JP7438119B2 - 細胞外小胞関連疾患のための材料および方法 - Google Patents
細胞外小胞関連疾患のための材料および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、35 U.S.C.第119(e)条の下、2017年10月23日に出願された米国仮出願第62/575,762号の恩典を主張し、その全内容は、参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
本明細書に提供される技術は、ソルチリンの細胞外小胞への輸送を減少または阻害するための方法および組成物に関する。
細胞外小胞(EV)は、マイクロRNA、脂質、およびタンパク質を隣接細胞に移動させることにより細胞間コミュニケーションに重要な役割を果たす。標的タンパク質を細胞の分泌区画または細胞内区画に方向づけるソーティングレセプターであるソルチリンは、EVおよび細胞の両方に見出される。多くのヒト疾患、例えば、がんおよび心血管疾患において、ソルチリンの発現レベルは非典型的に増加している。最近の報告が、ソルチリンは複数の翻訳後修飾によって調節されると言及したものの、ソルチリン輸送の正確なメカニズムは解明されていない。ソルチリンの二量体化は、レセプターの細胞外小胞への輸送を調節する。したがって、ソルチリンの二量体化を阻害することは、とりわけ血管石灰化およびがんを含めたEV関連疾患の処置のための新しい治療戦略として作用することができる。
本発明は、とりわけソルチリンがシステイン783(Cys783)残基での分子間ジスルフィド結合によりホモ二量体を形成し、ジスルフィド結合の形成がソルチリンの細胞外小胞(EV)への輸送をもたらすという本発明者らの発見に部分的に基づく。したがって、一局面では、細胞から細胞外小胞(EV)へのソルチリンの輸送を阻害または低減するための方法が、本明細書において提供される。一般的に本方法は、例えば、分子間ジスルフィド結合、例えば、ソルチリンのCys783での分子間ジスルフィド結合の形成を阻害することにより、細胞におけるソルチリンの共有結合的分子間二量体化を阻害することを含む。
本明細書に使用される、「ソルチリン」または「ソルチリン1」という用語は、細胞外小胞の内部または表面および細胞内に見出される液胞タンパク質ソーティング10タンパク質(Vps10p)ファミリーのソーティングレセプターにおけるI型膜糖タンパク質を指す。ソルチリンのタンパク質配列は、本明細書においてSEQ ID NO:1として提供される。ソルチリンは、SORT1遺伝子(NCBI参照配列:NG_028280.1)によってコードされる。ヒトSORT1配列は、本明細書においてSEQ ID NO:3として提供される。SORT1またはソルチリンは、ヒトSORT1を、その天然の変種、分子、および対立遺伝子を含めて指すことができる。SORT1は、例えば、マウス、ラット、ウサギ、イヌ、ネコ、ウシ、ウマ、ブタなどの哺乳動物SORT1を指す。
特に定義しないかぎり、本明細書に使用されるすべての技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者によって共通して理解されているものと同じ意味を有する。任意の公知の方法、装置、および材料を、本発明の実施または試験に使用することができるとはいえ、これに関する方法、装置、および材料が、本明細書において提供される。
1.
細胞におけるソルチリンの共有結合的分子間二量体化を阻害する工程を含む、細胞から細胞外小胞(EV)へのソルチリンの輸送を阻害または低減するための方法。
2.
阻害する工程が、SEQ ID NO:1のCys783での分子間ジスルフィド形成の形成を阻害することを含む、項目1の方法。
3.
阻害する工程が、細胞にペプチドを投与することを含む、項目1または2の方法。
4.
ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:2のアミノ酸配列を含むソルチリン由来プロペプチドである、項目3の方法。
5.
ペプチドが、少なくとも1つの修飾を含む、項目3または4の方法。
6.
ペプチドが、アミド化、アセチル化、環化、リン酸化、グリコシル化、ニトロシル化、メチル化、脂質化、またはPEG化されている、項目3~5のいずれか1つの方法。
7.
ペプチドが、少なくとも1つのDアミノ酸、ベータアミノ酸、または修飾ペプチド結合を含む、項目3~6のいずれか1つの方法。
8.
ペプチドが、少なくとも1つの置換アミノ酸を含む、項目3~7のいずれか1つの方法。
9.
細胞が、白血球、リンパ球、マクロファージ、ナチュラルキラー細胞、樹状細胞、T細胞、またはB細胞である、項目1~8のいずれか1つの方法。
10.
阻害する工程が、インビトロまたはエクスビボである、項目1~9のいずれか1つの方法。
11.
阻害する工程が、インビボである、項目1~9のいずれか1つの方法。
12.
阻害する工程が、哺乳動物における、項目11の方法。
13.
阻害する工程が、細胞外小胞関連疾患(EV関連疾患)を有するまたは有する疑いのある対象における、項目11または12の方法。
14.
EV関連疾患が、石灰化大動脈弁疾患、糖尿病、全身性エリテマトーデス、潰瘍性大腸炎、肺線維症、非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患、骨粗鬆症、アルツハイマー病、強皮症、アテローム性動脈硬化症、心筋梗塞、高コレステロール血症、がん、関節リウマチ、および肥満からなる群より選択される、項目13の方法。
15.
糖尿病が、1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、または若年発症成人型糖尿病である、項目14の方法。
16.
