JP7386815B2 - 呼吸器疾患患者の肺増悪を軽減する方法 - Google Patents
呼吸器疾患患者の肺増悪を軽減する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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Description
この出願は、2018年5月31日に出願された米国仮出願第62/678,964号及び2018年7月23日に出願された米国仮出願第62/702,038号の利益を主張する。上記参照出願の全内容は、参照することで本明細書の一部となる。
アセビルスタットは、LTB4産生を調節し、CFにおける炎症過程を標的とする、1日1回の経口療法として開発中の、新規の合成小分子ロイコトリエンA4ヒドロラーゼ阻害剤である[Elborn et al.,2017a]。2つの第I相治験において、アセビルスタットは健康なボランティア及びCF患者のLTB4産生及び他の炎症マーカーを減少させた[Elborn et al.,2017a,Elborn et al.,2017b]。これらの有望なデータに基づいて、第IIb相治験であるEMPIRE CF(CFにおける肺の炎症反応の調節の評価:Evaluation of the modulation of the pulmonary inflammatory response in CF)を設計し、将来の臨床治験(複数の場合もある)の用量、期間及び評価項目を決定するために完成させた。研究は、CF患者の進行性の肺機能喪失の予防及び/又は肺増悪の軽減を示すように設計された新規な抗炎症療法の最初の実証実験であった研究計画、理論的根拠、及び結果を以下に記載する。調査対象集団の人口統計学も提示し、研究成果に対するそれらの重要性を検討する。
設計上の検討事項
以前の短期治験(12週間以下の治療)では、抗炎症医薬は、効果的な治療法の可能性があるにも関わらず、予測1秒間努力呼気容量パーセント(FEV1pp)の急激な変化、又は炎症のバイオマーカーの変化さえも引き起こさない場合があることが示されている[Elborn et al.,2012;Moss et al.,2013;Chmiel et al.,2015]。長期的な研究では、肺機能の低下の年率の減衰と並んで、増悪の軽減が示される可能性が高くなる。例えば、4年間の高用量イブプロフェン研究は、一般的なCF集団で、FEV1の低下率が減少していることが示されたが、有益性のより迅速な証拠は示されていない[Konstan et al.,1995]。本第II相治験では、そのような期間にわたって実施することはできない。これに基づいて、本研究では48週間の治療期間が検討され、より短い観察期間での変化を検出するために、より大きなサンプルサイズを使用した(以下の欄を参照)。
EMPIRE-CFは、CFの成人患者におけるアセビルスタットの有効性及び安全性を評価するための第II相多施設共同無作為化二重盲検プラセボ対照並行群間研究(NCT02443688)であった。この研究は、48週間の治療期間及び治療完了後4週間のフォローアップ通院からなった。スクリーニング通院は、最初の治験薬投与の21日前までに行われた(図2)。
患者は、米国、カナダ、及びヨーロッパの69の施設から登録された。全ての施設でCF治療及び臨床治験の実施が行われた。選択基準及び除外基準を表2に示す。簡単に言えば、CFの診断が文書化され、スクリーニング時にFEV1ppが50%以上で、前年に少なくとも1回の肺増悪があった18~30歳の成人女性及び男性を登録した。ベースラインの人口統計学を、以下の欄に示す。
患者は1:1:1で無作為化され、1日1回経口でアセビルスタット50mg又は100mg(米国ジョージア州アトランタのCeltaxsys)、又はカプセル剤として提供されるプラセボのいずれかを投与された。2つのアセビルスタット用量を、第I相試験で見られた血清LTB4産生の減少レベルに基づいて選択した。100mgの用量はほぼ最大のLTB4の減少(86%の減少)をもたらしたが、50mgの用量は約75%のLTB4産生のピーク減少を示した[Elborn et al.,2017b]。
主要評価項目は、FEV1ppのベースラインからの絶対変化及び安全性の成果であった。副次的評価項目は、肺増悪率及び最初の肺増悪までの時間、並びに肺及び全身性炎症のバイオマーカーへの影響を含んだ。分析については、「分析」という表題の欄に記載する。
患者の医学的状態
スクリーニング通院時に、治験担当医師は全病歴を記録し、完全な身体検査及び臨床検査を実施して、研究に対する適格性を判断した。スクリーニング通院では、人口統計学及び疾患の特徴、併用CF医薬(アイバカフトール又はルマカフトール等のCFTRモジュレーターの使用、ドルナーゼアルファ及び慢性アジスロマイシンの使用を含む)、緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)のコロニー形成の履歴、及びCFTR遺伝子型を記録した。過去12カ月の肺増悪の数及び最後の肺増悪の日付もスクリーニング時に記録した。
肺活量測定データを、スクリーニング及びベースラインの時に記録し、その後の通院時の他の全ての肺活量測定値は、理想的にはベースライン通院測定の±1時間以内に記録される。全ての試験は、品質に関する米国胸部疾患学会/欧州呼吸器学会の基準(許容性、再現性、及び試験終了基準)を満たしていた[Miller et al.,2005]。測定の一貫性を確保するために、肺活量測定法は、理想的には同じ研究者によって行われ、患者は全ての試みで最大限の努力を払うように指導された。患者は、定期的なスケジュールに従って、全ての彼らの併用医薬を服用することができたが、患者は、予定された肺活量測定時間の4時間以内に短時間作用型気管支拡張剤を使用しないこと、及び予定された肺活量測定時間の12~24時間以内に長時間作用型気管支拡張剤を使用しないことになっていた。
