JP7438756B2 - In situ免疫調節癌ワクチン接種のための標的化された放射線治療用キレート - Google Patents
In situ免疫調節癌ワクチン接種のための標的化された放射線治療用キレート Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、参照によりその全文が本明細書に組み込まれる、2016年7月25日出願の米国特許仮出願第62/366340号の利益を主張する。
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所によって与えられたCA197078の下で政府支援によってなされた。合衆国政府は本発明に一定の権利を有する。
本開示が記載されている特定の方法論、プロトコール、材料、および試薬に限定されず、これらが変わる可能性があることは理解される。本明細書において使用される用語は、特定の実施形態を説明することのみを目的としており、後に出願された非仮出願によってのみ限定される本発明の範囲を限定することを意図するものではない。
本開示は、1つ以上の悪性の固形腫瘍として存在するあらゆる癌を治療する方法に関する。開示される方法は、2つの治療ステップを組み合わせ、予期せぬ相乗効果によって、悪性固形腫瘍に対してはるかに改善されたin situワクチン接種効果をもたらす。具体的には、悪性固形腫瘍組織によって差別的に取り込まれ保持される免疫調節用量の放射性リン脂質金属キレート化合物が患者に投与され、免疫刺激剤で治療されている少なくとも1つの悪性固形腫瘍への追加のxRTの有無にかかわらず、腫瘍微小環境内の特定の免疫細胞を刺激することができる1以上の薬剤を含む組成物を、少なくとも1つの悪性固形腫瘍内に腫瘍内注射すること(または適用すること)によって、in situ腫瘍ワクチン接種が実施される。免疫調節用量の放射性リン脂質金属キレート化合物は、Tregレベル(およびその他の免疫抑制要素)を低下させる可能性が高く、xRTを1つの腫瘍に対して使用し、1以上の追加の腫瘍が照射されない場合に生じる免疫系の低下(付随する免疫寛容)を防ぐが、機序の理解は本発明の実践に必要ではなく、本発明は特定の作用機序に限定されない。
腫瘍内免疫化に使用される組成物としては、限定されるものではないが、1以上のサイトカイン、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤、パターン認識アゴニスト、および/または腫瘍特異的抗原に対する抗体を含む免疫刺激性モノクローナル抗体を挙げることができる。腫瘍内免疫化/in situワクチン接種戦略の概説には(戦略の中には使用可能なものもある)、Pierce et al,Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 11(8):1901-1909,2015;およびMarabelle et al,Clin.Cancer Res.20(7):1747-56,2014;およびMorris et al,Cancer Res.,e-pub ahead of print,2016を参照されたい;これらすべては参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。本明細書に開示される限定されない例では、腫瘍内(imtratumoral)免疫化は、抗GD2 mAbとインターロイキン2の融合タンパク質(hu14.18-IL2)を注射することによって実施された。しかし、開示される方法は、決してこれらの例に限定されない。
使用される放射性リン脂質金属キレート化合物は、金属キレート化合物にキレート化された金属同位体によって放出されるRTが、放出されたRTにその他の組織種を実質的にさらすことなく、悪性固形腫瘍組織に向けられるように、広範囲の固形腫瘍細胞種を選択的に標的とするべきである。放射性リン脂質金属キレート化合物に含められる放射性金属同位体は、イオン化RTを化合物に取り込まれる細胞の免疫活性化をもたらす形で放出することが公知のどんな放射性金属同位体であってもよい。使用され得る放射性金属同位体の限定されない例としては、Lu-177、Y-90、Ho-166、Re-186、Re-188、Cu-67、Au-199、Rh-105、Ra-223、Ac-225、As-211、Pb-212、またはTh-227が挙げられる。
開示される構造は、アルキルホスホコリン(APC)担体骨格を利用する。合成されれば、薬剤は、関連する放射性ハロゲン化化合物で以前に実証したように腫瘍選択性を保持すると同時にそれらを注射に適したものにする製剤特性を有するべきである。開示される構造には、放射性金属同位体とキレート化して最終的なイメージングまたは治療薬を生成するキレート部分が含まれる。
化合物1の提案される合成を以下に示す。合成の最初のステップは、Org Synth,2008,85,10-14に記載されるものに類似している。合成はサイクレンから出発し、これをDO3Aトリス-Bnエステルに変換する。次に、この中間体を塩基およびPd触媒の存在下でNM404とコンジュゲートさせる。最後に、ベンジル保護基を接触水素化によって除去する。
