JP7385221B2 - Adamts13を主成分とする診断薬および医薬品 - Google Patents
Adamts13を主成分とする診断薬および医薬品 Download PDFInfo
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Description
[1]以下の(1)から(3)をモニターするための、ADAMTS13のバイオマーカーとしての使用:
(1)肝障害、中でも肝非実質細胞障害の病態把握;
(2)肝虚血/再灌流障害;
(3)肝移植後の肝機能、特に肝非実質細胞機能の指標;または
(4)急性肝不全/劇症肝炎。
[2]肝障害が大腸がん化学療法後の肝障害である、上記[1]に記載の使用。
[3]哺乳動物から得られた試料中のADAMTS13活性を測定またはモニターすることを含む、以下の(1)から(3)に記載の方法:
(1)肝障害、中でも肝非実質細胞障害の検査方法;
(2)肝虚血/再灌流障害の検査方法;
(3)肝移植後の肝機能、特に肝非実質細胞機能の検査方法;または
(4)急性肝不全/劇症肝炎の検査方法。
[4]肝障害が大腸がん化学療法後の肝障害である、上記[3]に記載の方法。
[5]哺乳動物から得られた試料中のADAMTS13活性を測定する手段を含む、以下の(1)から(3)に記載のモニター用キット:
(1)肝障害発症モニター用キット;
(2)肝虚血/再灌流障害モニター用キット;
(3)肝移植後の肝機能モニター用キット;または
(4)急性肝不全/劇症肝炎モニター用キット。
[6]肝障害が大腸がん化学療法後の肝障害である、上記[5]に記載のモニター用キット。
[7]哺乳動物がヒトである上記[3]~[6]のいずれかに記載の使用、方法またはキット。
[8]ADAMTS13またはADAMTS13の改変体を有効成分として含有する医薬組成物。
[9]ADAMTS13またはADAMTS13の改変体を含む、肝障害、肝虚血/再灌流障害、肝移植後の肝機能障害および急性肝不全/劇症肝炎よりなる群から選ばれた疾患の治療剤。
[10]ADAMTS13の改変体が、ADAMTS13の活性発現最小単位であるメタロプロテアーゼドメインからスペーサードメインまでを含む分子である、上記[8]または[9]に記載の医薬組成物または治療剤。
[11]ADAMTS13の改変体が、ADAMTS13の1427個のアミノ酸残基のうち689番目のアミノ酸からC末端側が欠失したC末欠失改変体W688X(「ADAMTS13W688X蛋白」)である、上記[10]に記載の医薬組成物または治療剤。
[12]哺乳動物の肝非実質細胞中のADAMTS13活性の低減をスクリーニングすることを含む、哺乳動物における肝障害、肝虚血/再灌流障害、肝移植後の肝機能障害および急性肝不全/劇症肝炎よりなる群から選ばれた疾患の診断方法。
上記のように、本発明者らは、これまで顧みられることのなかった肝非実質細胞に着目し、その機能を評価することを特徴とする。ADAMTS13は、肝非実質細胞である肝星細胞で産生/分泌されるため、肝障害が強ければその血中活性値は著減し、その結果、血小板血栓の核となるvWF-Multimersを切断することができなくなり、血栓性微小血管障害(thrombotic microangiopathy;TMA)を引き起こすことになる。
本発明者らは、ADAMTS13ノックアウトマウスと野生型マウスを用い、肝虚血/再灌流障害モデルにおいてADAMTS13ノックアウトマウスで虚血/再灌流障害が増悪するか否かおよび組換えADAMTS13投与でその増悪が回復されるかを検討したところ、ADAMTS13ノックアウトマウスでは肝虚血/再灌流障害が著明に増悪すること、また、組換えADAMTS13投与により上記障害の増悪が完全に阻害されることを見出した。このことから、ADAMTS13は、肝虚血/再灌流障害に対して著明な保護効果を有することが示唆された。また、ADAMTS13はIRI後の炎症性サイトカイン発現を抑制することもわかった。
