JP6871169B2 - 相同組換え因子 - Google Patents
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- JP6871169B2 JP6871169B2 JP2017546726A JP2017546726A JP6871169B2 JP 6871169 B2 JP6871169 B2 JP 6871169B2 JP 2017546726 A JP2017546726 A JP 2017546726A JP 2017546726 A JP2017546726 A JP 2017546726A JP 6871169 B2 JP6871169 B2 JP 6871169B2
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Description
を含似寄りむ
(a)該細胞内でBRCA1−PALB2若しくはBRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2複合体のアセンブリ若しくはそれらの発生を促進又は刺激すること;
(b)DNA二本鎖切断(DSB)部位へのBRCA1動員を活性化又は刺激すること;
(c)BRCA1−PALB2又はBRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2複合体と該細胞とを接触させること;
(d)KEAP1若しくはCRL3−KEAP1を阻害又は除去すること;
(e)USP11の分解を阻害するか、又はUSP11の活性を促進すること;並びに/又は
(f)DCAF10を阻害若しくは除去すること、
を含む方法を提供する。
本発明は、BRCA1とPALB2の相互作用、BRCA1、PALB2とBRCA2の相互作用、USP11とDCAF10の相互作用、及び/又はUSP11とPALB2の相互作用をアッセイすることにより、USP11の活性又は発現をモニタリングする方法を提供する。当業者に知られている日常的な方法を用いて、試料中のタンパク質相互作用をアッセイすることができる。例えば、BRCA1−PALB2、BRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2、USP11−DCAF10、又はUSP11−PALB2の複合体は、例えば、免疫学ベースの精製(例えば、免疫親和性クロマトグラフィー)などの親和性技術を用いて単離することができ、ペプチドは、従来の方法(例えば、ゲル電気泳動、液体クロマトグラフィー、キャピラリー電気泳動、ナノ逆相液体クロマトグラフィー、高速液体クロマトグラフィー、又は逆相高速液体クロマトグラフィー)を用いて単離した複合体から調製してもよく、ペプチド又はペプチド断片を質量分析(例えば、選択反応モニタリング質量分析(sMRM)、高分解能データ非依存分析(SWATH)、高分解能多重反応モニタリング(MRMHR)又はMS1ベースの定量化などの定量的質量分析に供してもよい。
PARP阻害剤に対する応答性を予測する又は特徴付けるための本発明の方法は、さらに、個体又は対象に該PARP阻害剤を投与することを含み得る。一態様において、本発明は、PARP阻害剤で対象を治療する方法であって、
a)本発明の方法を用いて1以上のPARP阻害剤に対する応答性又は感受性について該対象からの試料をアッセイすること;
b)該対象が効果的に応答するか、又は感受性を示すPARP阻害剤を特定すること;
c)該対象に該PARP阻害剤を投与すること
を含む方法に関する。
本発明は、細胞内で相同組換えを活性化又は調節する方法であって、
(a)該細胞内でBRCA1−PALB2若しくはBRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2複合体のアセンブリ若しくはそれらの発生を促進又は刺激すること;
(b)DNA2本鎖切断(DSB)部位へBRCA1動員を促進若しくは刺激すること;
(c)BRCA1−PALB2若しくはBRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2複合体と該細胞とを接触させること;
(d)KEAP1若しくはCRL3−KEAP1を阻害すること;
(e)USP11の分解を阻害するか、若しくはUSP11活性を促進すること;及び/又は、
(f)DCAF10を阻害すること
を含む方法を提供する。
