JP6846919B2 - 燃料電池システム、その運転方法、および燃料電池発電プラント - Google Patents
燃料電池システム、その運転方法、および燃料電池発電プラント Download PDFInfo
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- JP6846919B2 JP6846919B2 JP2016240004A JP2016240004A JP6846919B2 JP 6846919 B2 JP6846919 B2 JP 6846919B2 JP 2016240004 A JP2016240004 A JP 2016240004A JP 2016240004 A JP2016240004 A JP 2016240004A JP 6846919 B2 JP6846919 B2 JP 6846919B2
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- fuel cell
- steam
- carbon ratio
- fuel
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 114
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 114
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
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- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 22
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- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 101100421536 Danio rerio sim1a gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101100495431 Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) cnp1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
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- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
アノード再循環ループを備える燃料電池システム
図1は、典型的な燃料電池システム100の模式図を示す。図1が示すように、典型的な燃料電池システム100は、アノード再循環ループ11を含む。アノード再循環ループ11は、発電用の燃料電池スタック12を含む。燃料電池スタック12は、互いに積み重なる複数の燃料電池を含んでもよい。燃料電池スタック12は、高温型燃料電池、例えば、固体酸化物形燃料電池(SOFCl)、溶解炭酸塩形燃料電池(MCFC)など、および低温型燃料電池、例えば、プロトン交換膜燃料電池(PEMFC)、直接メタノール形燃料電池(DMFC)などの何れにも適用され得る。
CnH2n+2+nH2O←→nCO+(2n+1)H2 (1)
CO+H2O→CO2+H2 (2)
あらゆる炭化水素燃料を使用することができるが、以下の説明では便宜上メタン(CH4)を燃料の実例として使用する。メタン(CH4)を燃料として使用する場合、上記の水蒸気改質反応(1)は下記のように書き換えることができる。
CH4+H2O→CO+3H2 (3)
再循環リフォーメートS1は、燃料電池スタック12のアノード入口1211へ戻される。燃料電池スタック12のアノード121において、再循環リフォーメートS1とカソード122からの酸素イオンは混合され、下記の反応(3)を通して水蒸気へ変換されて電力および熱を生成する。
2H2+O2→2H2O (4)
他の実施形態において、燃料電池スタック12は、別個の燃料改質器13を持たずに、内部改質機能を有してもよい。そのような場合、アノード再循環ループ11を形成するため、燃料電池スタック12のアノード出口1212を、アノード入口1211へ直接戻してもよい。結果として、燃料電池スタック12のアノード121においても、上記の水蒸気改質反応(1)または(3)、および水性ガスシフト反応(2)が起こるだろう。
実施形態1:改質器入口におけるSCR予測
