JP6675505B2 - 光電変換素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
光電変換素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6675505B2 JP6675505B2 JP2019025463A JP2019025463A JP6675505B2 JP 6675505 B2 JP6675505 B2 JP 6675505B2 JP 2019025463 A JP2019025463 A JP 2019025463A JP 2019025463 A JP2019025463 A JP 2019025463A JP 6675505 B2 JP6675505 B2 JP 6675505B2
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- photoelectric conversion
- electrode
- conversion element
- oxide
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 143
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 40
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- -1 pyridine compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiocyanic acid Chemical compound SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 207739-72-8 Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N(C=1C=C2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C2=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC(=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=C13)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Substances C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cs+].[Cs+] KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001942 caesium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012702 metal oxide precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 46
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 18
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
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- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 7
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- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007646 gravure printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical group C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- LLWRXQXPJMPHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].[NH3+]C LLWRXQXPJMPHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DCZNSJVFOQPSRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diphenyl-4-[4-(n-phenylanilino)phenyl]aniline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 DCZNSJVFOQPSRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-e][1]benzothiole Chemical class C1=C2SC=CC2=C2C=CSC2=C1 CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910000846 In alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001167 Poly(triaryl amine) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- UTFJHBNXHONIAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(3+) 2-pyrazol-1-ylpyridine Chemical compound [Co+3].C1=CC=NN1C1=CC=CC=N1.C1=CC=NN1C1=CC=CC=N1.C1=CC=NN1C1=CC=CC=N1 UTFJHBNXHONIAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- JOUSPCDMLWUHSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxovanadium;propan-2-ol Chemical compound [V]=O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O JOUSPCDMLWUHSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical class N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ZJMWRROPUADPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butylbenzene Chemical compound CCC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZJMWRROPUADPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Chemical class S1C=CC2=C1C=CS2 VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
Description
なお、図面は模式的または概念的なものであり、各部分の厚みと幅との関係、部分間の大きさの比率などは、必ずしも現実のものと同一とは限らない。また、同じ部分を表す場合であっても、図面により互いの寸法や比率が異なって表される場合もある。
