JPH07153494A - Nonaqueous secondary battery - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To suppress the reduction of the cycle characteristics caused by the decomposition of a nonaqueous electrolyte by setting the charge/discharge efficiency of a positive electrode lower than the charge/discharge efficiency of a negative electrode, and suppressing the initial discharge after a battery is assembled under the control of the positive electrode. CONSTITUTION:The charge/discharge efficiency EP of a positive electrode expressed by the equation I is set lower than the charge/discharge efficiency EN of a negative electrode expressed by the equation II in this nonaqueous secondary battery, where P1, P2, and P3, are values of X in LixMOy after an electric discharge, after a full electric charge, and before an electric charge respectively when the positive electrode is discharged until the potential of the positive electrode is dropped to 2V (VS. Li/Li) after the positive electrode is fully charged via the positive electrode and a Li electrode having the capacity larger than that of the positive electrode. This nonaqueous secondary battery uses a carbon material capable of storing and discharging Li<+> as the negative electrode material, and it is provided with the positive electrode using a Li<-> transition metal composite oxide expressed by the formula LixMOy as the positive electrode active material, where (x) is fluctuated when Li is stored and discharged at the time of the charge and discharge, 1.8<=y<=2.2, and M is Ni or Co or a transition metal mainly made of Ni or Co.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a non-aqueous secondary battery, and more particularly to improvement of charge and discharge efficiency of a positive electrode and a negative electrode for the purpose of improving cycle characteristics.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years,
As a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, it is possible to absorb and release lithium ions because it has excellent flexibility and there is no fear of internal short circuit due to the growth of dendritic lithium. Carbon materials such as coke and graphite are used as the positive electrode material of the battery, and the discharge potential is 3.5 to 4 V ( _vs. Li.
/ Li ⁺ ), the lithium-transition metal composite oxides such as LiNiO ₂ and LiCoO ₂ are attracting attention because they enable high-voltage design.

However, in a non-aqueous secondary battery using a carbon material as a negative electrode material and a lithium-transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode material, the negative electrode potential sharply rises at the end of discharge, and the end of discharge and the initial stage of charge. Due to the fact that the non-aqueous electrolyte decomposes with the generation of gas on the surface of the negative electrode,
There is a problem that the battery capacity gradually decreases. That is, when a lithium-transition metal composite oxide and a carbon material are used as electrode materials for positive and negative electrodes, there is an advantage that high voltage and high capacity can be obtained, but on the other hand, decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte is likely to occur. Therefore, there is a drawback that the cycle characteristics are not good. Such a defect is likely to occur particularly when a carbon material having high crystallinity, that is, having a high degree of graphitization is used as the negative electrode material.

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is a non-aqueous secondary battery in which a carbon material is a negative electrode material and a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is a positive electrode material. To improve the cycle characteristics of.

[0005]

A non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention (hereinafter referred to as "the present battery") for achieving the above object is a carbon material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions. And a formula: Li _X MO
_Y (however, X is a value that varies with the occlusion and release of lithium during charge and discharge; 1.8 ≦ Y ≦ 2.2; M is nickel and / or cobalt, or nickel and / or cobalt as a main component Lithium represented by
In a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a positive electrode using a transition metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode defined by the following formula (A) is defined by the following formula (B). that wherein the are lower than the negative electrode of the charge-discharge efficiency E _N.

E _p = (P ₁ −P ₂ ) × 100 / (P ₃ −P ₂ ) ... (A)

[However, in the formula (A), P ₁ , P ₂ and P ₃
Is a case where the positive electrode and a lithium electrode having a larger capacity than the positive electrode are used to fully charge the positive electrode and then discharge until the potential of the positive electrode drops to 2 V ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ). The above formula is the value of X in Li _X MO _Y after discharge, the value after full charge, and the value before charge. ]

E _N = (N ₁ −N ₂ ) × 100 / N ₁ (B)

[In the formula (B), N ₁ and N ₂ have a potential of 1 V after the negative electrode is fully charged using the negative electrode and a lithium electrode having a larger capacity than the negative electrode. (
_vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) in the formula representing the lithium-containing carbon material that can be produced when discharged until it rises to: CLi _w (where W is a value that varies with the occlusion and release of lithium during charge and discharge) W is a value after full charge and a value after discharge. ]

The lithium-transition metal composite oxide represented by the formula: Li _X MO _Y in the present invention is LiCoO 2.
₂ , LiNiO ₂ , and LiNi _1-Z Co _Z O ₂ (1>
Z> 0) is exemplified as a typical one, but is not particularly limited thereto.