重篤な有害事象を含む、治療に起因する有害事象(TEAE:Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events)を各通院時に収集し、MEDRA器官別大分類及び基本語、重症度、並びに治験薬との関連性によって要約した。独立したデータ監視委員会が約8週間間隔で安全性及び研究の実施を監視した。
治験薬を用いる治療に対するアドヒアランスの評価は、3、5~9、11、13、及び15の通院時に治験担当医師によってカプセルを数えることに基づいていた。アドヒアランス評価の正確性を確保するために、カプセルを紛失又は破壊したかどうかを患者に尋ねた。
主要評価項目には最大の解析対象集団(FAP、n=52アセビルスタット50mg:n=52アセビルスタット100mg:n=52プラセボ)の156名の患者のサンプルサイズが必要であろうと想定された。ただし、プロトコル遵守(PP)分析(PP集団に含まれる患者の80%に基づく)に適切なサンプルサイズを確保するために、FAPのランダム化された患者数は195名であり、すなわち、各治療群でn=65であった。
適格な患者を、インタラクティブなWebベースの無作為化システム(IWRS)によって積極治療に無作為化した。無作為化は、ベースラインFEV1pp(50~75%及び>75%)、スクリーニング前の12カ月の肺増悪の数(1又は>1)、及びアイバカフトール、又はアイバカフトール+ルマカフトールのCFTR調節療法の使用(有/無)によって層別化された。スポンサー及び委託研究機関のスタッフと同様に、全ての患者、患者と直接接触する研究者、及びその他の人々には、治療の割り当てを知らせなかった。
主要評価項目
一次解析は分散分析(ANOVA)に基づいており、2つのアセビルスタットの用量に対するFEV1ppのベースラインからの48週目の変化の平均を、プラセボ群の平均と比較した。ANOVAモデルには、各用量群に対して個別の項が含まれ、ANOVAモデルからのパラメーター推定値を平均することによって作成された2つのアセビルスタット用量の平均が含まれた。治療群の項に加えて、ANOVAには無作為化に使用される因子の層別化が含まれた。一次解析(総アセビルスタット効果)が0.05レベルの有意性(片側)に達した場合、個々のアセビルスタットの用量は、0.05(両側)アルファレベルでDunnettの手順を使用してプラセボ群と比較する。
肺増悪を、最初の肺増悪までの時間及び肺増悪率の両方として分析した。最初のプロトコルで定義された肺増悪までの時間を、Cox比例ハザードモデルを使用して分析した。48週目/早期終了の通院を通じて報告されたプロトコルで定義された肺増悪の数を年換算し(1年を52週として定義した)、負の二項回帰を使用して分析した。2つの有効用量を個別にプラセボと比較し、一次解析に使用したものと同様のコントラストステートメントを使用して一緒にプールした。点推定、標準誤差、及び肺増悪の平均数に対する95%CIを提示した。各CTX-4430群間のプラセボとの平均の違いを、標準誤差及び95%CIと共に提示した。肺活量測定に基づく評価項目を、主要評価項目と同じ方法を使用して分析した。喀痰DNA及びエラスターゼ、並びに血清高感度C反応性タンパク質の分析は、治療群ごとの記述統計に基づいた。
喀痰細菌密度(緑膿菌(P.aeruginosa)、セパシア菌群(Burkholderia cepacia complex)、アクロモバクターキシロソキシダンス(Achromobacter xylosoxidans)、ステノトロホモナスマルトフィリア(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)、及び黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)[メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(S.aureus)及び黄色ブドウ球菌(S.aureus)の小型コロニー変異体を含む]の合計及びその密度)並びに健康関連の生活の質の分析(嚢胞性線維症質問票改訂版(CFQ-R)の生活の質の尺度[Quittner et al.,2000]を使用)は、治療群ごとの記述統計に基づいた。
合計200名の患者が研究に登録された。患者の平均年齢は23.7歳で、ベースライン時の平均FEV1ppは全体で70.6%であった。患者のほぼ3分の1がCFTRモジュレーターを併用していた。前年の増悪の平均数は2回であった全患者のほぼ半数が前年に1回の増悪を経験したのに対し、28.5%が2回、25%が3回以上の増悪を経験した。
この第IIb相研究では、嚢胞性線維症(CF)患者は、プラセボ、50mgアセビルスタット、又は100mgアセビルスタットの3つの治療群の1つに登録された(図2)。患者を、ベースライン肺機能(予測FEV1パーセント、FEV1ppで測定)、登録の前年の肺増悪の数、及びCFTRモジュレーター療法との併用治療の使用という3つの基準によって治療群全体で事前に層別化した。登録された患者を、48週間の治療及び治療後さらに4週間追跡した。研究の過程で、治療効果を評価するため、患者は肺機能の変化及び肺増悪の発生についてモニターした。
慢性炎症の有害な影響はCFでよく認識されている。CFTR突然変異は炎症のいくつかの側面に関係しているが[Rubin 2007;Perez et al.,2007]、CFTRモジュレーターは慢性肺炎症に完全には対処しておらず[Rowe et al.,2014]、この領域での治療は満たされていない重要なニーズとなっている[Torphy et al.,2015]。