In situワクチン接種は、腫瘍内注射によって実施することができるが、その他の投与を(局所または全身に)適用することができる。相乗的標的化RTには、どんな投与経路も適するであろう。一実施形態では、開示されるアルキルホスホコリン類似体は、静脈内注射を介して対象に投与されてよい。もう一つの実施形態では、開示されるアルキルホスホコリン類似体は、任意のその他の適した全身送達、例えば非経口投与、鼻腔内投与、舌下投与、直腸投与、または経皮投与を介して対象に投与されてよい。
実施例の序論
これらの実施例は、予想外の非常に強力な相乗効果を利用して、癌治療研究における2つの非常に異なる最先端の学問分野を1つにする可能性を示す。これらの学問分野は、1)全身投与されたTRT、および2)局所に向けられる、抗体に媒介される癌免疫療法である。本明細書に提示されるデータは、これらの手法を組み合わせることによって生じる強力な相乗効果を示唆する。一緒に、これらの2つの戦略を用いて、どんな部位のどんな種類の固形腫瘍に対しても、破壊された癌細胞が持続性残存転移性疾患を根絶することの可能な腫瘍特異的T細胞免疫を生じる強力なin situワクチンとして機能することを可能にする方法で、目に見える肉眼的腫瘍を破壊することができる。
Sondel研究室は、腫瘍特異的mAb+IL2が自然免疫細胞を活性化させてマウスにおいてADCCを媒介し[2]、神経芽腫をもつ小児にとって臨床的に有益である[3]ことを示した。マウスにおいて、hu14.18-IL2のIV投与は、抗GD2 mAb+IL2のIV投与よりも強力であった[2、10]。これは、ごく小さい、最近確立されたGD2+腫瘍またはごく小さい顕微鏡レベルの転移に対して劇的な抗腫瘍効果を提供することができ、寛解状態であるが再発の危険性が高い患者におけるこの手法の臨床使用を潜在的に説明する[3]。測定可能な肉眼的腫瘍[すなわち、約50mm3のGD2+腫瘍]に対するより強力な抗腫瘍効果は、ICがIVよりもむしろ腫瘍内注射された(IT-IC)場合に実現され得る[4、5]。
本発明者らのデータはこれらの4つの仮説を示唆する:(1)1つの腫瘍を治療するために使用したxRTの用量は、適度の直接インビボ腫瘍死を引き起こし、免疫に媒介される死(ADCCとT細胞の両方による)に対する感受性を増大させる;(2)IT mAbでなくIT-ICの添加によってもたらされる強いT細胞応答は、IL2の存在下で照射を受けた腫瘍細胞と結合するmAbが、抗原提示および適応免疫の誘導の増強を促進することを示唆する;(3)第2の腫瘍が存在すると、第2の腫瘍に存在する免疫抑制細胞[例えばTregおよびおそらく骨髄系由来サプレッサー細胞(MDSC)など]の全身作用によって主に引き起こされる寛容性のために、第1の腫瘍へのxRT+IT-ICが実質的にどんな抗腫瘍効果も引き起こさない;この寛容性は、Tregの枯渇(図4)または第2の腫瘍への照射(図3)によって回避することができる;(4)寛容性を回避するために第2の腫瘍で必要なRTの用量は、第1の腫瘍が「in situワクチン」となるために必要なxRT用量よりもはるかに低いかもしれない[14]。
131I-NM404の投与量の決定および免疫機能への効果の評価
C57BL/6マウスにおけるTRTによる線量測定およびTRTからの免疫抑制。
131I-NM404は、>95%の腫瘍株(ヒトおよびマウス)においてインビトロで選択的な取り込みを示し、非悪性細胞による取り込みは少なく、インビボでも同様の腫瘍特異性が見られる。これには、B78腫瘍によるインビボでの選択的取り込みが含まれる(図5)。予備的線量測定研究では、本発明者らは124I-NM404をC57BL/6マウスに投与し、連続PET/CTイメージングによって(図5のように)TRT曝露の経時的推移を特徴付けた。この研究に基づくモンテカルロ線量測定計算[16-18]により、4週間の崩壊期間にわたって確立されたB78腫瘍に約3Gyを送達するために、約60μCiの131I-NM404が必要であることが示された。その4週間後、B78腫瘍への残りのTRT用量は、0.25Gy未満となることになる。本発明者らは、xRTを用いて2腫瘍モデルで得たデータを複製する(図3)が、遠隔疾患のすべての部位の腫瘍に誘導される寛容性を効果的に排除することを可能にする、あり得る最小用量の標的化された131I-NM404 TRTを使用する。しかし、数分ですべての線量を送達し、その後行われるxRTとは違って、TRTは、標的化された同位体の生物学的半減期と物理的半減期の両方(131Iについて8日t1/2)に応じて、経時的に用量を蓄積させる。本発明者らは、免疫寛容を根絶するために遠隔腫瘍部位に初期TRT効果を求める;しかし、本発明者らは、IT-ICを投与してADCCおよびin situワクチン抗腫瘍効果を誘導すると免疫抑制TRT効果が最小であることを求める。これはすべての部位で完全に腫瘍を破壊するために必要不可欠である。