本発明は、さらに、本明細書に開示されるアッセイ若しくは方法を実行するか、又は本明細書に開示される組成物若しくはベクターを含むキットを提供する。一実施形態において、本発明のキットは、試料中のUSP11活性を測定するための少なくとも1種類の試薬を含む。別の実施形態において、本発明のキットは、試料中のBRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2、PALB2−KEAP1、BRCA1−PALB2、USP11−DCAF10、又はUSP11−PALB2複合体を測定するための少なくとも1種類の試薬を含む。別の実施形態において、本発明のキットは、試料中のBRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2、PALB2−KEAP1又はUSP11−PALB2複合体を測定するための少なくとも1種類の試薬を含む。別の実施形態において、本発明のキットは、試料中のBRCA1、BRCA2、PALB2、USP11、DCAF10及びKEAP1のレベルを測定するための試薬を含む。別の実施形態において、本発明のキットは、試料中のPALB2のユビキチン化、特に、PALB2のN末端のユビキチン化を測定するための少なくとも1種類の試薬を含む。いくつかの実施形態において、該試薬は、PCR反応において使用するための抗体又は核酸又はプライマーである。
以下の材料及び方法を、実施例に記載した研究に使用した。
PALB2のcDNAを、哺乳動物遺伝子コレクション(MGC)から入手した。全長PALB2及びBRCA1を、PCRにより増幅し、pDONR221にサブクローニングし、Gatewayクローニング技術(Invitrogen)を用いてpDEST−GFP、pDEST−Flag及びmCherry−LacRベクターに挿入した。同様に、BRCA1のコイルドコイルドメイン(残基1363〜1437)を、PCRにより増幅し、pDONR221ベクターにサブクローニングし、mCherryLacR及びpDEST−GFPベクターに挿入した。PALB2のN末端ドメインを、PCRにより増幅し、EcoRI/XhoI部位を用いて、GST発現ベクターpET30−2−His−GST−TEV(31)に導入した。BRCA1のコイルドコイルドメインを、BamHI/SalI部位を用いてpMAL−c2にクローニングした。PALB2の切断型は、部位特異的変異誘発を介して停止コドン又は欠損を導入することによって得た。全長CtIPをPCRにより増幅し、Gatewayクローニング技術(Invitrogen)を用いて、pDONR221にサブクローニングし、レンチウイルスコンストラクトpCW57.1(David Root博士より供与;Addgeneプラスミド#41393)に挿入した。USP11 cDNAはDavid Cortezより供与され、PCRにより増幅し、EcoRI/SalI部位を用いてpDsRed2−C1ベクターにクローニングした。ブタのUSP11(USP11)の細菌コドン最適化コード配列をBamHI/EcoRI部位を用いて、6×His−GSTベクターpETM−30−Htbにサブクローニングした。PALB2、BRCA1及びUSP11のコンストラクトのsiRNA耐性バージョンを、以前に記載した(14)ように作製した。全長CUL3及びRBX1を、以前に記載した(32)ようにヒト膵臓cDNAライブラリー(Invitrogen)からPCRによって増幅し、それぞれNheI/XmaI及びBssHII/NotIを用いて二重発現pFBDMベクターにクローニングした。NEDD8 cDNAはDmitris Xirodimasより供与され、pET17bベクター(Millipore)中のC末端にある二重StrepIIタグに融合した。ヒトDEN1を、Aude Echalierによって供給されたベクターから増幅し、PCRによって切断できないN末端StrepII2×タグに融合し、pET17bベクターに挿入した。pCOOL−mKEAP1プラスミドは、Feng Shao博士より供与された。pcDNA3−HA2−KEAP1及びpcDNA3−HA2−KEAP1ΔΒΤΒは、Yue Xiong博士より供与された(Addgeneプラスミド#21556及び21593)。以前に記載した(33)ように、gRNASを合成し、処理した。アニールしたgRNAを、Feng Zhangより供与されたCas9発現ベクターpSpCas9(BB)−2A−ピューロ(PX459)又はpX330−U6−キメラ_BB−CBh−hSpCas9にクローニングした(Addgeneプラスミド#48139及び42230)。LMNA又はPML遺伝子座及びmCloverタグLMNA又はPMLを標的とするgRNASについては、以前に記載している(45)。レンチウイルスパッケージングベクターpsPAX2及びエンベロープベクターVSV−Gは、Didier Tronoより供与された(Addgeneプラスミド#12260及び12259)。His6−ユビキチンを、XhoI/HindIII部位を用いてpcDNA5−FRT/TO骨格にクローニングした。全ての変異を、QuikChange(Stratagene)を用いて部位特異的変異誘発によって導入し、全てのプラスミドの配列を確認した。
