WO2017041791A1 - Verfahren zum konditionieren von fluiden für verbrennungsvorrichtungen - Google Patents
Verfahren zum konditionieren von fluiden für verbrennungsvorrichtungen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017041791A1 WO2017041791A1 PCT/DE2016/100420 DE2016100420W WO2017041791A1 WO 2017041791 A1 WO2017041791 A1 WO 2017041791A1 DE 2016100420 W DE2016100420 W DE 2016100420W WO 2017041791 A1 WO2017041791 A1 WO 2017041791A1
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- liquid
- carbon dioxide
- fuel
- combustion
- conditioned
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
- C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
- C10L1/1258—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof hydrogen peroxide, oxygenated water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/04—Specifically adapted fuels for turbines, planes, power generation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/14—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/14—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production
- C10L2290/146—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production of water
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of conditioning fluids for combustion devices, wherein the fluids are selected from liquid fuels and liquid combustion aids, to conditioned liquid fuels themselves, and to the use of carbon dioxide to improve the combustion of liquid fuels.
- the global warming caused by greenhouse gases reaches perceptibly dangerous proportions.
- the automotive industry is under massive pressure, as the CO2 emissions of motor vehicles play a decisive role. It is therefore working on methods to continually improve the engines of motor vehicles and to make them more efficient and less polluting. But the best strategy is to avoid CC emissions. But because of the comfort of modern life, e.g. the individual traffic, etc., it is important to optimize the processes so that increased efficiency can reduce the consumption at the same power. Ideally, this should be associated with a reduction in the emission of harmful gases.
- DE 103 34 897 A1 describes diesel microemulsions as an alternative fuel for reducing the environmental impact of soot and nitrogen oxide emissions.
- water is trapped in nanostructures and emulsified in diesel fuel to produce positive effects. It is described that at the same time the efficiency can be increased and fossil energy sources can be saved.
- NOx nitrogen oxide
- Nitrogen oxides are produced by burning fossil fuels for two reasons. On the one hand, nitrogen is oxidized to NOx during combustion when the energy carrier is nitrogen-containing. On the other hand, the air nitrogen reacts at higher temperatures (from about 1 .200 ° C) with the air-oxygen (so-called “thermal NO” or “Zeldovich-NO”). Combustion temperatures of up to approx. 2,300 ° C are reached in modern fuel-efficient engines, resulting in increased NOx production. In the prior art, there are already strategies that lead to a reduction of NOx in diesel engines. In particular, by the exhaust gas recirculation less oxygen is available for the actual combustion in the combustion chamber and also the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen is thereby reduced.
- the temperature in the combustion chamber can be best realized in addition to the regular cooling of the cylinder wall by water for cooling in the Combustion chamber itself is used.
- Water has a very high heat capacity, is cheap, widely available and toxicologically harmless to the environment. Water decomposes radically at high temperatures. The OH radicals formed could support combustion in a positive way. However, water has a very large dipole moment and therefore a very large surface tension.
- the water can be used optimally if it is introduced as finely divided as possible into the combustion chamber, so that it is completely present in the end as steam and thus a maximum cooling capacity can be achieved. Due to the very high surface tension of the water, however, a tremendous amount of energy is required to spray water in such a finely divided manner.
- water diesel which is an emulsion of water and diesel fuel.As these substances are usually poorly miscible - the water would separate from the hydrophobic, oily diesel - emulsifiers, also known as Surfactants, etc.
- the surface tension can also be reduced by alcohol, especially methanol, ethanol or propanols - or with the help of surface-active substances (surfactants).
- WO 2010/133625 A2 describes a bicontinuous monophasic microemulsion which contains, in addition to an aqueous component (alcohol / water mixture), a hydrophobic component (mineral oil-based fuel), an ionic surfactant component and a nonionic surfactant component. This results in a continuous aqueous phase and a continuous hydrophobic phase in the microemulsion. With this microemulsion, unprecedented low pollutant emissions and combustion efficiency will be possible.
