JP7305587B2 - 半導体装置および検査装置 - Google Patents

半導体装置および検査装置 Download PDF

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JP7305587B2
JP7305587B2 JP2020046497A JP2020046497A JP7305587B2 JP 7305587 B2 JP7305587 B2 JP 7305587B2 JP 2020046497 A JP2020046497 A JP 2020046497A JP 2020046497 A JP2020046497 A JP 2020046497A JP 7305587 B2 JP7305587 B2 JP 7305587B2
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semiconductor device
region
electrode
joint surface
electromigration
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JP2021150374A (ja
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光章 加藤
隆広 大森
章弘 牛流
智也 文倉
賢治 廣畑
哲也 釘宮
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Toshiba Corp
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Toshiba Corp
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Priority to JP2020046497A priority Critical patent/JP7305587B2/ja
Priority to EP20193077.3A priority patent/EP3882965A1/en
Priority to US17/005,362 priority patent/US20210296279A1/en
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Description

本発明の実施形態は、半導体装置および検査装置に関する。
各種の半導体デバイスから構成されるパワーモジュールは、パワーエレクトロニクス分野における基幹部品として幅広く使用されており、小型化および高出力化に向けた研究開発が進められている。小型化および高出力化の実現のためには、パワーモジュールの電流密度の増加、および、耐熱性能の向上が必要となる。しかし、電流密度の増加、および動作温度の上昇に伴い、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生が懸念されている。
エレクトロマイグレーションを抑制する技術として、例えば、ワイヤの直径およびワイヤボンディングの接合部の長さを特有の長さとした構成や、アルミ電極上にニッケル膜を設けた構成が開示されている。しかし、従来技術では、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生を効果的に抑制することが困難な場合があった。
特開平6-302639号公報 特開2009-76703号公報
本発明は、上記に鑑みてなされたものであって、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生を効果的に抑制することができる、半導体装置および検査装置を提供することを目的とする。
実施形態の半導体装置は、一対の電極と、一対の前記電極に電気的に接合された導電性連結部材と、を備える。一対の前記電極の少なくも一方と前記導電性連結部材との接合面の周縁の少なくとも一部が、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域を有する。前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、前記接合面の母材のエレクトロマイグレーションの拡散を抑制、または、電気伝導率を下げる、前記母材とは異なる添加物を含有した添加物含有領域である。
第1の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第1の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第1の実施形態に係る半導体装置の断面の模式図。 第1の実施形態に係る接合面の周縁の模式図。 第1の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第1の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 変形例に係る半導体装置の断面の模式図。 変形例に係る複数の接合面の模式図。 変形例に係る複数の接合面の模式図。 変形例に係る複数の接合面の模式図。 第2の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第2の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第3の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第4の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第5の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第6の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第6の実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式図。 変形例に係る半導体装置の模式図。 変形例に係る半導体装置の模式図。 第7の実施形に係る検査装置の模式図。 第7の実施形に係る検査装置の機能的構成を示すブロック図。 第7の実施形に係る情報処理の流れを示すフローチャート。
以下に添付図面を参照して、本実施の形態の詳細を説明する。
(第1の実施形態)
図1および図2は、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aの一例を示す模式図である。なお、本実施形態および後述する実施形態において、半導体装置10Aおよび後述する実施形態の半導体装置を総称して説明する場合には、単に、半導体装置10と称して説明する場合がある。
半導体装置10Aは、一対の電極16と、導電性連結部材21と、を備える。一対の電極16と導電性連結部材21とは、接合面24を介して電気的に接合されている。接合面24とは、電極16と導電性連結部材21とが電気的に接合される面を含む領域である。すなわち、接合面24は、配線部材18における電極16との接合面、および、電極16における配線部材18との接合面、により構成される。一対の電極16は、例えば、基板15上に電気的に接続されている。基板15は、電気絶縁層、電気伝導層を少なくとも1層以上含む基板である。
一対の電極16は、第1電極12と、第2電極14と、から構成される。本実施形態では、第1電極12がアノードとして機能し、第2電極14がカソードとして機能する形態を一例として説明する。このため、配線部材18を流れる電流(電子)の向きである電流方向Iは、第1電極12から第2電極14へ向かう方向である場合を、一例として説明する。また、本実施形態では、電流方向Iは、x軸方向に略平行な方向である場合を一例として説明する。
第1電極12および第2電極14は、少なくとも導電性連結部材21との接合面24および接合面24に連続する領域が、導電性を有する素材で構成されていればよい。
例えば、第1電極12は、半導体デバイスの表面電極である。この場合、第1電極12である表面電極が、導電性連結部材21と接合されていればよい。第2電極14は、例えば、基板の電極である。以下、基板の電極を、基板電極と称して説明する場合がある。この場合、基板電極が、導電性連結部材21と接合されていればよい。
半導体デバイスの半導体は、Si、Ge、SiC、GaN、SiGe、CdTe、ZnSe、CdS、HgCdTe、CdZnTe、GaAs、GaP、InP、GaAlAs、InGaAs、GaInNAS、InGaAlPなど、任意の半導体素材により構成される。また、半導体は端面の少なくとも一部に、上記表面電極である電極(半導体電極)を有する。半導体電極は、C、W、Cu、Ag、Au、Al、Ni、Pt、Fe、Ti、ITO、ZnOなど、任意の金属素材により構成される。また、表面電極の形状は、一般的に平面状である。
なお、表面電極に接続される部材は、半導体に限定されない。表面電極に接続される部材の電気伝導率は、配線部材18、および、第2電極14の電気伝導率よりも小さければ良く、2分の1以下であることが望ましい。また、表面電極の厚さは、第2電極14の厚さに比べて薄ければ良く、2分の1以下であることが望ましい。表面電極の厚さは、例えば、10μm以下であるが、この値に限定されない。
表面電極には、めっきが施されても良い。めっきの種類は限定されない。めっきは、例えば、Ni、Zn、Cd、ICr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Au、Ag、Pb、Pなどの素材で構成される。
第2電極14である基板電極は、C、W、Cu、Ag、Au、Al、Ni、Pt、Fe、Ti)、ITO、ZnOなど、任意の金属素材により構成される。また、基板電極の形状は、一般的に平面状であり、厚さは一般的に10μm以上である。
なお、第2電極14は、基板電極に制限されず、金属板、金属箔、リード、ワイヤ、リボン、またはバスバーなど任意形状で構成してよい。また、基板電極を形成する金属板、金属箔、リード、ワイヤ、リボン、またはバスバーは、配線部材18に接続される部分以外は、絶縁素材によって被覆されていてもよい。金属板、金属箔、リード、ワイヤ、リボン、またはバスバーなど任意形状は、接合前に予め形成されていても良いし、接合時に形成してもよい。
基板電極には、めっきが施されても良い。めっきの種類は限定されない。めっきは、例えば、Ni、Zn、Cd、ICr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Au、Ag、Pb、Pなどの素材で構成される。
導電性連結部材21は、第1電極12と第2電極14とを電気的に接合するための部材である。導電性連結部材21は、例えば配線部材18である。本実施形態では、導電性連結部材21が、配線部材18である場合を一例として説明する。
配線部材18は、第1電極12と第2電極14とを導通させるための導線となる部材である。配線部材18は、例えば、リード、ワイヤ、リボン、またはバスバーなどである。
配線部材18の構成素材は、導電性を有する素材であればよく、限定されない。配線部材18は、C、W、Cu、Ag、Au、Al、Ni、Pt、Fe、Ti、ITO、ZnOなど、任意の金属素材により構成される。なお、配線部材18の構成素材と、第1電極12および第2電極14の少なくとも一方の構成素材とは、同じであってもよいし、異なっていてもよい。
配線部材には、めっきが施されても良い。めっきの種類は限定されない。めっきは、例えば、Ni、Zn、Cd、ICr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Au、Ag、Pb、Pなどの素材で構成される。