上記のように、肝移植に不可避である冷保存によって、肝星細胞により産生されるADAMTS13活性は著減すること、また移植肝が小さい程術後早期の活性値が低くなることから、肝移植後には程度の差はあれ全例でvWF/ADAMTS13不均衡が存在し、早期死亡例ではその不均衡が高度である。このことから、ラット部分肝移植モデルを用い、成人生体部分肝移植後に組換えADAMTS13を投与した場合の保護効果を検討した。20%部分肝移植後の生存率を調べたところ、4日目の生存率は100%であり、検体Samplingに優れ、同時に7日生存は60%であり、主要エンドポイントとして治療効果が生存に与える影響も評価可能であった。その結果、組換えADAMTS13の投与により、トランスアミナーゼ放出が抑制され、20%部分肝移植後の肝細胞障害が有意に軽減されることがわかった。また、組換えADAMTS13の投与により、LDH放出が抑制され、血栓性微小血管障害(TMA病態)が有意に軽減されることがわかった。病理学的にも移植肝の健常性が維持された。このことから、(成人)生体肝移植を模倣したラット20%部分肝移植モデルにおいても、組換えADAMTS13は移植肝の保護効果を有し、新規治療薬として有望であることが示唆された。
急性肝不全・劇症肝炎の死亡率は今日でも依然高く、その救命率は保存的(内科的)治療で4割、肝移植でも8割に留まる。本発明者らは、チオアセトアミド(TAA)を用いたラット急性肝不全モデルにおいて、組換えADAMTS13を投与すると生存率が急激に高まることを見出した。
本発明に使用されるADAMTS13は、vWFを残基Tyr1605とMet1606の間で切断するADAMTS(トロンボスポンジン1型モチーフを有するディスインテグリンおよびメタロプロテイナーゼ)ファミリーのメタロプロテアーゼを指す。本発明との関連においては、ADAMTS13は任意のADAMTS13、例えば、哺乳動物、例えば霊長類、ヒト(NP_620594)、サル、ウサギ、ブタ、ウシ(XP_610784)、げっ歯類、マウス(NP_001001322)、ラット(XP_342396)、ハムスター、スナネズミ、イヌ、ネコ、カエル(NP_001083331)、ニワトリ(XP_415435)などに由来するADAMTS13およびその生物学的に活性な誘導体を包含する。活性を有する変異体およびバリアントADAMTS13タンパク質も包含され、ADAMTS13タンパク質の機能的フラグメントおよび融合タンパク質も同様に包含される。さらに、本発明のADAMTS13タンパク質は、精製、検出またはその両方を容易にするタグをさらに含み得る。本明細書に記載のADAMTS13タンパク質は、治療部分またはインビトロもしくはインビボイメージングに適した部分によりさらに修飾されていてもよい。
本発明のADAMTS13または改変体は、治療、診断または他の用途のために製薬学的調合剤に処方することができる。例えば、静脈内投与のための調合剤に対しては、組成物を、通常、生理学的に適合しうる物質、例えば塩化ナトリウム、グリシン等を含み、かつ生理学的条件に適合しうる緩衝されたpHを有する水溶液中に溶解する。また、長期安定性の確保の観点から、最終的剤型として凍結乾燥製剤の形態をとることも考慮されうる。なお、静脈内に投与される組成物のガイドラインは政府の規則、例えば「生物学的製剤基準」によって確立されている。本発明のADAMTS13または改変体を有効成分として含有する医薬品組成物の具体的な用途としては、肝障害、肝虚血/再灌流障害、肝移植後の肝機能および/または急性肝不全/劇症肝炎等のADAMTS13の低下した患者あるいは本酵素の基質であるvWFの血中濃度が上昇した患者ないし炎症等でULVWFの出現が予想される患者への補充療法が挙げられる。
本発明によれば、肝障害の発症、肝虚血/再灌流障害または肝移植後の肝機能をモニターするための、ADAMTS13のバイオマーカーとしての使用が提供される。さらに、本発明によれば、哺乳動物から得られた肝非実質細胞試料中のADAMTS13活性を測定またはモニターすることを含む、肝障害の検査方法、肝虚血/再灌流障害の検査方法または肝移植後の肝機能の検査方法が提供される。
本発明はまた、哺乳動物から得られた試料中のADAMTS13活性を測定する手段を含む、肝障害発症モニター用キット、肝虚血/再灌流障害モニター用キット、および肝移植後の肝機能モニター用キットを提供する。
