JPS6069184A - Anaerobic microbe-based soil conditioner - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To promote formation of lumps and granules of soil, supply humus of good quality and maintain well-balanced oxidation and reduction in soil, by inoculating an organic substance with a useful anaerobic microbe for selective propagation of the microbe and fixation of decomposition product and microbe in clayey mineral particles. CONSTITUTION:An organic substance consisting of sugar, protein, cellulose, lignin, etc. is inoculated with a useful anaerobic soil microbe which effectively decomposes the above components, to effect propagation of the microbe under anaerobic conditions and decomposition of the organic substance into humus of good quality. The resultant decomposition product and the microbe are mixed with a clayey mineral of good quality so that the microbe may be adsorbed by the mineral for fixation and a soil conditioner consisting mainly of clay, humus and microbe may be formed. Preferred clayey mineral is montmorillonite which has a high base exchange volume and a high swellability.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a soil improvement agent containing anaerobic soil microorganisms useful for decomposing soil organic matter and salts.

Microorganisms living in soil play a major role in decomposing soil organic matter applied naturally or artificially into humus useful for crops. In particular, the production of humus is generally considered to be the action of aerobic microorganisms, and therefore aerobic conditions have been exclusively required for the decomposition of soil organic matter. If this aerobic condition is not met, a type of oxygen deficiency will occur and undecomposed portions will remain, creating a source of foul odors and gas. This phenomenon occurs when proteins, etc. are decomposed by various microorganisms, producing foul-smelling and toxic substances (butomain,
Hydrogen sulfide.

It is a putrefactive decomposition action of seeds that produce indole, mecatol (strong ammonia, etc.), therefore, there is no production of fertilizer nutrients, and sometimes substances harmful to crops are generated. This state is generally called anaerobic fermentation, and is a type of putrid fermentation phenomenon caused by the action of butyric acid bacteria, putrefactive bacteria, and the like.

This problem often appears in rice fields with strong anaerobic conditions.

In water-filled rice fields, as the temperature rises, microbial activity gradually increases, which consumes the oxygen in the soil, resulting in an extreme oxygen deficiency. As a result, the paddy soil is divided into an oxidized layer on the very surface and a reduced layer below, where reduction has progressed.

Many of the aerobic microorganisms that live in rice fields are so-called facultative aerobic microorganisms that can survive even in the absence of oxygen. It absorbs oxygen combined with inorganic substances contained in the soil and reduces it. First, the nitric acid contained in the soil is reduced and becomes nitrogen gas, but since nitrogen gas is difficult to dissolve in water, it is released into the air. This phenomenon in which nitrogen does not become absorbable and separates from the soil is generally called denitrification.

Next, manganese dioxide, iron oxide, etc. are reduced to manganese monoxide and iron suboxide, respectively. Manganese dioxide and iron oxide, which exist in an oxidized state, cannot be dissolved in water and are retained in the soil, but the above-mentioned manganese oxide and iron suboxide, which are produced by reduction, are easily soluble in water, so they are not dissolved in irrigation water. Therefore, the hydrogen sulfide that flows from the cultivated soil and is produced in a reduced state has a direct effect on the roots of crops.

As temperatures rise, microbial activity increases, and the soil is further reduced, the soil becomes extremely oxygen deficient. When this happens, the previously active aerobic microorganisms become inactive, and anaerobic microorganisms begin to take their place. A typical example of this is the so-called sulfate-reducing bacteria, which reduce sulfur compounds contained in soil and combine with hydrogen to generate hydrogen sulfide. This hydrogen sulfide is a substance harmful to rice and is the main cause of so-called root rot.

This type of soil reduction is closely related to the aging of rice paddies. In what was originally called an aged paddy field,
The soil is sandy with a lot of gravel, and there is little clay, which is an active molecule in the soil, and iron oxide and manganese dioxide are leached out due to soil reduction, so these are extremely rare. Therefore, the base substitution volume, which indicates the fertilizer retention capacity, is small and water retention is poor. In addition, when water is added, reduction progresses rapidly, and the redox potential (Rh
) decreases and hydrogen sulfide generation increases. In the past, measures such as adding soil have been mainly taken to combat the aging of rice paddies, but the reality is that these measures have not yielded sufficient results.

