JPH10117614A - Non-plowing transplanting culture method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To efficiently execute non-plowing transplanting culture by shallow- watering a well-drained paddy field obtained by hardening soil without tilling and pudding and transferring seedlings directly to the well-drained paddy field. SOLUTION: A well-drained paddy field obtained by hardening soil without tilling and pudding is watered shallowly to transplant the seedlings directly to the well-drained paddy field. The hardness of the soil is desirably at least 0.08Kg/cm<2> at the surface of a plow layer in the state of inputting water. When the soil is a rough sand layer or a clay layer, the soil is provided with the hardness and does not need hardening especially. When the soil is a peat layer, a volcanic ash layer or a black charcoal layer, it is desirable to fastening the soil to make the hardness. The seedlings are desirably transplanted to slits, holes, or grooves generated between stables of transplanting in the previous year. In addition it is desirable to plant mature seedlings with 4.5 to 5.5 leaves. In addition it is desirable to culture them by leaving straws in water without plowing-in because tilling and puddling are not executed.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a non-tillage transplant cultivation method in which seedlings are cultivated and paddy rice is cultivated in a current paddy field without plowing or plowing.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In rice cultivation in Japan, tillage and plowing are deeply rooted as indispensable means. This process is said to be necessary for the effect of dry soil, which promotes the release of soil fertility by drying the soil, and for countermeasures against water leakage.It is also important for facilitating rice planting and promoting the survival and growth of seedlings immediately after rice planting. Work. In other words, dry soil effect, water leakage prevention, weeding,
It is said that it is easy to plant rice and has the effect of promoting the vitality of the seedlings.

Conventionally, tillage and puddling have been absolutely indispensable for the production of paddy rice, and have been established in Japan as a technology that is too commonplace.

[0004]

However, conventionally,
Plowing and puddling were the wisdom of the ancestors who were born in order to use the dead bodies of microorganisms living in the ground as nutrients, such as nitrogen, in the times when there were no chemical fertilizers or herbicides. At present, when fertilizers and the like are developed and rice transplanters are distributed, there remains a problem as to whether or not this step is necessary.

That is, in the present day when chemical fertilizers, herbicides and rice transplanters have become widespread, the purposes of tillage and plowing are halved. In addition, the prevention of water leakage can be prevented by maintaining ridges. Further, the survival of the seedlings can be sufficiently covered by the method of growing and transplanting the seedlings. Considering this, tillage and plowing are not always necessary at present, but can be said to be merely waste of time and cost.

An object of the present invention is to clarify an efficient cultivation method in a no-tillage cultivation method from the viewpoint of considering the necessity of such tillage and plowing.

[0007]

Means for Solving the Problems From such a viewpoint, the present inventors have made intensive studies on a method of cultivating paddy rice without plowing and plowing, and as a result, have completed the present invention.

[0008] That is, the first aspect of the present invention is a non-tilling transplanting cultivation method in which a solidified dry rice field is irrigated shallowly without performing plowing and plowing, and a seedling is directly transplanted to the dry rice field. As described above, the necessity of tillage and plowing has been reduced at present, and in the no-tillage cultivation method, the direct sowing cultivation is not suitable because the soil is hard. In other words, at the seed stage, the plant has low vitality, and rooting in hard soil gives too much stress to the plant, which is not preferable as a cultivation method. Therefore, in no-tillage cultivation, a transplanting method in which seedlings are planted in rice fields is suitable.

[0009] In direct sowing cultivation, straw must be incinerated before sowing from the viewpoint of workability, but the straw cannot play an important role in transplant cultivation described later.
Not reasonable. Furthermore, the kind of japonica species that we eat every day is not suitable for direct sowing cultivation because it is a variety in which seed fir floats up during rooting and roots do not easily survive in the soil.

