JP6996770B2 - 炭素繊維およびナノチューブのポリマーマトリックスへのin situ結合 - Google Patents
炭素繊維およびナノチューブのポリマーマトリックスへのin situ結合 Download PDFInfo
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Description
ポリマー-カーボンナノチューブ複合材料(PCNC)は、強化用炭素とポリマーマトリックス相との間の界面面積がはるかに大きいという点で、従来の炭素繊維複合材料とは異なる。ポリマーマトリックスにカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)の均一な分布を導入することで、単純な混合則を超える特性向上が得られるはずであることが提案されている。課題は、複合材料に含まれるCNTの優れた特性を最大限に活用することである。
既存の小型バッチミキサーの設計は、より高いせん断速度を提供し、さらにポリマーマトリックス内の炭素繊維の優れた機械的破断を提供するように改良されてもよい。せん断速度:
Randcastleは、CF-PMCを製造するためにポリマーマトリックス中の炭素繊維の機械的破断をより可能にするであろう改良を押出機スクリューに加えた。
[材料および処理パラメータ]
10~50μmの範囲の粒径を有し、よく特徴づけられているMWCNT粉末は、CNano Technologyから入手した。一連の後方散乱SEM顕微鏡写真である図1は、典型的な粒子が緩やかに凝集した多層CNT(MWCNT)からなり、その大部分が、直径約30~40nmであり、長さが1μmを超えている、すなわち高アスペクト比を有することを示している。いくつかの場合において、CNTは遷移金属触媒粒子である白色対照な先端(white-contrasting tips)を有する。従って、CNTが先端成長粒子成長メカニズムによって製造されることは明らかである。
[複合材料の処理]
緩やかに凝集したMWCNT粉末を、4.5メートルトンの圧力および5分の保持時間を用いて、Carverプレスで冷間圧縮して、圧縮MWCNTを製造した。プレス後、成形物を細かく砕き、真空乾燥した。脱気後、より高密度となったCNT粉末を混合ユニットに導入し、ナイロン66溶融物中に分散させた。
[複合材料の特性]
図6(a)~(d)は、CNT強化ナイロン複合材料の極低温破断面のSEM画像を示す。低倍率画像は、わずかに異なる高さの交互の領域からなる帯状構造を示している。興味深いことに、低高度領域は複合材料中のCNTの引き抜きの証拠を示しているが、高高度領域はそうではなく、破断経路がCNTを貫通していることを示している。それでも、高せん断混合処理が元のCNT凝集物を効率的に分散させ、ナイロンマトリックス中にCNTの均一な分布を形成したことは明らかである。特に図6(b)を参照してほしい。
連続炭素繊維(CF)を1メートルの長さに切断し、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン(PEEK)と共に、PEEK中のCFが0、10、20、および30重量%の濃度で、高均一せん断射出成形機のホッパーに直接供給した。本発明の方法の実施形態に従って溶融PEEK内での高せん断溶融加工中に、CFが破断した。典型的に、CFは溶融加工前に3~10mmの範囲の長さに切断される。本発明の高せん断加工法および連続CFを使用すると、繊維が溶融ポリマーで囲まれながら繊維破断が起こる可能性があり、結果として溶融ポリマーとの共有結合に利用可能な繊維末端上のぶら下がった軌道(dangling orbitals)が生じる。CF末端とポリマーとの間の主要な共有結合は、効率的な荷重伝達、増加した機械的特性および高いエネルギー吸収能力を提供する。複合形態は電界放射型走査電子顕微鏡を用いて提示され、非常に良好な繊維の分散および分布を示している(図10参照)。曲げ特性はASTM D790に従って決定され、曲げ弾性率および強度の顕著な増加を示す。アイゾット衝撃抵抗は、完全破断を有するノッチ付き試験片についてASTM D256に従って決定され、CF濃度の増加と共に衝撃抵抗の顕著な増加を示す(図11(a)~(d)参照)。典型的には、繊維強化熱可塑性複合材料は、ポリマー単独よりも耐衝撃性が低いという欠点がある。例えば、PEEKの製造業者は、チョップドCFを使用してCF30重量%の強化PEEKを製造し、アイゾット衝撃抵抗がPEEKおよびPEEK中の30重量%のチョップドCFそれぞれに対し、91J/mから69J/mに減少すると述べている。
Claims (20)
- (a)1種以上の溶融炭素含有ポリマーを含む溶融炭素含有ポリマー相に炭素繊維を分布させること;
(b)(i)前記溶融ポリマー相が前記炭素繊維を破断するように、溶融ポリマー相に連続的なせん断ひずみ事象を加えること、または(ii)前記溶融ポリマー相の存在下で、前記炭素繊維を機械的に破断または切断することにより、前記溶融熱可塑性ポリマー相の存在下で前記炭素繊維を破断または切断し、これにより、前記1種以上の炭素含有ポリマーと反応および共有結合により架橋する、フリーラジカルを含む繊維上の新たな繊維末端を生成すること;ならびに
(c)前記破断または切断された炭素繊維を前記溶融ポリマー相と十分に混合することを有し、