がんが、肺がんまたは膵臓がんである、項目14の方法。
17.
対象における細胞外小胞関連疾患を処置する方法であって、それを必要とする対象における細胞中のソルチリンの共有結合的分子間二量体化を阻害する工程を含む、方法。
18.
阻害する工程が、SEQ ID NO:1のCys783での分子間ジスルフィド形成の形成を阻害することを含む、項目17の方法。
19.
阻害する工程が、それを必要とする対象にペプチドを投与することを含む、項目17または18の方法。
20.
ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:2のアミノ酸配列を含むソルチリン由来プロペプチドである、項目19の方法。
21.
ペプチドが、少なくとも1つの修飾を含む、項目19または20の方法。
22.
ペプチドが、アミド化、アセチル化、環化、リン酸化、グリコシル化、ニトロシル化、メチル化、脂質化、またはPEG化されている、項目19~21のいずれか1つの方法。
23.
ペプチドが、少なくとも1つのDアミノ酸、ベータアミノ酸、または修飾ペプチド結合を含む、項目19~22のいずれか1つの方法。
24.
ペプチドが、少なくとも1つの置換アミノ酸を含む、項目19~23のいずれか1つの方法。
25.
細胞が、白血球、リンパ球、マクロファージ、ナチュラルキラー細胞、樹状細胞、T細胞、またはB細胞である、項目17~24のいずれか1つの方法。
26.
EV関連疾患が、石灰化大動脈弁疾患、糖尿病、全身性エリテマトーデス、潰瘍性大腸炎、肺線維症、非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患、骨粗鬆症、アルツハイマー病、強皮症、アテローム性動脈硬化症、心筋梗塞、高コレステロール血症、がん、関節リウマチ、および肥満からなる群より選択される、項目17~25の方法。
27.
糖尿病が、1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、または若年発症成人型糖尿病である、項目26の方法。
28.
がんが、肺がんまたは膵臓がんである、項目26の方法。
29.
(i)細胞を試験薬剤と接触させる工程であって、細胞が、第1の標識を含む第1のソルチリンポリペプチドと、第2の標識を含む第2のソルチリンポリペプチドとを発現する、工程;
(ii)細胞中に発現される第1のソルチリンポリペプチドと第2のソルチリンポリペプチドとの間の接触レベルを検出する工程
を含む、ソルチリンの二量体化をモジュレートする試験薬剤を同定するための方法であって、
対照または参照レベルに対する接触レベルにおける変化により、該薬剤がソルチリンの二量体化をモジュレートすることが示される、方法。
30.
検出する工程が、段階(i)において接触された細胞を、時間分解蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動(TR-FRET)を使用して分析することを含み、対照または参照レベルに対するFRETシグナルにおける変化により、薬剤がソルチリンの二量体化をモジュレートすることが示される、項目29の方法。
31.
対照または参照レベルに対するFRETシグナルにおける増加により、化合物がソルチリンの二量体化を阻害することが示される、項目29または30の方法。
32.
対照または参照レベルに対するFRETシグナルにおける減少により、化合物がソルチリンの二量体化を増加させることが示される、項目29または30の方法。
33.
対照または参照レベルが、第1のソルチリンポリペプチドまたは第2のソルチリンポリペプチドのいずれかを発現している細胞におけるFRETシグナルである、項目30~32のいずれか1つの方法。
34.
検出する工程が、細胞を第1のリガンドおよび第2のリガンドと接触させることを含み、
第1のリガンドが、第1の標識と結合可能であり、かつ蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動(FRET)ドナーとコンジュゲートされており、
第2のリガンドが、第2の標識と結合可能であり、かつFRETアクセプターとコンジュゲートされている、
項目29~33のいずれか1つの方法。
35.
第1または第2のリガンドが、抗体である、項目34の方法。
36.
前記薬剤が、ソルチリンの二量体化を阻害する、項目29~35のいずれか1つの方法。
37.
前記薬剤が、ソルチリンの二量体化を増加させる、項目29~35のいずれか1つの方法。
38.
