JPH04230605A - Method for preventing pine blight damage - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To prevent blight damage of pine trees due to Bursaphelenchus lignicolus. CONSTITUTION:An antibiotic substance such as penicillin G potassium or cefatrizine is applied to pine trees.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

0001

[Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to a method of using antibiotics to prevent and/or treat pine wood nematode disease, which is said to be caused by the invasion of pine tree nematode into pine trees. Regarding.

0002

[Prior Art] From summer to early fall, pine needles begin to change color, and about a month later, the entire crown of the tree turns red and dies.
Pine wood nematode disease, which is said to be caused by the so-called "pine weevil", is caused by the pine wood nematode disease, which is a type of nematode.
Aphelenchus xylophilus) (hereinafter abbreviated as nematode) is said to be the cause. The nematode said to be the pathogen is Monochamus alterna, a type of longhorn beetle.
tus) (hereinafter abbreviated as longhorn beetle).

[0003] Longhorn beetles emerge from the damaged trees of the previous year from mid-late May to the end of July and carry thousands to tens of thousands of nematodes on their body and surface, and feed on young branches of healthy pine trees (sexually). feeding for maturity).

[0004] At this time, the nematode detaches from the body of the long-eared beetles and invades the body of the pine tree through the wound in the pine branch that the long-horned beetle has eaten.

[0005] After 2 to 3 months, pine trees infested with nematodes begin to show visible symptoms of wilting and the leaves change color. A tree whose leaves have begun to change color is called an abnormal tree, and the long-eared beetles that have eaten and become sexually mature will lay eggs on this abnormal tree after mating in order to leave the next generation of offspring, and the abnormal tree will eventually die.

[0006] On healthy trees, longhorn beetles' eggs cannot hatch because they are wrapped in pine resin, and the hatched larvae are wrapped in resin while feeding under the bark and die, so the longhorn beetles can hardly grow. . However, longhorn beetle eggs laid on abnormal or dead trees weakened by nematode invasion hatch without being wrapped in resin, and the larvae also grow while feeding under the bark.

[0007] Fully grown longhorn beetles larvae build a pupa chamber deep within the pine wood to overwinter from late autumn to early winter, protecting themselves from the low temperatures of winter.

[0008] When the temperature rises in spring, longhorn beetles larvae that have overwintered in the pupal chamber become pupae and eventually emerge to become adults and escape from the dead tree. At this time, the nematodes that have gathered around the pupa chamber are transferred to the emerged beetles, and they are carried out of the dead tree with the beetles.

[0009] While a longhorn beetle carrying a nematode is after-feeding on a young branch of a healthy pine tree, the nematode detached from the body of the longhorn beetle and invades the inside of the pine tree. Eventually, this pine tree will begin to wilt and its leaves will start to change color.

[0010] In this way, pine wood nematode disease causes pine tree damage to spread one after another, and the following methods are currently being used to prevent this.

■ Insect killing of longhorn beetle larvae in dead trees: In order to reduce the density of longhorn beetles, which carry nematodes, it is necessary to cut down dead trees that have died due to pine nematode disease, where longhorn beetle larvae are present under the bark or within the wood. Defeating, skinning and incinerating, Fuention,
Organophosphorus insecticides such as fenitrothion and diazinon or carbamate insecticides such as fenobucarb are formulated into emulsions or oils, diluted to an appropriate concentration, and sprayed. Effective methods include fumigating dead wood with carbum-based chemicals, turning dead wood into chips and using it as a raw material for pulp production, or carbonizing it and using it as charcoal. Furthermore, it is being considered to kill longhorn beetle larvae by spraying insect-parasitic nematodes and microbial preparations on felled dead trees.

■ Prevention of afterfeeding by emerging longhorn beetles: When adult longhorn beetles emerge from dead trees caused by pine nematode disease and aftereaten young branches of healthy pine trees, the nematodes detach from the body of the longhorn beetles and enter the inside of the pine tree. If this is prevented, pine wood nematode disease will not occur. In other words, in order to prevent after-feeding by longhorn beetles, a method is used in which insecticides are sprayed on the canopy of healthy pine trees before the longhorn beetles emerge. This can be done from the ground using a power sprayer, a backpack-type automatic sprayer, or a sprinkler, or by aerial spraying using a helicopter. The agents used here include carbamate insecticides such as carbaryl and organophosphorus insecticides such as fenthion, fenitrothion, prothiophos or pyridafenthion. All of these are aimed at reducing the density of insects by killing adult longhorn beetles, which are carriers of nematodes.