- WO 201 1/042432 A1 a method for operating an internal combustion engine is presented, which includes the in-situ production of a fuel mixture containing a polar component, a non-polar fuel component, an amphiphilic component and other auxiliaries.
- the in-situ production is carried out in the high-pressure region of the injection system of the internal combustion engine immediately before the injection process at very high pressures.
- the surfactant components have the disadvantage that they are expensive and significantly limit the possibility of using the water (for example, extraction from the exhaust gas). In addition, depending on the time of injection, they can increase emissions even further.
- This object is achieved in a first aspect of the present invention by a method of conditioning fluids for combustion devices, wherein the fluids are selected from liquid fuels and liquid combustion aids, comprising the steps of:
- said object is achieved by a conditioned liquid fuel comprising under standard conditions
- a third aspect of the present invention solves the above object by the use of carbon dioxide to improve the combustion of liquid fuels, wherein
- carbon dioxide is introduced into the liquid fuel at a temperature of from -75 ° C. to + 175 ° C. and a pressure of from 1 bar to 1 000 bar, the introduction taking place in situ,
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is the use of carbon dioxide for the conditioning of liquid hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, wherein x) a liquid hydrocarbon or a liquid hydrocarbon mixture is provided,
- a fifth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of carbon dioxide to improve the winter performance of diesel fuel or gasoline, wherein
- carbon dioxide is introduced in situ into the diesel fuel or gasoline at a temperature of from -75 ° C. to + 175 ° C. and a pressure of from 1 bar to 1 000 bar,
- the present invention has the advantage that the combustion properties of liquid fuels can be improved by the conditioning according to the invention and thereby the efficiency and the energy yield can be increased while the emission of pollutants is reduced. Furthermore, in general, the properties of liquid hydrocarbons or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures can be improved.
- the first aspect of the present invention relates to a method of conditioning fluids for combustion devices, wherein the fluids are selected from liquid fuels and liquid combustion aids, which first comprises providing a fluid in step a).
- a step b) carbon dioxide is introduced into the fluid at a temperature of from -75.degree. C. to + 175.degree. C., preferably -75.degree. C. to + 75.degree. C., and a pressure of from 1 bar to 1 .000 bar, the Introduction takes place in situ.
- an in situ conditioned fluid is obtained in step c).
- liquid fuel as used in the present invention includes liquid and free-flowing (ie, higher viscosity) fuels and fuels Specific embodiments are defined below:
- liquid combustion aids as used herein includes those agents that can be added to the liquid fuel to provide the same Improve combustion. Examples according to the invention are water, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, organic peroxides and inorganic peroxides.
- liquid hydrocarbons can be used as the liquid fuel, ie saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, linear, branched, aromatic, polyaromatic and combinations, for example cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as esters, ethers, acetals, hemiacetals, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alcohols , Amines, thio-hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof (including the additives).
- cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons as well as esters, ethers, acetals, hemiacetals, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alcohols , Amines, thio-hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof (including the additives).
- diesel or diesel fuels XtL fuels, emulsion fuels, biodiesel, vegetable oils (eg sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, etc.) vegetable oil (fatty acid) ester (eg RME rapeseed methyl ester, FAME fatty acid methyl ester, etc.), hydrogenated vegetable oils, fats, frying oils, kerosene, fuel oil (all classes), coal tar oil, heavy oil, gas oil.
- vegetable oils eg sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, etc.
- vegetable oil (fatty acid) ester eg RME rapeseed methyl ester, FAME fatty acid methyl ester, etc.
- hydrogenated vegetable oils eg fats, frying oils, kerosene, fuel oil (all classes), coal tar oil, heavy oil, gas oil.
- XtL fuels also referred to as “Fischer-Tropsch fuels” refer to various synthetic fuels in which a solid or gaseous energy source is converted to a carbonaceous fuel that is liquid at normal temperature and pressure is a variable and "tl_” stands for the English term "to liquid.”