The charging / discharging efficiency E _p of the positive electrode varies depending on the starting materials used for producing the positive electrode active material. For example, L
In the production of iNi ₁ -Z Co _Z O ₂ , a mixture of Co ₃ O ₄ and Co (OH) ₂ is used as a cobalt raw material and a mixture of Co (OH) ₂ and CoCO ₃ is used. The value of E _p is different. The value of E _p also varies when the mixing ratio of the nickel raw material and the cobalt raw material is changed. In addition, the value of E _p also varies when the heat treatment temperature for producing the positive electrode active material is different.

The charging / discharging efficiency E _N of the negative electrode takes different values when the d value (d ₀₀₂ ) or Lc on the lattice plane (002) plane of the carbon material is different.

In particular, the d value (d ₀₀₂ ) is 3.35-3.3.
7Å, Lc value is 200Å or more, the degree of graphitization is large,
In addition, when a high-capacity carbon material having high crystallinity is used, the capacity can be increased, but decomposition and deterioration of the non-aqueous electrolyte is likely to occur. Since in order to suppress the decomposition deterioration of such non-aqueous electrolyte solution, the charge and discharge efficiency E _N of the negative electrode using carbon materials described above as the electrode material is about 92%, as the positive electrode, the charge-discharge efficiency E _p Of less than 92%, preferably 90% or less, more preferably 85% or less. However, when the charge-discharge efficiency E _p is used a positive electrode of less than 70%, positive electrode capacity, and thus since the battery capacity becomes too small, as the positive electrode, the charge-discharge efficiency E _p is 7
Most preferably, 0 to 85% is used.

[0014] Incidentally, large graphitization degree of the negative electrode charge-discharge efficiency E _N is about 92%, and, as a carbon material having high crystallinity high capacity, other graphite (natural graphite and artificial graphite),
For example, a modified coke whose crystallinity is improved by high pressure treatment or the like can be mentioned.

This type of battery usually has a battery voltage of 2.0V.
The discharge is terminated when the voltage falls to a certain extent, but in the formula (A), the value P ₁ of X in the formula: Li _X MO _Y after discharge becomes the potential of the positive electrode becomes 2 V ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ). The value after the discharge to the above is that in a battery using this type of positive electrode active material, in general, the capacity is set so that the discharge is finished when the potential of the positive electrode with respect to the lithium standard single electrode potential decreases to about 3.0V. This is because there is a margin of about 1.0 V in consideration of the design.

In the formula (B), the value N ₂ of the W in the formula: CLi _w after discharge is set to the negative electrode potential of 1 V ( _vs. Li /
The reason why the value after discharging until Li ⁺ ) is reached is as follows.

That is, when a battery using a carbon material as a negative electrode material is discharged, a sharp increase in the potential is observed when the negative electrode potential ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) is usually 1.0 V. When discharging, the decomposition and deterioration of the electrolytic solution becomes remarkable. Therefore, in order to suppress decomposition and degradation of the electrolytic solution, the potential of the negative electrode at the time when the potential of the positive electrode becomes 3.0 V (normal discharge end potential) may be set to a potential of less than 1.0 V. Is.

In the present invention, the deterioration of the cycle characteristics due to the decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte, which has been a problem when the carbon material is used as the negative electrode material and the specific lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode material. The charge and discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode is made lower than the charge and discharge efficiency E _N of the negative electrode so that the first discharge after battery assembly is controlled by the positive electrode. Therefore, for other members constituting the battery such as the electrolytic solution, various materials conventionally proposed or put into practical use for non-aqueous secondary batteries can be used without particular limitation.

