JPH07329185A - 熱可塑性材料の成形部品 - Google Patents

熱可塑性材料の成形部品

Info

Publication number
JPH07329185A
JPH07329185A JP7131758A JP13175895A JPH07329185A JP H07329185 A JPH07329185 A JP H07329185A JP 7131758 A JP7131758 A JP 7131758A JP 13175895 A JP13175895 A JP 13175895A JP H07329185 A JPH07329185 A JP H07329185A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
molded part
welding
valve body
thermoplastic material
socket
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP7131758A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
JP2933202B2 (ja
Inventor
Hans-Werner Steinmetz
ヴェルナー シュタインメッツ ハンス
Alfred Messmer
メスマー アルフレッド
Dirk Alexander Petry
アレクザンダー ペトリ ディルク
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GEORG FISCHER ROORURAITSUNGUSUSHISUTEMU AG
Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme AG
Original Assignee
GEORG FISCHER ROORURAITSUNGUSUSHISUTEMU AG
Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by GEORG FISCHER ROORURAITSUNGUSUSHISUTEMU AG, Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme AG filed Critical GEORG FISCHER ROORURAITSUNGUSUSHISUTEMU AG
Publication of JPH07329185A publication Critical patent/JPH07329185A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP2933202B2 publication Critical patent/JP2933202B2/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/12—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/122—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/1222—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section comprising at least a lapped joint-segment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/12—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/122—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/1224—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section comprising at least a butt joint-segment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5221—Joining tubular articles for forming coaxial connections, i.e. the tubular articles to be joined forming a zero angle relative to each other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket
    • B29C66/52291—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket said socket comprising a stop
    • B29C66/52292—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket said socket comprising a stop said stop being internal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/97—Checking completion of joining or correct joining by using indications on at least one of the joined parts
    • B29C66/976—Checking completion of joining or correct joining by using indications on at least one of the joined parts by the use of an indicator pin, e.g. being integral with one of the parts to be joined