全ての培養培地に、10%ウシ胎児血清(FBS)を補充した。U−2−OS(U2OS)細胞をマッコイ培地(Gibco)中で培養した。293T細胞を、DMEM(Gibco)中で培養した。親細胞を、マイコプラズマ汚染について試験し、STR DNAプロファイリングによって認証した。プラスミドトランスフェクションを、製造業者のプロトコルに従って、リポフェクタミン2000トランスフェクション試薬(Invitrogen)を用いて行った。レンチウイルス感染を、以前に記載した(18)ように行った。U2OS及び293T細胞をATCCから購入した。U2OS 256細胞は、R.Greenbergより供与された。
以下の抗体を使用した:ウサギ抗53BP1(A300−273A、Bethyl)、ウサギ抗53BP1(sc−22760、Santa Cruz)、マウス抗53BP1(#612523、BD Biosciences)、マウス抗γ−H2AX(クローンJBW301、Millipore)、ウサギ抗γ−H2AX(#2577、Cell Signaling Technologies)、ウサギ抗KEAP1(ab66620、Abcam)、ウサギ抗NRF2(ab62352、Abcam)、マウス抗Flag(クローンM2、Sigma)、マウス抗チューブリン(CP06、Calbiochem)、マウス抗GFP(#11814460001、Roche)、マウス抗CCNA(MONX10262、Monosan)、ウサギ抗BRCA2(ab9143、Abcam)、マウス抗BRCA2(OP95、Calbiochem)、ウサギ抗BRCA1(#07−434、Millipore)、ウサギ抗USP11(ab109232、Abcam)、ウサギ抗USP11(A301−613A、ベチル)、ウサギ抗RAD51(#70−001、Bioacademia)、マウス抗BrdU(RPN202、GE Healthcare)、マウス抗FK2(BMLPW8810、Enzo)、ウサギ抗PALB2(34)、ウサギ抗GST(sc−459、Santa Cruz)、ウサギ抗CUL3(A301−108A、Bethyl)、マウス抗MBP(E8032、NEB)、マウス抗HA(クローン12CA5、M.Tyers博士より供与され)、ウサギ抗ユビキチン(Z0458、Dako)及びマウス抗アクチン(CP01、Calbiochem)。以下の抗体を、免疫蛍光顕微鏡での二次抗体として使用した:アレクサフルオロ488ロバ抗ウサギIgG、アレクサフルオロ488ロバ抗ヤギIgG、アレクサフルオロ555ロバ抗マウスIgG、アレクサフルオロ555ロバ抗ウサギIgG、アレクサフルオロ647ロバ抗マウスIgG、アレクサフルオロ647ロバ抗ヒトIgG、アレクサフルオロ647ロバ抗ヤギIgG(Molecular Probes)。
本研究で用いた全てのsiRNAは、ThermoFisherから購入した単一の2本鎖siRNAであった。RNA干渉(RNAi)トランスフェクションを、フォワードトランスフェクションモードでリポフェクタミンRNAiMAX(Invitrogen)を用いて行った。使用される個々のsiRNA2本鎖は、BRCA1(D−003461−05)、PALB2(D−012928−04)、USP11(D−006063−01)、CUL1(M−004086−01)、CUL2(M−007277−00)、CUL3(M−010224−02)、CUL4A(M−012610−01)、CUL4B(M−017965−01)、CUL5(M−019553−01)、KEAP1(D−12453−02)、RAD 51(M−003530−04)、CtIP/RBBP8(M−001376−00)、BRCA2(D−003462−04)、53BP1(D−003549−01)及び非標的対照siRNA(D−001210−02)であった。特に明記しない場合を除いて、siRNAを、細胞処理の48時間前にトランスフェクトした。
以下の薬物を、示した濃度で使用した:100ng/mL−1でのシクロヘキシミド(CHX;Sigma)、0.2μΜでのカンプトテシン(CPT;Sigma)、10μΜでのATM阻害剤(KU55933;Selleck Chemicals)、10μΜでのATR阻害剤(VE−821;Philip Reaperより供与され)、10μΜでのDNA−PKcs阻害剤(NU7441;Genetex)、2μΜでのプロテアソーム阻害剤MG132(Sigma)、40μΜでのロバスタチン(S2061;Selleck Chemicals)、ドキシサイクリン(#8634−1;Clontech)、5μΜでのNedd8活性化酵素阻害剤(MLN4929;Active Biochem)及び示した濃度でのオラパリブ(Selleck)。