(i)細胞外ドメイン中に第1の標識を含むソルチリンポリペプチドを細胞から発現させる工程;
(ii)発現されたソルチリンポリペプチドを、第1の標識と結合可能なリガンドを使用するアフィニティー精製により精製する工程
を含む、二量体型可溶性ソルチリンを調製するための方法。
細胞外小胞(EV)は、マイクロRNA、脂質およびタンパク質を隣接細胞に移動させることにより細胞間コミュニケーションに重要な役割を果たす。標的タンパク質を細胞の分泌区画または細胞内区画に方向づけるソーティングレセプターであるソルチリンは、EVおよび細胞の両方に見出される。がんおよび心血管疾患を含めた多くのヒト疾患では、ソルチリンの発現レベルは、非典型的に増加している。心血管疾患、特に血管石灰化と、ソルチリンの発現レベルとの間の関係を解明するために、細胞内環境および細胞外環境の両方におけるソルチリンの輸送を調査した。ソルチリンが、組織非特異的アルカリホスファターゼ(TNAP)のEVへのその輸送を介して血管石灰化を促進することは、以前に実証されている。最近の報告は、ソルチリンが複数の翻訳後修飾により調節されると述べているものの、ソルチリンの輸送の正確なメカニズムがなお解明される必要がある。本明細書において提供されるように、ソルチリンは、システイン783(Cys783)残基での分子間ジスルフィド結合によりホモ二量体を形成する。Cys783はパルミトイル化できるので、これは、パルミトイル化および分子間ジスルフィド結合により、Cys783を共有できることを示している。ソルチリンのアミノ酸配列については、SEQ ID NO:1を参照されたい。
ソルチリンのホモ二量体化を検出するために時間分解蛍光エネルギー移動(TR-FRET)アッセイを行った。TR-FRETアッセイのためにFLAG-ソルチリンおよび6×His-ソルチリンの発現ベクターを構築した(図1A)。プロペプチドの切断の後にFLAG-ソルチリンおよび6×His-ソルチリンの細胞外ドメインを検出するために、プロペプチドおよび3つのアミノ酸(Ser-Ala-Pro)の後にFLAG-タグおよび6×His-タグを配置した(図1A)。FLAG-ソルチリンおよび6×His-ソルチリンの両方をHEK293細胞において過剰発現させた。FLAG-ソルチリンおよび6×His-ソルチリンのタンパク質の発現をウエスタンブロットで検証した(図1B)。この共発現は、6×His-ソルチリンだけを過剰発現しているHEK293細胞と比較してFRETシグナルを増加させ(図1C)、これはソルチリンが細胞表面でホモ二量体を形成することを示している。また、増加したFRETシグナルがホモジニアスTR-FRET(HTRF)で検出されたが、これは、以前の報告と整合する結果である(26)(図3D)。これらの結果は、FRETアッセイがソルチリンの二量体化に関与する分子についてのスクリーニングに有効であることを示している。
細胞外ドメイン(ECD)または細胞内ドメイン(ICD)がソルチリンの二量体化を担うかどうかを検討するために、FLAG-ソルチリンECDに加えて膜貫通ドメイン(TMD)およびICD+TMDの発現ベクターを構築し、次に、HEK293細胞において過剰発現させた(図2A)。還元ウエスタンブロットでは、FLAG-ソルチリン完全、ECD+TMDおよびICD+TMDのタンパク質発現は、もっともらしい分子サイズのバンドとして検出された(図2B)。ジスルフィド結合を維持できる非還元ウエスタンブロットでは、FLAG-ソルチリン完全およびECD+TMDは、2つのバンドを発現した(図2C)。単量体として75~100kDaのバンドが検出された(図2C)。分子間ジスルフィド結合を有するホモ二量体および多量体として、約200kDa以上の分子量のバンドが検出された(図2C)。次に、水溶性の切断不能架橋剤であるBS3を使用して、HEK293細胞においてFLAG-ソルチリン完全およびECD+TMDを架橋結合させた。架橋結合形成によりホモ二量体および多量体の両方のバンドが出現した(図2D)。これらのデータは、ソルチリンが細胞外ドメイン中でホモ二量体および多量体を形成することを示唆している。FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDの二量体化は、全細胞溶解物を使用する非還元ウエスタンブロットではっきりとは検出されなかった(図2C)。これは、FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDの低いタンパク質発現レベルが原因の可能性がある(図2B、2C)。またFLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDのタンパク質発現は、FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDを安定的に発現しているHEK293(FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMD HEK293細胞)でも、より低かった。したがって、FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMD HEK293細胞に、プロテアソーム阻害剤、MG-132、およびリソソーム阻害剤、クロロキンを添加することにより、FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDがそれぞれプロテアソームおよびリソソーム中で分解を受けることができるかどうかを判定した。MG-132が、FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDのタンパク質発現を時間および濃度依存的に増加させたのに対し、クロロキンは増加させなかった。これは、FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDがプロテアソーム中で分解されることを示唆している(図2E、2F)。RAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDのホモ二量体を検出するために、MG-132と一緒のインキュベーションおよび抗FLAG抗体による免疫沈降を行った。非還元ウエスタンブロットにおいて、FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMDの単量体の約2倍高い分子サイズのバンドが検出された(図2G)。これらのデータは、ソルチリンが細胞内ドメイン中で分子間ジスルフィド結合によりホモ二量体を形成することを示している。