Examples of the non-aqueous electrolyte include organic solvents such as ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2
In a mixed solvent with a low boiling point solvent such as diethoxyethane or ethoxymethoxyethane, LiPF ₆ , LiClO ₄ ,
A solution in which a solute such as LiCF ₃ SO ₃ is dissolved at a ratio of 0.7 to 1.5 M (mol / liter) is exemplified.

[0020]

In the battery of the present invention, the potential of the negative electrode after the initial discharge becomes lower than the potential for decomposing the electrolytic solution, so that decomposition and deterioration of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution on the surface of the carbon material of the negative electrode is suppressed.

1 and 2 are explanatory views of the principle of the present invention. In FIG. 1, the vertical axis represents the potential (V _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) with respect to the lithium standard single-pole potential of the positive electrode, and the horizontal axis represents the positive electrode. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the charge / discharge capacity (mAh / g) per 1 g of the positive electrode active material, and FIG. 2 shows the potential (V _vs. Li /
² is a graph in which the charge / discharge capacity (mAh / g) per 1 g of the carbon material of the negative electrode is plotted on the horizontal axis.
The directions of the arrows in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 indicate the direction of the potential increase / decrease at each electrode during charging / discharging.

First, the correspondence between the above equation (A) and FIG. 1 is shown below. As shown in FIG. 1, Li _X was about 3 V ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) before the first charge (first charge).
A positive electrode using MO _Y as a positive electrode active material (hereinafter referred to as “Li _X MO _Y
It is called a "pole." ) Potential (point a), the initial charging progresses,
The potential increases as Li separates from the Li _X MO _Y electrode, and reaches the point b when the charge is completed. Next, when the first discharge is performed, the potential of the Li _X MO _Y pole drops as the discharge progresses, and the vertical axis coordinate value is the discharge end potential of 2 V ( _vs. Li / L.
i ⁺ ) point c (conventional battery) or point d (invention battery)
Leading to. At this time, the difference S between the horizontal axis coordinate value of the point a and the horizontal axis coordinate value of the point b corresponds to P ₃ −P ₂ in the formula (A),
The difference T ₂ between the horizontal axis coordinate value of the point and the horizontal axis coordinate value of the point c or d
Alternatively, T ₁ corresponds to P ₁ -P ₂ in the formula (B). Therefore, the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode can also be expressed by the following formula (C).

E _p = (T ₁ or T ₂ ) × 100 / S ... (C)

Next, the correspondence between the above equation (B) and FIG. 2 is shown below. As shown in FIG. 2, 3V (
_vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) The potential of the negative electrode made of the carbon material (vertical axis coordinate value at point e) was about the lithium standard monopolar potential as Li was inserted into the carbon material, that is, It approaches 0 V ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) and reaches point f after full charge. Next, when the first discharge is performed, the potential of the negative electrode rises as the discharge progresses, and the ordinate coordinate value indicates the discharge end potential of 1 V ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) at the end of the discharge.
To the point. At this time, the difference Q between the horizontal axis coordinate value of the point e and the horizontal axis coordinate value of the f point corresponds to N ₁ in the equation (B), and the horizontal axis coordinate value of the f point and the horizontal axis of the g point. The difference R from the coordinate value corresponds to N ₁ -N ₂ in the formula (B). Thus, charge and discharge efficiency E _N of the negative electrode can also be represented by the following formula (D).

E _N = R × 100 / Q ... (D)

It should be noted that, in FIGS. 1 and 2, both positive and negative electrodes do not return to the route followed during the initial charge during the initial discharge, and the hysteresis does not return to the point c or d (both are positive electrodes) or g. Returning to the point (in the case of the negative electrode) is Q- in FIG.
This is because Li corresponding to the capacity represented by R is used for stabilizing the carbon material, that is, captured by the carbon material.