多くの場合において、細胞をガラスカバー上で増殖させ、室温で20分間、PBS中の2%(w/v)パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、室温で20分間、0.3%(v/v)のトリトンX−100で透過処理し、室温で30分間、PBS中の5%BSAでブロックした。或いは、細胞を−20℃で10分間、100%冷メタノールで固定し、その後、室温で5分間、PBSで洗浄し、PBS−BSAによりブロッキングした。次いで、細胞を室温で2時間、PBS−BSAで希釈した一次抗体とインキュベートした。次に、細胞をPBSで洗浄し、次いで、0.8μg/mlのDAPIを補充したPBS−BSAで希釈した二次抗体とインキュベートし、室温で1時間、DNAを染色した。Prolong金封入剤(Invitrogen)を用いてカバーガラスをスライドガラス上にマウントした。共焦点画像を、Zeiss LSM780レーザー走査顕微鏡を用いて撮影した。BRCA1−PALB2−BRCA2軸のG1対S/G2解析のために、最初に、細胞を二重チミジンブロックで同期化し、S期への移行を可能にするために解放し、解放後5時間及び12時間の時点で2又は20グレイのX線照射に暴露し、(示した)処理後1〜5時間固定した。DNA複製の検査のために、細胞を、照射前30分間、30μΜのBrdUでプレインキュベートし、前述のように処理した。
293T及びU2OS細胞を、53BP1、USP11又はKEAP1のいずれかを標的とする3つの異なるsgRNAで一過的にトランスフェクトし、Cas9に続いて2A−ピューロマイシンカセットを含有するpX459ベクターから発現させた。翌日、細胞を2日間、ピューロマイシンで選択し、サブクローニングし、単一コロニー又は亜集団を形成させた。クローンを、免疫ブロット及び/又は免疫蛍光によってスクリーニングし、53BP1、USP11又はKEAP1発現の消失を確認し、続いて、PCR及び配列決定により特徴付けた。CRISPR/Cas9によってターゲティングしたゲノム領域を、ターボPfuポリメラーゼ(Agilent)を用いてPCRにより増幅し、PCR産物を、配列決定前にpCR2.1 TOPOベクター(Invitrogen)にクローニングした。
293T細胞を、24時間、示した用量のオラパリブ(Selleck Chemicals)とインキュベートし、PBSで1回洗浄し、トリパンブルー染色によって計数した。次いで、500個の細胞を、各条件について二重にプレーティングした。以前に記載した(35)ように、細胞生存アッセイを行った。
以前に記載した(36、37)ように、GST及びMBP融合タンパク質を生成した。簡単に説明すると、大腸菌内で発現させたMBPタンパク質を、製造業者が記載したバッチ法に従ってアミロース樹脂(New England Biolabs)で精製し、1×PBS、5%グリセロール中で保存した。大腸菌内で発現させたGSTタンパク質を、pH7.5の50mMのTris−HCl、300mMのNaCl、2mMのジチオスレイトール(DTT)、1mMのEDTA、15μg/mL−1 AEBSF及び1×完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(Roche)中のグルタチオンセファロース4B(GE Healthcare)樹脂で精製した。pH8の50mMのTris HCl、2mMのDTT中の50mMのグルタチオンを用いて樹脂から溶出する際に、His6−GSTタグを、pH7.5の50mMのTris HCl、150mMのNaCl、10mMのグルタチオン、10%グリセロール、2mMのクエン酸ナトリウム及び2mMのβ−メルカプトエタノール中でHisタグ付きTEVプロテアーゼ(F.Sicheriによって提供された)を用いて切断した。His6タグ付きタンパク質を、pH7.5の50mMのTris HCl、300mMのNaCl、20mMのイミダゾール、5mMのグルタチオン、10%グリセロール、1mMのクエン酸ナトリウム及び2mMのβメルカプトエタノール中のNi−NTAアガロースビーズ(Qiagen)を用いて枯渇させ、続いて、遠心濃縮を行った(Amicon遠心フィルター、Millipore)。GST−mKEAP1を、HiTrap Q HPカラム(GE Healthcare)での陰イオン交換工程を追加して、以前に記載した(38)ように精製した。インビトロ実験では、GSTタグはタンパク質上に残した。CUL3及びRBX1の精製を、以前に記載した(32)ように行った。Nedd8及びDen1を、テリフィック(Terrific)ブロス培地中で増殖させた大腸菌BL21内で発現させ、16℃で、0.5mMのイソプロピル−β−D−チオガラクトシド(IPTG)で一晩誘導した。細胞を収集し、プロテアーゼ阻害剤を含めなかったDEN1発現細胞を除いて、リゾチーム、ユニバーサルヌクレアーゼ(Pierce)、ベンズアミジン、ロイペプチン、ペプスタチン、PMSF及び完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(Roche)を補充した洗浄緩衝液(400mMのNaCl、pH8の50mMのTris−HCl、5%グリセロール、2mMのDTT)に再懸濁した。細胞を超音波処理によって溶解し、溶解物を50分間、20,000rpmで遠心分離により清澄化した。