[0010] Another important problem essential to the present invention is the hardness of the soil. The effects of no-till transplantation will be described later, but in summary, the effect of no-till transplantation is due to the fact that the soil is harder than the tillage and the root development by the ethylene effect strengthens the rice. . Therefore, if the soil is not hard, the effect of the no-till transplant cultivation is halved, and therefore, even in the no-till transplant cultivation method, it is unlikely that good results can be obtained even with the soft soil. The present inventor has studied soil in which the effect of the no-till transplantation cultivation is remarkable. As a result, the effect is remarkable in a soil having a surface hardness of at least 0.08 kg / cm ² in a state where irrigation is added. I found something. According to the second aspect of the present invention, the hardness of the surface of the soil layer is at least 0.08 kg / cm without plowing, plowing, and watering.
^{This is} a non-tillage transplant cultivation method in which a dry rice field with a hardness of ² is irrigated shallowly and seedlings are directly transplanted.

[0011] Further, at least 0.08 k
Soil without a hardness of g / cm ² is not expected to have a significant ethylene effect in no-till transplant cultivation, and is unlikely to produce good results. However, as long as the soil is compacted, the above-mentioned ethylene effect is exhibited in all soils, and the effect of the no-till transplant cultivation can be sufficiently expected. The invention according to claim 3 is the non-tillage transplant cultivation method according to claim 2, wherein the soil is hardened to have a hardness of at least 0.08 kg / cm ² , and then the seedlings are transplanted.

The hardness of the soil in the dry rice field largely depends on the type of the soil layer. In the case where the soil is a coarse sand layer or a clay layer, when it is made into a dry field, it generally has a hardness of 0.08 kg / cm ² or more according to claim 1, and the field composed of these layers is particularly soil. It is suitable for no-till transplantation cultivation because it does not need to be hardened. Of course, compacting the soil to make the ethylene effect more pronounced is not a problem.

On the other hand, when the soil is a peat layer, a volcanic ash layer, a black ink layer, or the like, the above hardness may not be obtained even in a dry field. In the case of a rice field having such a layer, it is possible to obtain a rice field suitable for non-tillage transplant cultivation by solidifying the soil as described above.

[0014] A preferable place for transplanting seedlings in the no-till transplantation cultivation method is suitably between the stumps transplanted last year, that is, a place shifted by a half plant. The invention according to claim 4 is the method according to claim 1, wherein a streak, a hole, or a groove is formed between the stumps of the last year and the seedling is transplanted into the streak, the hole, or the groove in the dry field according to the first embodiment. Or the no-till transplant cultivation method.

[0015] Such transplantation with a shift of half a plant is a problem of the operation at the time of rice planting. If transplanted directly on the stump of last year, the stump will be hard and the work of rice planting will be delayed.
Therefore, it is more efficient to plant rice on stump-free soil or a certain level of collapsed stumps of the previous year by planting them by shifting them by half. The stumps and roots that have collapsed to some extent serve as nutrients for the rice and exert good results on the cultivation of the rice. Therefore, this method of planting rice is a preferable method for non-tillage transplant cultivation.

Further, since the cultivation method of the present invention does not cultivate or plow, straw is not penetrated into the soil. That is, straw is cultivated while being left in the irrigation. The invention according to claim 5 is the non-tillage transplant cultivation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the straw is not plowed into the soil, is not plowed, is not plowed, and is left in irrigation. .

Straw left in such irrigation plays an important role in growing rice. That is, as a result of aerobic biodegradation in water, organic matter is dissolved abundantly in irrigation water, and phytoplankton that feeds on the organic matter, in particular, amidacea, which is an algae of the order Phytosanidae, grows in large quantities. Then, a large amount of zooplankton that eats this phytoplankton, and also small animals such as dragonflies, snails, loach, fireflies, and horseshoe shrimp are generated. In addition, birds often fly to the fields where the present cultivation method is performed in order to feed on such small animals.

[0018] The occurrence of a large amount of such organisms promotes the replenishment of soil with organic matter that becomes a nutrient for plants, and has an effect on growing rice as a natural fertilizer. That is, plankton, carcasses of animals, goat shells, bird feces, etc. are all effective fertilizers. As a result, chemical fertilizers are significantly lower than in tillage farming. In addition, there are many dragonflies, spiders, and the like, which are natural enemies of planthoppers and the like, which are pests of rice. Therefore, there is little need for insecticides.