ECDおよびICDにおけるソルチリンの二量体化を確認するために、FLAG-ソルチリン完全を安定的に過剰発現しているHEK293細胞(FLAG-ソルチリン完全HEK293細胞またはFLAG-ソルチリンHEK293細胞)を使用して免疫沈降を行い、その際、6×His-ソルチリン完全、ECD+TMDまたはICD+TMDが、それぞれ一過性に過剰発現された(図3A、3B)。6×His-ソルチリン完全、ECD+TMDおよびICD+TMDは、FLAG-ソルチリン完全と共に沈降した(図3B)。それらの構築物は膜貫通ドメインを有するので、膜貫通ドメインが二量体を形成する可能性が残っていた。したがって、膜貫通ドメインの二量体化を検討するために、FLAG-ソルチリンECD+TMDを安定的に過剰発現しているHEK293細胞(FLAG-ソルチリンECD+TMD HEK293細胞)を使用して免疫沈降を実施し、その際、6×His-ソルチリンICD+TMDが一過性に過剰発現された(図3C、3D)。陽性対照として6×His-ソルチリン完全およびECD+TMDも過剰発現させた(図3C、3D)。6×His-ソルチリン完全、ECD+TMDおよびICD+TMDは、FLAG-ソルチリンECD+TMDと共に沈降した(図3D)。FLAG-ソルチリンECD+TMDおよび6×His-ソルチリンICD+TMDの結合は、ソルチリンが膜貫通ドメイン中で非共有結合的相互作用によりホモ二量体を形成できることを示している。
二量体化に対するソルチリンの膜貫通ドメインの寄与を検討するために、以前に報告されたように膜貫通ドメインを、ホモ二量体を形成しないCD43の膜貫通ドメインにより置き換えた(ソルチリンCD43-TMD)(図4A)(25)。ソルチリンCD43-TMDは、非還元ウエスタンブロットでホモ二量体を形成した(図4B)。また、HEK293細胞の免疫沈降実験で6×His-ソルチリンCD43-TMDは、6×His-ソルチリン野生型と同様にFLAG-ソルチリン野生型と共に沈降し(図4C、4D)、HEK293細胞においてFLAG-ソルチリンおよび6×His-ソルチリンCD43-TMDの同時発現は、6×His-ソルチリン野生型と同様にFRETシグナルを増加させた(図10)。これらのデータは、おそらく細胞内ドメインと細胞外ドメインとが二量体化することが原因で、ソルチリンの二量体化を抑制するには膜貫通ドメインの二量体化の阻害では不十分であることを示唆している。
以前の報告は、システインはソルチリンの細胞外ドメイン中で分子内ジスルフィド結合を形成するので、ソルチリンの構造維持に重要な役割を果たすことを示した(27)。加えて、本研究では、分子間ジスルフィド結合がホモ二量体内で形成されることを実証する。細胞外ドメイン中の分子間ジスルフィド結合の形成を担うシステインは、まだ同定されていないものの、10CCドメインは、非還元ウエスタンブロットにおいて二量体を形成した(図10)。これは、10CCドメイン内で分子間ジスルフィド結合が形成できることを示している。次に、細胞内ドメイン中の分子間ジスルフィド結合を調べた。ソルチリンは、細胞内ドメイン中にシステインを1つだけ有する(Cys783)ので、このシステインが、細胞内ドメイン中で二量体化のための分子間ジスルフィド結合を形成すると予想された。6×His-ソルチリンICD+TMDおよびFLAG-ソルチリン完全において、Cys783をアラニンにより置き換えた(C783A)(図5A)。6×His-ソルチリンICD+TMD C783Aは、HEK293細胞においてホモ二量体を形成しなかった(図5B)。驚くことに、FLAG-ソルチリンC783Aによって、HEK293細胞における低分子量のホモ二量体だけが減少したが、高分子量のホモ二量体および多量体は変化しなかった(図5C)。低分子量のホモ二量体は、主にEVに運搬され、一方で、高分子量のホモ二量体および多量体は、主にEVに運搬されなかった(図5D)。したがって、FLAG-ソルチリンC783Aは、EVへの二量体化ソルチリンの運搬を有意に減少させた(図5D)。Cys783はパルミトイル化されるとの報告があるので(22)、FLAG-ソルチリンHEK293細胞をパルミトイル化阻害剤、2-フルオロパルミチン酸(2-FPA)(22)と共にインキュベートすることによって、パルミトイル化と分子間ジスルフィド結合との間の関係を研究した。それにより、より小さい分子サイズのホモ二量体だけが細胞中に増加した(図5E)。これらのデータは、Cys783がパルミトイル化および分子間ジスルフィド結合により分け合うことができることを示している。また、2-FPAは、EV中のFLAG-ソルチリンの二量体化を増加させたが(図5E)、これは、Cys783の変異によるEV中のホモ二量体の減少が、パルミトイル化ではなく二量体化における減少のせいであることを示唆している。
ソルチリンおよびSorLAの両方におけるVps 10pドメインの構造が報告されている(28)(29)。SorLAは、リガンドなしの状態またはプロペプチドが結合した状態で異なる立体配置を有する。類似の変化がソルチリンにおいて起こり得、これらの異なる状態が、ソルチリンの単量体およびホモ二量体を形成することができる。S316E変異はソルチリン由来プロペプチドとの結合を阻害するので(29)、S316E変異体を使用して(図6A)、プロペプチドの結合が二量体化に及ぼす効果を検討した。S316Eは、HEK293細胞において単量体の減少と同時に二量体化を増加させた(図6B)。プロペプチドの結合が二量体化に及ぼす効果をさらに検証するために、プロペプチドを有しないソルチリン(wp)(27)を構築し(図6A)、HEK293細胞に過剰発現させた。ソルチリンwpもまた、HEK293細胞において単量体の減少と同時に二量体化を増加させた(図6C)。また、ソルチリン由来プロペプチドの添加は、FLAG-ソルチリンHEK293細胞の細胞外小胞中の二量体化を減少させたが(図6E)、細胞における二量体化に影響しなかった(図6D)。
