JP7425799B2 - 改良されたディーゼル燃料の製造プロセス - Google Patents
改良されたディーゼル燃料の製造プロセス Download PDFInfo
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- JP7425799B2 JP7425799B2 JP2021544787A JP2021544787A JP7425799B2 JP 7425799 B2 JP7425799 B2 JP 7425799B2 JP 2021544787 A JP2021544787 A JP 2021544787A JP 2021544787 A JP2021544787 A JP 2021544787A JP 7425799 B2 JP7425799 B2 JP 7425799B2
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- manufacturing process
- diesel fuel
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- -1 fatty acid ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
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- KQABNOBNXAJBFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(2,4-dimethylheptan-3-yl)phenol Chemical group CCCC(C)C(C(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KQABNOBNXAJBFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical compound ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
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- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002942 palmitic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004072 triols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002569 water oil cream Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
・特許文献1は、気泡発生装置として説明するだけであり、「キャビテーション」が意味するところを適切かつ明確に説明していない。そして、引用文献1は、得ようとする効果を達成するための理想的なプロセス条件についても説明していない。また、キャビテーションリアクターが何をするかについての技術的に合理的な説明もしない。
・特許文献1は、添加される添加剤や燃料改良剤について説明していない。水、メタノールなどの一連の純物質についてのみ言及しているが、これらの物質は、燃料に何らかの特性を追加するものではなく、添加剤ではない。
・特許文献1は、ディーゼル燃料の分子の破断と解重合、およびその後の再重合について言及する。第一に、ディーゼル燃料には破断するポリマー分子が含まれておらず、いずれにしても、ディーゼル燃料はポリマーではない。また、発熱量が失われるため、分子を破断することは望ましくない。これらの技術的な議論はすべて、ディーゼル燃料がポリマーである、またはポリマー分子を含むという誤った仮定に基づく。炭化水素の知識を持っている人は誰も、この語義を適切であると見なすことも、議論を有効であると見なすこともない。
特許文献1に記載されているすべての利点には明確な目的がなく、燃焼を「改善」するために燃料を変更しているようであるが、「改善」が意味するところは説明していない。
・特許文献1は、変更された燃料により、CO、NOx、およびSO2の排出量が「少なくなる」と説明する。最新のエンジンは、現在COガスを生成しないため、その削減にはほとんど関心がない。NOxの削減は適切ですが、特許文献1はそのような効果を証明しておらず、その効果を達成することの意味のある説明もしていない。SOxの排出量は燃料中の硫黄の濃度に依存するため、その削減もまた不正確である。また、硫黄酸化物の生成を停止する効果を生成するためにディーゼル燃料に行うことができる変更や分子分解は存在しない。燃料を分離して別の硫黄の流れを生成するだけで、硫黄濃度は下げ得る。もう1つの不正確さは、エンジンがSO2を生成することはめったになく、SO3の放出がより一般的であることである。また、特許文献1が示す削減率も、それを正当化する論理的な説明が不足している。
a)最大流量が35~350ガロン/分で動作圧力が60~100psigの40HPのモータを搭載するヘリコイダルギアポンプ(BPS002)を使用して、60~100psigの圧力で(無極性)商用ディーゼル燃料(超低硫黄ディーゼル(ULSD)も使用可能)の連続した主流(SD)を提供するステップであって、ポンプは、周囲温度およびタンクの静水圧(最低1psi)で4~1400L/minの範囲の定体積流量源(タンクULSD)からディーゼル燃料を受け取り、主流(SD)は4インチのパイプを通って流れ、プロセス全体の規模によっては直径が異なる他のパイプを使用し得る、ステップ。
b)4インチの「V字型」コリオリ質量流量計を使用して主流(SD)の流量を測定し、主流量制御バルブNPS4インチ150クラスの標準RFフランジ接続を使用して主流量を調整するステップであって、主流は、ヘリコイダルギアポンプによって提供される圧力と同じ圧力である20~90psigで調整される、ステップ。