ラット(Wistar Rat, 雄性、250-270g)より全肝を摘出後、HTK液に単純冷保存6時間、24時間後の肝組織中 ADAMTS13活性値を測定した。対象として、保存なしのラット正常肝4例の平均活性値100%に対する相対比でプロットした(図1)。ADAMTS13活性は、FRET法(FRETS-VWF73: ペプチド研究所)にて測定した。
大腸癌化学療法の Key Drug の一つであるオキザリプラチンは高率に肝障害を来す。その病態の本質は、オキザリプラチンによる類洞壁細胞破壊からくる類洞閉塞症候群(Sinusoidal Obstructive Syndrome: SOS)とされている。このSOSの動物モデルとして最も汎用されているモノクロタリン投与モデルを用いて、投与24, 48時間後のADAMTS13活性値を、治療薬投与あり・投与なしで比較検討した(各群 n=5)。図1における方法と同様に、肝組織採取のうえ、FRET法にて定量した。
NC: 正常肝
A24: モノクロタリン投与24h後
A48: モノクロタリン投与48h後
T24: モノクロタリン+治療薬投与24h後
T48: モノクロタリン+治療薬投与48h後
2012年11月から2013年3月までに京都大学医学部付属病院 肝胆膵・移植外科にて施行した成人生体部分肝移植21例のドナー、レシピエントにおいて、術前ADAMTS13活性値と、肝不全の指標として世界中で最汎用されている MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease)スコアおよびChild-Pughスコアをモニタリングした。その結果、術前ADAMTS13活性値とMELDスコアおよびChild-Pughスコアは、非常にきれいな逆相関を示した(図3)。即ち、血中ADAMTS13活性値は、肝不全の指標として有用であると考えられる。
2010年10月から2012年3月までに京都大学医学部付属病院 肝胆膵・移植外科にて施行した生体部分肝移植95例において、レシピエントの術前~術後2週間までの連日、血中ADAMTS13活性値をモニタリングした。肝移植後早期には全例で血中ADAMTS13活性値が低下することが明らかである。
2010年10月から2012年3月までに京都大学医学部付属病院 肝胆膵・移植外科にて施行した生体部分肝移植95例を、小児例(n=29)と成人例(n=66)に分けて、その肝移植後ADAMTS13活性値を比較・検討した。
既出の成人例66例を移植肝重量/レシピエント体重比(GRWR)1.0%以上、1.0%未満の2群に分けて、その肝移植後ADAMTS13活性の推移を比較・検討した。GRWR<1.0%未満の27例では、>1.0%以上の39例に比して、その回復が遅延する傾向であった。
2013年7月から2015年3月までに京都大学医学部付属病院 肝胆膵・移植外科にて施行した成人生体部分肝移植20例で、血中のフォンビルブランド因子(vWF; 血小板血栓の核となり、生理的には止血機構の起点を担うが、血管内皮障害などでは血小板の過剰凝集を引き起こす病態の起点ともなる)と、血小板血栓の細断化酵素であるADAMTS13の 両者の活性値を測定し、比較・検討した(図7)。また、vWF/ADAMTS13の相対比(共に、正常人血漿中の活性値を100%とすると、その正常比は1となる)は、肝移植後の全患者でも10倍以上に(図8左)、早期死亡例では30倍以上も(図8右)血小板血栓形成傾向が高いことが判明した。
雄ADAMTS13KOマウス26(129/+Ter/SvJcl-TgH NCVC;8-12週, 25-30g)を国立循環器病研究センター研究所(大阪)から購入し、対応する野生型マウスを日本クレア(大阪)から入手した。部分温肝IRIのマウスモデルを用いた。全てのマウスをイソフルランで全身麻酔し、左葉・中葉への血流を遮断した。虚血90分後、虚血された肝葉に再潅流した。ADAMTS13の影響を調べるため、虚血侵襲(ischemia insult)に先だっておよび再潅流の前に組換えADAMTS13(化血研より提供;ADAMTS13W688X)を静注し(それぞれ20U/匹)、ついで再潅流の2, 6および24時間後に屠殺した。対照はPBSで処理した。Sham-operatedマウスも同様に処置したが、血管閉塞なしで行った。マウスは以下の3つの群に分けた(図9)。
1群:野生型マウス+PBS