- G gas-to-liquid
- B BtL: “biomass -to-liquid "when using biomass)
- C CtL:” coal-to-liquid "when using coal).
- gasoline or gasoline all classes such as Super Plus, Super, Super E-10, Super E-5, as well as aviation gasoline, two-stroke mixtures, light gasoline, alkylate gasoline.
- condition is meant in the present invention a treatment by which the properties of fluids can be improved, in particular with regard to their incinerability (increase), their viscosity (reduction), their density (usually increase), the reduction of the tendency to volatilize As well as the reduction of the surface tension, concrete embodiments will be explained below.
- the introduction of carbon dioxide in step b) into a fluid according to the invention follows Henry's law, according to which the partial pressure of a gas which prevails over a liquid is proportional to the concentration of the gas in the liquid. As a result, as the pressure increases, so does the concentration of the gas in the liquid until it reaches a saturation state. With the variation of the temperature, this process can be additionally influenced.
- a conditioned fluid according to the invention is obtained. Since the conditioned fluid for the thermal reaction is generated in situ, higher pressures and thus a higher saturation during insertion are possible.
- autoclaves are used in a first alternative of introduction, in which the carbon dioxide at a temperature of - 75 ° C to + 175 ° C, preferably - 75 ° C to + 75 ° C, and a pressure of 1 bar to 1 000 Bar is dissolved in the fluid.
- a conditioned fluid is obtained which can be stored, e.g. by filling in tanks.
- step b) The introduction of carbon dioxide according to the invention in step b) into a fluid causes a specific combustion effect during the thermal conversion of the conditioned fluid according to the invention.
- This effect is achieved by dividing the conditioned fluid according to the invention, which has been given by high pressure or by an injection nozzle, to the combustion chamber of a combustion device during the application (for example during the injection process) into fine bubbles.
- these bubbles additionally atomize on injection due to the gases releasing from the carbon dioxide, whereby, first and foremost, the combustion is improved.
- the inventive method improves the combustion properties of liquid fuels, which on the one hand, the yield, ie the efficiency and the energy yield, increases and on the other hand, the emission of pollutants is reduced.
- the liquid fuel is selected from the group comprising liquid hydrocarbons, petroleum, heating oil, heavy oil, diesel fuels, gasoline fuels, XtL fuels, kerosene, emulsion fuels, turbine fuels, bunker oils, biofuels.
- the liquid fuels also include flowable fuels.
- the liquid fuels have a viscosity of between 0.1 mPa * s and 10 7 mPa * s, in particular between 0.2 mPa * s and 1 000 mPa 's at.
- Examples of the present invention include an olive oil ( " 10 2 mPa * s), n-pentane (25 ° C: 0.224 mPa-s), n-hexane (0.320 mPa-s), n-heptane (0.410 mPa-s), octane (" 0,538 mPa-s), nonane (0.71 1 mPa-s), decane (0.920 mPa-s), dodecane (1, 52 mPa-s), paraffin oil (10 2 mPa 's to 10 6 mPa-s), benzene (25 ° C: 0,601 mPa-s), diethyl ether (0.240 mPa-s), diisopropyl ether (0.33 mPa »s), glycerol (in 1480 mPa» s), chloroform (0.56 mPa »s), Petroleum (0.65 mPa-s), engine oil
- the liquid fuel is diesel fuel or gasoline.
- the carbon dioxide is introduced into the fluid by pressure, so that the fluid conditioned according to the invention has a consistency (in particular viscosity, density) that it can be injected with the necessary pressure into a combustion chamber of a combustion device.
- the carbon dioxide used in the invention shows particularly suitable properties, since it is to liquefy by means of pressure and can even be brought into a supercritical state.
- the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid fuels is greatly increased by the supercritical state, i. With supercritical carbon dioxide almost unlimited amounts can be realized.