By the way, in the conventional non-aqueous secondary battery, the charging / discharging efficiency E _p of the positive electrode is regulated to be higher than the charging / discharging efficiency E _{N of the} negative electrode. Curves shown by broken lines in FIGS. 1 and 2 (partly overlapping with solid lines) are examples of discharge curves of a positive electrode (E _p = 93%) and a negative electrode (E _N = 92%) of a conventional battery. It is shown as. When such a battery is first discharged, the potential of the negative electrode sharply rises at the end of discharge. This is because the discharge of the positive electrode, that is, the occlusion of lithium continues to occur even after the release of lithium from the negative electrode where the potential of the negative electrode sharply rises is stopped, and the discharge becomes the negative electrode dominant type. In this case, the discharge termination potential of the negative electrode is 1 V or higher (point h in FIG. 2). Then, in the subsequent charge / discharge cycle, the potential of the negative electrode fluctuates as f → h → f → h, and the discharge end potential of the negative electrode in each cycle starts when the non-aqueous electrolyte starts to decompose (see FIG. 2). This is much higher than the potential of the negative electrode at point g), so that the decomposition and deterioration of the non-aqueous electrolyte occurs remarkably.

On the other hand, in the battery of the present invention, each electrode having a positive electrode charge / discharge efficiency E _p lower than the negative electrode charge / discharge efficiency E _N is used for both positive and negative electrodes. The curves shown by the solid lines in FIGS. 1 and 2 are the positive electrode (E _p = 90%) and the negative electrode (E _{N of the} battery of the present invention.
= 92%) of each charge / discharge curve is shown as an example. When such a battery is first discharged, the potential of the positive electrode becomes 2
Even at the end of discharge, which is close to V ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ), the potential of the negative electrode is the potential at which the non-aqueous electrolyte begins to decompose (about 1.0
V _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) and the potential of the positive electrode is 2
Even when V ( _vs. Li / Li ⁺ ) is reached, the discharge of the negative electrode ends at the j point before the g point. That is,
The discharge becomes the positive electrode dominant type. Then, in the subsequent charge / discharge cycle, the potential of the negative electrode fluctuates as f → j → f → j, and the discharge end potential of the negative electrode in each cycle starts when the non-aqueous electrolyte starts to decompose (see FIG. 2). Since the charging / discharging cycle is repeated at a point lower than the potential of the negative electrode at point g), decomposition and deterioration of the non-aqueous electrolyte is suppressed.

[0029]

EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in more detail based on the following examples, but the invention is not intended to be limited to the following examples, and various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Is possible.

Example 1 A flat non-aqueous secondary battery (the battery of the present invention) was produced.

[Positive electrode] LiOH, Ni (OH) ₂ ,
A raw material of Co (Co ₃ O ₄ and Co (OH) _{2 in a} molar ratio of 3: 1) is mixed in a mortar so that the molar ratio of Li, Ni and Co is 2: 1: 1. After that, this mixture was heat-treated in a dry air atmosphere at 700 ° C. for 20 hours to obtain a positive electrode active material represented by LiNi _0.5 Co _0.5 O ₂ . Then, the powder was crushed in an Ishikawa type raid mortar so that the average particle size was 5 μm, to obtain a positive electrode active material powder.

Next, the positive electrode active material powder, carbon powder as a conductive agent, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder are mixed at a weight ratio of 80:10:10 to prepare a positive electrode mixture. Then, this positive electrode mixture was pressure-molded into a disk shape at a pressure of 2 ton / cm ² , and then heat-treated at 150 ° C. for 2 hours to produce a positive electrode.

[Negative electrode] Natural graphite [The d value (d ₀₀₂ ) on the lattice plane (002) plane is 3.354Å and the Lc value is 1000Å. ] And PVDF in a weight ratio of 95:
5 to prepare a negative electrode mixture, and the negative electrode mixture was pressure-molded into a disk shape at a pressure of 2 ton / cm ² and then at 150 ° C.
Was heat-treated for 2 hours to prepare a negative electrode. The charge-discharge efficiency E _N of the negative electrode shown in the formula (D) was 92%.

[Non-Aqueous Electrolyte] In ethylene carbonate,
LiPF ₆ was dissolved at a ratio of 1 M (mol / liter) to prepare a non-aqueous electrolytic solution.