2群:ノックアウトマウス+PBS
3群:ノックアウト+組換えADAMTS13
血清アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ(sAST)、アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ(sALT)および乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(LDH)レベルを、自動臨床アナライザー(JCA-BM9030, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan)を用いた標準分光光度法により測定した。血小板数は、Becton Dickinson QBC II Plus 4452 Automatic Blood Cell Counterにより定量した。
肝臓パラフィン埋設切片(厚さ4-μm)をヘマトキシリンおよびエオシンで染色した。肝臓IRIの重篤度(壊死、類洞壁充血(sinusoidal congestion)および空胞化(vacuolization))を0-429のスケールでのSuzuki基準(Suzuki's criteria)でブラインドグレードした。
再潅流後の肝臓の微小循環をレーザードップラーフローメトリー(laser Doppler flowmetry;O2C: oxygen to see; LEA Medizintechnik GmbH, Giessen, Germany)により評価した。虚血前の値に対する血流の相対変化を計算した。
FRETS VWF73法を用いた。簡単に説明すると、血漿試料を反応緩衝液(5mM bis-Tris, 25mM CaCl2, および0.05%Tween-20, pH6.0)に希釈し、ついで4μMのFRETS-VWF73(PEPTIDE INSTITUTE, INC., Osaka, Japan)基質溶液および10μlのプロテアーゼインヒビターカクテル(P8340, Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St Louis, USA)を加えた。インキュベート後、ナイーブ野生型マウス血漿を標準として用い、355nmで励起および460nmで放出する蛍光分光光度法(Fluoroskan Ascent FL, Thermo Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland)により測定した。
肝臓切片の脱パラフィン後、クエン酸緩衝液(10mM, pH6.0)により抗原を回収した。Protein Block Serum-Free(X0909, DAKO, Tokyo, Japan)で30分間ブロックした後、切片を一次ウサギ抗マウスCD42b(bs-2347R, Boston, Massachusetts)とともに1:200希釈にて4℃でインキュベートした。その後、切片をAlexa Fluor@ 594結合ヤギ抗ウサギIgG(H+L)二次抗体と反応させた。CD42b陽性領域を分析ソフトウエア(ImageJ, NIH, USA)により定量した。一次抗体の代わりに正常ウサギIgG(sc-2027, SantaCruz, CA)とともにインキュベートすることにより陰性対照スライドを調製した。
RNeasy Kit(Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands)を用いて全RNAを肝組織から抽出し、相補的DNAをOmniscript RT kit(Qiagen)により調製した。Fast SYBRR Green Master Mixを備えたStepOnePlusTM Real-Time PCR System(Applied BiosystemsR, Tokyo, Japan)を用いて定量的PCRを行った。増幅条件は以下のとおりであった:95℃(20秒)、95℃(3秒)、ついで95℃(15秒)、60℃(30秒)を45サイクル。標的遺伝子発現は、ハウスキーピング遺伝子GAPDHに対する比率により計算した。