なお、後述するエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられた場合、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の設けられた第1電極12、第2電極14、および配線部材18の構成素材とは、後述する添加物以外の素材を意味し、後述する母材に相当する。すなわち、本実施形態では、母材とは、第1電極12および第2電極14などの電極、並びに、導電性連結部材21(配線部材18、後述する接合材を含む)の全てを包含する意味で用いる。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Aは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を有する。
エレクトロマイグレーションとは、導体中の原子と導体を通る電子との相互作用により、原子が電子の運動量を受け取って運動する現象である。言い換えると、エレクトロマイグレーションとは、金属中を流れる電子が金属原子と衝突し、金属原子を輸送する現象である。言い換えると、金属原子の輸送により、ボイドやヒロックなどが発生する場合がある。このため、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生によって、金属原子の減少箇所の断線、短絡、絶縁不良、および抵抗増大、などが生じる。また、金属原子の移動によってひずみ・応力が増大すると、き裂発生などの機械的な劣化に繋がる可能性がある。本実施形態のエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生を抑制する領域である。
本実施形態では、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、添加物を含有した添加物含有領域である。添加物は、接合面24の母材のエレクトロマイグレーションの拡散を抑制、または、電気伝導率を下げる、素材である。母材のエレクトロマイグレーションの拡散とは、体積拡散、表面拡散、粒界拡散、および転位拡散の少なくとも1つである。接合面24の母材とは、接合面24を構成する配線部材18または電極16の構成素材である。すなわち、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、接合面24の母材とは異なる素材である添加物を添加した領域である。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、接合面24に上記添加物を添加することで形成される。具体的には、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、第1電極12、第2電極14、および配線部材18の少なくとも1つの接合面24に、上記添加物を添加することで形成される。添加方法には、公知の方法を用いればよい。
添加物は、接合面24の少なくとも一部に、接合前に予め添加しても良いし、接合中に添加しても良いし、接合後に添加しても良い。また、複数回、または、複数の領域に分けて添加物を添加しても良い。
添加物は、例えば、Al,u,Si,Ni,Cr,Mg,Au,Ag,Ta,Fe,MoW,Ti,Be,Nd,Fr,Nb,およびCoからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である。添加物は、これらの中でも、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制の観点から、Cu,Si,Ni,Cr,Mg,Ta,Fe,Ti,Be,Nd,Fr,Nbから選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、Cu,Si,Ni,Cr,Mg,Ta,Ti,Beから選択される少なくとも1種が更に好ましい。
添加物の種類は、添加対象となる接合面24の母材に応じて、適宜調整すればよい。接合面24の母材と異なる素材を添加物として添加することで、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が形成される。
例えば、接合面24(すなわちエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22)の母材がAlである場合を想定する。この場合、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に含まれる添加物は、Si,Cu,Nd,Mg,Fr,Ti,Mo,Ta,Nb,W,Ni,およびCoからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種、および、該群より選択される少なくとも1種とAlとの合金、の少なくとも一方である事が好ましい。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22における、添加物の含有量は限定されない。例えば、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22における添加物の含有量は、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制の観点から0.1質量%以上20.0質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.1質量%以上10.0質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、0.1質量%以上5.0質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Aでは、配線部材18における電極16との接合面24の周縁の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている。
図3Aは、図3Bの点線B3部分を+y軸方向に見た半導体装置10Aの断面図である。+y軸方向とは、図中のy軸方向を示す矢印の始点から終点に向かう方向である。なお、本明細書で用いる図中に示したxyz軸を表す表記において、“〇”印内に“×”印を表したマークは、紙面の手前側を始点とし、奥側を終点とする方向の矢印であることを意味する。また、本明細書で用いる図中に示したxyz軸を表す表記において、 “〇”印内に“・”(小さい黒丸)を表したマークは、紙面の奥側を始点とし、手前側を終点とする方向の矢印であることを意味する。
図3Aに示すように、例えば、半導体装置10Aは、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する。また、本実施形態では、半導体装置10Aの第2電極14は、上述した基板電極である場合を一例として説明する。
半導体装置10Aにおける配線部材18と第1電極12との接合面24は、接合面12Aと、接合面18Aと、から構成される。接合面12Aは、第1電極12における、配線部材18との接合面24である。接合面18Aは、配線部材18における、第1電極12との接合面24である。
配線部材18と第2電極14との接合面24は、接合面14Bと、接合面18Bと、から構成される。接合面14Bは、第2電極14における、配線部材18との接合面24である。接合面18Bは、配線部材18における、第2電極14との接合面24である。
本実施形態では、配線部材18側の接合面24である接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの各々の周縁の少なくとも一部が、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を有する形態を一例として説明する。図3Aには、配線部材18の接合面24の周縁の全領域に渡って、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている形態を一例として示した。
接合面24の周縁とは、接合面24の外周に沿った領域である。
図3Bは、図3Aの点線A3部分を+z軸方向に見た半導体装置10Aの断面図であるとともに、接合面24の周縁Mの説明図である。+z軸方向とは、図中のz軸方向を示す矢印の始点から終点に向かう方向である。接合面24の周縁Mとは、接合面24の外周Pに沿った領域である。詳細には、接合面24の周縁Mは、接合面24の外周Pから接合面24の内側に向かって所定幅の帯状の領域である。なお、接合面24の周縁Mは、接合面24の外周Pに沿った領域であればよく、接合面24の内側に向かって所定幅の帯状の領域に加えて、接合面24の外周Pから接合面24の外側に向かって所定幅の領域を含んでいてもよい。
周縁Mの所定幅は、配線部材18に印加される対象の電流強度や母材の構成素材などに応じて適宜調整すればよい。例えば、周縁Mの所定幅は、0.1μm以上50μm以下の幅であることが好ましく、0.1μm以上5μm以下の幅、などであるが、これらに限定されない。
なお、接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの周縁Mの一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていてもよい。
図4Aは、図4Bの点線B4部分を+y軸方向に見た半導体装置10Aの断面図である。図4Bは、図4Aの点線A4部分を+z軸方向に見た半導体装置10Aの断面図である。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Aでは、配線部材18の接合面18Aの周縁Mに、上記添加物を添加されたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている。また、配線部材18の接合面18Bの周縁Mにおける、配線部材18の電流方向Iの上流側端部領域に、上記添加物を添加されたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている。なお、接合面18Aの周縁Mの一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていてもよい。
上述したように、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aでは、半導体電極である第1電極12は、半導体13上に設けられている。一方、第2電極14は、基板電極である。
本発明者らは、表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12の厚みが薄い(例えば10μm以下の金属箔)ほど、接合面24の周縁M全体に電流密度が集中することを見出した。詳細には、本発明者らは、抵抗の大きい半導体13から、半導体13より抵抗の小さい厚みの薄い第1電極12に入った電流が、接合面24に集まることで、接合面24の周縁M全体に電流密度が集中することを見出した。
また、本発明者らは、基板電極(例えば、10μm以上の金属板)である第2電極14を用いた場合には、接合面24における内側の領域に電流密度が集中することを見出した。詳細には、本発明者らは、厚みの厚い基板電極であるほど、接合面24における内側の領域に電流密度が集中することを見出した。内側の領域とは、接合面24における、他の接合面24に対向する側の領域である。
このため、配線部材18の複数の接合面24の内、半導体電極である第1電極12による接合面24を構成する接合面18Aの周縁Mの全領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
また、配線部材18の複数の接合面24の内、基板電極である第2電極14による接合面24を構成する接合面18Bについては、周縁Mにおける少なくとも第1電極12側の領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
