JPH0134732B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0134732B2 JPH0134732B2 JP11794980A JP11794980A JPH0134732B2 JP H0134732 B2 JPH0134732 B2 JP H0134732B2 JP 11794980 A JP11794980 A JP 11794980A JP 11794980 A JP11794980 A JP 11794980A JP H0134732 B2 JPH0134732 B2 JP H0134732B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- tank
- machining
- filter
- fluid
- machining fluid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009760 electrical discharge machining Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H1/00—Electrical discharge machining, i.e. removing metal with a series of rapidly recurring electrical discharges between an electrode and a workpiece in the presence of a fluid dielectric
- B23H1/10—Supply or regeneration of working media
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は放電加工装置、特に有機化合物を燃焼
しない割合で水に混合した加工液中で、被加工物
に放電加工を施す放電加工装置の改良に関するも
のである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an improvement in an electric discharge machining apparatus, particularly an electric discharge machining apparatus that performs electric discharge machining on a workpiece in a machining fluid containing an organic compound mixed with water at a proportion that does not burn it.
一般に、加工液を用いる放電加工装置は、加工
液の比抵抗値を一定値以上に保つて用いる必要
上、イオン交換槽による比抵抗値向上が図られて
いた。ところが、イオン交換槽内のイオン交換樹
脂は、加工液中の不純物が吸着することで、その
寿命を著しく低下させることが知られており、そ
の為、紙、布等によるフイルターを併用し、不純
物の除去を行なつていた。 In general, electrical discharge machining equipment that uses machining fluid has been used to maintain the specific resistance value of the machining fluid above a certain value, and so an ion exchange tank has been used to improve the resistivity value. However, it is known that the life of the ion exchange resin in the ion exchange tank is significantly shortened due to the adsorption of impurities in the processing fluid. was being removed.
この種の従来装置としては、第1図に示す様
な、内部の加工液10中で放電加工を行なう加工
槽12と、加工槽12中に加工液10をイオン交
換槽14にて一定の比抵抗値に保ちつつ循環させ
る加工液循環装置16とから成る装置があつた。
加工槽12の加工液10中には、電極18と被加
工物20とが対向して位置させてある。加工液循
環装置16は、加工槽12で放電加工を行なつて
スラツジを含んだ加工液10を送入する排液槽2
2と、加工槽12に加工液10を送入する供給液
槽24とを有している。排液槽22中の加工液1
0は、圧力ポンプ26で紙、布等を用いたフイル
ター28に送られた後、分流されて一部が直接供
給液槽24に送られる。分流されて供給液槽24
に送られた残りは、電磁バルブ30を途中に介し
てイオン交換槽14に送られた後、同様に供給液
槽24に送られる。供給液槽24中の加工液10
は、圧力ポンプ32で加工槽12に送られつつ、
一部を分流させて比抵抗測定器34を通して、比
抵抗値を測定する。図中36は、比抵抗測定器3
4で測定した比抵抗値によつて、電磁バルブ30
を開閉し、イオン交換槽14に送る加工液10流
量の調節を行なうコントロールボツクスである。
又図中38,40は各々加工液10流量を調節す
るバルブである。 As shown in FIG. 1, this type of conventional equipment includes a machining tank 12 in which electrical discharge machining is performed in a machining fluid 10 inside the machining tank 12, and an ion exchange tank 14 in which the machining fluid 10 is kept at a constant ratio. There is a device consisting of a machining fluid circulation device 16 that circulates the machining fluid while maintaining the resistance value.
In the machining liquid 10 of the machining tank 12, an electrode 18 and a workpiece 20 are positioned facing each other. The machining fluid circulation device 16 is a drain fluid tank 2 into which machining fluid 10 containing sludge is sent after electrical discharge machining is performed in the machining tank 12.