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

(57)【要約】 【目的】 熱可塑性材料が脱出することなく十分な溶接
がなされたことを指示し、かつ例えば射出成型法によっ
て成形部品の製造と同時に追加の部品なしに製造できる
溶接指示具をもつ成形部品を提供する。 【構成】 抵抗捲線５を内周に配置した熱可塑性材料か
らなる溶接ソケット１として形成された成形部品が少な
くとも１つの溶接指示具１０をもつ。この指示具は成形
部品又はソケット３の本体の材料から形成される弁体１
３からなる。この弁体１３は溶接時に高圧を及ぼされか
つ外方に向かって押圧される材料が自由スぺース内に入
り込むのを、弁体１３がソケット本体のそれに一致する
面１２、１７に当接することによって、阻止する。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】
【０００１】
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は導管素子と溶接連結する
ための抵抗線からなる加熱素子をもつ少なくとも１つの
溶接部分を有する熱可塑性材料の成形部品に関するもの
である。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】溶接ソケットとして形成されたかかる成
形部品はトイツ連邦共和国 C2-27 60064 号から既知で
ある。この場合、溶接指示具はソケット本体中の円筒形
自由スぺース内に配置された感知ピンからなり、前記ピ
ンは実質上円筒形をなし、溶接の結果として生じるその
変形の前には外周面と同一高さにある先端をもつ。
【０００３】前記感知ピンの基部は電気抵抗加熱線に接
近して自由スぺースの底に配置される。この溶接指示具
は、自由スぺースの区域でソケット本体の薄壁が溶融し
た時に、前記壁が破られて、溶融した熱可塑性材料が自
由スぺースから脱出するするという欠点をもつ。この溶
融物の移動の結果として、短絡が生じ、従って材料の局
部的過熱と燃焼が起こる。
【０００４】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明も目的は、熱可
塑性材料が脱出することなく十分な溶接がなされたこと
を指示し、かつ例えば射出成型法によって、成形部品の
製造と同時に追加の部品なしに製造できる上述の型式の
溶接指示具をもつ成形部品を提供することにある。
【０００５】
【課題を解決するための手段】上記目的は本発明によ
り、成形部品の本体内にかつ成形部品の材料からその外
側区域に少なくとも１つの弁体が形成され、前記弁体は
溶接プロセス時に、高圧を及ぼされかつ外方に向かって
押圧される材料が自由スぺースに向かって脱出するの
を、弁体が成形部品本体のそれに一致する面に当接する
ことによって、阻止することによって達成される。
【０００６】本発明の特に好適な実施例は従属請求項に
規定されている。
【０００７】以下、本発明の好適実施例を図に基づき説
明する。
【０００８】図１は熱可塑性材料のパイプライン２と２
ａの端の如き導管素子を連結するための溶接ソケット１
として形成された成形部品を示す。成形物品又はソケッ
ト本体３はその内壁の近くに又は直接その上に加熱素子
４をもち、前記素子は螺旋状に巻かれた抵抗線５からな
る。前記抵抗線の端は電流源をもつ装置に接続するため
に成形本体３の外に延在するか、又はプラグ接点に接続
される。
【０００９】成形部品の溶接区域の両端に溶接指示具１
０が配置される。図２、３から明らかな如く、前記指示
具は弁体１３をもち、前記弁体は成形物品又はソケット
本体１の材料から形成される。
【００１０】弁体１３は、その基部の区域において、成
形部品の本体に固定されておりそしてその一部が外側に
向かって円錐形にテーパ付きとなっている。好適には弁
体１３は少なくとも一部は丸み付き端部をもつ円錐体と
して形成されている。弁体を囲む成形部品の区域１１は
弁体に一致した円錐形をなす当接面１４をもつ。前記当
接面はソケット本体３の外輪郭の方向に延びて円筒形部
分１８に移行する。弁体１３の円錐体と当接面１４の傾
斜角度αは好適には１０°と２０°の間にあり、この角
度は射出成形法による製造において、アンダーカット区
域１１をも永久変形することなしに型から除去でき、成
形部品を型から除去するのに有利である。
【００１１】環状ビード１６は好適には区域１１の回り
でソケット本体３の外輪郭上に配置され、その結果、型
からのアンダーカット区域１１の取り外しが簡単にな
る。
【００１２】弁体１３と区域１１の内壁間に、弁体の縦
方向に延在しかつフイルムヒンジとして形成された薄い
壁が配置され、それによって弁体１３は案内、保持され
る。２つ又はそれ以上の、好適には３つのかかる壁を設
けることができる。
【００１３】本発明の溶接指示具１０の設置によって、
溶接プロセス中に溶融されかつ高圧を及ぼされる熱可塑
性材料は、外方に向かって自由スぺース１２内へ圧入さ
れることが防止される。溶接時に弁体１３を押し出すこ
とによって、弁体の円錐形面１７が区域１１の円錐形当
接面１４に押し付けられる（図３を参照）。その結果、
溶融した熱可塑性材料の脱出を防ぐバリヤーが形成さ
れ、そして信頼性のある溶接に必要な溶接圧力が可塑性
材料の膨張の結果として発生する。前述の溶融物の移動
は起こらない。ソケット本体３の外輪郭を越えて延び出
る弁体１３の先端は溶接が行われたことを指示する。
【００１４】弁体１３のストロークは区域１１の円錐形
当接面１４と弁体１３の円錐形面１７間のスロットの幅
によって規定される。従って前記スロットは弁体１３の
突出先端が良く目視観察できるような大きさにすべきで
ある。
【００１５】溶接後の熱可塑性材料の冷却時に弁体１３
の起こり得る凹所内への滑り戻りを阻止するために、区
域１１は外方に押し出された弁体１３中の環状溝に掛合
する環状ビードを備えることができる。その結果、弁体
は押し出された位置に保持される。
【００１６】前記配列構造は、例えばスポット穿孔型又
は分岐型の成型部品に関連するサドル部品の溶接部分、
又は他の成形部品の溶接部分にに備えることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】溶接ソケットとして形成された成形部品の縦断
面図である。
【図２】溶接前の図１の拡大部分図である。
【図３】溶接後の図２に示す部分の拡大部分図である。
【符号の説明】
１ 溶接ソケット ２、２ａ パイプライン ３ 成形本体 ４ 加熱素子 ５ 抵抗線 １０ 溶接指示具 １１ アンダーカット区域 １３ 弁体 １４ 当接面 １６ 環状ビード １７ 円錐形面 １８ 円筒形部分
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 アルフレッド メスマー ドイツ連邦共和国 デー−78250 テンゲ ン ３ ウンタードルフ 32 (72)発明者 ディルク アレクザンダー ペトリ スイス国 ツェーハー−8245 フォイヤー ターレン バーンホフシュトラーセ 83