To address these problems, the use of useful anaerobic soil microorganisms in place of aerobic microorganisms has recently been attracting attention. Some of these bacteria were discovered as thermophilic enteric bacteria, and are obligate anaerobic bacteria that ferment at high temperatures. It has been used to promote the decomposition of livestock manure.

These anaerobic microorganisms are generally called completely anaerobic microorganisms or obligate anaerobic microorganisms, and they rapidly perform exothermic fermentation under anaerobic conditions to decompose organic matter and produce high-quality humus, in which oxygen .

Generates hydrogen, ethylene, carbon dioxide, etc.

This invention was made by focusing on the action of the above-mentioned useful anaerobic soil microorganisms that are effective in decomposing organic matter. The purpose is to maintain the balance between oxidation and reduction in the soil.

The anaerobic soil microorganisms used in this invention can be obtained in large quantities by inoculating and culturing the complex organic matter of various species as a medium. I can think of microorganisms.

The first is the complex anaerobic microorganism group (trade name Rizal L), which includes some specific aerobic bacteria but mostly consists of anaerobic bacteria. Tridium subumarum (Plectri)
dium Spumarum) + Brectridium Celluloritium (Pleatridium+n Ce
llulololyticm) + Caduceus cellulose deisolbens (Caduceus Ce1lu
rosae-Dissolνens), Cadeseus
Cellulosolvens (Caduceus Ce1lulo)
-3olvens), Caduceus Thermoaerogenes
), Tilminoporus thermoceras (Thermin
osporus Thermocellus), Terminoporus thermocellulolyticum (Thermin
osporus thermocellulolyti
cm), etc., and, if necessary, bacteria of the genus Aspergillus, which is an aerobic bacterium.

The other type is a complex culture of yeast, lactic acid bacteria, etc. (trade name Kosan LB), which is also a complex anaerobic microorganism group mainly composed of anaerobic bacteria. The main ones are Saccha
roa+yces 5ake).

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
ces Cerevisiae) *Lactobacillus Bulgaricus
garjcus), Lactobacillus plantarum
) + Lactobacillus acidophilus (Lacto
bacillus Ac1dophilus) *Bacillus Acidilactis
1 dilactis), etc.

In this invention, sugar, protein, and cellulose.

The above-mentioned useful anaerobic soil microorganisms that are effective in decomposing organic substances such as lignin are inoculated, and the microorganisms are selectively grown under anaerobic conditions, and at the same time, these organic substances are destroyed by the microorganisms. Decompose to obtain high quality humus.

Next, the resulting decomposition products are uniformly mixed with the above-mentioned microorganisms in a high-quality clay mineral, and the above-mentioned microorganisms are adsorbed and fixed on the minerals to form clay and humus.

A mixture containing microorganisms as the main element is obtained. As the clay mineral used in this case, montmorillonite, which has a large base displacement volume and high expandability, is suitable, but other clay minerals can also be used.

The above-mentioned montmorillonite has a particularly strong adsorption effect, so it has a strong ability to penetrate and absorb microorganisms and the various nutrients necessary for their survival, and quickly absorbs mixed organic matter and microorganisms and incorporates them into the montmorillonite. Furthermore, clays generally combine with each other to form aggregates, which, when combined with the action of humus, function to become even larger aggregates. In this way, clay and humus interact to form soil aggregates with diameters of several millimeters, and montmorillonite in particular has a strong ability to form aggregates due to its large base substitution capacity. In addition, the intermediate products of organic matter decomposed by microorganisms include a type of organic acid and mucilage, which promotes soil agglomeration.

These soil aggregates form a habitat for more advanced microorganisms, which means that soil particles with a diameter of 10 to 20 μm can hold a larger number of bacterial cells than soil particles with a smaller size. This is clearly shown by the fact that there is a rapid increase in Furthermore, according to research on oxygen diffusion within soil aggregates, there are almost no parts of soil particles with a diameter of 0.2 m or less that satisfy anaerobic conditions; More developed agglomerates are required. Even within aggregates of this size, the anaerobic sites are thought to exist within the aggregates rather than on their surface.