データはすべて平均±SEMで表してある。実験グループ間の差異は、分散の二方向分析の後、不対データについてBonferroniの事後調査(Bonferroni's post-test)またはStudentのt検定を行うことによって分析した。計算はすべてGraphPad Prism 5(GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA)を用いて行った。すべての差異は<0.05のP値にて統計的に有意であると考えられた。
(1)ADAMTS13発現はIRIにより肝臓でダウンレギュレートされる
90分間温虚血に暴露された野生型マウスの肝臓において、血小板ADAMTS13活性およびADAMTS13のmRNAの定量を行った。血漿中のADAMTS13濃度は、生理状態と比べて再潅流の初期の段階で約36%に下がり、この低レベルは再潅流の24時間後まで維持された(図11)。RT-PCRで定量したADAMTS13の遺伝子発現は、虚血の時点から下がり、ついでIRIの間抑制された(図11)。これらの結果は、HSCsからのADAMTS13の産生が虚血の影響を受けること、およびHSCsが肝臓IRIにより障害を受けることを示していた。
90分の部分肝温虚血とその後の再潅流のモデルで肝機能を分析した。IRによる障害は、野生型に比べてADAMTS13-/-マウスで極度に悪化した。図11に示すように、再潅流後、24時間でのsAST、6時間でのsALTおよび6および24時間でのLDHレベルは有意に低下した。肝障害と一致して、末梢血の血小板数もADAMTS13-/-マウスで再潅流後に低下した(図11)。
肝IRの間のADAMTS13の機能を解明するため、組換えADAMTS13をマウスIRIモデルに投与した。組換えADAMTS13を虚血侵襲の前および再潅流の直前にノックアウトマウスに静注した。図14に示すように、6および24時間後のsAST、sALTおよびLDHレベルは、組換えADAMTS13処理をしなかったノックアウトマウスに比べて組換えADAMTS13で処理したノックアウトマウスで著増した。それゆえ、ADAMTS13処置はノックアウトマウスにおいて劇症肝細胞障害を改善した。図15の組織学的所見において、PBS処理したノックアウトマウスは、重篤な肝葉浮腫、鬱血、膨れ(ballooning)および壊死を示した。対照的に、ノックアウトマウスの増悪した肝障害は、組換えADAMTS13の補充によって再潅流の6時間後および24時間後のいずれにおいても有意に改善した。肝酵素と一致して、末梢血の血小板数もまた、組換えADAMTS13処理しなかったマウスに比べて6時間後および24時間後のいずれにおいても組換えADAMTS13投与によって顕著に改善した。
肝臓のCD42b染色は、ビヒクル処理したノックアウトマウスが野生型マウスと比較して類洞壁内に多量の血小板凝縮を示すことを明らかにした。図12および図13に示すように、CD42b陽性領域は、ノックアウトマウスに組換えADAMTS13を投与することによって有意に低下した。CD42b陽性領域は、末梢血の血小板数の低下とともにアップレギュレーションされ、IRIの間に血小板凝集が肝臓内で起きたことを示していた。
再潅流の24時間後、組換えADAMTS13処理しなかったノックアウトマウスの肝臓の肝血流は、野生型マウスに比べて約38%低下した。対照的に、組換えADAMTS13の投与はノックアウトマウスにおいて2時間後、肝臓内微小循環を有意に改善した。このことはADAMTS13の血漿活性と相関しており、ADAMTS13が微小循環の障害によって誘発されるIRIの重篤度を決定することを示唆している。
再潅流後6および24時間において、肝組織でのサイトカインおよびケモカインの発現に及ぼすADAMTS13欠損および組換えADAMTS13処置の効果を調べた。サイトカイン(TNF-α, IL-1βおよびIL-6)およびケモカインリガンド(CXCL-2)を定量的RT-PCRにより測定した(図17)。再潅流の6時間後、ADAMTS13欠損は野生型マウスに比べてIL-1βおよびIL-6の発現が著増した。対照的に、ADAMTS13処理はノックアウトマウスにおいて6時間後、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6およびCXCL-2の放出を有意に低減した。これら結果は、ADAMTS13が肝臓IRIに対して強力な抗炎症作用を有することを示している。