Furthermore, compared to rice cultivated in a field where straw was sunk into the soil as in the past, there was no rooting,
As a result, a strong rice grows. That is, the straw introduced into the soil is decomposed in an anaerobic state and generates methane. In addition, hydrogen sulfide, which is a substance that inhibits the absorption of rice roots, accumulates in the soil, resulting in darkening of the roots and further rooting. On the other hand, straw that has been left in the irrigation is aerobicly decomposed in the irrigation and does not accumulate inhibitors in the soil, so that the roots of rice grown in this paddy field remain white and durable. Be bred.

However, the no-till transplant cultivation method of the present invention has a hardness of at least 0.08 kg / cm ² , so that the soil is hard and the transplanted seedlings are relatively non-viable. .5 leaf middle seedlings may be too stressed and difficult to survive in the soil. Therefore, in non-tillage transplant cultivation, it is preferable to plant an adult seedling having 4.5 to 5.5 leaves.
The invention according to claim 6 is the non-tillage transplant cultivation method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that an adult seedling having 4.5 to 5.5 leaves is used as a seedling to be transplanted.

The effects of the above-mentioned non-tillage transplant cultivation, in addition to those described above, include the following. In other words, it has been found that excellent effects not previously seen in the effects on rice, the effects on soil, workability, and the like appear.

One of the effects on rice is root development. In no-tillage cultivation, the soil is hard and some stress is required for the rice to take root, which causes the rice to produce ethylene. It is said that this ethylene works to strengthen the roots, and the roots become thicker and stronger. In addition, the roots thus strengthened break through hard soil and extend long, thick roots. The effect of ethylene can be confirmed by the fact that the branch has many branch roots, the plant becomes an open book type, the stem becomes thick and short, and the ripening is improved.

The strong root development gives the rice vitality. Rice cultivated by no-till transplantation is less susceptible to potato disease and mongare disease. This seems to be due not only to the root development but also to the bactericidal effect of ethylene oxide generated by oxidation of ethylene. As a result, non-tillage transplanted rice has less need for pesticides. There is no lodging due to stem development. Generally, good-tasting varieties are considered to be vulnerable to lodging, but this is also a preferable cultivation method.

In addition, no tillage cultivated rice does not fall in autumn due to root development. Also, because it is not rooted as described above,
Root vitality lasts until mowing. The lower leaves do not wither and do not ripen.

[0025] Thus, the rice by non-tillage transplant cultivation is full of vitality, and is resistant to cold damage, intense heat, drought and pests. In other words, the no-till transplant cultivation method of the present invention is a stable agricultural method that is less likely to be swung by abnormal weather and the like.

Next, as an effect on the soil, first, there is a change in the soil due to the development of the root hole structure. Here, the root hole structure means a structure in which the root path formed by the rice root group of the previous crop was not destroyed and remained as a pore. This root-hole structure has a function of facilitating the movement of water and oxygen in the soil, and a narrow pore extending in the horizontal direction has a function of retaining water. Therefore, it is considered that branch roots and root hairs are also easily developed. Due to these effects, the microflora are also affected, and there is a tendency that the soil temperature is higher in non-tilled fields. This fact is also considered to be one of the causes of rice that is resistant to cold damage. In addition, in paddy fields where no-tillage cultivation has been continued for many years, deep parts of the soil
It is soft and resilient, and soil is modified.

One of the effects is that the soil is fertilized. As mentioned above, the abundance of organisms in no-till fields, but the replenishment of organic matter by these organisms fertilizes the soil. It is also necessary to replenish fertilizers because carcasses such as algae are biodegraded and soil is fertilized from above without the need to mix the nutrients accumulated in the lower layers of the soil into the entire soil as in plowing. There is no. Further, since there is no need to stir the soil, so-called weed breeding occurs on the surface of the soil, so that weeds can no longer grow from fields that have been cultivated without tillage for several years. Therefore, no herbicide is required.

