JP6689484B2 - 網膜炎症の治療において使用するための薬剤 - Google Patents
網膜炎症の治療において使用するための薬剤 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明をさらに下記実施例により説明する。
動物
Cx3cr1GFP/GFP、ApoE−/−、Faslpr、FasLgld、APOε2、APOε3およびAPOε4−TRマウスを購入し(Charles River Laboratories、Jackson laboratories、Taconic)、Cx3cr1GFP/GFPApoE−/−マウスを作製した(Combadiere et al.,2003)。Crb1rd8突然変異が混入したマウスをC57BL/6Jマウスと戻し交配し、突然変異を排除した。全てのマウスはこのように、Crb1rd8、Pde6brd1およびGnat2cpfl3突然変異に関して陰性であった。マウスを、動物施設において、特定の病原体を含まない条件下で、12/12時間明/暗(100−500lux)サイクルで収容し、水および標準飼料を自由に与えた。全ての動物実験はその地域の動物実験倫理委員会「Comite d’ethique en experimentation animale Charles Darwin」(No.p3/2008/54)により認可された。
AMDの既知の病歴を有するドナーの眼および対照を、Minnesota Lionsアイバンクを介して収集した。死後眼底写真を撮り、後眼部を4時間、4%PFA中で固定し、PBS中で輸送し、解剖し、パラフィンに包埋し、および切片を作製した(5つの対照黄斑;5つのGAドナー黄斑)。ドナーはアイバンクの倫理委員会に従ってインフォームドコンセントを提出した。再発性急性扁桃炎のために切除された5つの扁桃切除術外科的試料を、Fondation Rothschildで扁桃切除術から回復させ、その後、固定し、同じように切片を作製した。フラットマウント免疫組織化学検査のために、視認可能な萎縮領域(5眼)を有するドナーの眼、RPEフラットマウント上の視認可能な大きなドルーゼン(5眼)を有するドナーの目、および対照(3眼)を、およそ5×5mmの組織部分に切断し、液浸した試料について免疫組織化学的検査を実施した。APOE(M068−3マウス抗ヒト、パラフィン切片のクエン酸緩衝液熱抗原賦活化、MBL)、IBA−1(ウサギ−抗ヒト、ギ酸抗原賦活化、Wako Chemicals)、およびCD18(MCA503、ラット−抗ヒト、クエン酸緩衝液熱抗原賦活化、Abd Serotec)免疫組織化学分析を、FastRed基質キット(Sigma)を用いて、適切な蛍光またはアルカリ性−ホスファターゼ結合二次抗体(Molecular Probe)を使用して実施し、明らかにした。
ヒトおよびマウス網膜色素上皮(RPE)および網膜フラットマウントならびにヒトおよびマウス切片を、既に記載されたように(Sennlaub et al., 2013)、ポリクローナルヤギ抗ヒトAPOE(Millipore)、ポリクローナルウサギ抗IBA−1(Wako)、ポリクローナルウサギ抗ラットFASL(Millipore)、モノクローナルラット抗マウスIL−6(R&DSystems)、AlexaFluor555ファロイジン(Mol probes)、およびラット抗マウスCD102(クローン3C4、BD Biosciences Pharmingen)の適切な二次抗体を使用して染色して定量し、必要であればHoechstで対比染色した。蛍光顕微鏡(DM5500、Leica)またはFV1000(Olympus)共焦点顕微鏡を用いて標本を観察した。
常在およびチオグリコレート誘発腹腔細胞、腹腔マクロファージ、BMM(骨髄由来単球)、脳ミクログリア細胞、およびPOS(視細胞節)の単離を、BMM、TPM(チオグリコレート誘発腹腔マクロファージ)、RPM(常在腹腔マクロファージ)、ならびにMP−およびBMM−網膜外植片共培養物(全て血清を含まないX−Vivo15培地中)として、既に記載されたように実施した(Sennlaub et al., 2013)。特定の実験では、細胞を、組換えヒトCX3CL1、APOA−I、APOE2、APOE3またはAPOE4(Leinco Technologies)、APOE(5μg/ml、Leinco Technologies)、APOE(5μg/ml)とポリミキシンB(25μg/ml、Calbiochem)、熱変性APOE(5μg/ml、95℃、90分)、ラット抗IgGアイソタイプ対照(100μg/ml、R&D)、ラット抗マウスCD14(100μg/ml、R&D)、ラット抗マウスTLR2(100μg/ml、R&D)および既に記載されたように調製されたPOS((Molday et al, 1987)により刺激した。インビトロアポトーシス実験では、異なる遺伝子型を有するMoまたはMφ100000個を、MegaFasL(AdipoGen)の存在下または非存在下で24時間培養した。TUNEL染色(In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit、Roche Diagnostics)を製造元の指示に従い実施した;TUNEL+およびHoechst+核を、Array Scan(Thermofischer)を用いて自動計数した。