血清ソルチリンレベルが、大動脈石灰化(30)およびアテローム血栓症(31)などの心血管リスクのみならず、うつ(32)とも関連することが報告されている。可溶性ソルチリンが、がん細胞の生存を活性化できることも実証されている(5)(33)。したがって、可溶性ソルチリンが、単量体および/またはホモ二量体の形成により疾患の一因になる可能性があるかどうか理解することが重要である。加えて、EV中の可溶性ソルチリンおよびソルチリンの検出のために、EV膜上のソルチリンの配向を決定することが重要である。血清ソルチリンレベルは、ソルチリンの細胞外ドメインに対する抗体を使用して測定されるので、これらの抗体は、ソルチリンの細胞外ドメインがEVの外側に位置するかぎり両者を検出することができる。したがって、EV膜上のソルチリンの配向を決定するために、FLAG-ソルチリン完全HEK293細胞およびC末端に3×FLAGを有するソルチリン(ソルチリン-3×FLAG)を安定的に発現しているHEK293細胞から分泌されたEVを使用して免疫沈降アッセイを行った。EVおよび溶解物中にFLAG-ソルチリンが検出された(図7A)が、ソルチリン-3×FLAGは、溶解物中だけから検出された(図7B)。これは、ソルチリンの細胞外ドメインがEVの外側に位置することを示唆している。次に、FLAG-ソルチリンHEK293細胞から分泌された可溶性ソルチリンの形態を検出するために、EV欠乏培養培地を使用して非還元ウエスタンブロットを行った。可溶性ソルチリンの分子サイズは、非還元ウエスタンブロットで約120kDaと計算された(図7C)。このサイズは、還元ウエスタンブロットで検出されたサイズよりも大きいので(図7D)、120kDaのバンドをホモ二量体として検出した。また、ソルチリンの細胞内ドメインは切断される可能性があるので、FLAG-ソルチリンECD+TMD HEK293細胞から分泌された可溶性ソルチリンの形態を検討した(6)(34)。FLAG-ソルチリンECD+TMD HEK293細胞からの可溶性ソルチリンは、単量体の形態で約80kDaのバンドとして検出された(図7C)。次に、EV欠乏培養培地を使用する抗FLAG抗体アフィニティーカラムを使用して、可溶性ソルチリンを精製した。FLAG-ソルチリンHEK293細胞から分泌された可溶性ソルチリンは、80および120kDaのバンドとして検出され、これは、可溶性ソルチリンの二量体が精製過程の途中でその形態を部分的に単量体に変化したことと関連していた(図7E)。これらのデータは、120kDaのバンドが可溶性ソルチリン二量体を表すことを示している。
本明細書に提供されるように、ソルチリンは、石灰化促進因子である組織非特異的アルカリホスファターゼ(TNAP)のEVへのその輸送により血管石灰化を促進する(19)。また、他のグループは、ソルチリンがエキソソーム放出を促進し、2つのチロシンレセプター、トロポミオシン関連キナーゼB(TrkB)および上皮増殖因子レセプター(EGFR)と複合体を形成すると報告した。これらのチロシンレセプターは、がん細胞の微小環境および腫瘍血管新生の制御に重要な役割を果たすことができる(6)。これらの結果からして、本研究の主な目的は、心血管疾患を含む複数の疾患において観察される非定型な発現レベルを潜在的に阻害するために、ソルチリンがどのようにEVに運搬されるかを理解することであった。
化学物質および試薬
MG-132(カタログ番号7449)およびクロロキン二リン酸塩(カタログ番号C6628)は、Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.(Sigma)から購入した。2-フルオロパルミチン酸(2-FPA、カタログ番号90380)は、Cayman Chemicalから購入した。ソルチリンプロペプチド(ソルチリン由来プロペプチド)(カタログ番号049-75、ロット番号432841)は、Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Incから購入した。プライマーは、Integrated DNA Technologies, Incから購入した。PCR試薬は、EMD Millipore Corporationから購入した。
pcDNA3.1(+)ベクター(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.、カタログ番号V79020)において発現ベクターを構築した。部位特異的変異誘発を使用して、FLAG(DYKDDDDK)または6×His(HHHHHH)タグをフューリン切断部位R74WRR77(35)の後の3つのアミノ酸(S73A1330)中に挿入することによって、ヒトソルチリン(NM_002959.5)の構築物を生成した:pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリン完全長(完全)、アミノ酸(aa)1-831;pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリンECD+TMD、aa1-778;pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMD、aa1-831(A81-754);pcDNA3.1(+)6×His-ソルチリン完全長(完全);pcDNA3.1(+)6×His-ソルチリンECD+TMD;pcDNA3.1(+)6×His-ソルチリンICD+TMD;pcDNA3.1(+)6×Hisソルチリン10CCドメイン+TMD、aa1-778(681-604);pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリンC783A;pcDNA3.1(+)6×His-ソルチリンICD+TMD C783A;pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリンS316E;プロペプチドを有しないpcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリン、aa1-831(34-77)。CD43発現ベクター(Origene、カタログ番号RC204195、NM_003123)(25)を使用する重複PCR戦略により、ソルチリンCD43-TMDの構築物を生成した:pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリンCD43-TMD、ソルチリンaa1-754、CD43 aa254-276、ソルチリンaa779-831;pcDNA3.1(+)6×His-ソルチリンCD43-TMD。C末端に3×FLAGを有するソルチリンの発現ベクター(ソルチリン-3×FLAG、カタログ番号EX-M0397-M14)は、GeneCopoeia, Incから購入した。