c)最大比例流量が0~5ガロン/分(好ましくは4.55ガロン/分)で動作圧力が25~120psig(好ましくは100psigで、主流(SD)の圧力よりも高いことが必須)の圧力の5HPモータを有する、プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプ(BPS002)を使用して、S1成分の流れを提供するステップであって、プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプは、周囲温度においてタンクの静水圧でタンクからS1成分を受け取るステップ。
d)25~125psig(好ましくは100psig)の最大圧力でS1成分の流れを調整する制御バルブNPS3/4インチで調整された、1インチのストレートコリオリ質量流量計を使用してS1成分S1の流れを測定するステップ。
e)標準の「T」コネクタを使用してS1成分の流れを主流(SD)の4インチのパイプに、主流の圧力よりも高いことが必須である25~125psig(好ましくは100psig)の圧力で注入して、主流量制御バルブの下流の位置において、35~400ガロン/分(好ましくは359.55ガロン/分)の最大質量流量を有するSD+S1の流れを生成するステップであって、入力質量流量は、SDの流量の0.9%から1.5%に相当するステップ。
f)長さ約120cm、直径4インチで5つのPMSブレードユニットと150クラスの標準RFフランジ接続を備えた第1の静的混合器(MEZC001)を使用して、SD+S1の流れを混合および均質化し、概ね8psigの圧力低下を生じさせて約20から110psigまで(好ましくは67psig)の範囲のSD+S1の混合流を発生させるステップ。
g)最大流量が0~10ガロン/分(好ましくは8.75ガロン/分)で動作圧力が25~125psig(好ましくは100psig)の圧力3HPモータを有する、プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプ(BPS003)を使用して、S2成分の流れを提供するステップであって、プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプは、周囲温度においてタンクの静水圧でタンクからS1成分を受け取るステップ。
h)25~125psig(好ましくは100psig)の圧力でS2成分の流れを調整する制御バルブNPS3/4インチ、150クラスの標準RFフランジ接続により調整されたストレートコリオリ質量流量計を使用してS2成分の流れを測定するステップ。
i)標準の「T」コネクタを使用してS2成分の流れをSD+S1の流れの4インチのパイプに、主流の圧力よりも高いことが必須である25~125psig(好ましくは100psig)の圧力で注入して、第1の静的混合器の下流の位置において、400ガロン/分の最大質量流量を有するSD+S1+S2の流れを生成するステップであって、S2成分の入力質量流量は、SD+S1+S2の流量の1.5%から3.0%に相当するステップ。
j)長さ約87cm、直径4インチで3つのPMSブレードユニットと150クラスの標準RFフランジ接続を備えた第2の静的混合器(MEZC021)を使用して、SD+S1+S2の流れを混合および均質化し、概ね4psigの圧力低下を生じさせることで、周囲温度において25から125psigまで(好ましくは63psig)の圧力を有するSD+S1+S2の混合流を発生させるステップ。
k)周囲温度で25~125psig(好ましくは63psig)の圧力を有するSD+S1+S2の流れを衝撃波パワーリアクター(SPR)に導入して、その流れを、非極性ディーゼル燃料を潤滑性パラメータが40%以上向上する双極性ディーゼル燃料に変換する「制御されたキャビテーション」に送給するステップであって、SPRリアクターは600RPMから3000RPMの間の速度で回転するローターを備え、その回転動作は金属表面から離れたローターキャビティに、十分に制御され損傷を生じさせない流体力学的なキャビテーションを発生させるステップ(ここで、微視的なキャビテーション気泡が生成されて崩壊する際、衝撃波は過熱し混合し得る液体中に放出される(Hydrodynamics、2018年)。この装置は、SD+S1+S2の流れの均一な混合を保証し、その結果、ディーゼル燃料は概ね30°Cの温度上昇に対応する約30°Cから80°Cの温度を有する)。
エンジンの試験方法は、EPAによって管理および承認されているFTP(Federal Test Protocol)である。試験は、定常状態(定常状態)と過渡サイクル(過渡状態)で実行された。
試験1
ナビスター
・ モデルイヤー: 2016N13
・ 排出量コンプライアンス: 2010
・ 排気量、リットル: 12.4
・ 電力定格: 1700rpmで475hp
・ 排気ガス再循環(EGR)
・ HPCR燃料システム
米国とヨーロッパでの現在の生産を代表するベースエンジン
定常状態試験
・ 1700rpmおよび50%の負荷
・ 改良燃料で33%の煤の削減
図2のグラフを参照
過渡試験
・ FTPテストの実証:
煤が14%少ない
NOxが8.6%少ない
図3のグラフを参照
試験2
DDシリーズ60
・ モデルイヤー:1998シリーズ60
・ 排出量コンプライアンス:1998
・ 排気量、リットル:14.0
・ 電力定格:1800rpmで450hp
・ EGRなし
・ 後処理なし
・ ユニットインジェクター
レガシーフリートインベントリの代表
定常状態試験1
・ 1800rpmおよび25%の負荷
・ 改良燃料で34%の煤の削減
・ NOxと燃料消費量は変わらない
図4のグラフを参照
定常状態試験2
・ 1200rpmおよび100%の負荷
・ 改良燃料で28%の煤の削減
・ NOxと燃料消費量は変わらない
図5のグラフを参照
過渡試験
・ FTPテストの実証:
NOxと燃料消費量は変わらない
29%の煤の削減
図6のグラフを参照
Claims (12)
- 改良されたディーゼル燃料の製造プロセスであって、
商用ディーゼル燃料を含む第1の流れ(SD)と、界面活性剤として使用されるエトキシル化エステルの混合物を含む第1の添加剤の第2の流れ(S1)と、水溶性界面活性剤と環状芳香族炭化水素との混合物を含有する水性エマルジョンを含む第2の添加剤を含む第3の流れ(S2)と、を混合および均質化して、SD+S1+S2を含む混合され均質化された流れを生成するステップa)と、
前記混合および均質化された混合物を、ローターを有する衝撃波パワーリアクター内の制御されたキャビテーションに送給することによって、ステップa)で得られた前記混合および均質化された流れに含まれる前記ディーゼル燃料を双極ディーゼル燃料に変換することで、改良されたディーゼル燃料を得るステップb)と、を備え、