実施例8と同様の手順に従い、野生型マウスに組換えADAMTS13を投与することで肝虚血/再灌流障害に対する保護効果があるか否かを検討した。マウスを以下の2つの群に分けた。
1群:野生型マウス+PBS
2群:野生型マウス+組換えADAMTS13
上記の2群において、肝虚血再灌流前(pre)、虚血終了時(再灌流直前:0h)、再灌流2時間後(2h)、6時間後(6h)、24時間後(24h)に肝組織を採取し、定量的RT-PCR法にてvWFとADAMTS13の遺伝子発現を定量化した。House-keeping geneであるGAPDHとの相対比で示す。
(1)ADAMTS13発現はIRIにより肝臓でダウンレギュレートされる
90分間温虚血に暴露された野生型マウスの肝臓において、ADAMTS13のmRNAの定量を行った。その結果、ADAMTS13発現は、虚血終了時には虚血前値の1/4~1/5に下がり、この低レベルは再潅流の24時間後まで維持された(図10)。以上より、ADAMTS13産生細胞である肝・星細胞が肝虚血再灌流により障害され、全身のADAMTS13活性値が著減することが示された。
血小板血栓の核となるvWFの過剰発現と、その細断化酵素であるADAMTS13の著減は、IRI後の末梢血血小板数を有意に低下させたが、rADAMTS13の投与により、この血小板減少は有意に改善した。このことは、肝微小血管障害によるLDHの上昇を有意に低下させた(図23)。結果的に、肝微小循環の改善から、AST, ALTなどの肝逸脱酵素値は、rADAMTS13投与群で有意に低値であった(図25)。
CD42b陽性領域は、野生型マウスに組換えADAMTS13を投与することによって有意に低下した。CD42b陽性領域は、IRIの間に血小板凝集が肝臓内で起きたことを示していた。
組換えADAMTS13の投与は野生型マウスにおいて2時間後、肝臓内微小循環を有意に改善した。このことはADAMTS13の血漿活性と相関しており、ADAMTS13が微小循環の障害によって誘発されるIRIの重篤度を決定することを示唆している。
再潅流後6および24時間において、肝組織でのサイトカインおよびケモカインの発現に及ぼすADAMTS13欠損および組換えADAMTS13処置の効果を調べた。サイトカイン(TNF-α, IL-1βおよびIL-6)およびケモカインリガンド(CXCL-2)を定量的RT-PCRにより測定した。ADAMTS13処理は野生型マウスにおいて6時間後、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6およびCXCL-2の放出を有意に低減した。これら結果は、ADAMTS13が肝臓IRIに対して強力な抗炎症作用を有することを示している。
肝移植に不可避である冷保存によって、肝星細胞により産生されるADAMTS13活性は著減すること(図1)、また移植肝が小さい程術後早期の活性値が低くなること(図5および6)から、肝移植後には程度の差はあれ全例でvWF/ADAMTS13不均衡が存在し(図7)、早期死亡例ではその不均衡が高度である(図8)。このことから、成人生体部分肝移植後の組換えADAMTS13投与による保護効果について、ラット部分肝移植モデルを用いて検証した。成人生体部分肝移植をmimicする動物モデルとして、Lewisラット(雄性、250~300g)を用いて、その右葉+尾状葉のみを移植肝として用いる、ラット同所性20%部分肝移植モデルを作成した。
Claims (2)
- ADAMTS13またはADAMTS13の改変体を含む、急性肝不全/劇症肝炎の治療剤であって、ここでADAMTS13の改変体が、ADAMTS13の活性発現最小単位であるメタロプロテアーゼドメインからスペーサードメインまでを含む分子である、治療剤。
- ADAMTS13の改変体が、ADAMTS13の1427個のアミノ酸残基のうち689番目のアミノ酸からC末端側が欠失したC末欠失改変体W688X(「ADAMTS13W688X蛋白」)である、請求項1に記載の治療剤。
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