RPC(常在腹腔細胞)、TPC(チオグリコレート誘発腹腔細胞、70%Mφを含む)、BMM(骨髄由来単球、約95%純粋)およびミクログリア細胞(約95%純粋)を10μM CFSE(Life technologies)中で標識した。細胞を洗浄し、PBS中に浮遊させた。細胞12000個(4μl)を麻酔下の2ヶ月齢マウスの網膜下腔に、微量注入器およびガラスミクロキャピラリー(Eppendorf)を用いて注射した。眼圧の増加を回避するために、網膜下注射の前にガラスキャピラリーで穴を開け、4μlの溶液で網膜を剥離させた。網膜下注射を、眼底検査により確認した。特定の実験では、Mφ、RPCおよびTPCを、rhApoE3(Leinco Technologies)、rmIL−6、ラット抗マウスIL−6、ラット抗マウスCD14アイソタイプ対照ラットIgG1(R&D Systems)、またはMegaFasL(AdipoGen)と同時注射した。注射された4μlは眼内体積のおよそ1/10に対応することから、眼内濃度は、注射された溶液の10倍の希釈として計算した。眼を24時間後摘出し、4%PFA中で固定し、フラットマウントさせた。フラットマウントを抗F4/80抗体で二重標識してCSFE+F4/80Mφを同定し、それぞれの眼の網膜フラットマウントおよびRPE/脈絡膜フラットマウントの網膜下局面で計数した)。網膜下出血を有する眼を廃棄した。網膜下腔内の二重標識単核食細胞を、網膜色素上皮フラットマウントおよび網膜フラットマウントの網膜下面で定量した。
サイトメトリーを、抗CD11bPE、抗F4/80 Pacific BlueまたはAPC、PI、アネキシンV−ビオチン、ストレプトアビジンAPC(全てAbdSerotec製)を用いて、既に記載されたように実施した(Camelo etal.,2012)。LSRIIサイトメーター(BD Biosciences)上でデータを獲得して、データを、FlowJo7.9を用いて分析した。
WB分析は、ポリクローナルヤギ抗ApoE(millipore)を用いて既に記載されたように(Houssier et al., 2008)実施した。Sybr Green(Life technologies)を使用するRT−PCR、ならびにヒトAPOE ELISAキット(Mabtech)およびマウスIL−6 DuoSet(R&D Systems)を使用するELISAを、既に記載されたように実施した(Sennlaub et al.,2013)。
Graph Pad Prism5および6(GraphPad Software)をデータ解析およびグラフ表示のために使用した。全ての値を平均±SEMとして報告する。実験設計に応じて平均値を比較するために、一元配置ANOVA分散分析、続いてボンフェローニまたはダネット事後検定(多重比較)またはMann−Whitney U検定(2群実験)により統計解析を実施した。nおよびp値を図の説明文に示す。網膜下MP注射を含む実験に関しては、予備研究により、網膜下注射に続発する重篤な出血がMPクリアランスを妨害することが明らかになり、出血を除外基準として使用した。
4%PFA固定網膜フラットマウントを凍結メタノール/酢酸(2:1)中、30分間後固定して、PBS中で洗浄した。フラットマウントを、ターミナルトランスフェラーゼおよび供給緩衝液(In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit、Roche Diagnostics)と共に4℃で一晩インキュベートした。フラットマウントをその後、37℃で90分間インキュベートし、反応を、PBSで洗浄することにより停止させた。核をHoechst(Sigma−Aldrich)で対比染色した。フラットマウント画像を、DM5500顕微鏡(Leica)を用いて獲得した。
2〜4ヶ月齢のマウスを、暗所に6時間順応させて瞳孔を散大させ、既に記載されたように、緑色LED光(2AMに開始、4500Lux、JP Vezon機器)に4日間曝露した(Sennlaubetal,2013)。レーザー凝固を、手術用顕微鏡に取り付けた532nm眼科用レーザーを用いて実施した(Vitra Laser、532nm、450mW、50msおよび250μm)。2μlのPBS、アイソタイプ対照ラットIgG1、ラット抗マウスIL−6(R&D Systems)、およびラット抗マウスCD14(BD Biosciences)の硝子体内注射を、ガラスキャピラリー(Eppendorf)および微量注入器を用いて実施した。抗体の2μl溶液を50μg/mlで注射し、これは眼内体積においてそれらがおよそ10倍希釈されたと仮定して、5μg/mlの眼内濃度に対応した。
生理的に、網膜下腔は、おそらく一部には免疫抑制性のRPEシグナルのために、有意な数のMPを含まない(Streilein et al,2002)。
後期AMDでは、切片に関する免疫組織化学的検研究により、萎縮型AMDの病変に隣接するRPE細胞上での網膜下MPの存在が明らかになり(Gupta et al, 2003; Sennlaub et al, 2013)、MPが網膜下新生血管膜内で見出された(Oh et al, 1999)。小さく、分散したMPは、切片上で検出することが困難であるので、MP−マーカー−IBA−1免疫組織化学的検査をこのように、健康なおよび罹患した黄斑RPE/脈絡膜フラットマウント上で実施した(IBA−1緑色蛍光、赤色および緑色チャンネルにおいてその自己蛍光のためにオレンジ色として視認可能なRPE自己蛍光)。共焦点顕微鏡法により、網膜下IBA−1+MPは、健康な年齢をマッチさせたドナーの中心RPEでは非常に時折にしか観察されないことが確認された(データ示さず)。RPEが消失したGA患者の萎縮性病変内では、MPは多かったが、また、病変に隣接するRPEの頂端側でも一定に観察された。さらに、解剖顕微鏡下、網膜の除去後の蒼白色病変として、および共焦点顕微鏡下ドーム形突起として視認可能な大きなドルーゼン(>125μm)は、多くのIBA−1+細胞をドルーゼン内に含むことが示されたが、隣接するRPE上にも含むことを示した(データ示さず)。上層の網膜の網膜下面の二重標識(RPE自己蛍光によるマスキングを回避するため)は、網膜下IBA−1+MPが同様にpan−MPマーカーCD18を発現することを示した。RPEと密に接触したIBA−1+MPは、検査した全ての大きなドルーゼンおよび萎縮域の近傍で観察された。