前記炭素繊維は、単層カーボンナノチューブ、多層カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノファイバー、およびミクロンサイズの炭素繊維からなる群より選択される、炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料を形成する方法。 - 前記1種以上の炭素含有ポリマーのうち少なくとも1種は、1つ以上の二重結合または1つ以上の第三級炭素を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記溶融炭素含有ポリマー相がナイロンを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ナイロンがナイロン66である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記炭素繊維に加えてグラファイト微粒子を前記溶融ポリマー相に分布させ、機械的に剥離させる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- (a)請求項1に記載の複合材料を架橋ポリマー粒子に形成すること;および
(b)前記ポリマー粒子を非架橋溶融ホストマトリックスポリマー中に分布させることを有する、高強度炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料を形成する方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法に従って調製された、炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料であって、
1種以上の溶融炭素含有ポリマーを含む溶融炭素含有ポリマー相に分布した炭素繊維を含み、前記ポリマーは、前記炭素繊維の末端に直接共有結合することにより架橋され、前記複合材料は、それに分布した機械的に剥離されたグラフェンをさらに含んでもよい、炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料。 - 前記ポリマーがナイロン66である、請求項7に記載の炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料。
- 請求項6に記載の方法に従って調製された、高強度炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料であって、
前記架橋ポリマー粒子は、1種以上の溶融炭素含有ポリマーを含む溶融炭素含有ポリマー相に分布した炭素繊維を含み、前記ポリマーは、前記炭素繊維の末端に直接共有結合することにより架橋され、前記複合材料は、それに分布した機械的に剥離されたグラフェンをさらに含んでもよい、高強度炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料。 - 前記複合材料が、炭素繊維とポリマーとの間の共有結合を欠く複合材料に対して、改善された剛性および強度を示す、請求項1または6に記載の方法。
- 前記複合材料が、炭素繊維とポリマーとの間に共有結合を欠く複合材料に対して、改善された衝撃エネルギー吸収を示す、請求項1または6に記載の方法。
- 前記複合材料が、炭素繊維とポリマーとの間に共有結合を欠く複合材料に対して、改善された剛性および強度を示す、請求項7~9のいずれか1項に記載の炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料。
- 前記複合材料が、炭素繊維とポリマーとの間に共有結合を欠く複合材料に対して改善された衝撃エネルギー吸収を示す、請求項7~9のいずれか1項に記載の炭素繊維強化ポリマーマトリックス複合材料。
- 破断した炭素繊維によって分子間架橋されたポリマー鎖を含む、ポリマー複合材料であって、
前記ポリマーとファイバーとの架橋は、実質的に前記炭素繊維の末端への直接共有結合からなり、前記複合材料は、それに分布した機械的に剥離されたグラフェンをさらに含んでもよい、ポリマー複合材料。 - 請求項14に記載の複合材料から形成された、自動車、航空機または航空宇宙部品。
- エンジン部品である、請求項15に記載の部品。
- 請求項14に記載の複合材料から形成された、炭素繊維架橋ポリマー粒子。
- ホスト熱可塑性ポリマーと、その中に分散された請求項17に記載の炭素繊維架橋ポリマー粒子と、を含む、ポリマー組成物。
- 請求項18に記載のポリマー組成物から形成された、自動車、航空機または航空宇宙部品。
- 前記炭素繊維の破断が高せん断溶融加工を通じて起こる、請求項1に記載の方法。
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US11059945B2 (en) | 2021-07-13 |
EP3513411A4 (en) | 2020-03-25 |
CA3031729A1 (en) | 2018-01-25 |
US20200148841A1 (en) | 2020-05-14 |
EP3513411A1 (en) | 2019-07-24 |
BR112019001254B1 (pt) | 2022-05-03 |
BR112019001254A2 (pt) | 2019-06-18 |
CA3031729C (en) | 2021-12-21 |
WO2018017999A1 (en) | 2018-01-25 |
KR102379827B1 (ko) | 2022-03-29 |
CN109791812B (zh) | 2021-12-14 |
KR20190034581A (ko) | 2019-04-02 |
CN109791812A (zh) | 2019-05-21 |
MX2019000871A (es) | 2019-06-12 |
JP2019521890A (ja) | 2019-08-08 |
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