2腫瘍B78モデルにおけるTRT+RT+IT-ICの有効性の試験。
この実施例では、本発明者らは、1つの例となるリン脂質キレート、Gd-NM600を合成するために使用される合成スキームを示す。さまざまな放射性同位元素を組み込んでいる類似体を同様の方法で合成することもでき、ここで問題の放射性同位体は、Gdの代わりに用いられる。
この実施例では、本発明者らは、Gd-NM600をMRI造影剤として使用し、腫瘍のインビボMRIイメージングの成功を実証する。データは、骨格リン脂質およびキレート剤が固形腫瘍によって取り込まれ保持されることを実証し、本明細書に開示される、さまざまな放射性金属を組み込んでいるそのようなキレートが同様の特性を示すことを実証する。
実施例1~4の追跡調査として、1または2の腫瘍を有するマウスに対するさまざまなxRT用量を評価する用量滴定実験が実施された。第1の目的は、1つの腫瘍を有するマウスにおいて、相乗作用、およびIT-IC、IL2と結合した腫瘍反応性mAbを含む「in situワクチン」を促進するために必要なxRTの用量を試験することであった。初期実験により、12GyのRT単独は確立されたB78黒色腫腫瘍を根絶することもその増殖後退させることもなく(完全な退縮は0%)、一方、12Gy+IT-ICは1つの腫瘍を有するマウスにおいて大部分のB78腫瘍の完全な退縮をもたらす(66%)という、本発明者らの以前の知見が確認された。一方、2Gy+IT-ICは、IT-IC単独と比較して腫瘍の進行を遅らせる(32日目の平均腫瘍サイズは、それぞれ、472mm3と1214mm3)が、どのマウスも無病にならなかった(完全な退縮0%)。
実施例1~4の上記の予備データに基づいて、これらの概念をTRTを用いるインビボ試験に移すための研究が行われてきた。線量測定研究は、1または2のB78腫瘍を有するマウス(本発明者らの最良のin situワクチン手法およびCITのハードルを実証するために本発明者らが使用している腫瘍モデル)で実施した。これは、約2GyのxRTに近づくために必要となる131I-NM404の量を推定するために行われた。
この実施例は、少なくとも2つの部位に腫瘍を有する動物を治療することを説明する。本発明者らの戦略は、すべての腫瘍部位で抗腫瘍免疫活性を増強させるために、CITを抑制するための全身性TRTと組み合わせた、xRTおよびin situワクチン部位での局所IT-ICの使用を含む。TRTおよびxRTの用量およびタイミングの重大な問題は、抗腫瘍効果のために最適化される。
マウス黒色腫および膵腫瘍モデルにおける遠隔未処置腫瘍による、局所xRT+IT-ICの組合せに対する原発性腫瘍応答の腫瘍特異的抑制。
実施例1~4および7~10で引用された参考文献:
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PETイメージングによって実証される、8つの異なる固形腫瘍型を異種移植したマウスにおける複数のNM600金属キレートのインビボ取り込み
この実施例では、本発明者らは、4つの異なる金属でキレート化されたNM600の示差的取り込みをインビボでさまざまな固形腫瘍において、そのような腫瘍のPET/CTイメージングによって実証されているように実証する。これらのデータは、本明細書に開示されるように、腫瘍誘導性免疫寛容を排除するためのTRT剤として金属キレート化されたアルキルホスホコリン類似体を使用するためのさらなる裏付けを提供する。NM600の構造は、64Cuでキレート化された例示的な種(64Cu-NM600)として図14に示される;しかし、どんな金属もNM600に容易にキレート化することができる。
異種移植したマウスにおける複数の固形腫瘍型に対する2つの異なるNM600金属キレートによる抗腫瘍活性および腫瘍オートラジオグラフィーの実証
この実施例では、3つの異なる固形腫瘍モデルを使用し、アルキルホスホコリン金属キレート類似体が従来のTRTを促進するために効果的に使用され得ることを本発明者らは示す。これらの結果は、金属キレートをここに開示される治療方法のTRTステップで使用する可能性をさらに実証する。
広範囲の固形腫瘍型におけるTRT応答を予測するための放射線線量測定と放射線感受性指数の結合
この実施例では、本発明者らはさまざまな固形腫瘍型において開示される方法のTRTステップに適切なキレート用量を決定するための要因を考察する。
表1:代用として64Cu-NM600か86Y-NM600のいずれかのPETイメージングを使用する、177Lu-NM600および90Y-NM600(Gy/MBqinj)の両方の線量測定推定値
表2:癌細胞の相対的な放射線感受性
2Ramsay, J.,R.Ward,and N.M.Bleehen.“Radiosensitivity testing of human malignant gliomas.”International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics 24.4(1992):675-680.