MPは、APOEを高いレベルで発現することが報告されている(Basu et al, 1982; Nakai et al, 1996; Peri & Nusslein−Volhard, 2008; Rosenfeld et al, 1993)。陽性対照として使用する、ヒト扁桃のパラフィン切片上でのPOEおよびIBA−1の免疫組織化学的検査により、IBA−1+MPは、APOEを強く発現することができることが確認された(データ示さず)。同様に、大きなドルーゼンを有するドナーの眼の網膜フラットマウント上では、APOE染色が網膜下IBA−1+MP中およびその周囲で観察された(データ示さず)。RPE自己蛍光によるマスキングを回避するために、網膜の網膜下面に二重標識を実施した。APOE染色を、対照および地図状萎縮病変を有するドナーの眼のパラフィン切片上で実施した。RPE自己蛍光との混同を回避するために、明視野において視認可能である基質顕色法(アルカリホスファターゼ/Fast Red)を使用した。対照の眼由来の切片では、APOEシグナルはRPEの基部に集中した(データ示さず)。GAを有するドナーの眼では、強いAPOEシグナルが、萎縮領域に隣接するRPEにおいて観察されたが、対照ほど基底面に限定されなかった。加えて、APOE免疫染色がRPEに隣接する細胞において観察された。IBA−1による二重標識により、これらの細胞は網膜下IBA−1+MPとして同定された。APOE−抗体を省略し、同じ実験のプロトコルに従うと、有意な染色は生成されなかった。
眼において、CX3CL1は網膜内層ニューロン(Silverman et al., 2003; Zieger et al., 2014)および網膜色素上皮における膜貫通タンパク質として構成的に発現され、CX3CR1を有する網膜ミクログリア細胞(MC)に、これらの細胞を生理的条件下で静止期監視モードに維持する持続性の阻害シグナルを提供することが知られている(Combadiere et al., 2007; Ransohoff、2009)。マウスにおけるCx3cr1の欠失または欠乏により、加齢による、光チャレンジまたはレーザー損傷後(Combadiere et al, 2007; Ma et al, 2009; Raoul et al, 2008)、糖尿病における(Kezicetal,2013)、ならびにパラコート誘導網膜症モデルにおける(Chen et al, 2013)網膜下単核食細胞蓄積の強い増加が引き起こされる。Cx3cr1GFP/GFPマウスは、ドルーゼンおよび網膜色素上皮萎縮を発症しないが、AMDに類似するRPE上での網膜下単核食細胞蓄積ならびにAMDで観察される関連する視細胞変性および過剰なCNVを示す(Combadiere et al., 2007、Sennlaub et al., 2013)。Cx3cr1GFP/GFPマウスは、このように、AMDの根底にあるメカニズムを解読するのに役立ち得る。網膜下MP蓄積を示す12ヶ月齢Cx3cr1GFP/GFP−マウスにおけるAPOE局在は評価された(Sennlaub et al, 2013)。
Cx3cr1GFP/GFPマウスでは、網膜下単核食細胞は、一部には単球(Mo)およびミクログリア細胞(Mc)に由来し(Sennlaub et al., 2013)、全てがCx3cr1プロモーター−制御GFPを発現する。CX3CL1/CX3CR1シグナル伝達が単核食細胞におけるAPOE発現を直接制御するかを試験するために、ならびにCx3cr1GFP/GFPMPがそれらのAPOE発現に差があるかどうかを評価するために、上層の網膜外植片の視細胞節(POS)(CX3CL1を発現)と接触させて24時間培養したC57BL/6J(WT)およびCx3cr1GFP/GFP−Mo(骨髄から調製)を、網膜下腔内での単核食細胞の分化条件を模倣することにより調べた。RT−PCRにより、ApoE mRNAが、上層の網膜外植片のPOSの存在下、Cx3cr1GFP/GFP−Mo−において有意に高い速度で誘導されることが示された(図5)。したがって、APOEおよびCX3CR1を発現するWTチオグリコレート誘発腹腔マクロファージ(TPM)のApoE mRNA転写はCX3CL1により阻害され、Cx3cr1GFP/GFPTPMと比べると有意に低い(図6)。
CX3CL1/CX3CR1シグナル伝達は走化性におけるその役割でよく知られている。そのため、非効率的な放出がCx3cr1GFP/GFPマウスにおける網膜下単核食細胞蓄積の原点ではないかと疑うことができる。しかしながら、本結果により、単核食細胞放出は、網膜下腔から測定可能に起こらないことが示され、これは免疫特権部位のため驚くにはあたらない。
IL−6は、リンパ球におけるFasL転写をダウンレギュレートすることが知られている。さらに、APOEおよびAPOA−Iは、TLRシグナル伝達を活性化する、またはLPS/TLR4により誘導されるIL−6誘導を阻害するそれらの能力で知られている。APOEおよびAPOA−Iはいずれも、TLR−2および−4を含むCD14依存性自然免疫受容体クラスターを、TLRリガンドの非存在下で活性化することができる(Smoak et al., 2010)。この活性化は、APOA−Iの場合、数あるサイトカインの中でも、IL−6を誘導することが示されている。本発明の結果により、APOA−IおよびApoE3は、刺激後8時間での上清のELISAにより測定される、インビトロでのマクロファージのLPS誘導IL−6分泌を著しく阻害することが確認される(図14)。同様に、WT−腹腔−Mφを、脂質を含まない組み換え型APOE3と共に24時間インキュベートすると、IL−6が非常に有意に誘導された(図39)。LPS阻害剤ポリミキシンBは誘導を阻害しなかったが、一方、90分間の熱変性は誘導を無効にし、APOA−Iに対して複数のアプローチを使用して示されるように、APOE3のLPS混入が、その効果の原因ではないことが確認される(Smoak et al, 2010)。中和抗体は、対照IgGと比較してこの効果を阻害したことから、APOA−Iに対して示されるように、この誘導は主にCD14およびTLR2依存性であった(図39)。