[Production of Battery] A flat type battery BA1 of the present invention was produced using the above-described positive and negative electrodes and the non-aqueous electrolyte (battery size: diameter 20 mm, thickness 1.6 mm). As the separator, a polypropylene microporous film (Hoechst Celanese, trade name "Celgard") is used.
This was impregnated with the above non-aqueous electrolyte.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the produced battery BA1 of the present invention. The battery BA1 of the present invention shown in the same figure.
Is composed of a positive electrode 1, a negative electrode 2, a separator 3 for separating the electrodes 1 and 2 from each other, a positive electrode can 4, a negative electrode can 5, a positive electrode current collector 6, a negative electrode current collector 7 and an insulating packing 8 made of polypropylene. .

The positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 are housed in a battery case formed by positive and negative bipolar cans 4 and 5 facing each other with a separator 3 impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolytic solution interposed therebetween. The positive electrode 1 is a positive electrode current collector. 6 to the positive electrode can 4 and the negative electrode 2 to the negative electrode current collector 7
It is connected to the negative electrode can 5 via the so that the chemical energy generated inside the battery can be taken out as electric energy from both terminals of the positive electrode can 4 and the negative electrode can 5.

(Examples 2 to 6) As a cobalt raw material, C was used.
o ₃ O ₄ and Co (OH) molar ratio of ₂ is 1: mixture of 2, the mole ratio of Co ₃ O ₄ and Co (OH) ₂ and CoCO ₃ 1: 1: a mixture of 1, Co (OH ) ₂ and CoCO ₃
A 1: 1 molar ratio of Co (OH) ₂ and CoC
A positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a mixture having a molar ratio of O ₃ to 1: 2 or CoCO ₃ was used alone. Next, batteries of the present invention BA2 to BA6 were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that these positive electrodes were used.

Comparative Example 1 Co ₃ was used as a cobalt raw material.
A positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that O ₄ was used alone. Then, a comparative battery BC1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this positive electrode was used.

Inventive batteries BA1 to BA6 and comparative battery B
Table 1 below shows the types of Co raw materials used in the production of each C1 positive electrode active material and their ratios.

[0041]

[Table 1]

[0042] The positive electrode and the positive electrode of the comparison battery BC1 of Charge-discharge efficiency measurement of E _p of Positive Electrode present battery BA1～BA6, were examined their charge and discharge efficiency E _p. The results are shown in Table 1 above. In the experiment, a positive electrode and a lithium electrode having a capacity larger than that of the positive electrode were immersed in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution used in the production of the battery BA1 of the present invention, and charged at 3 mA to a charge end voltage of 4.2 V. It was performed by discharging at 3 mA to a discharge end voltage of 2V.

As shown in Table 1, the batteries BA1 to BA of the present invention
In the positive electrode of No. 6, the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode is 60 to 90%, which is lower than the charge / discharge efficiency E _N (92%) of the negative electrode, whereas in the positive electrode of Comparative Battery BC1, the charge / discharge of the positive electrode is The efficiency E _p is 93%, which is higher than the charge / discharge efficiency E _N of the negative electrode.

[Cycle Characteristics] Batteries BA1 to B of the present invention
Regarding A6 and comparative battery BC1, after charging to a cut-off voltage of 4.2 V at 3 mA, a discharge-stop voltage of 2 V at 3 mA
A charging / discharging cycle test in which the process of discharging up to 1 cycle was performed for 300 cycles, and the cycle characteristics of each battery were examined. The results are shown in Table 1 above.

As shown in Table 1, batteries BA1 to B of the present invention
The capacity deterioration rate of A6 is as small as 0.08 to 0.11% / cycle, whereas the capacity deterioration rate of the comparative battery BC1 is 0.
It is as large as 30% / cycle. From this, the cycle deterioration due to the decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte during the charge-discharge cycle,
It can be seen that the charge / discharge efficiency E _P of the positive electrode is controlled to be lower than the charge / discharge efficiency E _N of the negative electrode, whereby it is significantly suppressed.

[Initial discharge capacity] Batteries BA1 to BA of the present invention
A6 and comparative battery BC1 were charged and discharged only once under the same conditions as the charging and discharging conditions in the above cycle characteristics, and the initial discharge capacity of each battery was examined. The results are shown in Table 1 above.