3Fertil,B.,and E.P.Malaise.“Intrinsic radiosensitivity of human cell lines is correlated with radioresponsiveness of human tumors:analysis of 101 published survival curves.”International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics 11.9(1985):1699-1707.
4Wollin,Michael,et al.“Radio sensitivity of human prostate cancer and malignant melanoma cell lines.”Radiotherapy and Oncology 15.3 (1989):285-293.
5Kodym,Elisabeth,et al.“The small-molecule CDK inhibitor,SNS-032,enhances cellular radiosensitivity in quiescent and hypoxic non-small cell lung cancer cells.”Lung Cancer 66.1 (2009):37-47.
6Unkel,Steffen,Claus Belka,and Kirsten Lauber.“On the analysis of clonogenic survival data:Statistical alternatives to the linear-quadratic model.”Radiation Oncology 11.1(2016):11.
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放射性ヨウ素化化合物、例えば実施例1~4および7~10に例示されるものの代わりにアルキルホスホコリン(alkylphosocholine)金属キレートを使用する場合の利点および相違
この実施例では、本発明者らは放射性ヨウ素化(radiodinated)化合物(実施例1~4および7~10に例示される化合物)の代わりにAPC金属キレートを使用することの利点を考察する。本発明者らはまた、開示される方法のTRTステップで使用される予定の金属キレートの投与量を最適化する際に当業者に考察されるべき要因も考察する。
これらの実施例は、2つの既知治療方法:(1)放射線療法の標的化全身送達(J. Weichertおよび同僚ら)、および(2)in situ癌ワクチンを誘導するための複合免疫療法の局所送達(P. Sondelおよび同僚ら)、の相乗的かつ広く応用可能な組合せに基づく、新規な、これまでに試験または検討されていない抗癌戦略を説明する。開示される金属キレート化されたアルキルホスホコリン類似体は、事実上どんな組織の癌も標的にすることができ、抗腫瘍mAb+IL2の局所投与は事実上どんな癌型にも用途が見出されるので(腫瘍反応性mAbは承認されているか、または臨床試験でほぼすべての癌組織種に対応するので)、この複合戦略の臨床的解釈は、事実上すべてのハイリスク癌に広く適用される。
Claims (2)
- 下記式で示されるNM600:
- 前記転移性癌が、黒色腫、神経芽腫、肺癌、副腎癌、結腸癌、結腸直腸癌、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、肝癌、皮下癌、皮膚または頭頸部の扁平上皮癌、腸癌、網膜芽細胞腫、子宮頸癌、神経膠腫、乳癌、膵臓癌、軟部組織肉腫、ユーイング肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、骨肉腫、網膜芽細胞腫、ウィルムス腫瘍、および小児脳腫瘍からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療剤。
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US11730834B2 (en) | 2023-08-22 |
CA3031776A1 (en) | 2018-02-01 |
US20240066156A1 (en) | 2024-02-29 |
EP3487530A1 (en) | 2019-05-29 |
CN109789207B (zh) | 2022-11-18 |
JP2019525937A (ja) | 2019-09-12 |
AU2017302539A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
CN109789207A (zh) | 2019-05-21 |
KR20190039412A (ko) | 2019-04-11 |
KR102396324B1 (ko) | 2022-05-09 |
WO2018022571A1 (en) | 2018-02-01 |
EP3487530B1 (en) | 2024-03-20 |
US10751430B2 (en) | 2020-08-25 |
US20200330621A1 (en) | 2020-10-22 |
US20180021461A1 (en) | 2018-01-25 |
CA3031776C (en) | 2024-02-20 |
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