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Claims (26)
- 嚢胞性線維症患者の肺増悪を軽減する方法における使用のための、アセビルスタットを含む医薬組成物であって、前記患者がベースライン時に70%を超えるFEV1ppを有し、前記方法が100mg以下の1日総用量でアセビルスタットを患者に経口投与することを含み、
アセビルスタットの投与を開始する前の12カ月間の肺増悪の数と比較して、前記患者がアセビルスタットの投与を開始した後の12カ月間に肺増悪の数の減少を経験する、及び/又は
前記患者が、アセビルスタットの投与を開始した後、少なくとも48週間、肺増悪を経験しない、
上記医薬組成物。 - 前記患者が、ベースライン時に75%以上のFEV 1 ppを有する、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者が、ベースライン時に75%を超えるFEV 1 ppを有する、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- アセビルスタットが50mg以下の1日総用量で投与される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- アセビルスタットが50mgの1日総用量で投与される、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- アセビルスタットが100mgの1日総用量で投与される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- アセビルスタットが50~100mgの1日総用量で投与される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者が追加の治療薬で同時に治療される、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記追加の治療薬が、粘液溶解薬、気管支拡張薬、抗生物質、抗感染症薬、CFTRモジュレーター、及び抗炎症剤である、請求項8に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記追加の治療薬がCFTRモジュレーターである、請求項9に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CFTRモジュレーターがCFTR増強剤及び/又はCFTR矯正剤である、請求項10に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CFTRモジュレーターがCFTR増強剤である、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CFTRモジュレーターがCFTR矯正剤である、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者が、少なくとも2つのCFTR矯正剤との、又は少なくとも1つのCFTR矯正剤及び少なくとも1つのCFTR増強剤との併用治療を受けている、請求項13に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CFTR増強剤がアイバカフトールである、請求項12及び14のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CFTR矯正剤がルマカフトール又はテザカフトールである、請求項13及び14のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CFTR矯正剤がルマカフトールである、請求項16に記載の医薬組成物。
- アイバカフトールとルマカフトールとの組み合わせが投与される、請求項14に記載の医薬組成物。
- 3剤併用レジメンが適用される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者が、CFTR増強剤及び/又はCFTR矯正剤との併用治療を受けていない、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者がF508del突然変異以外のCFTR突然変異を有する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者が、G551D、G178R、S549R、S549N、G551S、G1244E、S1251N、S1255P、及びG1349Dからなる群から選択される突然変異を有する、請求項21に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者がF508del突然変異を有する少なくとも1つの対立遺伝子を有する、請求項1~22のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者がF508del突然変異を有する1つの対立遺伝子を有する、請求項23に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記患者の両方の対立遺伝子がF508del突然変異を有する、請求項23に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記方法が、ベースライン時に患者のFEV 1 ppを測定すること、及びベースライン時に70%を超えるFEV 1 ppを有する患者に100mg以下の1日総用量でアセビルスタットを経口投与することを含む、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
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