As shown in Table 1, batteries BA1 to B of the present invention
In A5, the initial discharge capacity is as large as 17-22 mAh,
The battery BA6 of the present invention has a small initial discharge capacity of 14 mAh. This is because the charge and discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode was too low, and the discharge capacity of the positive electrode in the battery of the present invention in which discharge was dominated by the positive electrode was too small. Therefore, the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode is 70%.
It is desirable to regulate above.

In the above embodiments, the case where the present invention is applied to the flat type battery has been described as an example, but the present invention is not particularly limited in the shape of the battery, and various other types such as a cylindrical type and a square type are also possible. It can be applied to a non-aqueous secondary battery having the above shape.

Further, in the above embodiment, the case of applying to the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has been described as an example, but the electrolyte may be decomposed even in the solid electrolyte secondary battery. In such a case, the present invention can be applied to a solid electrolyte battery.

[0050]

Since the decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte on the surface of the carbon material of the negative electrode is suppressed, the battery of the present invention has a small capacity deterioration rate with the progress of charge / discharge cycles and is excellent in cycle characteristics.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the principle of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the principle of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 BA1 Inventive battery 1 Positive electrode 2 Negative electrode 3 Separator

Front page continuation (72) Inventor Koji Nishio 2-5-5 Keihan Hondori, Moriguchi-shi, Osaka Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. (72) Toshihiko Saito 2-5-5 Keihan-hondori, Moriguchi-shi, Osaka Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.

Claims (5)

[Claims] 1. A negative electrode using a carbon material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions as a negative electrode material, and a formula: Li _X MO _Y.
(However, X is a value that varies with occlusion and release of lithium during charge and discharge; 1.8 ≦ Y ≦ 2.2; M is nickel and / or
Alternatively, it is a transition metal containing cobalt or nickel and / or cobalt as a main component. In a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a positive electrode having a lithium-transition metal composite oxide represented by the formula (4) as a positive electrode active material, the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode defined by the following formula (A) is expressed by the following formula: A non-aqueous secondary battery, which has a charging / discharging efficiency E _N of the negative electrode defined in (B). E _p = (P ₁ −P ₂ ) × 100 / (P ₃ −P ₂ ) ... (A) [In the formula (A), P ₁ , P ₂ and P ₃ are in proportion to the positive electrode and the positive electrode. Using a lithium electrode with a large capacity,
After the positive electrode is fully charged, the potential of the positive electrode is 2V ( _vs.
The above formula when discharged until it drops to Li / Li ⁺ ): L
The values of X in i _X MO _Y are the value after discharging, the value after fully charging, and the value before charging. E _N = (N ₁ −N ₂ ) × 100 / N ₁ (B) [In the formula (B), N ₁ and N ₂ are a lithium electrode having a larger capacity than the negative electrode and the negative electrode. After the negative electrode was fully charged using a battery, the potential of the negative electrode was 1 V ( _vs. Li / L
W in the formula: CLi _w (where W is a value that varies with the occlusion and release of lithium at the time of charging and discharging) when the lithium-containing carbon material is generated when it is discharged up to i ⁺ ).
, Respectively, the value after full charge and the value after discharge. ] 2. The d value (d ₀₀₂ ) on the lattice plane (002) plane of the carbon material and the crystallite size (L in the c-axis direction).
The non-aqueous secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein c) is 3.35 to 3.37 Å and 200 Å or more, respectively. 3. The d value (d ₀₀₂ ) on the lattice plane (002) plane of the carbon material and the crystallite size (L in the c-axis direction).
The non-aqueous secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein c) is 3.35 to 3.37Å and 200Å or more, respectively, and the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode is 90% or less. 4. The d value (d ₀₀₂ ) in the lattice plane (002) plane of the carbon material and the crystallite size (L in the c-axis direction).
The non-aqueous secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein c) is 3.35 to 3.37Å and 200Å or more, respectively, and the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode is 85% or less. 5. The d value (d ₀₀₂ ) in the lattice plane (002) plane of the carbon material and the crystallite size (L in the c-axis direction).
The non-aqueous secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein c) is 3.35 to 3.37Å and 200Å or more, respectively, and the charge / discharge efficiency E _p of the positive electrode is 70% to 85%.