[0013] ■ Killing longhorn beetles using attractants and preventing afterfeeding using repellents and feeding inhibitors: It is possible to catch longhorn beetles that have emerged from dead trees using attractants, and prevent after feeding using repellents or feeding inhibitors. is being attempted. As an attractant, benzoic acid-eugenol mixture or α-pinene-
Ethanol mixtures have been put into practical use. repellent,
Eucalyptus oil and other drugs have been considered as anti-feeding agents, but although they have been shown to be effective to some extent, they have not been put to practical use. In addition, although attractants, repellents, and feeding inhibitors are all recognized to be effective to some extent, it is difficult to achieve sufficient control effects by using them alone, as they require a high level of knowledge and skill. .

■Application of nematicides: If nematodes invade a healthy pine tree, it will die, so insecticides or nematicides are injected into the tree trunk or applied to the soil in order to kill the invading nematodes. was tested as. The results showed that fuensulfothion, thionazine, mesulfenphos, morantel tartrate, and levamisole hydrochloride were effective as tree trunk injection agents. Among these, mesulfenfos, morantel tartrate, and levamisole hydrochloride have been commercialized. Ethylthiometone, methomyl, and aldicarb were effective as soil-applied agents. However, none of them have been commercialized.

■ Breeding of resistant pine trees: In order to create resistant pine trees that will not die even if invaded by nematodes, attempts are being made to develop resistance through selective breeding, cross breeding, or induction of resistance using weakly pathogenic nematodes. Although some results have been achieved, it seems that it will take some time for the technology to become established.

[0016] Various methods have been devised to prevent pine trees from dying due to pine wood nematode disease, as described above, but the mechanism of why pine trees wither when nematodes invade the pine tree body is unknown. It has not been revealed yet. For this reason, the control of nematodes, which are considered pathogens, and the longhorn beetles, which carry them, is currently the main technology for protecting pines from pine wood nematode disease.

[0017]

[Problem to be solved by the invention] Until now, in order to protect healthy pine trees from withering caused by pine wood nematode disease, attention has been focused only on nematodes that are thought to be pathogens and longhorn beetles that are carriers of nematodes. Prevention has been considered.

[0018] However, as mentioned earlier, the mechanism of tree blight has not yet been clarified, so if this is clarified, it may be possible to find a more effective and accurate means of protecting pine trees from pine wood nematode disease. left behind.

Furthermore, the techniques currently being used to protect pine trees from pine wood nematode disease are as described above, and the effectiveness of control,
The drugs used have some problems, such as the effect on the natural environment, the chemical damage to the pine tree body, and the high cost, and cannot be said to be sufficient.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new method for preventing pine tree dieback from pine nematode disease.

[0021]

[Means for solving the problem] When nematodes carried by longhorn beetles invade a healthy pine tree, it exhibits symptoms of pine nematode disease and dies. Although this is clear, there is still no established theory regarding the mechanism of blight.

[0022] Here, we considered that some of the various microorganisms possessed by nematodes may be pathogenic, and we investigated various drugs that had not been investigated before.

[0023] As a result, it was found that a method for preventing pine wilt is effective by using antibiotics to prevent and/or treat pine wood nematode disease.

[0024] If the antibiotic used here is not soluble in water, its components cannot be dispersed throughout the tree and it will not be sufficiently effective, so it is better to use a water-soluble antibiotic. However, even those that are insoluble in water can be used by dispersing them in water by dissolving them in advance in a water-compatible solvent such as alcohols or acetone. It is also possible to use water-insoluble antibiotics by converting them into water-soluble salts such as sulfates, hydrochlorides, sodium salts, and the like.

[0025] These antibiotics can be expected to be more effective when used in combination with conventionally used insecticides and nematicides. It can also be used by mixing two or more types of antibiotics, or by mixing it with a bactericidal agent, a bacteriolytic enzyme, etc.

As for the application method, the most effective method is to make a suitable hole with a drill or awl in the roots, trunk, or branches, and inject the chemical into the hole. Absorption from the foliage by absorption or foliar spraying is also effective.

When injecting into trees: 3-50% by weight of antibiotics
Generally, it is injected as an aqueous solution with a concentration of about 10% by weight, or dissolved in a solvent, but it is preferably injected with a concentration of about 10% by weight.

When applying to soil, remove fallen leaves and surface soil to a depth of about 10 to 30 cm around the tree trunk and apply the agent as uniformly as possible. Any dosage form can be used, such as an aqueous solution, emulsion, wettable powder, powder, granule, powder, etc., and it can be formulated into the most convenient dosage form. Generally water solvent,
Emulsions and wettable powders are fast-acting, while powders, granules, and powdered granules are slow-acting. After application, it is best to mulch the removed surface soil.

For foliar spraying, it is preferable to use the fungicide in an aqueous solution, emulsion, or wettable powder with a concentration of about 3 to 50% by weight;
It is best to dilute the solution in water to about 00 to 2000 times, preferably about 1000 times, and spray it evenly over the leaf surface using a sprayer or the like.