2, and a supply liquid tank 24 for feeding the machining fluid 10 into the machining tank 12. Processing fluid 1 in drain tank 22
0 is sent by a pressure pump 26 to a filter 28 made of paper, cloth, etc., and then divided and a portion is sent directly to the supply liquid tank 24. Divided supply liquid tank 24
The remainder sent to the ion exchange tank 14 via the electromagnetic valve 30 is sent to the supply liquid tank 24 in the same way. Processing liquid 10 in supply liquid tank 24
is sent to the processing tank 12 by the pressure pump 32,
A part of the flow is diverted and passed through the resistivity measuring device 34 to measure the resistivity value. 36 in the figure is the resistivity measuring device 3
Based on the specific resistance value measured in step 4, the electromagnetic valve 30
This is a control box that opens and closes to adjust the flow rate of the processing fluid 10 sent to the ion exchange tank 14.
Further, in the figure, numerals 38 and 40 are valves for adjusting the flow rate of the machining fluid 10, respectively.
次にこの従来装置の作用について説明すると、
加工槽12で放電加工を行なつた後の、スラツジ
を含んだ加工液10は排液槽22に送り込まれ
る。この排液槽22中で、重いスラツジを沈澱さ
せ、軽いスラツジを含んだ加工液10が、圧力ポ
ンプ26にてフイルター28に送られて濾過され
る。この濾過された加工液10は、供給液槽24
に送られ、更に圧力ポンプ32にて、流量調節用
のバルブ38を介して加工槽12へと循環され
る。又、この供給液槽24から加工槽12に送ら
れる加工液10の一部は分流され、比抵抗測定器
34にて比抵抗値を測定し、この値がコントロー
ルボツクス36に予め指定された値以下の場合は
電磁バルブ30を開き、フイルター28から供給
液槽24に送られる加工液10の一部をイオン交
換槽14を通過させて比抵抗値を上げ、供給液槽
24中の加工液10全体の比抵抗値を設定値に維
持して加工槽12に送り込むこととなる。 Next, we will explain the operation of this conventional device.
After performing electrical discharge machining in the machining tank 12, the machining fluid 10 containing sludge is sent to the drain tank 22. In this drain tank 22, heavy sludge is precipitated, and the processing liquid 10 containing light sludge is sent to a filter 28 by a pressure pump 26 and filtered. This filtered machining fluid 10 is transferred to the supply fluid tank 24.
It is further circulated by a pressure pump 32 to the processing tank 12 via a valve 38 for flow rate adjustment. Further, a part of the machining fluid 10 sent from the supply fluid tank 24 to the machining tank 12 is diverted, and the resistivity value is measured by the resistivity measuring device 34, and this value is set as a value specified in advance in the control box 36. In the following cases, the electromagnetic valve 30 is opened, a part of the machining fluid 10 sent from the filter 28 to the supply liquid tank 24 is passed through the ion exchange tank 14 to increase the specific resistance value, and the machining fluid 10 in the supply liquid tank 24 is The entire resistivity value is maintained at the set value and the material is fed into the processing tank 12.
しかしながら、この種の加工液循環装置16に
用いられるフイルター28は、フイルター28の
目詰り防止の為に、一般に2〜1μ以下の不純物
は濾過しない様に形成してあるので、これら2〜
1μ以下の不純物がそのまま加工液10中に残り、
加工液10性能を低下させるだけでなく、イオン
交換槽14内のイオン交換樹脂に吸着され、樹脂
の寿命を著しく低下させることにもなつていた。 However, in order to prevent the filter 28 from clogging, the filter 28 used in this type of machining fluid circulation device 16 is generally formed so as not to filter out impurities of 2 to 1 μm or less.
Impurities of 1μ or less remain in the processing fluid 10,
Not only did this degrade the performance of the processing fluid 10, but it was also adsorbed by the ion exchange resin in the ion exchange tank 14, significantly shortening the life of the resin.
本発明は前述した従来の課題に鑑み為されたも
のであり、その目的は、加工液性能を常に維持す
ると共に、イオン交換樹脂の寿命を延長させ、ラ
ンニングコストの低減を図ると共に、加工性を向
上させた放電加工装置を提供することにある。 The present invention was made in view of the conventional problems mentioned above, and its purpose is to constantly maintain the performance of machining fluid, extend the life of ion exchange resin, reduce running costs, and improve workability. An object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrical discharge machining device.