第1の添加剤は、下記式1で表される化合物であり、
製造プロセス。 - 前記ステップa)において、前記第1の添加剤は、6から80モルの範囲の酸化エチレンでエトキシル化することが可能なエトキシル化脂肪酸エステルを含み、その分子は、1,4-アンヒドロソルビトールおよび脂肪酸から形成される、請求項1に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップa)において、前記第2の添加剤は、1つまたは2つのメチルラジカルを有するパラ「p-」またはオルト「o-」キシレンなどの芳香族溶媒がアルキルタイプ鎖またはノニルタイプであり得る界面活性剤に由来する4-エトキシル化フェノールに混合されて形成された水系混合物であり、前記界面活性剤の化学的バランスは、前記第1の添加剤のHLB値と一致するように定式化される、請求項1に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップa)において、第1の流れ(SD)は、流量が35~350ガロン/分で動作圧力が60~100psigの40HPのモータを搭載するヘリコイダルギアポンプを使用して汲み上げられた非極性商用ディーゼル燃料(CD)を含み、前記ポンプは、周囲温度およびタンクの静水圧(最低1psi)で、4~1400L/分の範囲で定量体積流量源からディーゼル燃料を受け取り、前記第1の流れは、コリオリ質量流量計を使用して測定され、主流量制御バルブNPS150クラスの標準RFフランジ接続を使用して、前記ヘリコイダルギアポンプによって提供される圧力と同じ圧力である20~90psigに調整される、請求項1に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップa)において、第2の流れ(S1)は、0~5ガロン/分(ただし、0ガロン/分の場合を除く)の流量と25~120psigの動作圧力とを有するプログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプを使用して供給され、前記プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプは、周囲温度およびタンクの静水圧で前記タンクから前記第2の流れを受け取り、前記プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプより供給される前記第2の流れは、25~125psigの圧力で前記第2の流れを調整する制御バルブで調整されるストレートコリオリ質量流量計を使用して測定される、請求項1に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップa)において、第3の流れ(S2)は、0~10ガロン/分(ただし、0ガロン/分の場合を除く)の流量と25~125psigの動作圧力とを有する前記プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプを使用して供給され、前記プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプは、周囲温度およびタンクの静水圧で前記タンクから前記第2の添加剤を受け取り、
前記プログレッシブキャビティインジェクションポンプより供給される前記第3の流れは、25~125psigの圧力で前記第3の流れを調整する制御バルブで調整されるストレートコリオリ質量流量計を使用して測定される、請求項5に記載の製造プロセス。 - 前記ステップa)において、
ステップ1.前記第2の流れ(S1)は、前記第1の流れ(SD)に注入され、
ステップ2.得られた流れ(SD+S1)は静的混合器により均質化され、均質化された流れが生成され、
ステップ3.前記第3の流れは、前記ステップ2で得られた前記均質化された流れに注入され、
ステップ4.前記ステップ3で得られた流れ(SD+S1+S2)は静的混合器により均質化される、請求項1に記載の製造プロセス。 - 前記ステップ1において、前記第2の流れ(S1)は、標準の「T」コネクタを使用して、前記第1の流れ(SD)の圧力よりも高いことが必須である25~125psigの圧力で注入して35~400ガロン/分の流量を有するSD+S1の流れを生成し、前記流量は、前記SDの流量の0.9%から1.5%に相当する、請求項7に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップ2において、前記得られた流れ(SD+S1)は、5つのブレードユニットと150クラスの標準RFフランジ接続を備えた第1の静的混合器を使用して均質化され、8psigの圧力低下を生じさせて20から110psigまでの範囲のSD+S1の混合流を発生させる、請求項7に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップ3において、前記第3の流れ(S2)は、標準の「T」コネクタを使用して前記第1の流れ(SD)の圧力よりも高いことが必須である25~125psigの圧力で注入して、前記静的混合器の下流の位置において、400ガロン/分の流量を有するSD+S1+S2の流れを生成し、S2成分の流量は、SD+S1+S2の流量の1.5%から3.0%に相当する、請求項7に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップ3において、3つのブレードユニットと概ね4psigの圧力低下を生じさせる150クラスの標準RFフランジ接続とを備えた第2の静的混合器を使用して、SD+S1+S2の流れは混合および均質化され、周囲温度において25から125psigまでの圧力を有するSD+S1+S2の混合流を発生させる、請求項7に記載の製造プロセス。
- 前記ステップb)において、前記混合および均質化されたSD+S1+S2の流れが、25~125psigの圧力および周囲温度で衝撃波パワーリアクター(SPR)に導入され、その流れを、前記SPRリアクターは600RPMから3000RPMの間の速度で回転するローターを備える、請求項7に記載の製造プロセス。
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