- the liquid combustion aid is particularly preferably water.
- water has very good properties as a combustion aid.
- the fluid is a mixture of the liquid fuel and the liquid combustion aid. This mixture can be conditioned particularly advantageously with the carbon dioxide.
- introduction of carbon dioxide in step b) may occur upstream of a fuel injection pump of a combustion device.
- a mixture adapted to the engine operating point and optimized mixture can be provided in situ, with which the positive effects can be further increased.
- the optimized mixture includes both the carbon dioxide and the liquid combustion aids.
- step b) takes place in a fuel injection pump of a combustion device.
- even higher pressures can be realized, which opens up even more opportunities for the carbon dioxide content, that is higher carbon dioxide contents.
- the introduction of carbon dioxide in step b) can take place together with the liquid combustion aid by means of a separate injection pump directly into the combustion device.
- the phrase "together with” means that the liquid combustion aid is conditioned with carbon dioxide according to the invention.
- liquid combustion aids are injected, one with carbon dioxide, to aid both cooling and combustion.
- nitrogen-containing additives in water conditioned with carbon dioxide can be injected immediately after combustion in order to chemically reduce the nitrogen oxides formed during combustion and to further contribute to the cooling. With this additional cooling and performance increases can be achieved.
- the present invention can be carried out by dissolving the carbon dioxide in water in step b) when it is introduced into the liquid fuel in situ.
- water is the combustion product of the regular combustion of fossil fuels such as diesel and can thus be obtained directly from the exhaust gases or combustion gases.
- demineralized water should be used, because otherwise deposits can lead to corrosion damage in the internal combustion engine.
- the condensed from the exhaust gases water is virtually demineralized and thus ideally suited for the described use.
- the temperature in the combustion chamber besides the regular cooling of the cylinder wall can best be realized by using water for cooling in the combustion chamber itself (eg use of "water diesel") ,
- a further embodiment provides for adding further additives to the liquid combustion assistant, selected from surface tension reducing agents and nitrogen oxides reducing agents.
- alcohols and surfactants may be agents for reducing the surface tension.
- nitrogen oxide reducing agents may be selected from urea, guanidine, ammonia, organic amines or other suitable ammonium compounds which may additionally chemically degrade the remaining NOx to nitrogen. This is especially true in the above-described injection immediately after combustion).
- step b) the introduction of carbon dioxide in step b) is carried out in water directly into the combustion device by means of a separate injection pump.
- the liquid fuel is injected into the combustion chamber via the fuel injection pump and water conditioned in parallel with carbon dioxide, if appropriate with the further additives, so that the conditioning according to the invention takes place directly in the combustion chamber.
- a lower surface tension of the water is realized by the conditioning according to the invention.
- the second aspect of the present invention relates to a conditioned liquid fuel which under standard conditions is from 49% to 99.99% by volume of a liquid fuel, from 0.01% to 15% by volume carbon dioxide and 0% by volume. % to 50% by volume of water.
- the conditioned fluid has the advantages that better combustion characteristics are achieved, thereby increasing the yield, i. the efficiency and the energy yield, increases and on the other hand the emission of pollutants is reduced.
- the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide in the water ensures good cooling of the internal combustion engine, which has a positive effect on the total emission of pollutants.
- Both water and carbon dioxide can be recovered from the combustion exhaust gases.
- the conditioning of the fuel as well as of the water with carbon dioxide can be done in situ immediately before the injection and can be optimally mixed and injected depending on the engine condition (separately with separate water supply into the combustion chamber or together with the provision of so-called "hydraulic fuel")
- the liquid fuel is cooled, for which, for example, dry ice, Peltier cooling, liquid nitrogen, a cooling unit in the fuel supply of the combustion device or the air conditioning system of a motor vehicle can be used be realized, if the conditioning takes place immediately before the supply to the injection pump, as it has been shown above as an inventive alternative of introduction.This is true both for the conditioning of Kraftsto ffs as well as for conditioning the water as a combustion aid.