図2は、本開示の第一の実施形態に係る典型的な燃料電池システム200の模式図を示す。図1と比較して図2を参照する。本開示の第一の実施形態に係る燃料電池システム200は、流量計21、電流センサ22、およびプロセッサ24をさらに含む。流量計21は、アノード再循環ループ11中へ供給される燃料流量を測定するよう構成される。電流センサ22は、燃料電池スタック12から引き抜かれる電流を測定するよう構成される。プロセッサ24は、測定された燃料流量および測定された電流に基づき、アノード再循環ループ11内のスチーム/カーボン比(SCR)をリアルタイムで決定するよう構成される。第一の実施形態において、アノード再循環ループ11内のSCRは、燃料改質器13の改質器入口131におけるSCRを含む。プロセッサ24は、スチーム/カーボン比(SCR)モデル241を含む。SCRモデル241は、改質器入口131におけるSCRと、燃料流量および電流との間のマッピング関係を定義する。改質器入口131におけるSCRは、測定された燃料流量および測定された電流に従って、SCRモデル241から決定され得る。
実施形態2:アノード入口におけるSCR予測
図3は、本開示の第二の実施形態に係る典型的な燃料電池システム300の模式図を示す。図2に示される第一の実施形態の燃料電池システム200と比較して図3を参照する。本開示の第二の実施形態に係る燃料電池システム300は、さらに温度センサ23を含み得る。温度センサ23は、アノード再循環ループ11内の温度を測定するよう構成される。プロセッサ24は、さらに測定された温度に基づきスチーム/カーボン比を決定し得る。すなわち、測定された燃料流量、測定された電流、および測定された温度に基づき、スチーム/カーボン比は決定され得る。
燃料電池システム運転方法
本開示は、さらに燃料電池システム200、300を運転する方法を提供する。図4は、本開示の実施形態に係る燃料電池システム200、300の運転方法のフローチャートを示す。
燃料電池発電プラント
本開示は、さらに燃料電池発電プラント500を提供する。図5は、本開示の実施形態に係る典型的な燃料電池発電プラント500の模式図を示す。図5が示すように、燃料電池発電プラント500は、発電用の燃料電池システム51、測定装置52、および制御装置53を含み得る。燃料電池システム51の例として、例えば図1の燃料電池システム100を挙げることができる。
12 燃料電池スタック
13 燃料改質器
14 燃料供給装置
15 燃料搬送装置
16 燃料精製装置
17 ボトミングサイクル
18 エネルギー消費装置
21 流量計
22 電流センサ
23 温度センサ
24 プロセッサ
25 制御装置
26 電力調整装置
51 燃料電池システム
52 測定装置
53 制御装置
54 アクチュエータ
55 データベースサーバ
56 データクリーナ
57 ヒューマンマシンインタフェース
100 燃料電池システム
121 アノード
122 カソード
123 電解液
131 改質器入口
132 改質器出口
150 燃料流量調整器
200 燃料電池システム
241 スチーム/カーボン比モデル
242 スチーム/カーボン比モデル
300 燃料電池システム
500 燃料電池発電プラント
531 推論測定モジュール
532 推論制御アルゴリズムモジュール
533 モデル較正器
1211 アノード入口
1212 アノード出口
5310 シミュレーションモデル
Claims (17)
- 発電用の燃料電池スタック(12)を含むアノード再循環ループ(11)と、
前記アノード再循環ループ(11)中へ供給される燃料流量を測定するための流量計(21)と、
前記燃料電池スタック(12)から引き抜かれる電流を測定する電流センサ(22)と、
前記アノード再循環ループ(11)内のスチーム/カーボン比を、測定された前記燃料流量および測定された前記電流に基づき決定するためのプロセッサ(24)と、
を含む、燃料電池システム(200、300)。 - 前記燃料電池スタック(12)が、アノード入口(1211)およびアノード出口(1212)を有するアノード(121)と、カソード(122)とを含み、
前記アノード再循環ループ(11)が、前記燃料電池スタック(12)の前記アノード出口(1212)から燃料および排ガスを受け取ってリフォーメートを生成するための燃料改質器(13)をさらに含み、前記リフォーメートの少なくとも一部分が、前記燃料電池スタック(12)の前記アノード入口(1211)へ戻され、前記燃料電池スタック(12)が、前記カソード(122)へ供給される酸素を用いて電力を生成するよう構成される、請求項1記載の燃料電池システム(200、300)。 - 前記アノード再循環ループ(11)内の前記スチーム/カーボン比が、前記燃料改質器(13)の改質器入口(131)におけるスチーム/カーボン比を含み、前記プロセッサ(24)が、前記改質器入口(131)における前記スチーム/カーボン比と、前記燃料流量および前記電流との間のマッピング関係を定義するスチーム/カーボン比モデル(241)を含む、請求項2記載の燃料電池システム(200)。