上記で示されるように、CX3CR1は、単核食細胞におけるAPOE転写を調節するが、APOEの転写調節は、複雑であり、転写因子と近位プロモーターおよび遠位エンハンサーとの相互作用を必要とすることが知られている。ε2/ε3/ε4アレルを規定する2つの多型、rs7412およびrs429358が、近年、APOE転写を後成的に、細胞タイプ依存的、アイソフォーム依存的およびDNAメチル化依存的に調節する、明確に定義されたCpGアイランドに埋め込まれていることが示された(Yu et al., 2013)。AMDリスクの増加を与えるAPOε2アレルは、他のアイソフォームと比較して、rs7412でCpG部位を欠如し、脳アストロサイトなどの特定の細胞タイプにおいてAPOE転写の増加を引き起こす。単核食細胞におけるその転写に及ぼすAPOEアレルの影響を評価するために、ヒトAPOEアイソフォームと同一のCpGアイランド構造を有するヒト化APOEマウスモデルを使用する。結果から、APOε2BMMおよびRPMは、2つの他のアイソフォームに比べて、24時間の細胞培養後に、有意に多くのAPOE mRNAを発現することが示される(図23、APOε3 BMMと比較して計算)。TPMにおける発現はより変化しやすく、新たに抽出された脳MCでは有意差は検出されていない(データ示さず)。同様に、網膜下単核食細胞の分化を模倣するために、POSの存在下で3日間培養したAPOε2 BMMのRT−PCRは、APOε3およびAPOε4マウス由来のBMMと比べると、有意に多くのAPOE mRNAを発現する(図24)。
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Claims (5)
- IL−6阻害剤を含む、網膜炎症の治療において使用するための組成物であって、前記網膜炎症が、萎縮型加齢黄斑変性症または網膜色素変性症であり、前記IL−6阻害剤が、IL−6に対する抗体である、組成物。
- 前記IL−6に対する抗体が、MH166抗体、SK2抗体またはそのヒト化誘導体、シルツマブ、アビマーTM C326、シルクマブ、シルツキシマブ、オロキズマブ、ALD518、VX30、ARGX−109、およびFM101からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、眼内に投与される、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、硝子体内注射により投与されるか、または局所眼内投与により適用される、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 前記IL−6阻害剤が、5mg/mL〜500mg/mLの濃度で存在する、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
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EP14152189.8A EP2898896A1 (en) | 2014-01-22 | 2014-01-22 | Agents for use in the treatment of retinal inflammation |
PCT/EP2015/051293 WO2015110556A1 (en) | 2014-01-22 | 2015-01-22 | Agents for use in the treatment of retinal inflammation |
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ITUB20169937A1 (it) | 2016-01-12 | 2017-07-12 | Medical And Biotechnological Services In Sigla M B S Srl | Formulazioni farmaceutiche e loro uso per il trattamento della retinite pigmentosa |
AU2017223687A1 (en) * | 2016-02-23 | 2018-08-09 | Sesen Bio, Inc. | IL-6 antagonist formulations and uses thereof |
US11142548B2 (en) * | 2016-05-10 | 2021-10-12 | Sorbonne Universite | Agents that activate CD47 and their use in the treatment of inflammation |
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US5210075A (en) | 1990-02-16 | 1993-05-11 | Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. | Interleukin 6 antagonist peptides |