可溶性上清を、蠕動ポンプを用いて、3mL/分−1の流量で5mlのStrep30 Tactin Superflowカートリッジに結合させた。このカラムを、20倍のカラム容量(CV)の洗浄緩衝液で洗浄し、5倍のCV洗浄緩衝液で溶出し、水に1:2で希釈し、最終塩濃度を減少させ、2.5mMのデスチオビオチンを補充した。溶出画分をプールし、3kDaカットオフのAmicon濃縮器を用いて、4mlの総体積まで濃縮した。さらに、DEN1を、スーパーデックス75サイズ排除カラム上で精製し、150mMのNaCl、pH7.6のHEPES、2%グリセロール及び1mMのDTTに緩衝液交換した。C−末端プロペプチド及びStrepII2×タグを、室温で1時間、1:20のモル比でStrepII2×DEN1とのインキュベーションによって除去した。DEN1切断反応を、Zeba MWCO脱塩カラム(Pierce)上で緩衝液交換し、デスチオビオチンを除去し、C−末端プロペプチド及びDEN1を保持するStrep−Tactinカートリッジを通過させた。GSTタグ付きイノシシ(ブタ)USP11タンパク質を、記載した(39)ように大腸菌内で発現させた。細胞をリゾチーム処理及び、pH7.5の50mMのTris、300mMのNaCl、1mMのEDTA、1mMのAEBSF、1×プロテアーゼ阻害剤混合物(284ng/mlのロイペプチン、1.37μg/ml−1のペプスタチンA、170μg/ml−1のPMSF及び330μg/ml−1のベンズアミジン)及び5%グリセロール中での超音波処理によって溶解した。清澄化した溶解物を、グルタチオンセファロース4B(GE Healthcare)を充填したカラムにアプライし、溶解緩衝液で徹底的に洗浄し、pH 7.5の50mMのTris、150mMのNaCl、5%グリセロール及び25mMの還元グルタチオンで溶出した。DUB活性を、蛍光ユビキチン−AMC(Enzo life sciences)上でアッセイし、Synergy Neoマイクロプレートリーダー(Biotek)を用いて測定した。His6−TEV−ユビキチンG76Cを、製造者の説明書に従ってキレート化HiTrap樹脂上で精製し、続いて、S−75カラム(GE healthcare)上のサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーを行った。該タンパク質を、1mMの酢酸中で大規模透析し、凍結乾燥した。
PALB2のHAタグ付きN末端断片(1−103)(1μΜ)を、pH7.5の50mMのTris HCl、20mMのNaCl、10mMのMgCl2及び0.5mMのDTTを含有する緩衝液中の50μΜの野生型(Ubi WT,Boston Biochem)又はリジンレスユビキチン(Ubi K0,Boston Biochem)、100nMのヒトUBA1(E1)、500nMのCDC34(F.Sicheri及びD.Ceccarelliによって提供された)、250nMのNEDD化CUL3/RBX1、375nMのGST−mKEAP1及び1.5mMのATPを用いて、インビトロでユビキチン化した。特に明記しない限り、ユビキチン化反応を、37℃で1時間行った。USP11媒介性脱ユビキチン化アッセイのために、HA−PALB2(1−103)を、pH8の25mMのHEPES、150mMのNaCl、10mMのMgCl2、0.5mMのDTT及び1.5mMのATPを含有する緩衝液中での50μLの反応で、上記のような酵素濃度でリジンレスユビキチンを用いて、37℃で1.5時間、最初にユビキチン化した。反応を、1ユニットのアピラーゼ(New England Biolabs)の添加により停止した。反応生成物を、100nM、500nM及び2500nM(USP11)並びに500nM(USP2)の最終濃度を用いて、野生型又は触媒不活性(C270S)USP11若しくはUSP2(F.Sicheri及びE.Zeqirajによって提供された)と1;1の比で混合し、pH8の25mMのHEPES、150mMのNaCl、2mMのDTT、0.1mg/mLのBSA、0.03%Brij−35、5mMのMgCl2、0.375mMのATPを含有する緩衝液中で、30℃で2時間インキュベートした。
PALB2のインビトロユビキチン化反応生成物を、pH7.5の50mMのTris−HCl、150mMのNaCl、5mMのMgCl2、0.25mMのDTT及び0.1%NP−40の最終濃度の緩衝液で希釈した。20μgのMBP又はMBP−BRCA1−CCを、0.1%BSAを補充した上記緩衝液中でアミロース樹脂(New England Biolabs社)に結合させ、その後、ユビキチン化生成物を添加した。プルダウン反応を4℃で2時間行い、徹底的に洗浄した。
