₂、FeBr₂、FeCl₃、TiF₃、CuBr、 CuBr₂、VF₃、CuCl₂, metal halide, SnF₂、SnCl₂、SnBr₂、SnI₂、SnF₄、SnCl₄、SnBr₄、SnI₄、InF、InCl、 InBr、InI、AgCl、AgI、AlF₃、AlBr₃、AlI₃、YF₃、CdCl₂、CdBr₂、CdI₂、InCl₃、ZrCl₄、NbF₅、TaCl₅、 MoCl₃、MoCl₅、NbCl₅、AsCl₃、TiBr₄、SeCl₂、SeCl₄、InF₃、InCl₃、PbF₄、TeI₄、WCl₆、OsCl₃、GaCl₃、 PtCl₃、ReCl₃、RhCl₃、RuCl₃, metal oxide, metal hydroxides, Y₂O₃、FeO、Fe₂O₃Or NbO, NiO, Ni₂O₃、 SnO、SnO₂、Ag₂O、AgO、Ga₂O、As₂O₃、SeO₂、TeO₂、In(OH)₃、Sn(OH)₂、In(OH)₃、Ga(OH)₃、Bi(OH)₃、 CO₂、As₂Se₃、SF₆、S、SbF₃、CF₄、NF₃, metal permanganate salts, KMnO₄、NaMnO₄、P₂O₅, metal nitrate, LiNO₃、 NaNO₃、KNO₃, boron halide, BBr₃、BI₃, 13 race's halide, indium halide, InBr₂、InCl₂、InI₃, silver-colored halide, AgCl, AgI, lead halide, cadmium halide, zirconium halide, transition metal oxide, transient metal sulfide or transition metal halogen The transition series halide of compound, second or the 3rd, YF₃, second or the vulcanization of the transition system of the 3rd transition system oxide, second or the 3rd Thing, Y₂S₃, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Os halide, Li₂S、ZnS、FeS、NiS、MnS、Cu₂S、CuS、 SnS, alkaline-earth halide, BaBr₂、BaCl₂、BaI₂、SrBr₂、SrI₂、CaBr₂、CaI₂、MgBr₂Or MgI₂, rare earth metal halogen Compound, EuBr₃、LaF₃、LaBr₃、CeBr₃、GdF₃、GdBr₃, metal be in II valence states rare earth metal halide, CeI₂、EuF₂、 EuCl₂、EuBr₂、EuI₂、DyI₂、NdI₂、SmI₂、YbI₂And TmI₂, metal boride, boronation europium, MB₂Boride, CrB₂、TiB₂、 MgB₂、ZrB₂、GdB₂, alkali halide, LiCl, RbCl or CsI, metal phosphide, noble metal halide, Precious metal oxidation Thing, noble metal sulphide, PtCl₂、PtBr₂、PtI₂、PtCl₄、PdCl₂、PbBr₂、PbI₂, rare earth sulphide, CeS, La halogen Compound, Gd halide, metal and anion, Na₂TeO₄、Na₂TeO₃、Co(CN)₂、CoSb、CoAs、Co₂P、CoO、CoSe、 CoTe、NiSb、NiAs、NiSe、Ni₂Si, MgSe, rare earth metal tellurides, EuTe, rare earth metal selenides, EuSe, rare earth gold Belong to nitride, EuN, metal nitride, AlN, GdN, Mg₃N₂, contain at least two atoms in oxygen and different halogen atom Compound, F₂O、Cl₂O、ClO₂、Cl₂O₆、Cl₂O₇、ClF、ClF₃、ClOF₃、ClF₅、ClO₂F、ClO₂F₃、ClO₃F、BrF₃、BrF₅、 I₂O₅、IBr、ICl、ICl₃、IF、IF₃、IF₅、IF₇, the transition series halide of metal second or the 3rd, OsF₆、PtF₆Or IrF₆, reduction When can form compound, metal hydride, rare earth metal hydride, alkaline earth metal hydride or the metal hydride alkaline of metal Thing；Wherein, M is alkali metal, and x, y and z are integer, and X and X ' are halogen；

(iv) selected from metal, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, second and the 3rd be transition metal and rare earth metal, Al、Mg、MgH₂, Si, La, B, Zr and Ti powder and H₂At least one of reducing agent, and

(v) selected from least one of AC, the 1%Pt on carbon or Pd, carbide, TiC and WC conductive carrier.