In the non-tillage transplant cultivation, the cultivation is carried out while keeping the soil hard, so that it is effective in operation. In other words, the foot is not caught in the mud when entering the field, and is excellent in mobility. In addition, since tillage is not required, the tillage process can be omitted, the work efficiency is extremely high, and the cost is superior to the current tillage cultivation method that repeats tillage many times. I have. Furthermore, the soil permeability is good due to the development of the root hole structure, and the water drop before cutting can be performed just before cutting. Therefore, the ripening period of the ears can be lengthened, and a large-sized agricultural machine can be used.

[0029]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS No-till transplantation cultivation is as described above.
It is characterized by the ability to transplant seedlings without tillage or plowing. Therefore, the fields do not need to be plowed after harvesting last year. Although the reason is not clear, it has been found that plowing and plowing do not cause the occurrence of Sayamidro (described later). By leaving the rice field dry and dry, the soil in the rice field is hardened and becomes hard enough for no-till transplantation cultivation. However, it is necessary to irrigate it shallowly before planting rice. The hardness of the soil must be at least 0.08 kg / cm ² on the soil layer surface as described above. When the soil is a coarse sand layer or a clay layer, it usually has such hardness at the stage of dry rice padding, but when it does not have any depending on the type of soil, the soil is compacted to at least 0.08 kg / cm
If it is set to ² , the effects described later are exhibited without any particular problem. The method for solidifying the soil is not particularly limited, and there is no problem if the soil is solidified using a roller or the like.

The soil hardness was evaluated using a Yamanaka soil hardness tester push cone (manufactured by Daiki Rika Kogyo Co., Ltd.). This hardness meter utilizes the force of a spring, and measures the hardness of the soil by measuring the force when a cone attached to the tip, which is a measuring unit, is pushed into the soil. FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the structure of soil in a no-tillage paddy field. The soil of a no-till cultivation paddy field is usually divided into layers as shown in Fig. 1, and from the top, the surface layer, the soil layer, and the plowed floor layer, respectively. In addition, rice is usually rooted at a portion deeper than the soil layer having a depth of 3 to 5 cm from the surface layer. Therefore, the hardness of the surface layer is not particularly problematic in no-tillage cultivation, and the hardness of the soil layer is at least 0.08 kg / cm ^2.
Should be fine. In fact, in the no-tillage cultivation method, the surface layer is in direct contact with irrigation, so it is in a muddy state like a cultivated rice field, and the hardness of the soil is about 3 to 5 cm below the surface layer. Is secured. The numerical value of the hardness of the present invention is a numerical value in the case where the above hardness meter is used.
Therefore, when another hardness tester is used, a different value may be obtained.

The rice paddy is irrigated, and a 5.5-leaf seedling is planted in a paddy field whose surface is softened. The number of seedlings is not limited to 5.5 leaves, and there is no particular problem even if seedlings of 2.5 to 3.5 leaves are widely used at present. However, considering rooting in soil, a 5.5-leaf seedling with firm roots is optimal. The place where the seedlings are to be planted is not particularly limited, but it is advisable to dig a hole or groove between the stocks last year and bury the seedlings there. In other words, it is to be planted on the stock last year. On the stump, the stump collapses to some extent and the stump is softened, and since the stump works as a fertilizer, the activity of rice is achieved. The planting density is preferably about 50 to 60 tsubo per plant, and about 2 to 3 plants per plant. After rice planting, fish such as carp may be released to the rice field to remove weeds.

It is preferable in non-tillage cultivation to leave a cut straw having a length of about 5 cm in irrigation during rice planting, since such straw is decomposed and becomes fertilizer. In addition, the straw is decomposed to feed on aquatic plankton, and various plant and zooplankton are generated. In particular, around July when the water temperature rises, a large amount of fibrous green algae, Sayamidoro, is generated and fills the water surface of the field. For this reason, even in the middle of summer, they block out sunlight,
Water temperature does not rise so much, and irrigation is performed with little temperature change.