細胞を、トリプシン処理によって収集し、PBSで1回洗浄し、氷上で500μLの溶解緩衝液(pH8.0の20mMのTris−HCl、150mMのNaCl、10%グリセロール、2mMのEDTA、1%NP−40、完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(Roche)、ホスファターゼ阻害剤(Sigma)のカクテル及び脱ユビキチン化を阻害するためのN−エチルマレイミド)に溶解した。溶解物を4℃で10分間、15000×gで遠心分離し、タンパク質濃度を280nmの吸光度を用いて評価した。等量のタンパク質(約0.5〜1mg)を、2μgのウサギ抗PALB2、ウサギ抗USP11抗体、ウサギ抗GFP抗体又は正常ウサギIgGと4℃で5時間インキュベートした。プロテインA/プロテインG−セファロースビーズ(Thermo Scientific)の混合物を、さらに1時間添加した。ビーズを、遠心分離によって収集し、溶解緩衝液で2回、PBSで1回洗浄し、2×Laemmli緩衝液で煮沸することによって溶出し、SDS−PAGE及び免疫ブロッティングにより分析した。Flag−PALB2のMS分析のために、一過的にトランスフェクトした150×106個のHEK293T細胞を、完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(Roche)、4mMの1,10−フェナントロリン、50Uのベンゾナーゼ及び50Uのミクロコッカスヌクレアーゼを補充した高塩溶解緩衝液(pH7.5の50mMのTris−HCl、300mMのNaCl、1mMのEDTA、1%Triton X100、3mMのMgCl2、3mMのCaCl2)に溶解した。清澄化した溶解物をFlag−M2アガロース(Sigma)とインキュベートし、続いて、溶解緩衝液及び50mMの重炭酸アンモニウムで徹底的に洗浄した。
siCTRLをトランスフェクトするか、又はUSP11のsiRNAを枯渇させた293T細胞からの、一過的にトランスフェクトしたFlag−PALB2の免疫沈降後に、システイン残基を還元し、それぞれ、10mMのDTT(56℃で30分)及び15mMの2−クロロアセトアミド(室温で1時間)を用いてビーズ上でアルキル化した。タンパク質を、ビーズ上のトリプシン限定消化を用いて消化し(試料当たり1μgのトリプシン(Worthington、米国ニュージャージー州)、37℃で20分)、完全乾燥させた。LCMS/MS分析のために、ペプチドを5%ギ酸中で再構成し、3.5μmのゾルバックスC18(Agilent Technologies、米国カリフォルニア州)を研究室内で詰めた充填用チップと結合させた12cmのシリカカラム上にロードした。試料を、Eksigent nanoLC ultra(AB SCIEX、カリフォルニア州)と連結させたOrbitrap Velos(Thermo Scientific、米国マサチューセッツ州)を用いて分析した。ペプチドを、0.1%ギ酸中の2%〜35%アセトニトリルの90分間の直線勾配を用いてカラムから溶出した。タンデムMSスペクトルを、上位2種類の最も豊富な多重荷電ペプチドについてデータ依存モードで取得し、非修飾型の、又はdiGlyユビキチントリプシン消化レムナントを含む5種類の特異的N末端PALB2トリプシン消化ペプチド(荷電状態1+、2+、3+)についてのターゲティングスキャンを含めた。タンデムMSスペクトルを、衝突誘起解離を用いて得た。スペクトルを、Mascotを用いて、最大4つの切断ミスを許容し、可変修飾(variable modification)としてカルバミドメチル(C)、アミド分解(NQ)、酸化(M)、GlyGly(K)及びLeuArgGlyGly(K)(配列番号4)を含めて、ヒトRefSeq_V53データベースに対して検索した。
His6−Ubを安定発現している293 FLIP−IN細胞を、示したsiRNAでトランスフェクトし、ドキシサイクリン(DOX)で24時間処理し、His6−Ub発現を誘導した。細胞を30分間、10mMのN−エチルマレイミドで前処理し、変性溶解緩衝液(6Mのグアニジニウム−HCl、0.1MのNa2HPO4/NaH2PO4、10mMのTris−HCl、5mMイミダゾール、0.01Mのβ−メルカプトエタノール、完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル)に溶解した。溶解物を、1分間の休憩をはさんで10秒間で2回、氷上で超音波処理し、4℃で10分間、15000×Gで遠心分離した。上清を、4℃で4時間、Ni−NTAアガロースビーズ(Qiagen)とインキュベートした。ビーズは、遠心分離によって収集し、変性溶解緩衝液で1回洗浄し、洗浄緩衝液(8Mの尿素、0.1MのNa2HPO4/NaH2PO4、10mMのTris−HCl、5mMイミダゾール、0.01Mのβ−メルカプトエタノール、完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル)で1回、及び0.1%トリトンX−100を補った洗浄緩衝液で2回洗浄し、溶出緩衝液(0.2Mのイミダゾール、0.15MのTris−HCl、30%グリセロール、0.72Mのβ−メルカプトエタノール、5%SDS)で溶出し、その後、SDS−PAGE及び免疫ブロッティングによって分析した。