なお、接合面18Bにおけるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の電流方向Iの長さは、配線部材18に印加される対象の電流強度や母材の構成素材などに応じて適宜調整すればよい。例えば、接合面18Bにおけるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の電流方向Iの長さは、電流方向Iの上流側端部から0.1μm以上50μm以下の領域であることが好ましく、0.1μm以上5μm以下の領域であることが更に好ましい。
なお、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの各々のエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の厚みは、限定されない。エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の厚みとは、配線部材18の電流方向Iに直交する方向(図4A中、矢印Z方向、以下、厚み方向Zと称する場合がある)の長さを意味する。厚み方向Zは、電極16と配線部材18との積層方向に一致する。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の厚みは、0.1μm以上50μm以下の範囲であることが好ましく、0.1μm以上5μm以下の範囲、などである。エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の厚みは、配線部材18に印加される電流強度、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の母材の素材、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に含まれる添加物の種類、添加物の含有量、などに応じて、適宜調整すればよい。
次に、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aの作用を説明する。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Aでは、配線部材18に電流が流れると、以下の現象が生じると考えられる。なお、第1電極12側をアノードとし、第2電極14側をカソードとして電流が電流方向Iに流れる形態を想定して説明する。
まず、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていない構成の比較半導体装置を想定して説明する。比較半導体装置は、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていない点以外は、半導体装置10と同様の構成である。
本発明者らは、比較半導体装置の配線部材18内を電流方向Iに電流が流れると、アノードである第1電極12と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面12A、接合面18A)の周縁Mに電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現することを見出した。これは、上述したように、半導体13から抵抗の小さい厚みの薄い第1電極12に入った電流が、接合面24に集まることで、接合面24の周縁M全体に電流密度が集中するためと考えられる。
また、本発明者らは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていない場合、カソードである第2電極14と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面14B、接合面18B)の周縁Mにおける、電流方向Iの上流側端部領域にも、電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現することを見出した。これは、上述したように、カソードである第2電極14として基板電極(例えば、10μm以上の金属板)を用いると、接合面24における内側の領域に電流密度が集中するためと考えられる。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Aは、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの各々の周縁Mの少なくとも一部が、添加物の添加により形成されたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22である。
金属原子は、電流密度の高い箇所でより早く移動する。このため、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に含まれる添加物によって、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bにおける、電流密度集中、熱応力の発生、空孔濃度の増加・減少、静水圧応力の増加・減少、の少なくとも1つが抑制されると考えられる。
よって、本実施形態の半導体装置10は、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来る。
以上説明したように、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aは、一対の電極16と、一対の電極16に電気的に接合された配線部材18と、を備える。また、本実施形態の半導体装置10では、一対の電極16の少なくとも一方と配線部材18との接合面24の周縁Mの少なくとも一部が、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を有する。
このため、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aは、接合面24の周縁Mにおける、電流密度集中、熱応力の発生、空孔濃度の増加・減少、静水圧応力の増加・減少、の少なくとも1つを抑制することができる。
従って、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aは、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図ることができる。
また、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aでは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が、接合面24の周縁Mの少なくとも一部の領域に設けられている。このため、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aでは、エレクトロマイグレーションによる応力・ひずみの発生を抑制することができる。
このため、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aは、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来ると共に、機械的な劣化の抑制を図ることができる。
また、本実施の形態の半導体装置10Aでは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、接合面24の周縁Mの母材に添加物を添加することで形成された添加物含有領域である。
ここで、エレクトロマイグレーションは、導体中に、上記添加物を添加することで抑制される。ただし、添加物を添加することで電気伝導率の低下や機械的強度の低下が引き起こされる可能性がある。電極16や配線部材18の電気伝導率の低下および機械的強度の低下は、電力損失の増大や機械的な寿命に直結するため、添加物の含有量や含有箇所は可能な限り少ないことが望ましいと考えられる。
一方、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aでは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、接合面24の周縁Mの少なくとも一部の領域、といった特定の領域に添加物を添加することで形成された領域である。
このため、本実施形態の半導体装置10Aは、添加物の添加による電極16および配線部材18の電気抵抗率および機械的強度の低下を抑制しつつ、且つ、エレクトロマイグレーションを抑制することができる。
なお、添加物は、配線部材18の接合面24の少なくとも一部に、接合前に予め添加しても良いし、接合中に添加しても良いし、接合後に添加しても良い。また、複数回、または、複数の領域に分けて添加物を添加しても良い。
なお、半導体装置10Aは、配線部材18における、接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの少なくとも一方の周縁Mの少なくとも一部が、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を有する構成であればよい。このため、接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの一方のみの、周縁Mの少なくとも一部が、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を有していてもよい。
(変形例1)
上記実施形態では、図3Aに示すように、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する構成を一例として説明した。また、上記実施形態では、半導体装置10の第2電極14は、基板電極である場合を一例として説明した。しかし、半導体装置10は、第1電極12および第2電極14の双方を、基板電極として構成してもよい。
図5は、本変形例の半導体装置10A’の断面図であり、図3Aと同様の位置・方向の断面を表している。
半導体装置10A’は、第1電極12に代えて第1電極12’を備える点以外は、上記実施形態の半導体装置10Aと同様の構成である。第1電極12’は、基板電極である。
上述したように、本発明者らは、基板電極(例えば、10μm以上)を用いた場合には、接合面24における内側の領域に電流密度が集中することを見出した。
このため、第1電極12および第2電極14を上記基板電極として構成する場合には、接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの双方の周縁Mにおける、少なくとも内側の領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
(変形例2)
上記実施形態では、配線部材18と電極16との接合面24が、2つである場合を一例として説明した。しかし、配線部材18と電極16との接合面24は、複数であってもよい。
図6A~図6Cは、配線部材18と電極16との接合面24が複数である場合の一例の断面図であり、図3Bと同様の位置・方向の断面を表している。
図6Aには、半導体装置10Aが、電流方向Iの上流側から下流側に向かって、4つの接合面24(接合面24A~接合面24D)を有する場合を一例として示した。また、図6Aには、電流方向Iの最上流側の接合面24Aを構成する電極16が、半導体電極16Aである場合を一例として示した。また、図6Aには、電流方向Iの最上流側の接合面24A以外の接合面24(接合面24B~接合面24D)を構成する電極16が、基板電極16Bである場合を一例として示した。
上述したように、本発明者らは、半導体電極の厚みが薄い(例えば10μm以下)ほど、接合面24の周縁M全体に電流密度が集中することを見出した。また、本発明者らは、基板電極(例えば、10μm以上)を用いた場合には、接合面24における内側の領域に電流密度が集中することを見出した。
このため、図6Aに示す構成の場合、電流方向Iの最上流に配置された半導体電極16Aによる接合面24Aについては、接合面24Aの周縁Mの全領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