なお、本願明細書と各図において、既出の図に関して前述したものと同様の要素には同一の符号を付して詳細な説明は適宜省略する。
図1(a)は、実施形態に係る光電変換素子101を例示する模式的平面図である。図1(b)は、図1(a)に表した切断面A−A’における光電変換素子101の模式的断面図である。図1(c)は、図1(a)に表した切断面B−B’における光電変換素子101の模式的断面図である。
図1(c)に表したように、第1電極10は、第1部分10aと、第2部分10bと、第3部分10cと、を含む。第1部分10aは、第2電極20の上に設けられ、Z軸方向において第2電極20と離間する。例えば、第1部分10aは、第2電極20に対して平行である。第2部分10bは、Y軸方向において、第2電極20と並ぶ。第3部分10cは、第1部分10aと第2部分10bとの間に設けられ、第1部分10aと第2部分10bとを接続する部分である。
(基板15)
基板15は、ほかの構成部材(第1電極10、第2電極20、第1層11、第2層12、中間層31、光電変換層13および絶縁層17)を支持する。この基板15は、電極を形成することができる。基板15としては、熱や有機溶媒によって変質しないものが好ましい。基板15は、例えば、無機材料を含む基板、プラスチック基板、高分子フィルム、または、金属基板等である。無機材料としては、無アルカリガラス、石英ガラス等が挙げられる。プラスチック及び高分子フィルムの材料としては、ポリエチレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、液晶ポリマー、シクロオレフィンポリマー等が挙げられる。金属基板の材料としては、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、チタン、シリコン等が挙げられる。
第1電極10および第2電極20に関する説明において、単に「電極」という場合には、第1電極10および第2電極20の少なくともいずれかをいうものとする。
光電変換層13には、ペロブスカイト構造を有する材料を用いることができる。ペロブスカイト構造は、例えばイオンA1、イオンA2、およびイオンXからなり、A1A2X3と表すことができる。イオンA2がイオンA1に比べて小さい場合にペロブスカイト構造を有する場合がある。ペロブスカイト構造は、例えば立方晶系の単位格子をもつ。立方晶の各頂点にイオンA1が配置され、体心にイオンA2が配置される。体心のイオンA2を中心として立方晶の各面心にイオンXが配置される。
光電変換素子においては、第1層11および第2層12のいずれか一方が正孔輸送層であり、いずれか他方が電子輸送層である。前述した通り、この例では第1層11が正孔輸送層であり、第2層12が電子輸送層である。
例えば、第1層11の材料として、p形有機物半導体またはn形有機半導体を用いることができる。
第1層11の厚さは、例えば、2nm以上1000nm以下である。
中間層31(ドーパントブロック層)の材料には、中間層31と接するキャリア輸送層に含まれる成分が拡散しにくい(例えば拡散性が無い)材料が用いられる。これにより、中間層31は、ドーパントブロック性を有する。すなわち、中間層31は、キャリア輸送層のドーパントが光電変換層13へ拡散することを抑制する。
次に、実施形態に係る光電変換素子の製造方法の例について説明する。
図2は、実施形態に係る光電変換素子の製造方法を例示するフローチャートである。実施形態に係る光電変換素子の製造方法は、ステップS101〜ステップS106を含む。
なお、第1電極10の材料としてPEDOTを用いる場合には、スピンコート法などの塗布によって電極を形成することができる。第1電極10の形成において塗布される溶液は、エタノール水溶液であることが好ましい。これにより、溶液の表面張力および浸透性が調整される。例えば、PEDOTを含むエタノール水溶液を所望の厚さとなるように塗布した後、ホットプレート等で加熱および乾燥する。140℃以上200℃以下の温度において、1分間以上10分間以下程度、加熱および乾燥することが好ましい。
以上説明したようにして、実施形態に係る光電変換素子が形成される。
図3に表した領域R1は、光電変換層であるペロブスカイト層に4−tert−ブチルピリジンを滴下した領域である。図3に表した領域R2は、ペロブスカイト層にアセトニトリルを滴下した領域である。
さらに、光電変換素子101cは、第2層12cと中間層31cとを含む。第2層12cは、ドープされた電子輸送層である。第2層12cの材料は、図4(a)で説明した第1層11aと同様である。中間層31cは、第2層12cのドーパントが光電変換層13へ拡散することを抑制するドーパントブロック層である。中間層31cの材料は、図4(a)で説明した中間層31aと同様である。
また、各具体例のいずれか2つ以上の要素を技術的に可能な範囲で組み合わせたものも、本発明の要旨を包含する限り本発明の範囲に含まれる。
Claims (10)
- ペロブスカイト構造を有する材料を含む光電変換層の上に、金属酸化物前駆体液体、及び、チオシアン酸を含む溶液の少なくともいずれかを含む液体を塗布して中間層を形成する工程と、
前記中間層の上に、第1物質と第2物質とを含む第1層を形成する工程と、
を備え、
前記第1層における前記第2物質の濃度は、前記第1層における前記第1物質の濃度よりも低く、
前記第1層における前記第2物質の濃度は、前記光電変換層における前記第2物質の濃度の10倍以上である、光電変換素子の製造方法。 - 前記中間層は、チタン酸化物、モリブデン酸化物、バナジウム酸化物、亜鉛酸化物、ニッケル酸化物、リチウム酸化物、カルシウム酸化物、セシウム酸化物、およびアルミニウム酸化物の少なくともいずれかを含む、請求項1記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 前記中間層は、チオシアン酸塩を含む請求項1記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 前記第1物質は、Spiro−OMeTADを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 前記第2物質は、ピリジン化合物およびアセトニトリルの少なくともいずれかを含む請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 前記ピリジン化合物は、4−tert−ブチルピリジンを含む請求項5記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 前記ペロブスカイト構造を有する材料をA1A2X3としたときに、
前記A1は、CH3NH3を含み、
前記A2は、PbおよびSnの少なくともいずれかを含み、
前記Xは、Cl、Br、およびIの少なくともいずれかを含む請求項1〜6のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。 - 前記第1層の上にポリエチレンジオキシチオフェンを含む第1電極を形成する工程をさらに備えた、請求項1〜7のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 第2電極の上に第2層を形成する工程と、
前記第2層の上に前記光電変換層を形成する工程と、
をさらに備えた請求項8記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。 - 前記第2層は、ハロゲン化合物および金属酸化物の少なくともいずれかを含む請求項9記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
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