プロテアーゼ阻害剤(Roche Diagnostics、カタログ番号04693159001)を含有するIP溶解緩衝液(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.、カタログ番号87787)を用いて細胞、EVおよび培養培地の上清を溶解させた。ビシンコニン酸(BCA)方法(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.、カタログ番号23225)を使用してタンパク質濃度を測定した。レムリ(Laemmli)緩衝液(Boston Bioproduct;非還元、カタログ番号BP-110NR;還元、カタログ番号BP-111R)を溶解物に添加し、95℃で5分間煮沸した。4~12% SDS-PAGEにより総タンパク質を分離し、iBlotウエスタンブロットシステム(Life Technologies)または従来の湿式法を使用して、二フッ化ポリビニリデン(PVDF)膜に転写した。ヒトソルチリンICDに対する一次抗体(ウサギ1:1000;Abcam plc.、カタログ番号ab16640、ロット番号GR185198-1)、ヒト(3-アクチンに対する一次抗体(マウス1:2000;Novus Biologicals, LLC、カタログ番号NB600-501、ロット番号014M4759)、FLAGに対する一次抗体(ウサギ1:1000;Sigma、カタログ番号F4725、ロット番号093M4798、マウス(M2)1:1000;Sigma、カタログ番号F1804、ロット番号SLBJ4607V)、6×Hisに対する一次抗体(マウス1:1000;Abcam plc.、カタログ番号ab18184、ロット番号GR247674-1)。
細胞またはEVをIP溶解緩衝液中で溶解させた。抗FLAG M2抗体(5p.g)またはマウスIgG(5lig、R&D Systems、カタログ番号MAB002、ロット番号IX2415091)を、プロテインG(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.、カタログ番号10004D)を有するDynabeadsと共に4℃で一晩回転させることによりインキュベートした。細胞溶解物を回転条件下で4℃で4時間インキュベートした。ビーズ-抗体-タンパク質複合体をPBSで3回洗浄した。次に、SDS-PAGEのために沈殿物にレムリ緩衝液を添加した。
FLAG-ソルチリン完全、ECD+TMD、またはICD+TMDを一過性に過剰発現しているHEK293細胞を、1mmol/L ビス(スルホスクシンイミジル)スベレート(BS3)、水溶性の切断不能架橋剤(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.、カタログ番号21580)と共に室温で30分間インキュベートすることにより、化学的架橋形成を実施した。1mol/L トリス-HCI(pH7.4)の15分インキュベーションにより反応を停止させ、細胞を1,000rpmで5分間遠心分離して、BS3を含む緩衝液を除去し、PBSで洗浄した。次に、ウエスタンブロットのために細胞をIP溶解緩衝液中で溶解させた。
HEK293細胞をAmerican Type Culture Collection(ATCC)から購入し、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)、ペニシリン(100U/mL)、およびストレプトマイシン(100p.g/mL)を補充したイーグル最小必須培地(EMEM、ATCC、カタログ番号30-2003)中に入れ、5% CO2の加湿雰囲気中、37℃で維持した。HEK293細胞におけるトランスフェクションのために、リポフェクタミン2000試薬(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.、カタログ番号11668019)を製造業者のプロトコールに従って使用した。pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリン完全、pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリン-ECD+TMD、pcDNA3.1(+)FLAG-ソルチリンICD+TMD、およびソルチリン-3×FLAGの発現ベクター(GeneCopoeia, Inc.、カタログ番号EX-M0397-M14)によるトランスフェクションにより、それぞれFLAG-ソルチリン完全、ECD+TMD、ICD+TMD、およびソルチリン-3×FLAGを安定的に発現しているHEK293細胞を得た。これらの細胞株を、10% FBS、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン、およびジェネテシン800p.g/mLを補充したEMEM中で維持した。細胞をMG-132およびクロロキンと共にインキュベーター中で表示の時間、ならびにそれぞれ2-FPAおよびソルチリンプロペプチドと共に24時間、インキュベートした。
上清およびEVへの培養培地の分離を、以前に報告されたプロトコールに従って行った(41)。培養培地を1,000rpmで5分間の遠心分離にかけて、細胞片を除去した。次に、4℃の100,000gで40分間の超遠心分離(Optima Max Ultracentrifuge, Beckman Coulter)により上清およびEVを分離した。
TR-FRETおよびHTRFを以前に記載されたように行った(26)。6×His-ソルチリン発現ベクターのトランスフェクションの24時間後に、解離溶液(例えば、Sigma Aldrich、カタログ番号C5914からのもの)を使用してFLAG-ソルチリン完全HEK293細胞を回収した。25% FBSを補充したPBS中で、1nmol/L抗FLAG(登録商標)(M2)-クリプテート(Cisbio Bioassays、カタログ番号61FG2KLA、ロット番号25A)および3nmol/L抗6HIS-XL665(Cisbio Bioassays、カタログ番号61HISXLA、ロット番号56A)を含有する、TR-FRETについて1×106細胞/mLおよびHTRFについて2×106細胞/mLを用いて、回転振盪機でのインキュベーションを4℃で行った。TR-FRETのために、細胞を1,000rpmで5分間遠心分離して、抗体を除去し、PBS中に再懸濁し、96ウェル白色プレート中にアプライした。HTRFのために、抗体を除去せずに96ウェル白色プレート中に細胞をアプライした。次に、プレートを読み取った(励起:320nm、発光:620nm(カットオフ570nm)、665nm(カットオフ630nm)、遅れ50ps、積分500ps)。FRETシグナルを(カウント毎秒の比665:620)×10,000として計算し、6×His-ソルチリンの発現によるFRETシグナルの変化%を表現した。