親U2OS細胞及び野生型CtIP又はCtIP(T847E)変異体を安定発現するU2OS細胞を、示したsiRNA及びPALB2−KRコンストラクトでトランスフェクトし、単一チミジンブロックで同期化し、ドキシサイクリンで処理して、CtIP発現を誘導し、その後、40μΜのロバスタチンを添加することによりG1期でブロックした。細胞をトリプシン処理により収集し、PBSで1回洗浄し、Nucleofector技術を用いて、2.5μgのsgRNAプラスミド及び2.5μgのドナーテンプレート(Lonza、プロトコルX−001)を電気穿孔した。細胞を40μΜのロバスタチンを補充した培地に播種し、24時間増殖させ、その後、フローサイトメトリー分析を行った。
唯一の架橋可能なシステインで遺伝子操作したPALB2(1−103)ポリペプチドを、以下の変更を加えて、以前に記載した(40、41)ように架橋アルキル化によってユビキチン化した。精製PALB2システイン変異体(600μΜの最終濃度)を、pH8.8の300mMのトリス、120mMのNaCl及び5%グリセロール中のHis6−TEV−ユビキチンG76C(350μΜ)と混合した。トリス(2−カルボキシエチル)ホスフィン(TCEP)(Sigma−Aldrich)還元剤を最終濃度が6mMになるまでこの混合物に添加し、室温で30分間インキュベートした。二反応性システイン架橋剤の1,3−ジクロロアセトン(Sigma−Aldrich)をジメチルホルムアミドに溶解し、最終濃度が5.25mMになるまでタンパク質混合物に添加した。反応を氷上で1時間進行させ、その後、5mMのβ−メルカプトエタノールの添加によってクエンチした。His6−TEV−ユビキチンをコンジュゲートさせたPALB2をNi−NTAアガロースビーズ(Qiagen)を通過させることによって濃縮した。
USP11の分解のための基質アダプターとしてのDCAF10の特定
CUL4−RING−リガーゼ(CRL4)複合体は、カリン4(CUL4)、RBX1、DDB1、DDA1及びDCAFと呼ばれる基質アダプターで構成されている(42)。USP11のユビキチン化を媒介する基質アダプターを検索するために、他のCUL4相互作用タンパク質と共に、既知の及び予測されるDCAFを枯渇させることに焦点をあてたsiRNAライブラリーを構築した。このライブラリーを、USP11レベルを免疫蛍光顕微鏡により評価するハイコンテンツ顕微鏡アッセイでスクリーニングした。細胞を紫外線(UV)又は電離放射線(IR)のいずれかで処理し、USP11の分解を誘導した。データを非照射条件に正規化し、2つの独立した実験の平均を用いて、UV処理及びIR処理後の値をプロットした。図14aに示したデータは、CUL4枯渇後USP11の予想される安定化に加えて、DCAF10、DCAF15及びDCAF17の枯渇はまた、USP11の安定化につながったことを示す。siRNA媒介ノックダウンは、オフターゲット効果の傾向があるので、次に、2つの独立したsiRNAによるDCAF10、DCAF15又はDCAF17のノックダウンが、免疫ブロッティング実験でUSP11を安定することができるかどうかを評価した。USP11の安定化は単一siRNAを用いた場合にのみ観察することができ(図14b)、両方のsiRNAによるDCAF10の枯渇がUSP11のロバストな安定化をもたらすことが見出された(図14b)。CRL4基質アダプターはその基質に結合するので(42)、次に、DCAF10又はDCAF15が共免疫沈降アッセイにおいてUSP11と相互作用することができるかどうかを評価した。Flagタグ付きUSP11を、HEK293細胞抽出物から免疫沈降させた場合、Flagタグ付きUSP11はDCAF10と相互作用するが、DCAF15とは相互作用しなかった(図15a)ことが見いだされ、DCAF10は、分解についてUSP11を標的にする本物の基質アダプターであることが強く示唆された。DCAF10が実際にUSP11の調節に関与しているかどうかをさらに評価するために、マウス胚線維芽細胞(MEF)を、コンジェニック野生型(Dcaf10+/+)、ヘテロ接合(Dcaf10−/+)及びDcaf10−/−マウスから作製し、USP11について免疫ブロットした。DCAF10の枯渇は、マウス細胞内でのより高い定常状態レベルのUSP11をもたらし(図15b)、DCAF10がCRL4複合体ターゲティングUSP11のアダプターであることと一致した。最後に、DCAF10の過剰発現が、ダイレクトリピート(DR)−GFPアッセイを用いて顕著に相同組換えを抑制することができるかどうかを評価した(43)。DCAF15ではなく、DCAF10の過剰発現は、USP11の枯渇及び他のコアHR因子と同じ規模でHRの減少をもたらした(図15c)。まとめると、これらのデータは、DCAF10がUSP11を制御してHRを調節することを示唆する。