There are aerobic parts and anaerobic parts in shikaji aggregates,
Even if the survival conditions of microorganisms are differentiated, microorganisms cannot survive on their own; they require a certain amount of water and nutrients (mainly organic matter). Regarding this, soil aggregates containing montmorillonite among clay minerals can retain large amounts of moisture and nutrients, and the amount of moisture and nutrients in this case can be adjusted to an arbitrary degree. It is possible to control the inside to a high degree of survival conditions. In this case, if the microorganisms contained in the mixture are to be preserved in a dormant state, it is appropriate that the water content be approximately 20 to 26%.

The soil conditioner according to the present invention is generally used by directly applying it to the soil of fields, paddy fields, etc., but it can also be used as is, especially as a seedbed for raising rice seedlings.

For example, when a soil conditioner is added to a paddy field, useful anaerobic microorganisms present inside the aggregates of the soil improver become active in the paddy soil, which has strong anaerobic conditions. At the same time, the various elements contained in humus are decomposed into respirable form and absorbed by crops. At this time, the anaerobic microorganisms do not absorb oxygen, but instead produce oxygen and decompose organic matter, so the soil does not reach an extremely reduced state, thus suppressing the generation of hydrogen sulfide that can harm crops. be able to.

In addition, the clay minerals contained in the soil conditioner promote soil agglomeration even in paddy soil and increase base replacement volume, thereby increasing water retention and fertilizer retention.

In addition, clay minerals such as montmorillonite contain a lot of iron oxide, which adsorbs hydrogen sulfide that is generated around crop roots and converts it into harmless iron sulfide. Therefore, the generation of hydrogen sulfide is suppressed, and harmful effects such as so-called root rot are prevented synergistically with the action of the useful anaerobic microorganisms.

This works in the same way in the field, and in addition to physically improving the soil structure, crop roots and other undecomposed organic matter remaining in the cultivated soil are converted into effective soil organic matter without rotting and decomposing. It is fermented and decomposed, which provides high-quality humus-producing substances.

On the other hand, when this is used as a seedbed for sowing, various elements contained in high-quality humus can be absorbed by particles such as clay without causing oxygen deficiency in the seedbed during the germination and seedling-raising periods when crops require the most oxygen. It is retained in the container, decomposed into absorbable form, and given to the seedlings in an appropriate amount. For this reason, it is possible to obtain high-quality seedlings, which has a great influence on the subsequent growth of rice.

Furthermore, in addition to this method of use, high results can also be obtained by wrapping paddy or seeds in this soil conditioner and granulating it into lumps, and directly sowing this into paddy fields or field crops. In this method of use, the above-mentioned soil conditioner envelops the paddy during germination and seedling-raising, and after that, the granules and clumps disintegrate and remain in the soil. The original effect and labor saving can be demonstrated. In this case, when montmorillonite is used as the clay mineral, it has strong binding strength and high expandability, so it is easy to granulate, but it also disintegrates easily when it is seeded and soaked with water. , which has the characteristic of being integrated with cultivated soil.

As described above, according to the soil conditioner according to the present invention, it is possible to promote soil agglomeration and supply high-quality humus, and also to maintain the balance between soil oxidation and reduction. This makes it possible to biologically and physically prevent aging of rice paddies and field crops and control pests and diseases. In addition, in field crops, along with improving soil structure,
It is possible to achieve the desired objectives, such as suppressing the occurrence of growth disorders and supplying high-quality soil organic matter.

Patent applicant Chiaki Kobayashi Same as above Munetsugu Iiyo Agent: Patent Attorney Kazuyuki Kitajo 2

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1. Useful anaerobic soil microorganisms that have the ability to decompose organic matter are inoculated into organic matter consisting of sugars, proteins, cellulose, lignin, etc., and selectively grown under anaerobic conditions. Further, an anaerobic microbial soil improvement agent characterized in that the above-mentioned organic matter is decomposed, the obtained decomposition product is uniformly mixed with the above-mentioned microorganisms into clay minerals, adsorbed, and fixed in the particles. 2. The anaerobic microbial soil improvement material according to claim 1, wherein the clay mineral is montmorillonite.