The amount of application varies depending on the size of the tree, and the larger the tree, the more it is necessary to increase the amount of application. Nematicides and insecticides conventionally used as tree trunk injection agents also vary depending on the volume of the tree to be injected, and the larger the volume, the greater the amount of injection. For example, a tree with a trunk diameter of 15 cm at a height of 1.5 m above the ground is injected with 10 to 50 g of active ingredient, and a tree with a diameter of 25 cm is injected with 30 to 125 g.
Infused with active ingredients.

However, antibiotics are effective when the injection volume is one-tenth to one-hundredth of this amount. In the case of soil application, the decomposition of the active ingredient in the soil and the absorption efficiency from the roots are low, so it is 10 to 10
It is effective to apply approximately 0 times the amount of the active ingredient.

[0032] In the case of foliar application, the application amount is almost the same as in the case of soil application.

[0033]

[Operation] According to the present invention, antibiotics can be used to prevent and/or treat pine tree dieback caused by pine nematode disease.

[0034]

[Examples] The present invention will be explained below with reference to Examples.

[0035]

[Example 1] Holes were made with an awl in the trunks of five 4-year-old potted black pine seedlings per district, approximately 5 cm from the ground, and each of the chemicals shown in Tables 1 and 2 below dissolved in water was applied to the holes. The ingredients were injected using a microsyringe at a rate of 10 mg/bottle and 100 mg/bottle. Botr 1 week after treatment
1 nematode cultured in a medium of Ytis cinerea
We inoculated the tips of branches that had injured 3,000 marigolds. The untreated control plot was only inoculated with nematodes.

Three months later, the survival and death of each treated pine tree was investigated. As a result, penicillin G potassium salt of the penicillin family,
to amoxicillin and ampicillin; to the cefem series cefatridine, cephalexin, cefadroxil, cefrazine and cephalosin sodium salt; to the aminoglycosides streptomycin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate and neomycin sulfate; to the tetracycline series tetracycline hydrochloride, and oxytetracycline hydrochloride; macrolide erythromycin; ansamycin rifamycin SV sodium salt; and novobiocin sodium salt were found to have a preventive effect against pine nematode disease.

[0037]

[Table 1]

[0038]

[Table 2]

[0039]

[Example 2] Five 4-year-old potted black pine seedlings per ward were damaged at the branch tips, and Botrytis cine
Each 3000 nematodes cultured in a rea culture medium were inoculated. One week after inoculation, a hole is made in the trunk of each seedling approximately 5 cm from the ground, and each drug shown in Tables 3 and 4 below dissolved in water is injected into the hole at a rate of 100 mg/plant as an active ingredient. Injected with a syringe. The untreated control plot was only inoculated with nematodes.

Three months after the chemical injection, the survival and death of each treated pine tree was investigated. As a result, the penicillin series penicillin G potassium salt, amoxicillin and ampicillin; the cefem series cefatridine, cephalexin, cefadroxil, cefrazine and cephalocin sodium salt;
To the aminoglycosides streptomycin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate and neomycin sulfate; to the tetracyclines tetracycline hydrochloride and oxytetracycline hydrochloride; to the macrolides erythromycin; to the ansamycins rifamycin SV sodium salt; and novobiocin sodium salt were found to have a therapeutic effect on pine wood nematode disease.

[0041]

[Table 3]

[0042]

[Table 4]

[0043]

[Example 3] Apply one dose of each of the active ingredients shown in Tables 5 and 6 below to the roots of five 4-year-old potted black pines per plot.
g/pot soil was applied. Botryti 2 weeks after application
3,000 nematodes cultured in a medium containing S. cinerea were inoculated onto the injured branch tips of each seedling. The untreated control plot was inoculated with nematodes only.

Three months later, the survival and death of each treated pine tree was investigated. As a result, penicillin G potassium salt of the penicillin family,
to amoxicillin and ampicillin; to the cefem series cefatridine, cephalexin, cefadroxil, cefrazine and cephalosin sodium salt; to the aminoglycosides streptomycin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate and neomycin sulfate; to the tetracycline series tetracycline hydrochloride and Oxytetracycline hydrochloride; macrolide erythromycin; and ansamycin rifamycin SV sodium salt and novobiocin sodium salt were found to have a preventive effect on pine nematode disease.

[0045]

[Table 5]

[0046]

[Table 6]

[0047]

[Effects of the Invention] The present invention involves the injection of antibiotics into tree trunks and/or
Alternatively, pine wood nematode disease can be prevented and/or treated by soil application.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. A method for preventing pine blight, which comprises using an antibiotic to prevent and/or treat pine nematode disease.