The occurrence of such plankton leads to the occurrence of various small animals. A large amount of dragonflies, snails, loach, fireflies, and horseshoe shrimp are generated in non-tilled fields, and birds that feed on them also fly in large quantities. Therefore, it is not necessary to artificially replenish the organic matter, and it is not necessary to give chemical fertilizer repeatedly as in the case of tillage cultivation. However, in the no-till field before the third year, where the root hole structure has not been established, some fertilizer is required. The amount of fertilizer should be as small as possible, and fertilizer should be applied mainly to tillers.

In the no-tillage cultivation, it is preferable that the watering be performed by deep water management. Further, it is preferable that the water be constantly deepened just before the harvest. In cultivated fields, cultivation is performed in dry fields without watering several times to secure the mobility of the combine and to prevent the generation of hydrogen sulfide due to the decomposition of straw. Since the straw does not penetrate the soil, there is no generation of hydrogen sulfide or the like in the soil caused by the straw, and it does not cause rooting. In addition, due to the development of the root hole structure, the water permeability is extremely good and the soil after the water fall is in a good dry state, so that the mobility of the combine and the like can be secured. Deep water management is also preferable from the viewpoint of maintaining the ecosystem. In addition, rice cultivated in deep water management has good stem growth, which leads to an increase in the number of leaves and an increase in ears. In addition, it is said that deep water management is unlikely to cause Mongare disease. Mongaret's disease bacteria that invade rice from the leaf sheath cannot adhere to the rice in water. Therefore, in deep-water management in which the leaf sheath is hidden in the water, bacteria cannot penetrate the rice from the leaf sheath and are less susceptible to disease.

As described above, the root development of the non-tillage cultivated rice is remarkable due to the ethylene effect caused by the hardness of the soil. Therefore, the rice grown in the no-tillage cultivation has thick roots and protrudes long, and accordingly, the stems become thicker and become open book type. Therefore, it hardly falls down. Also, the number of spikes on the ears increases, leading to an increase in sales. In addition, resistance to pests is increased, and less pesticides are required. In addition, the rice in the no-till fields is full of vitality, does not fall in the fall, and retains its leaf color until harvest.

Also, the roots are kept white and there is no rooting. Straw rooting occurs because straw is submerged in the soil and is anaerobically decomposed, and the resulting generation of hydrogen sulfide and the like hinders the roots. However, it has been found that no-tillage cultivation causes less decomposition of methane and sulfur. To give a concrete example, the amount of methane generated is about one-third of cultivated paddy fields.
It is known that it is suppressed. Therefore, no-tillage cultivated rice is not rooted because there is no generation of inhibitory substances, and this is considered to be the reason why the fall does not occur.

It has been found that rice cultivated by non-tillage transplant cultivation has better fertility than rice cultivated by conventional methods. Rice grown by the no-tillage cultivation method has a long ear and the positions of the ears are uniform. For this reason, all of the ears are exposed to sunlight, and the cobs are completely ripe. Therefore, there is little blue rice and scrap rice as in the conventional rice. This is due to the good survival of rice in non-tillage transplant cultivation. From this, it is necessary to transplant the above-mentioned 5.5-leaf seedling in order to make the ideal panicle. preferable. In addition, the number of particles is large,
As all ears are ripe, the yield naturally increases, resulting in larger grains and better-tasting rice. In general, no-tillage rice has a fast ripening time, the lower leaves are alive for a long time, and the ripening period is long. There is a tendency that heading is 2-3 days earlier and mowing is 4-5 days later than conventional rice. This is thought to increase the number of days of ripening and lead to increased sales and improved taste.

[0038]

The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the examples.

(Measurement of Hardness of Paddy Field) The paddy fields of each of the following Examples and Comparative Examples were performed on the paddy fields of the present inventors in Narita City, Chiba Prefecture. The hardness of the soil of the paddy field in each example was measured at the five locations shown in FIG.
Measured at each depth of 0 cm. The size of the paddy is 100 m × 30 m in each embodiment and the area is 30 a. Table 1 shows the hardness at each measurement point A, B, C, D, and E at this time. Measurement points A, B, D, and E are 2m in both the vertical and horizontal directions from the corner of the paddy field
Each point inside, C is the center of the paddy field. The reason for the measurement at these five locations is that in paddy fields, the soil is usually softer near the water mouth, and harder as the water gets closer to the drainage moat. This is thought to be because the water agitates the soil when the water flows into the paddy field, and it is necessary to check the hardness at the softest part of the soil.