- the conditioned liquid fuel is obtainable in particular by the method according to the invention described above.
- the conditioned liquid fuel can in principle be industrially produced and offered through the normal network of distributors or distributors. But it is particularly useful to produce the conditioned liquid fuel on site, or to produce in situ.
- the present invention relates to the use of carbon dioxide to improve the combustion of liquid fuels, wherein first in a step i) a liquid fuel is provided.
- a liquid fuel is provided in a step ii) carbon dioxide at a temperature of - 75 ° C to + 175 ° C, preferably - 75 ° C to + 75 ° C, and introduced a pressure of 1 bar to 1, 000 bar, the introduction done in situ.
- a conditioned liquid fuel is obtained in situ.
- the conditioned liquid fuel is finally burned, i. thermally recycled, in particular converted into kinetic energy and / or thermal energy (combined heat and power).
- liquid fuels preferred according to the invention are also valid or preferred in this aspect.
- step iv) takes place according to the invention in an internal combustion engine or in a turbine for generating kinetic energy or in a burner for thermal energy production.
- the use according to the invention improves the combustion and emission properties of conventional liquid fuels through the step ii) the introduction of carbon dioxide.
- a jet of conditioned liquid fuel is atomized by the geometry of the injection nozzle and brought into strong turbulence, which tears the jet into fine droplets whose size depends on the viscosity of the fuel, the droplet size increasing Viscosity increases.
- the surface tension of the fuel also plays a role, that is, the lower the viscosity and / or the surface tension of the conditioned liquid fuel, the finer are the bubbles.
- the same effect with the same effect also occurs in carbon dioxide-conditioned water or so-called "hydro fuel”.
- the liquid fuel is diesel fuel or gasoline.
- the carbon dioxide is dissolved in water when it is introduced in situ into the liquid fuel.
- a fourth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of carbon dioxide for the conditioning of liquid hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, wherein first in a step x) a liquid hydrocarbon or a liquid hydrocarbon mixture is provided. In a subsequent step y) carbon dioxide at a temperature of - 75 ° C to + 175 ° C, preferably - 75 ° C to + 75 ° C, and a pressure of 1 bar to 1, 000 bar in the liquid hydrocarbon or liquid hydrocarbon mixture introduced. As a result, a conditioned liquid hydrocarbon or a conditioned liquid hydrocarbon mixture is finally obtained in step z).
- the definitions given above are also valid in this aspect, or preferred.
- liquid hydrocarbon or “liquid hydrocarbon mixture” is understood to mean the hydrocarbons already mentioned above for liquid fuels.
- liquid hydrocarbons can be used, that is to say saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, linear, branched, aromatic, polyaromatic and combinations, for example cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, and esters, ethers, acetals, hemiacetals, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, Thio-hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof (including the additives).
- the hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures used in this embodiment also include highly hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixtures with viscosities of up to 10 16 mPa * s, for example bitumen and asphalt.
- the fifth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of carbon dioxide to improve the winter performance of diesel fuel or gasoline, wherein diesel fuel or gasoline is provided in step I) and carbon dioxide at a temperature of -75 ° C to + 175 ° C in a step II) , Preferably - 75 ° C to + 75 ° C, and a pressure of 1 bar to 1, 000 bar in situ in the diesel fuel or the gasoline is introduced.
- a conditioned diesel fuel or a conditioned gasoline fuel is obtained.
- petrol fuel can be dispensed in this way on the environmentally harmful addition of low-boiling hydrocarbons, such as butane, which emit due to their high vapor pressure for the most part in the environment.