DK0628639T3 (da) | 1991-04-25 | 2000-01-24 | Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd | Rekonstitueret humant antistof mod human interleukin-6-receptor |
JPH07324097A (ja) | 1994-05-30 | 1995-12-12 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | インターロイキン6拮抗剤、及びペプチド類または医薬として許容されるその塩類 |
IT1274350B (it) | 1994-12-06 | 1997-07-17 | Angeletti P Ist Richerche Bio | Antagonisti di interleuchina-6(il-6) che consistono di forme solubili del ricettore alfa di il-6, mutate nell'interfaccia che si lega a gp 130 |
IT1274782B (it) | 1994-12-14 | 1997-07-24 | Angeletti P Ist Richerche Bio | Metodo per selezionare superagonisti, antagonisti e superantagonisti di ormoni del cui complesso recettoriale fa parte gp 130 |
JPH08311098A (ja) | 1995-05-22 | 1996-11-26 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | 新規ペプチド類およびそれを含有するインターロイキン6拮抗剤 |
US6001962A (en) | 1996-11-15 | 1999-12-14 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Modified Fas ligands |
ATE391136T1 (de) | 1998-06-18 | 2008-04-15 | Imed Ab | Fas peptide und antikörper zur modulierung von apoptosis |
EP1572103A4 (en) * | 2002-11-15 | 2008-02-13 | Centocor Inc | ANTI-ANGIOGENIC USES OF IL-6 ANTAGONISTS |
US20050100550A1 (en) * | 2003-11-10 | 2005-05-12 | Mohit Trikha | Anti-angiogenic uses of IL-6 antagonists |
AU2007208678B2 (en) | 2006-01-27 | 2013-01-10 | Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha | Therapeutic agents for diseases involving choroidal neovascularization |
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US20090082470A1 (en) | 2007-09-24 | 2009-03-26 | Rafal Farjo | Stat3 inhibiting compositions and methods |
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BR112016016901A2 (pt) | 2018-03-20 |
AU2015208105A1 (en) | 2016-08-04 |
RU2016133022A (ru) | 2018-02-26 |
EP3096781A1 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
EP3096781B1 (en) | 2022-11-02 |
JP2017505303A (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
WO2015110556A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
CA2937591C (en) | 2022-09-06 |
US10519232B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 |
SG11201605919YA (en) | 2016-08-30 |
EP2898896A1 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
KR20160106667A (ko) | 2016-09-12 |
US20160340424A1 (en) | 2016-11-24 |
IL246855A0 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
MX2016009600A (es) | 2017-02-13 |
CA2937591A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
KR102379006B1 (ko) | 2022-03-28 |
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