また、複数の接合面24の内、電流方向Iの最上流側の接合面24A以外の接合面24(接合面24B~接合面24D)については、接合面24の周縁Mにおける少なくとも他の接合面24に対向する領域である内側の領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
図6Bには、半導体装置10Aが、電流方向Iの上流側から下流側に向かって、4つの接合面24(接合面24A~接合面24D)を有する場合を一例として示した。また、図6Bには、電流方向Iの最上流側の接合面24Aに対して下流側に隣接する接合面24Bを構成する電極16が、半導体電極16Aである場合を一例として示した。また、図6Bには、該接合面24B以外の接合面24(接合面24A、接合面24C、接合面24D)を構成する電極16が、基板電極16Bである場合を一例として示した。
図6Bに示す構成の場合、半導体電極16Aによる接合面24Bについては、接合面24Bの周縁Mの全領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
また、複数の接合面24の内、基板電極16Bによる接合面24(接合面24A、接合面24C、接合面24D)については、接合面24の周縁Mにおける少なくとも他の接合面24に対向する領域である内側の領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
図6Cには、半導体装置10Aが、電流方向Iの上流側から下流側に向かって、4つの接合面24(接合面24A~接合面24D)を有する場合を一例として示した。また、図6Cには、全ての接合面24(接合面24A~接合面24B)を構成する電極16が、基板電極16Bである場合を一例として示した。
図6Cに示す構成の場合、基板電極16Bによる接合面24である接合面24A~接合面24Dの全てについて、接合面24の周縁Mにおける少なくとも他の接合面24に対向する領域である内側の領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
(第2の実施形態)
本実施形態では、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が電極16側に設けられた形態を説明する。エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22は、第1の実施形態と同様に、上記添加物を含有した添加物含有領域である。
図7Aは、図7Bの点線B7部分を+y軸方向に見た半導体装置10Bの断面図である。図7Bは、図7Aの点線A7部分を-z軸方向に見た半導体装置10Bの断面図である。-z軸方向とは、図中のz軸方向を示す矢印の終点から始点に向かう方向である。半導体装置10Bは、半導体装置10の一例である。なお、第1の実施形態と同様の構成の部分には、同じ符号を付与して詳細な説明を省略する。
図7Aは、半導体装置10Bの断面図である。図7Bは、半導体装置10Bの平面図である。
半導体装置10Bは、一対の電極16(第1電極12、第2電極14)と、配線部材18と、を備える。上記実施形態と同様に、半導体装置10Bは、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する。また、本実施形態では、半導体装置10Bの第2電極14は、上述した基板電極である場合を一例として説明する。半導体装置10Bは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の設けられた位置が異なる点以外は、第1の実施形態の半導体装置10と同様の構成である。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Bでは、電極16(第1電極12、第2電極14)の接合面24(接合面12A、接合面14B)に、上記添加物を添加されたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている。詳細には、半導体装置10Bでは、第1電極12の接合面12Aの周縁Mに、上記添加物を添加されたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている。また、半導体装置10Bでは、接合面14Bの周縁Mにおける、配線部材18の電流方向Iの上流側端部領域に、上記添加物を添加されたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている。
なお、接合面12Aおよび接合面14Bの双方の周縁Mの全領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていてもよい。また、接合面12Aの周縁Mの一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていてもよい。
第1の実施形態で説明したように、本発明者らは、表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12の厚みが薄いほど、接合面24の周縁M全体に電流密度が集中することを見出した。また、本発明者らは、基板電極を用いた場合には、接合面24における内側の領域に電流密度が集中することを見出した。
このため、配線部材18の複数の接合面24の内、厚みの薄い半導体電極である第1電極12による接合面24を構成する接合面12Aの周縁Mの全領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
また、配線部材18の複数の接合面24の内、基板電極である第2電極14による接合面24を構成する接合面14Bについては、周縁Mにおける少なくとも第1電極12側の領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
なお、接合面14Bにおけるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の電流方向Iの長さは、配線部材18に印加される対象の電流強度や母材の構成素材などに応じて適宜調整すればよい。例えば、接合面14Bにおけるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の電流方向Iの長さは、電流方向Iの上流側端部から0.1μm以上50μm以下の領域であることが好ましく、0.1μm以上5μm以下の領域であることが更に好ましい。
なお、電極16の接合面12Aおよび接合面14Bの各々のエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の厚みは、限定されない。電極16におけるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22の厚みは、上記第1の実施形態と同様とすればよい。
次に、本実施形態の半導体装置10Bの作用を説明する。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Bでは、配線部材18に電流が流れると、以下の現象が生じると考えられる。なお、第1電極12側をアノードとし、第2電極14側をカソードとして電流が電流方向Iに流れる形態を想定して説明する。
第1の実施形態で説明したように、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていない比較半導体装置の配線部材18内を電流方向Iに電流が流れると、アノードである第1電極12と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面12A、接合面18A)の周縁Mに電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。また、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていない場合、カソードである第2電極14と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面14B、接合面18B)の周縁Mにおける、電流方向Iの上流側端部領域にも、電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。
一方、本実施形態の半導体装置10Bは、第1電極12の接合面12A、および、第2電極14接合面14B、の各々の周縁Mの少なくとも一部の領域に、添加物の添加により形成されたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられている。
このため、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に含まれる添加物によって、第1電極12の接合面12A、および、第2電極14の接合面14B、の各々における、電流密度集中、熱応力の発生、空孔濃度の増加・減少、静水圧応力の増加・減少、の少なくとも1つが抑制されると考えられる。
従って、本実施形態の半導体装置10Bは、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来る。
なお、本実施の形態の半導体装置10Bは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に加えて、上記第1の実施形態で説明したエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を更に有する構成であってもよい。すなわち、半導体装置10Bは、電極16側の接合面24と、配線部材18側の接合面24と、の双方に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を有する構成であってもよい。
また、本実施形態では、第1電極12が半導体13上に積層された半導体電極であり、第2電極14が基板電極である場合を一例として説明した。
しかし、半導体装置10Bは、上記実施形態の半導体装置10Aと同様に、第1電極12および第2電極14の双方を、基板電極として構成してもよい(図5参照)。
この場合、上記第1の実施形態および上記変形例と同様に、基板電極である第1電極12および第2電極14の各々の接合面24の周縁Mにおける、少なくとも他の接合面24に対向する一部の領域に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22が設けられていることが好ましい。
なお、添加物は、電極16の接合面24の少なくとも一部に、接合前に予め添加しても良いし、接合中に添加しても良いし、接合後に添加しても良い。また、複数回、または、複数の領域に分けて添加物を添加しても良い。
(第3の実施形態)
図8は、本実施形態の半導体装置10Cの断面図であり、図3Bと同様の位置・方向の断面を表している。本実施形態では、配線部材18の接合面24の形状を特有の形状とし、該特有の形状の領域を、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23とする形態を説明する。なお、第1の実施形態と同様の構成の部分には、同じ符号を付与して詳細な説明を省略する。