- 前記スチーム/カーボン比モデル(241)が、前記改質器入口(131)における前記スチーム/カーボン比が前記燃料流量および前記電流の関数として表される一次方程式を含む、請求項3記載の燃料電池システム(200)。
- 前記アノード再循環ループ(11)内の温度を測定するための温度センサ(23)をさらに含み、前記プロセッサ(24)が、測定された前記温度にさらに基づいて前記スチーム/カーボン比を決定するよう構成される、請求項2記載の燃料電池システム(300)。
- 前記プロセッサ(24)が、前記スチーム/カーボン比と、前記燃料流量、前記電流、および前記温度との間のマッピング関係を定義するスチーム/カーボン比モデル(242)を含む、請求項5記載の燃料電池システム(300)。
- 前記アノード再循環ループ(11)内の前記スチーム/カーボン比が、前記アノード入口(1211)におけるスチーム/カーボン比を含み、前記アノード再循環ループ(11)内の前記温度が、前記燃料改質器(13)の改質器出口(132)における温度を含む、請求項6記載の燃料電池システム(300)。
- 前記スチーム/カーボン比モデル(242)が、一連の非線形方程式を含み、前記アノード入口(1211)における前記スチーム/カーボン比が、測定された前記燃料流量、測定された前記電流、および前記改質器出口(132)における測定された前記温度を用いて、前記一連の非線形方程式に従って決定される、請求項7記載の燃料電池システム(300)。
- 前記燃料電池システムの動作を、決定された前記スチーム/カーボン比に基づき制御する
ための制御装置(25)をさらに含む、請求項1記載の燃料電池システム(200、300)。 - 燃料流量調整器(150)をさらに含み、決定された前記スチーム/カーボン比がスチーム/カーボン比の限界に近い場合、前記制御装置(25)が、前記燃料流量調整器(150)へ調整コマンドを送り、前記燃料流量調整器(150)が、前記アノード再循環ループ(11)中へ供給される前記燃料流量を前記調整コマンドに応じて調整する、請求項9記載の燃料電池システム(200、300)。
- 電力調整装置(26)をさらに含み、決定された前記スチーム/カーボン比がスチーム/カーボン比の限界に近い場合、前記制御装置(25)が前記電力調整装置(26)へ調整コマンドを送り、前記電力調整装置(26)が、前記燃料電池スタック(12)から引き抜かれる前記電流を前記調整コマンドに応じて調整する、請求項9記載の燃料電池システム(200、300)。
- 燃料電池システム(200、300)を運転する方法であって、前記燃料電池システム(200、300)が、発電用の燃料電池スタック(12)を有するアノード再循環ループ(11)を含み、前記方法が、
燃料を前記アノード再循環ループ(11)へ供給する工程と、
酸素を前記燃料電池スタック(12)のカソード(122)へ供給する工程と、
前記アノード再循環ループ(11)中へ供給される燃料流量を測定する工程と、
前記燃料電池スタック(12)から引き抜かれる電流を測定する工程と、
前記アノード再循環ループ(11)内のスチーム/カーボン比を、測定された前記燃料流量および測定された前記電流に基づき決定する工程と、
を含む、方法。 - スチーム/カーボン比モデル(241)を前もって確立する工程をさらに含み、
前記スチーム/カーボン比モデル(241)が、前記スチーム/カーボン比と、前記燃料流量および前記電流との間のマッピング関係を定義する、請求項12記載の方法。 - 前記アノード再循環ループ(11)内の温度を測定する工程をさらに含み、
前記スチーム/カーボン比が、さらに測定された前記温度に基づき決定される、請求項12記載の方法。 - スチーム/カーボン比モデル(242)を前もって確立する工程をさらに含み、
前記スチーム/カーボン比モデル(242)が、前記スチーム/カーボン比と、前記燃料流量、前記電流、および前記温度との間のマッピング関係を定義する、請求項14記載の方法。 - 前記燃料電池システム(200、300)の動作を、決定された前記スチーム/カーボン比に基づき制御する工程をさらに含む、請求項12記載の方法。
- 決定された前記スチーム/カーボン比がスチーム/カーボン比の限界に近い場合、警戒信号を生成しかつ通知を送信する工程、または
決定された前記スチーム/カーボン比が前記スチーム/カーボン比の限界に近い場合、前記アノード再循環ループ(11)中へ供給される前記燃料流量および前記燃料電池スタック(12)から引き抜かれる前記電流の少なくとも一つを調整するか、もしくは前記アノード再循環ループ(11)へ水素を投入する工程をさらに含む、請求項16記載の方法。
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US11251443B2 (en) | 2022-02-15 |
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