- FIG. 1 shows a diagram for the specific fuel consumption of a liquid fuel conditioned according to the invention in comparison with a series fuel
- FIG. 2a-d diagrams to illustrate the reduction of emissions
- 3a-d are diagrams for illustrating the reduction of emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) at different speeds by an inventively conditioned liquid fuel compared to a series fuel
- 4a-d are diagrams for illustrating the behavior of the smoke number at different rotational speeds in a liquid fuel conditioned according to the invention in comparison with a series fuel
- the present invention offers various possibilities for conditioning a fluid by means of carbon dioxide.
- the carbon dioxide can be introduced either directly into a liquid fuel or into a liquid combustion aid to be mixed with this.
- the carbon dioxide may be introduced into an already established mixture of liquid fuel and liquid combustion aid.
- a liquid fuel conditioned according to the invention is referred to as an "alternative fuel" in which the carbon dioxide has been introduced directly into diesel fuel.
- FIG. 1 shows, on the basis of experimental data, how the conditioning according to the invention of a liquid fuel, in this case diesel fuel, reduces the fuel consumption slightly but markedly compared with the same liquid fuel which was not conditioned.
- Replacing liquid fuel with carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) ultimately resulted in fuel savings of several percentage points.
- the diagrams shown in Figures 2a-d, 3a-d and 4a-d show the reduction of emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas and the behavior of the smoke number at different speeds when using according to the invention with CO2 conditioned liquid (in this case diesel -) Fuel compared with the same unconditioned fuel.
- the engine control was not set to the conditioning-modified fuel. By optimizing the engine control (eg injection timing, boost pressure, etc.), a further reduction in emissions and a further increase in efficiency can be expected.
- CO2 is produced as a by-product of the combustion of fossil fuels, which makes it not only possible to use this surplus, but also makes sense and is advantageous.
- CO2 itself is non-flammable and therefore can contribute to greater safety in combustion devices, in particular by overshadowing the liquid in a tank Fuel.
- a temperature-dependent concentration equilibrium forms with the atmosphere above the liquid fuel.
- non-flammable gases such as CO2
- CO2 can be obtained directly from industry, for example in refineries.
- conventional liquid fuels burn mainly to CO2 and water
- a procedural introduction of CO2 into the fuel on the already resulting exhaust gases is useful and advantageous.
- the CO2 present in the exhaust gas can be selectively separated and fed to an in-situ conditioning.
- CO2 was injected into a diesel fuel in a gas-tight sealable pressure vessel (autoclave).
- the injection pressure was 3 bar.
- the experiment was carried out at room temperature, the temperature being additionally kept low at about 10 ° C. by the addition of dry ice. As a result, a conditioned liquid fuel according to the invention was obtained.
- the engine test bench included a Mercedes engine CDI 220 (with an injection pressure of about 1, 800 bar (engine manufacturer: Daimler AG, engine code: OM 646 (two overhead camshafts, 1 6 valves): Displacement: 2.2 I. Power: 1 10 kW, torque: 340 Nm Injection: common rail direct injection with solenoid valve-controlled injectors, supercharging: turbocharger with variable turbine geometry).
- the engine test bench was also equipped with a tempered fuel balance to precisely determine the consumption. Subsequently, the work performed was started by means of an eddy current brake with defined performance characteristics at different speeds. Consumption and emissions (in this case especially carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and smoke number) were measured for each engine speed with the corresponding braking power (compare Figures 2a-d, 3a-d). The result of the experiments was that the combustion could be accelerated by the conditioning according to the invention with C0 2 . That is, through the effect of internal atomization, there was a faster and better combustion. As a result, the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions have been reduced. Despite the volume replacement of diesel fuel by CO2 consumption was at least identical, there were sometimes even lower consumption.
- the present invention can also be used advantageously for gasoline and gasoline engines.
- the conditioning according to the invention with CO2 had a positive influence on the knock resistance and the combustion of gasoline.
- C0 2 acted as an anti-preignment additive, that is, the better and more complete combustion reduced the combustion residues in the combustion chamber.
- the conditioning according to the invention with CO2 increased the winter suitability of gasoline fuels, in particular the cold-starting properties. Likewise, lower emissions and higher efficiency (and thus lower fuel consumption) could be achieved.