半導体装置10Cは、一対の電極16(第1電極12、第2電極14)と、配線部材18と、を備える。上記実施形態と同様に、半導体装置10Cは、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する。第2電極14は、基板電極である。半導体装置10Cは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に代えてエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23を備える点以外は、第1の実施形態の半導体装置10Aと同様の構成である。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23は、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの少なくとも一方における、周縁Mの少なくとも一部の断面形状が、フィレット形状とされた領域である。フィレット形状の領域であるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23は、具体的には、断面形状が円弧状の領域である。フレット形状は、裾広がりの形状、と称される場合もある。断面形状とは、配線部材18を厚み方向Zに切断した断面形状である。厚み方向Zの定義は、上記実施形態と同様である。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Cでは、配線部材18の接合面18Aの周縁Mが、フィレット形状の領域であるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23とされている。また、配線部材18の接合面18Bの周縁Mにおける、配線部材18の電流方向Iの上流側端部領域が、フィレット形状の領域であるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23とされている。
なお、接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの双方の周縁Mの全周がフィレット形状とされることで、これらの周縁Mの全領域をエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23とした構成であってもよい。また、接合面18Aの周縁Mの一部がフィレット形状とされることで、該フィレット形状とされた領域をエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23として構成してもよい。
上述したように、本実施形態の半導体装置10Cでは、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する。一方、第2電極14は、基板電極である。
このため、配線部材18の複数の接合面24の内、第1電極12による接合面24を構成する接合面18Aの周縁Mの全周が、フィレット形状とされている事が好ましい。また、第2電極14による接合面24を構成する接合面18Bについては、周縁Mにおける少なくとも第1電極12側の領域の一部が、フィレット形状とされている事が好ましい。
フィレット形状は、配線部材18を電極16へ超音波接合する際に形成すればよい。また、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bを、予めフィレット形状に成形した上で、電極16へ接合してもよい。また、電極16側の接合面24に、フィレット形状のエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23を構成する凸部を予め形成する。そして、該凸部に配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの各々を接合することで、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23を形成してもよい。
次に、本実施形態の半導体装置10Cの作用を説明する。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Cでは、配線部材18に電流が流れると、以下の現象が生じると考えられる。なお、第1電極12側をアノードとし、第2電極14側をカソードとして電流が電流方向Iに流れる形態を想定して説明する。
第1の実施形態で説明したように、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22またはエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23が設けられていない比較半導体装置の配線部材18内を電流方向Iに電流が流れると、アノードである第1電極12と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面12A、接合面18A)の周縁Mに電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。また、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22またはエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23が設けられていない場合、カソードである第2電極14と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面14B、接合面18B)の周縁Mにおける、電流方向Iの上流側端部領域にも、電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。
一方、本実施形態の半導体装置10Cは配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの各々の周縁Mの少なくとも一部が、フィレット形状とされたエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23である。
このため、フィレット形状とされることで、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bにおける、電流密度集中、熱応力の発生、空孔濃度の増加・減少、静水圧応力の増加・減少、の少なくとも1つが抑制されると考えられる。
従って、本実施形態の半導体装置10Cは、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来る。
なお、本実施の形態の半導体装置10Cは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23に加えて、上記実施形態で説明したエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22を更に有する構成であってもよい。
また、本実施形態では、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する構成を説明した。また、本実施形態では、第2電極14が基板電極である場合を一例として説明した。
しかし、半導体装置10Cは、上記実施形態の半導体装置10A’と同様に、第1電極12および第2電極14の双方を、基板電極として構成してもよい(図5参照)。
この場合、上記第1の実施形態と同様に、基板電極である第1電極12および第2電極14の各々を構成する接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの双方について、周縁Mにおける少なくとも他の接合面24に対向する領域が、フィレット形状とされている事が好ましい。
(第4の実施形態)
図9は、本実施形態の半導体装置10Dを、+z軸方向に離れた視点から、-z軸方向に見た図である。本実施形態では、配線部材18の電流方向I両端部のサイズを特有のサイズとすることで、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25とする形態を説明する。なお、第1の実施形態と同様の構成の部分には、同じ符号を付与して詳細な説明を省略する。
半導体装置10Dは、一対の電極16(第1電極12、第2電極14)と、配線部材18と、を備える。上記実施形態と同様に、半導体装置10Dは、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する。なお、図9では半導体13の記載を省略した。第2電極14は、基板電極である。なお、上記実施形態と同様に、第1電極12および第2電極14の双方が、基板電極であってもよい。半導体装置10Dは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に代えてエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25を備える点以外は、第1の実施形態の半導体装置10Aと同様の構成である。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25は、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの少なくとも一方の周縁Mを含む領域であり、配線部材18の本体部の断面積より大きい領域である。配線部材18の本体部とは、配線部材18における電流方向Iの中央部を意味する。断面積とは、配線部材18内を流れる電流の電流方向Iに対して直交する直交断面の面積である。
具体的には、例えば、配線部材18の接合面18Aの断面積は、図9中、直径A’の円状領域の断面積である。また、例えば、配線部材18の接合面18Bの断面積は、図9中、直径Aの円状領域の断面積である。また、配線部材18の本体部の断面積は、例えば、図9中、直径Bの円状領域の断面積である。なお、接合面18A、接合面18B、および配線部材18の本体部、の電流方向Iに沿った断面形状は、円形状に限定されない。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25の断面積は、配線部材18の本体部の断面積より大きければよいが、1.1倍以上5倍以下が好ましく、1.5倍以上3倍以下が更に好ましい。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25は、配線部材18を電極16へ超音波接合する際に形成すればよい。また、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bを、配線部材18の本体部より拡大した形状に成形した上で、電極16へ接合してもよい。また、電極16側の接合面24に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25を構成する凸部を予め形成する。そして、該凸部に配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの各々を接合することで、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25を形成してもよい。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Dでは、配線部材18に電流が流れると、以下の現象が生じると考えられる。なお、第1電極12側をアノードとし、第2電極14側をカソードとして電流が電流方向Iに流れる形態を想定して説明する。
第1の実施形態で説明したように、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23、またはエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25が設けられていない比較半導体装置の配線部材18内を電流方向Iに電流が流れると、アノードである第1電極12と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面12A、接合面18A)の周縁Mに電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。また、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23、またはエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25が設けられていない場合、カソードである第2電極14と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面14B、接合面18B)の周縁Mにおける、電流方向Iの上流側端部領域にも、電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。