上記目的を達成する為に、本発明は、水と有機
化合物との溶液から成る加工液中で放電加工を行
なう加工槽と、加工液中のスラツジ除去を行なう
フイルター及び比抵抗値を向上させるイオン交換
槽をその途中に配した加工液循環装置とから成る
放電加工装置において、フイルター表面に珪藻土
と活性炭との混合物から成るプレコート層を付設
したことを特徴とする。 In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a machining tank in which electrical discharge machining is performed in a machining fluid consisting of a solution of water and an organic compound, a filter that removes sludge from the machining fluid, and an ionizer that improves the specific resistance value. This electric discharge machining apparatus comprises a machining fluid circulation device with an exchange tank disposed in the middle thereof, and is characterized in that a precoat layer made of a mixture of diatomaceous earth and activated carbon is attached to the surface of the filter.
以下、図面に基づいて本発明の好適な実施例を
説明する。 Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described based on the drawings.
本発明は、第2図に示してあり、第1図と同一
部材には同一符号を付して説明を省略する。 The present invention is shown in FIG. 2, and the same members as in FIG. 1 are given the same reference numerals, and their explanation will be omitted.
加工液循環装置16中のフイルター28表面
に、珪藻土と活性炭との混合物から成るプレコー
ト層42を付設したものである。 A precoat layer 42 made of a mixture of diatomaceous earth and activated carbon is attached to the surface of the filter 28 in the processing fluid circulation device 16.
次に本発明に係る装置の作用について説明する
と、加工槽12で放電加工を行なつた後の、スラ
ツジを含んだ加工液10は排液槽22に送り込ま
れる。この排液槽22中で重いスラツジを沈澱さ
せ、軽いスラツジを含んだ加工液10が圧力ポン
プ26にてフイルター28に送られる。このフイ
ルター28は、従来の場合と同様に紙、布等にて
形成されている。このため、ここで粒子径が2〜
1μ以上のスラツジが除去される。 Next, the operation of the apparatus according to the present invention will be described. After electrical discharge machining is performed in the machining tank 12, the machining fluid 10 containing sludge is sent to the drain tank 22. The heavy sludge is settled in the drain tank 22, and the processing liquid 10 containing light sludge is sent to the filter 28 by the pressure pump 26. This filter 28 is made of paper, cloth, etc. as in the conventional case. Therefore, here the particle size is 2~
Sludge larger than 1μ is removed.
そして、この発明においては、プレコート層4
2においてさらに微細なスラツジの除去が行なわ
れる。すなわち、珪藻土などの微細な粒子による
プレコート層42によれば、2〜1μ以下の微粒
子の除去も行える。 In this invention, the precoat layer 4
Step 2 further removes fine sludge. That is, according to the precoat layer 42 made of fine particles such as diatomaceous earth, it is possible to remove fine particles of 2 to 1 μm or less.
さらに、このプレコート層42は珪藻土と活性
炭の混合物からなつている。このため、非常に微
細な粒子の除去も行える。つまり、活性炭は多孔
質で、吸着力があるため、物理的な濾過では除去
不可能な微粒子の除去も行える。 Furthermore, this precoat layer 42 is made of a mixture of diatomaceous earth and activated carbon. Therefore, even very fine particles can be removed. In other words, since activated carbon is porous and has adsorption power, it can also remove particulates that cannot be removed by physical filtration.
このようにして、スラツジ及び不純物が高度に
除去された加工液10が得られる。この濾過され
た加工液10は、供給液槽24に送られ、更に圧
力ポンプ32にて、流量調節用バルブ38を通過
して加工槽12へと循環される。又、この供給液
槽24から加工槽12に送られる加工液10の一
部は分流され、比抵抗測定器34にて比抵抗値を
測定し、この値がコントロールボツクス36に予
め指定された値以下の場合は電磁バルブ30を開
き、フイルター28から供給液槽24に送られる
加工液10の一部をイオン交換槽14を通過させ
て比抵抗値を上げ、供給液槽24中の加工液10
全体の比抵抗値を設定値に維持して加工槽12に
送り込むこととなる。 In this way, a machining fluid 10 from which sludge and impurities are highly removed is obtained. This filtered machining fluid 10 is sent to the supply fluid tank 24, and further circulated to the machining tank 12 by a pressure pump 32 through a flow rate regulating valve 38. Further, a part of the machining fluid 10 sent from the supply fluid tank 24 to the machining tank 12 is diverted, and the resistivity value is measured by the resistivity measuring device 34, and this value is set as a value specified in advance in the control box 36. In the following cases, the electromagnetic valve 30 is opened, a part of the machining fluid 10 sent from the filter 28 to the supply liquid tank 24 is passed through the ion exchange tank 14 to increase the specific resistance value, and the machining fluid 10 in the supply liquid tank 24 is
The entire resistivity value is maintained at the set value and the material is fed into the processing tank 12.