- LPG gaseous alkanes, especially methane, ethane, propane, butane, or mixtures of these alkanes
- LPG gaseous alkanes, especially methane, ethane, propane, butane, or mixtures of these alkanes
- this continuous, quasi-bivalent operation meant that part of the gasoline could be replaced by LPG.
- This not only resulted in financial savings from the cheaper gas (LPG), but also resulted in a more homogeneous mixture formation with the air, allowing a more uniform combustion and thus lower emissions, increased efficiency, saving petrol and quieter running properties.
- By an inventive conditioning of gasoline with LPG under high pressure and high gas components in gasoline can be realized.
- propane and butane can be easily liquefied and can be added to the petrol depending on pressure in almost any quantity.
- admixing just before injection (in situ) is the best method.
- the emulsion formed is unstable and must be prepared immediately prior to injection into the combustion chamber (eg by a scarab mixer). However, due to the high instability of this emulsion there is a risk of segregation and thus of a non-circular running of the engine. 1 b. with emulsifiers ("hydrodiesel").
- emulsifiers have been developed which form an absolutely thermodynamically stable emulsion of water and diesel fuel, sometimes in a matter of seconds, so that there is the possibility of adding this emulsion as a finished fuel to the tank. Likewise, it can also be formed immediately before combustion.
- the problem with the filling station solution is that the fuel is traded per liter and the added water throws the economic issue into the room due to the taxation of the total fuel.
- the water must be taxed with. Since the tax is very high, this concept has already been discarded in the past for economic reasons. In addition, significant amounts of emulsifiers are necessary (5% to 15%), which make this process more expensive. 2.
- the water is injected into the intake manifold or enter by means of ultrasonic nebulization.
- the water is injected separately into the engine compartment / combustion chamber.
- This ideal solution is considerably more complex than the injection in the intake manifold, but offers many possibilities for the absolute optimization of the combustion conditions. Injection time, injection duration and injection quantity can be varied and multiple injections can be realized. Thus, the water can then be used at least partially for optimal cooling and support for combustion.
- a biphasic mixture of water and commercial diesel fuel was treated with a CC water bubbler at 20 ° C and visually inspected.
- a two-phase mixture of water and diesel fuel was shaken vigorously by hand and allowed to stand for 5 minutes. After these 5 minutes, the two phases had already almost completely separated again, as shown in Fig. 5a can be seen.
- a biphasic mixture of water and diesel fuel was added to C0 2 at 20 ° C by means of the whirler, shaken vigorously by hand and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. From Fig. 5b can be clearly seen how the added C0 2 has improved the emulsion between water and diesel fuel. This improvement in emulsion is indicated by the degree of turbidity of the two phases.
- a "water diesel” specific to the engine situation can be provided, which exhibits significantly better atomization, cooling and combustion properties than a corresponding mixture without the conditioning according to the invention with CO2 ,
- Viscosity reduction a By introducing the gas into the fuel, a significant reduction in viscosity was observed. For C0 2 , the viscosity of some liquid fuels or hydrocarbons, or hydrocarbon blends, was reduced to less than one-tenth of the original viscosity. The incorporation (solution) of the small gas molecules between the larger fuel and hydrocarbon molecules, the molecular interactions between these could be reduced, the mobility increased, the viscosity decreased and also the surface tension decreased.
- the fuel may "spoil" in winter, paraffin crystals flocculate and clog filters, etc. Reducing CO2, in particular, has the potential to significantly lower the plating temperature.
- rapeseed oil has a higher density compared to diesel fuel and has a kinematic viscosity about ten times greater. So far, only small quantities in gasoline for so-called “multi-power units” can be replaced by vegetable oils, which could be increased by the addition of CO2 and improved combustion, reduced emissions and increased efficiency when using vegetable oils As so-called “biodiesel” so far it requires a transesterification to the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters in order to use these in regular modern engines. By redeeming enough CO2, these oils could also be used directly as fuel.