一方、本実施形態の半導体装置10Dは、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bの各々の周縁Mを含む領域の断面積が、配線部材18の本体部の断面積より大きい。
このため、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bにおける、電流密度集中、熱応力の発生、空孔濃度の増加・減少、静水圧応力の増加・減少、の少なくとも1つが抑制されると考えられる。
従って、本実施形態の半導体装置10Dは、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来る。
(第5の実施形態)
図10は、本実施形態の半導体装置10Eの断面図であり、図3Bと同様の位置・方向の断面を表している。本実施形態では、電極16における、接合面24の周縁Mを含む領域の厚みを調整することで、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27とする形態を説明する。なお、第1の実施形態と同様の構成の部分には、同じ符号を付与して詳細な説明を省略する。
半導体装置10Eは、一対の電極16(第1電極12、第2電極14)と、配線部材18と、を備える。上記実施形態と同様に、半導体装置10Eは、半導体13の端面の一部に上記表面電極(半導体電極)である第1電極12を有する。第2電極14は、基板電極である。半導体装置10Eは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22に代えてエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27を備える点以外は、第1の実施形態の半導体装置10と同様の構成である。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27は、第1電極12の一部であり、第1電極12の接合面12Aの周縁Mを含む領域である。
エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27は、電流方向Iの上流側および下流側に向かって接合面12Aから離れた位置から接合面12Aに近づくほど、段階的または連続的に厚みの大きい領域であることが好ましい。
また、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27は、第1電極12および第2電極14の少なくとも一方に設けられていればよく、第1電極12のみに設けられた構成に限定されない。
上述したように、本実施形態の半導体装置10Eでは、半導体電極である第1電極12は、半導体13上に設けられている。一方、第2電極14は、基板電極である。
このため、配線部材18の複数の接合面24の内、少なくとも、半導体電極である第1電極12による接合面24を構成する接合面12Aに、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27が設けられていることが好ましい。
第1の実施形態で説明したように、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25、またはエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27が設けられていない比較半導体装置の配線部材18内を電流方向Iに電流が流れると、アノードである第1電極12と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面12A、接合面18A)の周縁Mに電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。また、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25、またはエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27が設けられていない場合、カソードである第2電極14と配線部材18との接合面24(接合面14B、接合面18B)の周縁Mにおける、電流方向Iの上流側端部領域にも、電流密度、空孔濃度、および静水圧応力のピークが出現する。
一方、本実施形態の半導体装置10Eは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27を有する。エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27は、第1電極16の一部であり、電極16の接合面24の周縁Mを含む領域である。
このため、配線部材18の接合面18Aおよび接合面18Bにおける、電流密度集中、熱応力の発生、空孔濃度の増加・減少、静水圧応力の増加・減少、の少なくとも1つが抑制されると考えられる。
従って、本実施形態の半導体装置10Dは、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来る。
なお、本実施の形態の半導体装置10Eは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27に加えて、上記実施形態で説明したエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23、およびエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25の少なくとも1つを更に組み合わせた構成であってもよい。
(第6の実施形態)
上記実施形態では、導電性連結部材21が、配線部材18である形態を一例として説明した。本実施形態では、導電性連結部材21が、接合材である形態を説明する。
図11Aは、図11Bの点線B11部分を+y軸方向に見た半導体装置10Fの一例を表す断面図である。図11Bは、図11Aの点線A11部分を+z軸方向に見た半導体装置10Fの一例を表す断面図である。
半導体装置10Fは、半導体40と、基板電極42と、接合材19と、を備える。また、半導体装置10Fは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29を備える。
半導体40は、第1の実施形態の、半導体電極である第1電極12と同様である。基板電極42は、第1の実施形態の、基板電極である第2電極14と同様である。
接合材19は、導電性連結部材21の一例である。接合材19は、半導体40と基板電極42とを導通させるための部材である。接合材19は、例えば、はんだ、である。
接合材19の構成素材は、融点が低く、導電性を有する素材であればよく、限定されない。接合材19は、例えば、Sn、Ag、Cu、Ni、P、Ge、Bi、In、Ni、Sb、Pbなどの素材で構成される。接合材の形状・形態は限定されない。例えば、ペースト、ワイヤ、板、ボール、リボン、チップなどの形状・形態が存在する。ワイヤ、板、ボール、リボン、チップ等の形状は、接合前に予め形成されていても良いし、接合時に形成してもよい。接合前に形状が形成されるはんだは、一般的にプリフォームはんだとも呼ばれる。
接合材19には、めっきが施されても良い。めっきの種類は限定されない。めっきは、例えば、Ni、Zn、Cd、ICr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Au、Ag、Pb、Pなどの素材で構成される。
基板電極42と接合材19とは、接合面34で接合されている。接合面34は、接合材19と基板電極42とが電気的に接合される面を含む領域である。半導体40と接合材19とは、接合面35で接合されている。接合面35は、接合材19と半導体40とが電気的に接合される面を含む領域である。
本実施形態の半導体装置10Fは、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29を有する。エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29は、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22と同様に、接合面34の母材の粒界拡散を抑制するか、電気伝導率を低下させる素材を含有した領域である。添加物の一例は、第1の実施形態の添加物と同様である。
本実施形態では、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29は、接合材19における、基板電極42と接する接合面34の、電流が主に通過する全ての辺に設けられている。すなわち、本実施形態の半導体装置10Fでは、接合面34の周縁Mの少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられている。
ここで、半導体装置10Fでは、電流方向Iは、基板電極42から半導体40へ向かう方向である。本発明者らは、基板電極42から接合材19に電流が入る過程で、接合面34の周縁Mに電流密度が集中することを見出した。
一方、本実施形態の半導体装置10Fでは、接合材19における、基板電極42との接合面34の周縁Mの少なくとも一部の領域に、添加物の添加された領域であるエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられている。
このため、半導体装置10Fは、上記実施形態と同様に、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来る。
(変形例3)
上記第6の実施形態では、接合面34の周縁Mの少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられた形態を一例として説明した。
しかし、接合面34および接合面35の周縁Mの少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられた形態であってもよい。
上記第6の実施形態では、x軸方向のみから接合材19に電流が入る形態を1例として説明した。一方、基板電極42がy軸方向に伸びており、y軸方向から電流が接合材19に流入する場合には、接合材19の周縁Mのy軸方向の端部の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられるのが望ましい。また、x軸方向およびy軸方向の両方から接合材19に電流が流入する場合には、接合材19の周縁Mのx軸方向およびy軸方向の両方の端部の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられるのが望ましい。
さらに、基板電極42がx軸方向およびy軸方向に延びておらず、周縁Mに電流密度が集中しない場合でも、周縁Mの端部の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29を設けてもよい。
なお、添加物は、接合材19の周縁Mの少なくとも一部に、接合前に予め添加しても良いし、接合中に添加しても良いし、接合後に添加しても良い。また、複数回、または、複数の領域に分けて添加物を添加しても良い。
図12Aは、図12Bの点線B12部分を+y軸方向に見た半導体装置10F’の一例を表す断面図である。図12Bは、図12Aの点線A12部分を+z軸方向、もしくは、点線A12’部分を-z軸方向に見た半導体装置10F’の一例を表す断面図である。
