JPH02265654A - アルコール製造における触媒損失最少化 - Google Patents
アルコール製造における触媒損失最少化Info
- Publication number
- JPH02265654A JPH02265654A JP1320355A JP32035589A JPH02265654A JP H02265654 A JPH02265654 A JP H02265654A JP 1320355 A JP1320355 A JP 1320355A JP 32035589 A JP32035589 A JP 32035589A JP H02265654 A JPH02265654 A JP H02265654A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cobalt
- carbon dioxide
- water
- carbonate
- oxotation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 12
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-NJFSPNSNSA-N Carbon-14 Chemical compound [14C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910021503 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Co+2] ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- SAXCKUIOAKKRAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Co] SAXCKUIOAKKRAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical class [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000001 cobalt(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- MQIKJSYMMJWAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicobalt octacarbonyl Chemical group [Co+2].[Co+2].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-] MQIKJSYMMJWAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 ether alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/20—Carbonyls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
- B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
- B01J31/4023—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J31/403—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper containing iron group metals or copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
- B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
- B01J31/4061—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals involving membrane separation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
- B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
- B01J31/4092—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals involving a stripping step, with stripping gas or solvent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/16—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by oxo-reaction combined with reduction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
- B01J2231/321—Hydroformylation, metalformylation, carbonylation or hydroaminomethylation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
- B01J2531/845—Cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
- B01J27/232—Carbonates
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB888828695A GB8828695D0 (en) | 1988-12-08 | 1988-12-08 | Minimising catalyst loss in production of alcohols |
| GB8828695.0 | 1988-12-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH02265654A true JPH02265654A (ja) | 1990-10-30 |
Family
ID=10648190
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1320355A Pending JPH02265654A (ja) | 1988-12-08 | 1989-12-08 | アルコール製造における触媒損失最少化 |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5130107A (en, 2012) |
| EP (1) | EP0372925B1 (en, 2012) |
| JP (1) | JPH02265654A (en, 2012) |
| CN (1) | CN1028971C (en, 2012) |
| AR (1) | AR245389A1 (en, 2012) |
| AT (1) | ATE112701T1 (en, 2012) |
| AU (1) | AU623711B2 (en, 2012) |
| BR (1) | BR8906368A (en, 2012) |
| CA (1) | CA2004894A1 (en, 2012) |
| DE (1) | DE68918815T2 (en, 2012) |
| GB (1) | GB8828695D0 (en, 2012) |
| IN (1) | IN178459B (en, 2012) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015119738A (ja) * | 2009-10-07 | 2015-07-02 | 三菱化学株式会社 | コハク酸の製造方法 |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5750772A (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1998-05-12 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Decolorization of hydroxy-containing methacrylate homopolymers and copolymers |
| AU2003222120A1 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-13 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Oxon process |
| US7214290B2 (en) * | 2002-09-04 | 2007-05-08 | Shaw Liquid Solutions Llc. | Treatment of spent caustic refinery effluents |
| GB0706887D0 (en) * | 2007-04-10 | 2007-05-16 | Exxonmobil Chem Patents Inc | Cobalt recovery from cobalt catalysed hydroformylation reactions |
| US20100226838A1 (en) * | 2007-05-30 | 2010-09-09 | Anand Kumar Bachasingh | Process for the removal of catalyst degradation products |
| CN111302404A (zh) * | 2020-03-11 | 2020-06-19 | 吕文广 | 一种降低碳酸镍或碳酸钴中杂质的方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3816337A (en) * | 1970-09-01 | 1974-06-11 | Toa Nenryo Kogyo Kk | Process for preparing a catalytic cobalt carbonyl reaction product |
| BE772495A (fr) * | 1970-09-14 | 1972-01-17 | Daicel Ltd | Procede de recuperation de cobalt a partir de produits de reaction oxo |
| DE2103454C3 (de) * | 1971-01-26 | 1974-11-28 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Metallcarbonylen |
| JPS5638576B2 (en, 2012) * | 1974-07-25 | 1981-09-08 | ||
| US4041057A (en) * | 1975-07-02 | 1977-08-09 | Ethyl Corporation | Hydroesterification process |
| DE2949878A1 (de) * | 1979-12-12 | 1981-06-19 | Chemische Werke Hüls AG, 4370 Marl | Verfahren zur hydrierenden aufarbeitung der bei der hydrocarboxylierung eingesetzten kobalthaltigen katalysatoren |
| FR2480276A1 (fr) * | 1980-04-14 | 1981-10-16 | Delnik Vladlen | Procede d'elimination du cobalt de produits d'hydroformylation des composes insatures |
| US4404119A (en) * | 1981-12-23 | 1983-09-13 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Process for recovery of cobalt oxo catalysts |
| US4435517A (en) * | 1982-09-02 | 1984-03-06 | Texaco Inc. | Cobalt hydroformylation catalysts |
-
1988
- 1988-12-08 GB GB888828695A patent/GB8828695D0/en active Pending
-
1989
- 1989-12-06 AT AT89312708T patent/ATE112701T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-12-06 IN IN1157DE1989 patent/IN178459B/en unknown
- 1989-12-06 DE DE68918815T patent/DE68918815T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-06 EP EP89312708A patent/EP0372925B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-07 AR AR89315629A patent/AR245389A1/es active
- 1989-12-07 CA CA002004894A patent/CA2004894A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1989-12-08 BR BR898906368A patent/BR8906368A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-12-08 CN CN89109117A patent/CN1028971C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-08 AU AU46050/89A patent/AU623711B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-12-08 JP JP1320355A patent/JPH02265654A/ja active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-12-21 US US07/632,037 patent/US5130107A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015119738A (ja) * | 2009-10-07 | 2015-07-02 | 三菱化学株式会社 | コハク酸の製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8828695D0 (en) | 1989-01-11 |
| EP0372925B1 (en) | 1994-10-12 |
| ATE112701T1 (de) | 1994-10-15 |
| US5130107A (en) | 1992-07-14 |
| IN178459B (en, 2012) | 1997-05-03 |
| CN1043310A (zh) | 1990-06-27 |
| BR8906368A (pt) | 1990-08-21 |
| DE68918815D1 (de) | 1994-11-17 |
| AU623711B2 (en) | 1992-05-21 |
| EP0372925A1 (en) | 1990-06-13 |
| CA2004894A1 (en) | 1990-06-08 |
| DE68918815T2 (de) | 1995-02-09 |
| CN1028971C (zh) | 1995-06-21 |
| AR245389A1 (es) | 1994-01-31 |
| AU4605089A (en) | 1990-06-14 |
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