JPWO2015146899A1 - リチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料、リチウム電池用負極およびリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料、リチウム電池用負極およびリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2015146899A1 JPWO2015146899A1 JP2016510329A JP2016510329A JPWO2015146899A1 JP WO2015146899 A1 JPWO2015146899 A1 JP WO2015146899A1 JP 2016510329 A JP2016510329 A JP 2016510329A JP 2016510329 A JP2016510329 A JP 2016510329A JP WO2015146899 A1 JPWO2015146899 A1 JP WO2015146899A1
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- carbon material
- negative electrode
- lithium secondary
- secondary battery
- lithium
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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Abstract
Description
本発明の他の態様によれば、上記の負極を含むリチウム二次電池が提供される。
本発明の実施形態例によるリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料は、低結晶性炭素材料、いわゆるソフトカーボンやハードカーボンと呼ばれる炭素材料からなり、表面に所定の空孔を有することで、通常の低結晶性炭素材料に比べてリチウム二次電池の充電レート特性を改善することができる。ここで、空孔は、溝状に形成されるものも含む。この空孔を有する低結晶性炭素材料は、結晶質の黒鉛類似構造(グラフェンの積層構造、以下、グラフェン層という)を含み、少なくとも表面側のグラフェン層にも複数の空孔が形成されていることが好ましく、表面から内部にかけて複数のグラフェン層に空孔が形成されていることがより好ましい。これらの空孔は、リチウムイオン(Liイオン)を通過させることができ、グラフェン層間内へのLiイオンの経路(Liパス)として機能することができる。通常の炭素材料では、Liイオンのグラフェン層間内へのLiパスはグラフェン層のエッジ面側からの経路にほぼ限られ、また、グラフェン層間内の奥(グラフェン層平面方向の中央)に至るまでの距離が長く、そのため、リチウムとの反応量が多くなると、充電レート特性が低下していた。本実施形態例による低結晶性炭素材料においては、エッジ面側からのLiパスに加えて、グラフェン層平面(ベーサル面)にLiパスとして機能する空孔を有するため、Liパスが増加し、またグラフェン層内の奥に至る経路が短くなる。その結果、リチウム二次電池の充電レート特性を向上することができる。
ピッチコークスとしてはか焼ピッチコークスを使用することが好ましい。また、グラフェン積層構造の質量分率は70%以上が好ましい。
本実施形態例の負極炭素材料は、上記した実施形態例と同様の各種特性を有することが好ましく、上記した実施形態例と同様の非晶質炭素被覆処理等を行うことができる。
本実施形態例では、か焼ピッチコークスを使用した場合には必ずしも初期容量や初期効率が向上するものではないが、上記の実施形態例と同様に、Liパスが増加し、またグラフェン層内の奥に至る経路が短くなる結果、リチウム二次電池の充電レート特性を有利に向上することができる。
正極は、例えば、正極活物質、結着剤及び溶媒(さらに必要により導電補助材)を含むスラリーを調製し、これを正極集電体上に塗布し、乾燥し、必要に応じて加圧することにより、正極集電体上に正極活物質層を形成することにより作製できる。
(実施例1)
平均粒径10μmのピッチコークスを空気中で480℃、1時間熱処理し、空孔のある炭素材料を得た。熱処理前のピッチコークスのSEM像を図1(aは2000倍、bは1万倍)に、熱処理後のSEM像を図2に示す。熱処理後のピッチコークスには、直径20nm〜1μmの空孔が形成されていることがわかる。また熱処理前後の炭素材料のXRDパターンを図3に示す。なお、図3において、空気酸化ピッチコークスについてはベースラインを引き上げて表示している。このXRDパターンから得られたグラフェン間の面間隔d002、グラフェンの平均積層数n、グラフェンの積層構造を形成する炭素原子の重量分率Ps、およびDiamond法により得られるベンゼン環を基本としたグラフェンの平均網目サイズを表1に示す。表1に示すように、熱処理によって面間隔、平均積層数、重量分率はほとんど変わらないが、平均網目サイズは増加していることがわかる。これは、非常に小さなグラフェンが熱処理により消失し、平均網目サイズが増加したものと考えられる。
熱処理温度を600℃にした以外は実施例1と同様にして、空孔のある炭素材料を得た。
実施例1で用いたものと同じピッチコークスで、熱処理しないものを用いた。
実施例1で雰囲気を窒素とし、熱処理温度を800℃にした以外は実施例1と同様に熱処理したものを用いた。
フレーク状のピッチコークス(平均最大径15μm)を、比較例3の炭素材料とした。
比較例3の炭素材料を、O2:N2=1:4(容量比)の雰囲気中500℃で1時間の熱処理を実施し、実施例3の炭素材料とした。
フレーク状のか焼ピッチコークスを比較例4の炭素材料とした。このピッチコークスは原料炭を窒素雰囲気下で1000〜1500℃で熱処理したもので、この炭素材料は通常のピッチコークス(比較例1及び3相当)よりも相対的に高い結晶性を有している。
比較例4の炭素材料を、O2:N2=1:4(容量比)の雰囲気中600℃で1.5時間の熱処理を実施し、実施例4の炭素材料とした。
比較例4の炭素材料を、100%N2の雰囲気中600℃で1.5時間の熱処理を実施し、比較例5の炭素材料とした。
この出願は、2014年3月26日に出願された日本出願特願2014−63286を基礎とする優先権を主張し、その開示の全てをここに取り込む。
Claims (12)
- 表面に空孔が形成された低結晶性炭素材料からなるリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料であって、前記空孔の開口サイズが20nm以上1μm以下であるリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 前記空孔の数密度は、1〜50個/μm2の範囲にある、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- Diamond法で測定した平均網面サイズが60個以上である、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 前記低結晶性炭素材料は、易黒鉛化性炭素である請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 前記易黒鉛化性炭素は、ピッチコークスである、請求項4に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 前記リチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料は、ピッチコークスを酸化雰囲気下で熱処理して形成された、請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 前記低結晶性炭素材料の表面にリチウムと合金化できる金属またはその酸化物が形成された、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 前記低結晶性炭素材料が非晶質炭素で被覆されている、請求項1乃至7のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- ピッチコークスを酸化雰囲気下、350〜800℃の範囲から選択される温度で熱処理して得られるリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料であって、(002)面の面間隔d002が0.340以上0.350nm以下、ラマン分光分析におけるグラファイト構造を反映したGピークに対して不規則性を反映したDピークの強度比(ID/IG比)が0.8未満、グラフェン積層構造の質量分率が66%以上であるリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 前記ピッチコークスとしてか焼ピッチコークスを使用する請求項9に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料。
- 請求項1乃至10のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極炭素材料を含むリチウム二次電池用負極。
- 請求項11に記載の負極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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