半導体装置10F’は、半導体40に代えて基板電極41が設けられている点が第6の実施形態の半導体装置10Fと異なる。また、半導体装置10F’は、接合面34および接合面35の双方の周縁Mの少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられている点が、第6の実施形態の半導体装置10Fと異なる。これらの点以外は、半導体装置10F’は、第6の実施形態の半導体装置10Fと同様の構成である。
本変形例では、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29は、接合材19における、基板電極42と接する接合面34、および、基板電極41と接する接合面35、の双方に設けられている。詳細には、本変形例では、接合面34および接合面35の双方の周縁Mの少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられている。
このため、上記第6の実施形態に記載した事実と同様の理由により、半導体装置10F’は、上記実施形態と同様に、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生抑制を図る事が出来る。
本変形例では、基板電極41、42の双方のx軸方向から接合材19に電流が入る形態を1例として説明した。一方、基板電極41、42のどちらか一方がx軸方向に伸びている場合には、伸びている基板電極41もしくは42の、接合材19の周縁Mのx軸方向の端部の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられるのが望ましい。一方、基板電極41、42の少なくともどちらか一方がy軸方向に伸びており、y軸方向から電流が接合材19に流入する場合には、接合材19の周縁Mのy軸方向の端部の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられるのが望ましい。また、基板電極41、42の少なくともどちらか一方の、x軸方向およびy軸方向の両方から接合材19に電流が流入する場合には、接合材19の周縁Mのx軸方向およびy軸方向の両方の端部の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29が設けられるのが望ましい。
さらに、基板電極41、42のどちらか一方がx軸方向およびy軸方向に延びておらず、周縁Mに電流密度が集中しない場合でも、周縁Mの端部の少なくとも一部に、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29を設けてもよい。
なお、添加物は、接合材19の周縁Mの少なくとも一部に、接合前に予め添加しても良いし、接合中に添加しても良いし、接合後に添加しても良い。また、複数回、または、複数の領域に分けて添加物を添加しても良い。
(第7の実施形態)
本実施形態では、上記実施形態で説明した半導体装置10(半導体装置10A~半導体装置10F’)の導電性連結部材21の劣化を検査する検査装置について説明する。
図13は、本実施形態の検査装置1の一例を示す模式図である。
検査装置1は、制御装置60と、物性検出回路62と、記憶部64と、を備える。
記憶部64は、例えば、DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory)、(SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM)を含む)、SRAM(Static Random Access Memory)等によって構成された記憶領域である。ただし、これらに限定されず、フラッシュメモリやハードディスクドライブや磁気テープレコーダ等の種々の記憶装置を記憶部64に用いることが可能である。
本実施形態では、記憶部64は、相関情報64Aを予め記憶する。相関情報64Aの詳細は後述する。
物性検出回路62は、複数の比較半導体装置100の各々の導電性連結部材180に接続されている。比較半導体装置100は、上記実施形態で説明したエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域(エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域22、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域23、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域25、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域27、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域29)が設けられていない点以外は、上記実施形態の半導体装置10と同様の構成である。
制御装置60は、例えばSoC(System-On-Chip)などの集積回路であってよい。制御装置60は、メインコントローラ60Aと、デジタル検出回路60Bと、メモリコントローラ60Cと、を備える。なお、メインコントローラ60A、デジタル検出回路60B、およびメモリコントローラ60Cは、不図示の内部バス等を介して相互に通信可能に接続されている。
メモリコントローラ60Cは、例えば、DSP(Digital Signal Processor)やCPU(Central Processing Unit)等の情報処理装置と、RAM(Random Access Memory)などの記憶領域と、無線又は有線のインタフェース回路又はネットワークカード(NIC)とを用いて構成される。このメモリコントローラ60Cは、制御装置60を構成する各部を統括的に制御する他、外部のホスト装置70との間で無線又は有線にてデータやコマンド等の送受信を実行する。
メモリコントローラ60Cは、例えば、記憶部64に対するデータの書込み/読出しを制御する。
デジタル検出回路60Bは、物性検出回路62に接続されており、物性検出回路62で検出された、アナログの物性検出結果を、デジタルの物性検出結果に変換する。
図14は、検査装置1の機能的構成を示すブロック図である。
検査装置1は、記憶部64と、制御部50と、を備える。制御部50と記憶部64とは、通信可能に接続されている。記憶部64は、上記と同様である。制御部50は、上記制御装置60に相当する。
制御部50は、検出部50Aと、導出部50Bと、出力制御部50Cと、を備える。
検出部50A、導出部50B、および出力制御部50Cの少なくとも1つは、例えば、1または複数のプロセッサにより実現される。例えば上記各部は、CPUなどのプロセッサにプログラムを実行させること、すなわちソフトウェアにより実現してもよい。上記各部は、専用のICなどのプロセッサ、すなわちハードウェアにより実現してもよい。上記各部は、ソフトウェアおよびハードウェアを併用して実現してもよい。複数のプロセッサを用いる場合、各プロセッサは、各部のうち1つを実現してもよいし、各部のうち2以上を実現してもよい。
検出部50Aは、比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180に接続されている。検出部50Aは、比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180の物性を検出する。導電性連結部材180の物性とは、導電性連結部材180に流れる電流、電圧、電気抵抗値、互いに異なる複数の方向の各々の歪みサイクル数、互いに異なる複数の方向の各々の応力サイクル数、温度サイクル数、の少なくも1つである。サイクル数とは、1周期を1サイクルとした回数を示す。
なお、比較半導体装置100に、温度、歪み、抵抗値、などの物性を検出するためのセンサを設けた構成であってもよい。この場合、検出部50Aは、物性検出回路62を介して比較半導体装置100のセンサから、導電性連結部材180の物性を取得すればよい。
導出部50Bは、検出部50Aの検出結果に基づいて、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出する。半導体装置10とは、上記実施形態で説明した半導体装置10A~半導体装置10F’の何れかを意味する。劣化値とは、半導体装置10に設けられた導電性連結部材21の劣化の度合いを示す値である。具体的には、例えば、劣化値は、導電性連結部材21の故障確率、断線状態、劣化状態、寿命などを表す値である。
導出部50Bは、検出部50Aの検出結果と、相関情報64Aと、を用いて、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出する。
相関情報64Aは、導電性連結部材180の物性と、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値と、の相関を示す情報である。相関情報64Aは、例えば、比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180の物性と、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値と、を対応付けたデータベースである。なお、相関情報64Aは、導電性連結部材180の物性から、導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出するための関数であってもよい。
なお、導出部50Bは、検出部50Aの検出結果と、予め導出した累積損傷則アルゴリズムと、を用いて、導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出してもよい。累積損傷則アルゴリズムは、導電性連結部材21の繰返しの使用により生じる累積損傷を、劣化値として推定するためのアルゴリズムである。
制御部50は、検査装置1に接続された1または複数の比較半導体装置100の各々の導電性連結部材180の物性と、半導体装置10における導電性連結部材21の劣化値と、の実験結果から、相関情報64Aを予め作成し、記憶部64へ記憶すればよい。
出力制御部50Cは、導出部50Bによって導出された劣化値を、出力する。例えば、出力制御部50Cは、導出部50Bによって導出された劣化値を、ホスト装置70へ出力する。このため、導出部50Bは、例えば、導電性連結部材21の寿命などの劣化値を、出力することができる。このため、該劣化値に応じて半導体装置10を調整することで、検査装置1は、半導体装置10におけるエレクトロマイグレーションの発生を抑制することができる。
次に、検査装置1の制御部50が実行する情報処理の流れの一例を説明する。
図15は、検査装置1の制御部50が実行する情報処理の流れの一例を示す、フローチャートである。
検出部50Aは、比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180の物性を検出する(ステップS200)。導出部50Bは、ステップS200で検出された物性の検出結果と、相関情報64Aと、を用いて、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出する(ステップS202)。出力制御部50Cは、ステップS202で導出された劣化値を出力する(ステップS204)。そして、本ルーチンを終了する。
以上説明したように、本実施形態の検査装置1は、検出部50Aと、導出部50Bと、を備える。検出部50Aは、一対の電極16と、一対の電極16に電気的に接合された導電性連結部材180と、を備えた比較半導体装置100の該導電性連結部材180に接続され、該導電性連結部材180の物性を検出する。導出部50Bは、検出部50Aの検出結果に基づいて、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出する。