8. battery as claimed in claim 7 or fuel cell system, wherein including the oxidation-reduction reaction for causing catalytic reaction The reactant mixture include：

(i) at least one catalyst or catalyst source, the catalyst or catalyst source include metal or hydrogen from I races element Compound；

(ii) at least one hydrogen source, the hydrogen source includes H₂Gas or H₂Gas source or hydride；

(iii) at least one oxidant including atom or ion or compound, the atom or ion or compound comprising 13, 14th, at least one of 15,16 and 17 race's elements, the element be selected from F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se and Te；

(iv) at least one reducing agent, the reducing agent, which is included, is selected from Mg, MgH₂, Al, Si, B, Zr and rare earth metal element or Hydride；With

(v) selected from least one of carbon, AC, graphene, the carbon for being impregnated with metal, carbide, TiC and WC conductive carrier.

9. battery as claimed in claim 8 or material battery system, wherein including the oxidation-reduction reaction for causing catalytic reaction The reactant mixture is included：

(iii) at least one oxidant, the oxidant include selected from IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, Halide, oxide or the sulfide compound of the element of 11d, 12d race and group of the lanthanides；

10. battery as claimed in claim 9 or fuel cell system, wherein causing the exchange reaction of the catalytic reaction Including the anion exchange at least between the two in the oxidant, the reducing agent and the catalyst, wherein described the moon Ion be selected from halogen anion, hydride ion, oxygen anion, sulfide, nitrogen anion, boron anion, carboanion, silicon it is cloudy from Son, arsenic anion, selenium anion, tellurium anion, phosphorus anion, nitrate, sulphur hydrogen radical ion, carbonate, sulfate radical, hydrogen sulfate Root, phosphate radical, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, perchlorate, chromate, dichromate ion, cobalt oxide anion and oxo bear from Son.

11. battery as claimed in claim 1 or fuel cell system, wherein the catalyst can be with 27.2eV ± 0.5eV (27.2/2) one of eV ± 0.5eV graduation of whole numbers of units receives energy from atomic hydrogen.

12. battery as claimed in claim 1 or fuel cell system, wherein catalyst include atom or ion M, wherein coming from Each self-ionization of t electronics of atom or the ion M is continuous energy level so that the summation of the ionization energy of the t electronics is about One of m27.2eV and m (27.2/2) eV, wherein m are integer.

13. battery as claimed in claim 1 or fuel cell system, wherein the catalyst includes diatomic molecule MH, its Described in M-H keys in diatomic molecule MH fracture bond energy Calais from atom M each self-ionization of t electronics be continuous energy level When t electronics the summation of ionization energy be about m27.2eV and one of m (27.2/2) eV, wherein m is integer.

14. battery as claimed in claim 1 or fuel cell system, wherein the catalyst is comprising atom, ion and/or divides Son, the atom, ion and/or molecule be selected from AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C₂、N₂、O₂、CO₂、NO₂And NO₃Molecule and Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr、Nb、Mo、Pd、Sn、Te、Cs、Ce、Pr、Sm、Gd、Dy、Pb、Pt、Kr、2K⁺、He⁺、Ti²⁺、Na⁺、Rb⁺、Sr⁺、Fe³⁺、Mo²⁺、 Mo⁴⁺、In³⁺、He⁺、Ar⁺、Xe⁺、Ar²⁺And H⁺And Ne⁺And H⁺Atom or ion.

15. battery or material battery system as any one of claim 7~9, wherein, the metal in (v) is Pt Or Pd.

16. battery as claimed in claim 7 or material battery system, wherein, the oxidant in (iii) is：CF₄、CCl₄、 B₃N₃H₆、SF₆、S、SO₂、SO₃、S₂O₅Cl₂、F₅SOF、M₂S₂O₈、S₂Cl₂、SCl₂、S₂Br₂、S₂F₂、Ca₃P₂, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn and the halide of F, Cl, Br or I formation, or NbX₃、NbX₅Or TaX₅；Wherein, X is halogen.