KEAP1の遺伝的にコードされた阻害剤はG1細胞内で相同組換えを促進することができる
G1細胞内での遺伝子ターゲティングの活性化は、53BP1の除去、CtIP−T847Eの導入及びPALB2とBRCA1との間の相互作用を必要とし、これはKEAP1を除去することによって達成することができる。G1及び非分裂細胞内でのHRの活性化を可能にするシステムを開発するために、KEAP1 siRNAがKEAP1の阻害剤で置換することができるかどうかを決定した。R1と命名され、フィブロネクチン3(FN3)足場に基づく、最近記載されたKEAP1の遺伝的にコードされた高親和性阻害剤を選択した(44)。LMNA遺伝子ターゲティングアッセイ(45)を、G1期で同期化した53ΒΡ1ΔU2OS細胞で行い、そのFN3対照のトランスフェクションでは生じないが、R1 KEAP1阻害剤のトランスフェクションにより、少ないにもかかわらず遺伝子ターゲティングのロバストな活性化及びKEAP1枯渇をもたらした(図16)。KEAP1の阻害は、非分裂細胞内でのHRの活性化にとって好都合な経路であり得る。
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Claims (12)
- 細胞内で相同組換えを活性化するための方法であって、
前記細胞においてKEAP1又はDCAF10の発現若しくは活性を阻害するかKEAP1遺伝子又はDCAF10遺伝子を除去すること;
を含み、前記方法は、ヒトを治療する方法でもヒトを手術する方法でもなく、前記方法はインビトロで実施される、方法。 - DNA末端切除を活性化することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 53BP1の発現若しくは活性を阻害すること及びCtIPを上方制御又は発現することによってDNA末端切除が活性化される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- KEAP1及び53BP1の発現若しくは活性の阻害又はKEAP1遺伝子及び53BP1遺伝子の除去、並びにCtIP若しくはCtIPのアナログの上方制御又は発現を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 53BP1の発現若しくは活性が、53BP1低分子干渉RNA(si)RNA、ショートヘアピン(sh)RNA又はマイクロRNA(miRNA)を与えることによって阻害される、請求項3または4に記載の方法。
- CtIPが、CtIP又はCtIPのアナログを与えることによって、上方制御されるか、又は発現する、請求項3、4または5に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞へ遺伝子編集システムを導入することをさらに含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝子編集システムが、クリスパー(CRISPR)−CRISPR関連(Cas)システム、転写活性化因子様エフェクターヌクレアーゼ(TALEN)システム又はジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼシステムである、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 細胞中の標的ポリヌクレオチド配列と関連した遺伝性障害を変更するための方法であって、(1)請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って前記細胞内で相同組換えを活性化すること;および(2)CRISPR関連(Cas)タンパク質及び1〜2個のリボ核酸と前記標的ポリヌクレオチド配列とを接触させることを含み、前記リボ核酸が、前記標的ポリヌクレオチド配列の選択されたモチーフへCasタンパク質を方向づけ、ハイブリダイズさせ、前記標的ポリヌクレオチド配列が切断されることによって、前記標的ポリヌクレオチド配列の発現を低下させるか、ノックアウトするか、又は望ましくない配列から所望の配列へ補正する、方法。
- 前記細胞が細胞周期のG0期(G0)にある、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が細胞周期のG1期(G1)にある、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、細胞周期のG1期(G1)又は細胞周期のG0期(G0)にあり、前記方法が、DNA末端切除を活性化するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
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