本発明は、加工液循環装置16中のフイルター
28に珪藻土と活性炭よりなるプレコート層42
を付設したので、従来除去できないとされていた
2〜1μ以下のスラツジ及び不純物の除去が行え
る。このため、加工液循環装置16より得られる
加工液10は含有する浮遊性固形物量が非常に少
なくなり、特に炭素粉等の濾過による減少によ
り、これが加工槽12に循環された場合における
放電加工への悪影響がない。 The present invention provides a precoat layer 42 made of diatomaceous earth and activated carbon on the filter 28 in the processing fluid circulation device 16.
Since it is attached, it is possible to remove sludge and impurities of 2 to 1 μm or less, which were conventionally considered impossible to remove. For this reason, the amount of floating solids contained in the machining fluid 10 obtained from the machining fluid circulation device 16 is extremely small, and the amount of floating solids contained in the machining fluid 10 is extremely small, especially due to the reduction in carbon powder etc. due to filtration. There are no negative effects.
さらに、加工液10中のスラツジ及び不純物の
除去が高度に行なわれるため、イオン交換槽14
においてイオン交換樹脂にスラツジ等が吸着され
ることがなく、イオン交換樹脂の寿命延長及び性
能維持が図れる。 Furthermore, since sludge and impurities in the processing fluid 10 are removed to a high degree, the ion exchange tank 14
In this case, sludge and the like are not adsorbed to the ion exchange resin, and the life span and performance of the ion exchange resin can be extended and performance maintained.
なお、具体的には、本発明のプレコート層42
を追加したことでイオン交換樹脂の寿命が1.5〜
2倍程度のびるというデータが得られている。つ
まり、イオン交換樹脂51を用い、比抵抗測定器
34による加工液10の比抵抗10×104Ωmでイ
オン交換槽14への通過を制御した場合、加工液
10の比抵抗が8×104Ωm以下となるまでの被
加工物の加工量は、6Kgから10Kg程度にのびる。 In addition, specifically, the precoat layer 42 of the present invention
By adding
Data has been obtained that shows it will grow about twice as long. In other words, when the ion exchange resin 51 is used and the passage of the machining fluid 10 to the ion exchange tank 14 is controlled at a resistivity of 10×10 4 Ωm measured by the resistivity measuring device 34, the resistivity of the machining fluid 10 is 8×10 4 The amount of workpieces to be machined to reduce the resistance to Ωm or less increases from 6 kg to about 10 kg.
活性炭を混合した場合としない場合の比較にお
いては、活性炭の混合によつてイオン交換樹脂の
寿命が1.3〜1.4倍程度のびるというデータが得ら
れている。 In a comparison between the case where activated carbon is mixed and the case where it is not mixed, data has been obtained that the life of the ion exchange resin is extended by about 1.3 to 1.4 times by mixing activated carbon.
なお排液槽22とは別に、プレコート剤の貯溜
槽44を設け、この貯溜槽44を電磁バルブ46
を介して圧力ポンプ26に連結すると共に、排液
槽22と圧力ポンプ26との間に電磁バルブ48
を配してプレコート層42の再生装置50を設け
ると、フイルター28が目詰まりした時に、排液
槽22のバルブ48を閉じ、貯溜槽44のバルブ
46を開いて、圧力ポンプ26にて貯溜槽22中
のプレコート剤をフイルター28に送り、新らし
いプレコート層42を形成することで、簡単にプ
レコート層42の再生が行なえる。再生終了後
は、貯溜槽22のバルブ46を閉じ、排液槽22
のバルブ48を開けることで、通常の使用が行な
える。 In addition to the drain tank 22, a storage tank 44 for pre-coat agent is provided, and this storage tank 44 is connected to a solenoid valve 46.