FLAG-ソルチリン完全またはECD+TMD HEK293細胞のEV欠乏培養培地をANTI-FLAG(登録商標)M2アフィニティーゲル(Sigma、カタログ番号A2220)に供した。FLAGタグを有する可溶性ソルチリンを、100μg/mL FLAG-ペプチド(Sigma、F3290、ロット番号SLBR6767V)を用いて溶出した。精製可溶性ソルチリンをPBS中で透析した。
データを、表示した数の平均±S.E.として表す。対応のないt検定の後の分散分析により比較を行った。
細胞外小胞(EV)は、細胞間コミュニケーションに重要な役割を果たし、様々な疾患に関与する。ソルチリンは、石灰化促進因子である組織非特異的アルカリホスファターゼのEVへのその輸送により、血管石灰化を促進する。ソルチリンは、プロペプチドを有して合成され、プロペプチドは後期ゴルジネットワークにおいて切断されて成熟型が生成する。プロペプチドは、成熟ソルチリンに高い親和性を示し、リガンドの結合を妨害する。HEK293細胞株において、ソルチリンの二量体化は、プロペプチド処理により減少し、プロペプチドの結合を阻害するソルチリン変異(S316E)は、ソルチリンの二量体化を増加させた。これらの結果は、ソルチリンの二量体化がソルチリンの輸送に重要な役割を果たすことを示唆した(Itoh S et al, JBC、2018)。そのうえ、ソルチリンは、システイン783部位で分子間ジスルフィド結合を形成し、変異(C783A)による分子間ジスルフィド結合の喪失は、二量体化ソルチリンのEVへの運搬を止める。血管石灰化におけるソルチリンの役割をさらに理解するために、血管石灰化の主な起源である初代ヒト冠動脈平滑筋細胞(HCASMC)における二量体および多量体の形成に及ぼすソルチリンのS316EおよびC783A変異の効果を調査した。HisまたはFlagタグタンパク質と融合したソルチリンを、アデノウイルス感染により誘導し、次に、HCASMCおよびHCASMC由来EVにおけるソルチリンの二量体および/または多量体を、ジスルフィド結合を維持する非還元ウエスタンブロットを使用して検出した。結果として、S316E変異体は、HCASMCにおける多量体およびEVにおける二量体の増加を示した。これらの結果は、EVへのソルチリン輸送の増加が石灰化を促進する可能性があることを示している。さらに、C783A変異体は、HCASMCおよびEVにおけるソルチリン二量体化の減少を示したが、これは、ソルチリンのEVへの輸送の減少も起こすことができることを示唆している。結論として、二量体および多量体の形成は、HCASMC細胞およびHCASMC由来EVにおけるソルチリンの輸送に欠かせない。HCASMCおよびHCASMC由来EVにおけるソルチリン二量体化の阻害は、血管石灰化をさらに予防することができる。
His-野生型ソルチリンを発現しているHCASMCにLacZ、Flag-野生型ソルチリン、Flag-C783A変異体ソルチリン、およびFlag-S316E変異体ソルチリンを感染させた。感染の3日後にHCASMCを溶解させた。インプット試料(図11A)または免疫沈降試料(図11B)における非還元または還元(ジスルフィド結合を切断)ウエスタンブロットにより、ソルチリンの発現を検出した。結果は、HCASMC溶解物においてC783A変異体ソルチリンが二量体の形成を減少させ、S316E変異体は多量体の形成を増加させることを示す(図11A~B)。
HCASMC(PromoCell)を、上皮増殖因子(0.5ng/ml)、インスリン(5μg/ml)、塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子-B(2ng/ml)、およびFBS(5%)を補充したSMC成長培地2(SMC-GM2、PromoCell)中で成長させた。3人の独立したドナーからのHCASMCを使用し、すべてのアッセイを、8回目の継代で行った。HCASMCにHisタグ付き野生型ソルチリンと、LacZ、Flagタグ付き野生型、C783AまたはS316Eソルチリンアデノウイルスとを、1000のMOI(感染多重度)で形質導入した。
免疫沈降:プロテアーゼ阻害剤(Roche)を含有するIP溶解緩衝液(Thermo Scientific)を用いてHCASMCを溶解した。細胞溶解物を、Dynabeads His-Tag Isolation & Pulldown(Thermo Scientific)と共に4℃で4時間、回転条件下でインキュベートした。ビーズ-タンパク質複合体をIP溶解緩衝液で3回洗浄した。次に、SDS-PAGEのために沈降物をレムリ緩衝液(Boston Bioproduct)により溶解した。
Claims (33)
- ペプチドを含む、細胞から細胞外小胞(EV)へのソルチリンの輸送を阻害または低減するための組成物であって、該組成物が、細胞におけるソルチリンの共有結合的分子間二量体化を阻害し、かつ該ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:2のアミノ酸配列を含む、前記組成物。
- ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:1のCys783での分子間ジスルフィドの形成を阻害する、請求項1記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:2のアミノ酸配列から本質的になる、請求項1記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、少なくとも1つの修飾を含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、アミド化、アセチル化、環化、リン酸化、グリコシル化、ニトロシル化、メチル化、脂質化、またはPEG化されている、請求項1記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、少なくとも1つのDアミノ酸、ベータアミノ酸、または修飾ペプチド結合を含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 細胞が、白血球、リンパ球、マクロファージ、ナチュラルキラー細胞、樹状細胞、T細胞、またはB細胞である、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 阻害が、インビトロまたはエクスビボである、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 阻害が、インビボである、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 阻害が、哺乳動物における、請求項9記載の組成物。
- 阻害が、細胞外小胞関連疾患(EV関連疾患)を有するまたは有する疑いのある対象における、請求項9記載の組成物。
- EV関連疾患が、石灰化大動脈弁疾患、糖尿病、全身性エリテマトーデス、潰瘍性大腸炎、肺線維症、非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患、骨粗鬆症、アルツハイマー病、強皮症、アテローム性動脈硬化症、心筋梗塞、高コレステロール血症、がん、関節リウマチ、および肥満からなる群より選択される、請求項11記載の組成物。
- 糖尿病が、1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、または若年発症成人型糖尿病である、請求項12記載の組成物。
- がんが、肺がんまたは膵臓がんである、請求項12記載の組成物。
- ペプチドを含む、対象における細胞外小胞関連疾患を処置するための組成物であって、該組成物が、それを必要とする対象において細胞中のソルチリンの共有結合的分子間二量体化を阻害し、かつ該ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:2のアミノ酸配列を含む、前記組成物。
- ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:1のCys783での分子間ジスルフィドの形成を阻害する、請求項15記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、SEQ ID NO:2のアミノ酸配列から本質的になる、請求項15記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、少なくとも1つの修飾を含む、請求項15記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、アミド化、アセチル化、環化、リン酸化、グリコシル化、ニトロシル化、メチル化、脂質化、またはPEG化されている、請求項15記載の組成物。
- ペプチドが、少なくとも1つのDアミノ酸、ベータアミノ酸、または修飾ペプチド結合を含む、請求項15記載の組成物。
- 細胞が、白血球、リンパ球、マクロファージ、ナチュラルキラー細胞、樹状細胞、T細胞、またはB細胞である、請求項15記載の組成物。
- EV関連疾患が、石灰化大動脈弁疾患、糖尿病、全身性エリテマトーデス、潰瘍性大腸炎、肺線維症、非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患、骨粗鬆症、アルツハイマー病、強皮症、アテローム性動脈硬化症、心筋梗塞、高コレステロール血症、がん、関節リウマチ、および肥満からなる群より選択される、請求項15記載の組成物。
- 糖尿病が、1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、または若年発症成人型糖尿病である、請求項22記載の組成物。
- がんが、肺がんまたは膵臓がんである、請求項22記載の組成物。
- (i)細胞を試験薬剤と接触させる工程であって、細胞が、第1の標識を含む第1のソルチリンポリペプチドと、第2の標識を含む第2のソルチリンポリペプチドとを発現する、工程;
(ii)細胞中に発現される第1のソルチリンポリペプチドと第2のソルチリンポリペプチドとの間の接触レベルを検出する工程
を含む、ソルチリンの二量体化をモジュレートする試験薬剤を同定するための方法であって、
対照または参照レベルに対する接触レベルにおける変化により、該薬剤がソルチリンの二量体化をモジュレートすることが示される、方法。 - 検出する工程が、段階(i)において接触された細胞を、時間分解蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動(TR-FRET)を使用して分析することを含み、対照または参照レベルに対するFRETシグナルにおける変化により、薬剤がソルチリンの二量体化をモジュレートすることが示される、請求項25記載の方法。
- 対照または参照レベルに対するFRETシグナルにおける増加により、化合物がソルチリンの二量体化を阻害することが示される、請求項26記載の方法。
- 対照または参照レベルに対するFRETシグナルにおける減少により、化合物がソルチリンの二量体化を増加させることが示される、請求項26記載の方法。
- 対照または参照レベルが、第1のソルチリンポリペプチドまたは第2のソルチリンポリペプチドのいずれかを発現している細胞におけるFRETシグナルである、請求項26記載の方法。
- 検出する工程が、細胞を第1のリガンドおよび第2のリガンドと接触させることを含み、
第1のリガンドが、第1の標識と結合可能であり、かつ蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動(FRET)ドナーとコンジュゲートされており、
第2のリガンドが、第2の標識と結合可能であり、かつFRETアクセプターとコンジュゲートされている、
請求項26記載の方法。 - 第1または第2のリガンドが、抗体である、請求項30記載の方法。
- 前記薬剤が、ソルチリンの二量体化を阻害する、請求項25記載の方法。
- 前記薬剤が、ソルチリンの二量体化を増加させる、請求項25記載の方法。
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