- CO2 acted as a flow modifier in the conditioning of the invention to improve the filterability and pumpability of the liquid fuel, which in practice can replace the preheating of heavy fuel oils for large marine diesel engines or for industrial processes.
- Conditioned liquid fuels according to the invention can act as Zündbevant because of the finer atomization.
- CO2 has a stabilizing effect on biphasic mixtures of water and fuel and can be used as an emulsifier which, in addition to its emulsifying effect, continues to produce the aforementioned positive effects.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
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US4770670A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-09-13 | Arco Chemical Company | Fire resistant microemulsions containing phenyl alcohols as cosurfactants |
US20020088168A1 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-07-11 | Tichenor Clyde L. | CO2-enriched, low, and very low, vapor pressure liquid hydrocarbon fuels |
DE10334897A1 (de) | 2003-07-29 | 2005-03-10 | Univ Koeln | Mikroemulsionen und deren Verwendung als Kraftstoff |
WO2010133625A2 (de) | 2009-05-19 | 2010-11-25 | Universität Zu Köln | Biohydrofuel-zusammensetzungen |
WO2011042432A1 (de) | 2009-10-05 | 2011-04-14 | Universität Zu Köln | Verfahren zur in-situ-herstellung von treibstoff-wasser-gemischen in verbrennungsmotoren |
US7958872B1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-14 | Michael Moses Schechter | Airless engine with gas and water recycling |
DE102011111197A1 (de) * | 2011-08-20 | 2013-02-21 | Wolfgang Günther | Entsorgung von Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) mit gleichzeitiger Effizienz |
WO2014207918A1 (ja) * | 2013-06-28 | 2014-12-31 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
Family Cites Families (1)
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US2747560A (en) * | 1952-09-04 | 1956-05-29 | Gen Motors Corp | Carbon dioxide as an anti-knock agent |
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2015
- 2015-09-09 DE DE102015115168.5A patent/DE102015115168A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2016
- 2016-09-09 DE DE112016004074.1T patent/DE112016004074A5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-09-09 WO PCT/DE2016/100420 patent/WO2017041791A1/de active Application Filing
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US4770670A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-09-13 | Arco Chemical Company | Fire resistant microemulsions containing phenyl alcohols as cosurfactants |
US20020088168A1 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-07-11 | Tichenor Clyde L. | CO2-enriched, low, and very low, vapor pressure liquid hydrocarbon fuels |
DE10334897A1 (de) | 2003-07-29 | 2005-03-10 | Univ Koeln | Mikroemulsionen und deren Verwendung als Kraftstoff |
WO2010133625A2 (de) | 2009-05-19 | 2010-11-25 | Universität Zu Köln | Biohydrofuel-zusammensetzungen |
WO2011042432A1 (de) | 2009-10-05 | 2011-04-14 | Universität Zu Köln | Verfahren zur in-situ-herstellung von treibstoff-wasser-gemischen in verbrennungsmotoren |
US7958872B1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-14 | Michael Moses Schechter | Airless engine with gas and water recycling |
DE102011111197A1 (de) * | 2011-08-20 | 2013-02-21 | Wolfgang Günther | Entsorgung von Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) mit gleichzeitiger Effizienz |
WO2014207918A1 (ja) * | 2013-06-28 | 2014-12-31 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
EP3018333A1 (de) * | 2013-06-28 | 2016-05-11 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Steuerungsvorrichtung für verbrennungsmotor |
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ANTOSHKIV, OLEKSIY; BERG, HEIN PETER; WAGNER, RODION, UNTERSUCHUNG DES OTTOMOTORISCHEN BETRIEBS MIT VERSCHIEDENEN KRAFTSTOFFMISCHUNGEN, 2007, pages 63 - 68 |
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DE112016004074A5 (de) | 2018-05-30 |
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