A solenoid valve 48 is connected to the pressure pump 26 via the drain tank 22 and the pressure pump 26.
When a regenerating device 50 for the precoat layer 42 is provided, when the filter 28 becomes clogged, the valve 48 of the drainage tank 22 is closed, the valve 46 of the storage tank 44 is opened, and the pressure pump 26 is used to drain the storage tank. The precoat layer 42 can be easily regenerated by sending the precoat agent in the filter 22 to the filter 28 and forming a new precoat layer 42. After the regeneration is completed, the valve 46 of the storage tank 22 is closed, and the drain tank 22 is closed.
Normal use can be performed by opening the valve 48.
なお、本発明は、ワイヤカツト放電加工機の加
工液循環装置に応用できることは無論である。 It goes without saying that the present invention can be applied to a machining fluid circulation device for a wire-cut electrical discharge machine.
以上述べた様に本発明は、加工液の性能維持及
び、イオン交換樹脂の寿命延長、性能維持等に大
きく寄与するものである。 As described above, the present invention greatly contributes to maintaining the performance of machining fluids, extending the life of ion exchange resins, and maintaining performance.
第1図は従来装置の系統図、第2図は本発明装
置の系統図である。
各図中同一部材には同一符号を付し、10は加
工液、12は加工槽、14はイオン交換槽、16
は加工液循環装置、28はフイルター、42はプ
レコート層、50は再生装置である。
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a conventional device, and FIG. 2 is a system diagram of the device of the present invention. The same members in each figure are given the same symbols, 10 is the processing fluid, 12 is the processing tank, 14 is the ion exchange tank, 16
28 is a filter, 42 is a precoat layer, and 50 is a regeneration device.
Claims (1)
放電加工を行なう加工槽と、加工液中のスラツジ
除去を行なうフイルター及び比抵抗値を向上させ
るイオン交換槽をその途中に配した加工液循環装
置とから成る放電加工装置において、フイルター
表面に珪藻土と活生炭との混合物から成るプレコ
ート層を付設したことを特徴とする放電加工装
置。 2 特許請求の範囲1の装置において、フイルタ
ーの手前にプレコート層の再生装置を設けたこと
を特徴とする放電加工装置。[Scope of Claims] 1. A machining tank in which electrical discharge machining is performed in a machining fluid consisting of a solution of water and an organic compound, a filter to remove sludge from the machining fluid, and an ion exchange tank to improve the specific resistance value. What is claimed is: 1. An electric discharge machining apparatus comprising a machining fluid circulation device disposed in the filter, the electric discharge machining apparatus comprising a pre-coat layer made of a mixture of diatomaceous earth and activated carbon on the surface of the filter. 2. An electric discharge machining apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that a precoat layer regeneration device is provided in front of the filter.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP11794980A JPS5748428A (en) | 1980-08-27 | 1980-08-27 | Electrical discharge machining apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP11794980A JPS5748428A (en) | 1980-08-27 | 1980-08-27 | Electrical discharge machining apparatus |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS5748428A JPS5748428A (en) | 1982-03-19 |
JPH0134732B2 true JPH0134732B2 (en) | 1989-07-20 |
Family
ID=14724214
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP11794980A Granted JPS5748428A (en) | 1980-08-27 | 1980-08-27 | Electrical discharge machining apparatus |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS5748428A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1993022094A1 (en) * | 1992-04-28 | 1993-11-11 | Sodick Co., Ltd. | Method of ion exchange treatment in the production and regeneration of aqueous electrical discharge machining fluid |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0626764B2 (en) * | 1985-07-22 | 1994-04-13 | 株式会社井上ジャパックス研究所 | Machining fluid supply device for electrical discharge machining |
JP2009036588A (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2009-02-19 | Shimadzu Corp | Electronic balance |
-
1980
- 1980-08-27 JP JP11794980A patent/JPS5748428A/en active Granted
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1993022094A1 (en) * | 1992-04-28 | 1993-11-11 | Sodick Co., Ltd. | Method of ion exchange treatment in the production and regeneration of aqueous electrical discharge machining fluid |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS5748428A (en) | 1982-03-19 |
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