このように、本実施形態の検査装置1は、比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180の物性を用いて、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の寿命などの劣化値を導出する。
ここで、比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180は、上記実施形態で説明したエレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域が設けられていない構成のため、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21に比べて、寿命の短い部材である。本実施形態の検査装置1では、比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180の物性の検出結果を用いて、上記実施形態の半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出する。このため、導出した劣化値に応じて半導体装置10を調整することで、検査装置1は、半導体装置10におけるエレクトロマイグレーションの発生を抑制することができる。
従って、本実施形態の検査装置1は、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21における、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生を抑制することができる。
なお、検査装置1は、少なくとも1つの比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180の物性検出結果を用いて、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出すればよい。このため、検査装置1の物性検出回路62に、1以上の比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材180と、1以上の比較半導体装置100の導電性連結部材21と、を電気的に接続した構成であってもよい。この場合、相関情報64Aは、物性検出回路62に電気的に接続された、これらの比較半導体装置100および半導体装置10の物性と、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値と、の相関を示す情報であればよい。そして、導出部50Bは、検出部50Aの検出結果と、該相関情報64Aと、を用いて、半導体装置10の導電性連結部材21の劣化値を導出すればよい。
(適用対象)
なお、上記実施形態で説明した、半導体装置10(半導体装置10A~半導体装置10F’)の適用対象は限定されない。例えば、半導体装置10は、MOSFET、GBTなどの各種の半導体デバイスから構成されるパワーモジュールに適用される。また、半導体装置10の適用されたパワーモジュールを、産業機器、鉄道、自動車などのパワーエレクトロニクス分野における基幹部品として好適に適用することができる。これらのモジュールでは、小型化・高出力化に伴い、電流密度の増加および動作温度の上昇が発生する場合がある。しかし、これらのモジュールに上記実施形態の半導体装置10を適用することで、電流密度の増加および動作温度の上昇などに伴って発生する、エレクトロマイグレーションの発生を抑制することができる。従って、上記実施形態の半導体装置10を適用することで、これらのモジュールの信頼性向上を図ることができる。
以上、本発明の実施の形態を説明したが、これらの実施の形態は、例として提示したものであり、発明の範囲を限定することは意図していない。これら新規な実施の形態は、その他の様々な形態で実施されることが可能であり、発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲で、種々の省略、置き換え、変更を行うことができる。これら実施の形態は、発明の範囲や要旨に含まれるとともに、特許請求の範囲に記載された発明とその均等の範囲に含まれる。
1 検査装置
10,10A,10A’,10B、10C,10D,10E、10F、10F’ 半導体装置
12 第1電極
12A、12A’ 接合面
14 第2電極
14B、14B’ 接合面
16 電極
18 配線部材
18A 接合面
18B 接合面
19 接合材
21 導電性連結部材
22,23,25,27,29 エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域
24,34,35 接合面
50A 検出部
50B 導出部
M 周縁

Claims (15)

  1. 一対の電極と、
    一対の前記電極に電気的に接合された導電性連結部材と、
    を備え、
    一対の前記電極の少なくも一方と前記導電性連結部材との接合面の周縁の少なくとも一部が、エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域を有
    前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、
    前記接合面の母材のエレクトロマイグレーションの拡散を抑制、または、電気伝導率を下げる、前記母材とは異なる添加物を含有した添加物含有領域である、
    半導体装置。
  2. 前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、
    前記接合面の前記周縁の領域である、
    請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
  3. 前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、
    前記接合面の前記周縁における、前記導電性連結部材を流れる電流の向きである電流方向の上流側端部から前記電流方向の下流側に向かって所定距離の範囲の電流方向上流側端部領域である、
    請求項1または請求項2に記載の半導体装置。
  4. 前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、
    一対の前記電極および前記導電性連結部材の少なくとも一方における、前記接合面の前記周縁の少なくとも一部の領域である、
    請求項1~請求項3の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  5. 前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域に含まれる前記添加物の含有量が、0.1質量%以上20.0質量%以下である、
    請求項に記載の半導体装置。
  6. 前記添加物は、Al,Cu,Si,Ni,Cr,Mg,Au,Ag,Ta,Fe,MoW,Ti,Be,Nd,Fr,Nb,およびCoからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、
    請求項5に記載の半導体装置。
  7. 前記母材は、Alであり、
    前記添加物は、
    Si,Cu,Nd,Mg,Fr,Ti,Mo,Ta,Nb,W,Ni,およびCoからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種、および、該群より選択される少なくとも1種とAlとの合金、の少なくとも一方である、
    請求項~請求項の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  8. 前記母材は、Cuであり、
    前記添加物は、
    Si,Al,Nd,Mg,Fr,Ti,Mo,Ta,Nb,W,Ni,およびCoからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種、および、該群より選択される少なくとも1種とAlとの合金、の少なくとも一方である、
    請求項~請求項の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  9. 前記母材は、Snを主に含み、
    前記添加物は、
    Si,Al,Cu,Nd,Mg,Fr,Ti,Mo,Ta,Nb,W,Ni,およびCoからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種、および、該群より選択される少なくとも1種とAlとの合金、の少なくとも一方である、
    請求項~請求項の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  10. 前記添加物は、接合前に前記母材に予め添加される、請求項~請求項の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  11. 前記導電性連結部材は、配線部材または接合材である、
    請求項1~請求項1の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  12. 前記導電性連結部材は、一対の前記電極を電気的に接合する配線部材であり、
    前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、
    前記配線部材における、前記接合面の前記周縁の少なくとも一部の領域であり、該領域の断面形状がフィレット形状の領域である、
    請求項1~請求項1の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  13. 前記導電性連結部材は、前記導電性連結部材を流れる電流の向きである電流方向に沿って延伸され、前記電流方向に沿って配列された一対の前記電極を、前記電流方向の両端部である一対の前記電極の各々との前記接合面を介して電気的に接合する配線部材であり、
    前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、
    前記配線部材における、前記接合面の前記周縁を含む領域であり、該配線部材における前記電流方向の中央部である本体部の断面積より大きい領域である、
    請求項1~請求項1の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  14. 前記導電性連結部材は、
    前記導電性連結部材を流れる電流の向きである電流方向に沿って延伸され、前記電流方向に沿って配列された一対の前記電極を、前記電流方向の両端部である一対の前記電極の各々との前記接合面を介して電気的に接合し、
    前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域は、一対の前記電極の少なくとも一方における、前記接合面の前記周縁を含む領域であり、前記接合面から前記電流方向に沿って前記電流方向の上流側および下流側に向かって離れた位置から前記接合面に近づくほど厚みの大きい領域である、
    請求項1~請求項1の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  15. 前記エレクトロマイグレーション抑制領域を有さない以外は請求項1~請求項14の何れか1項に記載の半導体装置と同じ構成であり、一対の電極と、前記一対の電極に電気的に接合された導電性連結部材と、を備えた比較半導体装置の前記導電性連結部材に接続され、前記比較半導体装置の前記導電性連結部材の物性を検出する検出部と、
    前記検出部の検出結果と、前記比較半導体装置の前記導電性連結部材の物性と前記半導体装置の前記導電性連結部材の劣化値との相関を示す相関情報と、を用いて、前記半導体装置の前記導電性連結部材の劣化値を導出する導出部と、
    を備える検査装置。
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