Claims (4)

    【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 【請求項１】 導管素子と溶接連結するための抵抗線か
    らなる加熱素子をもつ少なくとも１つの溶接部分を有す
    る熱可塑性材料の成形部品において、成形部品の本体内
    にかつ成形部品の材料からその外側区域に少なくとも１
    つの弁体が形成され、前記弁体は溶接プロセス時に、高
    圧を及ぼされかつ外方に向かって押圧される材料が自由
    スぺースに向かって脱出するのを、弁体が成形部品本体
    のそれに一致する面に当接することによって、阻止する
    ことを特徴とする成形部品。
  2. 【請求項２】 弁体（１３）は少なくともその長さの一
    部にわたって円錐形に形成されることを特徴とする請求
    項１に記載の成形部品。
  3. 【請求項３】 弁体（１３）は、少なくとも部分的に、
    丸み付き端部をもつ円錐体として形成されることを特徴
    とする請求項１に記載の成形部品。
  4. 【請求項４】 弁体（１３）上の円錐形面（１４、１
    ７）の傾斜角度（α）は１０°と２０°の間にあること
    を特徴とする請求項１から３の何れか１項に記載の成形
    部品。
JP7131758A 1994-06-13 1995-05-30 熱可塑性材料の成形部品 Expired - Fee Related JP2933202B2 (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH01854/94A CH688489A5 (de) 1994-06-13 1994-06-13 Formteil aus einem thermoplastischen Kunststoff.
CH01854/94-7 1994-06-13

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH07329185A true JPH07329185A (ja) 1995-12-19
JP2933202B2 JP2933202B2 (ja) 1999-08-09

Family

ID=4220165

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
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EP (1) EP0698474B1 (ja)
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DE (1) DE59507276D1 (ja)

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IT244388Y1 (it) * 1998-11-23 2002-03-11 Nupi S P A Raccordi per tubi a doppia parete
US7614661B1 (en) * 1999-09-14 2009-11-10 Petro Technik Limited Welding socket
US9285063B2 (en) 2013-06-22 2016-03-15 Mark L. Jones Connection fitting for connecting thermoplastic pipes
CA2828855C (en) 2013-09-27 2020-06-09 G.B.D. Corp. Method and apparatus for connecting pipes
CA2829075C (en) 2013-09-27 2020-09-01 G.B.D. Corp. Pipe joining material for connecting pipes
CA2829041C (en) 2013-09-27 2020-06-09 G.B.D. Corp. Pipe sealing tool and methods for use
CA2829002C (en) 2013-09-27 2020-06-09 G.B.D. Corp. Pipe cutting tool and methods for use
EP2873513B1 (de) 2013-11-19 2017-11-15 Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme AG Elektroschweissrohrverbindungsformteil

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US4117311A (en) * 1976-03-22 1978-09-26 Von Roll Ag. Electric welding muff
US4313053A (en) * 1980-01-02 1982-01-26 Von Roll A.G. Welding sleeve of thermoplastic material
CH648393A5 (de) * 1980-08-29 1985-03-15 Werner Sturm Elektro-schweissmuffe aus einem thermoplast zum verbinden von leitungselementen aus thermoplast.
US4626308A (en) * 1983-02-18 1986-12-02 The Victaulic Company Plc Method of making welded pipe joints
AU581014B2 (en) * 1984-08-28 1989-02-09 Von Roll Ag Weldable connecting member for connecting or joining thermoplastic pipe elements
CA1321626C (en) * 1988-07-21 1993-08-24 Naotake Uda Electrofusion of electrofusion joint, method of confirming state of fusion and fusion joint suitable for use in the methods
EP0399081B1 (de) * 1989-05-26 1993-10-27 Streng Plastic AG Schweissmuffe, mit einem thermoplastischen Materialanteil
DE4018396C1 (en) * 1990-06-08 1991-10-02 Friedrichsfeld Gmbh Keramik- Und Kunststoffwerke, 6800 Mannheim, De Weld fitting of thermoplastic weldable material - comprises thermal conductor and cut=out section open externally with display pin and annular display gap for sealing

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Publication number Publication date
CH688489A5 (de) 1997-10-15
JP2933202B2 (ja) 1999-08-09
US6198081B1 (en) 2001-03-06
DE59507276D1 (de) 1999-12-30
EP0698474B1 (de) 1999-11-24
EP0698474A1 (de) 1996-02-28

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