[0040]

[Table 1]

As is clear from Table 1, the hardness of the soil layer in the no-till field is maintained high. In other words, the surface layer of the soil is as sluggish as the cultivated field due to the presence of irrigation, but the difference from the cultivated field is remarkable in places deeper than the soil layer. On the other hand, in the cultivated fields, the hardness was infinitely small, and the hardness at each depth was almost zero at any depth. In fact, up to a depth of about 15 cm, the soil was mixed with irrigation and was in a sparse state, and no separation of each layer was observed as in a no-till field. Further, it can be confirmed by comparing the examples that the soil becomes harder as the no-tillage cultivation is continued. However, the hardness at a depth of 10 cm is softer in Example 4 in the seventh year of no-tillage cultivation than in Example 3, which indicates that the soil has elasticity and is being modified. Conceivable.

(Rice Cultivation Experiment) A 5.5-leaf seedling grown in a paddy field of each of the above Examples 1 and 2 and the comparative example, which was irrigated shallowly to a depth of about 5 cm 8 days before planting the rice field and cultivated for non-tillage transplant cultivation. Was planted. The planting density was about 50 to 60 tsubo per tsubo, and about 2 to 3 vegetative lines per plant. In addition, a straw cut to about 5 cm at the same time as the watering was left in the watering. Immediately after planting rice, 2.5 pieces of calcined bone meal were given as the original manure, and thereafter, as tiller manure at the 6-leaf stage, nitrogen fertilization was applied at a ratio of 3. In the paddy field, always perform deep-water management under the condition of irrigation until the ears become fertile, and divide them into three times as ears and fertilizers at a ratio of 1 when the ears are 5 cm and 1.5 when the ears are 8 cm. At a rate of 20 cm.

Table 2 below shows the state of the rice and soil cultivated in the above Examples and Comparative Examples. Each of the examples produced similarly good results, but the cultivation was unstable in the comparative example, and the yield did not increase. Note that the first embodiment is the second embodiment.
The hardness at the measurement point C is 0.08
It is considered that the effect of the no-tillage cultivation was not exhibited because the weight was less than kg / m ² .

[0044]

[Table 2]

[0045]

According to the non-tillage transplant cultivation method of the present invention, a stable income of rice is obtained and the soil is fertilized. further,
Since the cost and labor required for cultivation of rice can be reduced, it is possible to expect a large scale and a stable yield throughout.

[0046]

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the structure of soil in a no-tillage paddy field.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a paddy field on which hardness measurement was performed.

[Explanation of symbols]

 Reference Signs List 1 surface layer 2 soil layer 3 plow floor 4 rice 5 irrigation 6 water mouth 7 road 8 drainage moat A, B, C, D hardness measurement points

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. A non-tillage transplanting cultivation method in which a dry pad whose soil has been hardened is shallowly irrigated without plowing or plowing, and seedlings are directly transplanted to the dry paddy. 2. The surface hardness of the soil layer is at least 0.08 kg / c without irrigation and without plowing.
Non-tillage transplanting cultivation method in which a dry field having a hardness of m ² is shallowly irrigated and directly transplanted seedlings. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the soil is hardened by at least 0.0
The method according to claim 2, wherein the seedlings are transplanted after having a hardness of 8 kg / cm ² . 4. A streak, a hole or a groove is formed between the stump of the last year and the stump in the dry rice field according to claim 1.
The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the seedling is transplanted into a hole or a groove. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the straw is not plowed into the soil, is not plowed, is not plowed, and is left in irrigation water. 6. The no-till transplant cultivation method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that an adult seedling having 4.5 to 5.5 leaves is used as the seedling to be transplanted.