JP6594680B2 - 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法及び製造装置並びに燃料噴射弁 - Google Patents
中空複合磁性部材の製造方法及び製造装置並びに燃料噴射弁 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6594680B2 JP6594680B2 JP2015135987A JP2015135987A JP6594680B2 JP 6594680 B2 JP6594680 B2 JP 6594680B2 JP 2015135987 A JP2015135987 A JP 2015135987A JP 2015135987 A JP2015135987 A JP 2015135987A JP 6594680 B2 JP6594680 B2 JP 6594680B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- hollow
- composite magnetic
- pipe
- region
- irradiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 44
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 30
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005307 ferromagnetism Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005347 demagnetization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
- F02M61/166—Selection of particular materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/064—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
- B23K26/0823—Devices involving rotation of the workpiece
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
- B23K26/354—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment by melting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
- B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
- B23K2103/05—Stainless steel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
- B23P15/001—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass valves or valve housings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
- F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
- F02M51/0664—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
- F02M61/168—Assembling; Disassembling; Manufacturing; Adjusting
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
Description
ここで、ワイヤの断面が楕円形状である場合には、ワイヤの断面のレーザ照射の進行方向における直径(幅)をdとする。例えば、図3のような場合(レーザ照射の進行方向は図上の上または下)、楕円の幅狭方向の直径(d)となる。一般に、ワイヤの断面形状がどのようなものであっても、ワイヤの断面のレーザ照射の進行方向における幅をdとする。
図5A及び5Bは、本実施例で使用したビーム変換ヘッドを示したものである。これらの図は、上記の線状ビームの照射領域の形状を実現するためのレンズの配置を示したものである。
Claims (8)
- 強磁性で形成された中空部材の一部における磁性を弱めた中空複合磁性部材を製造する方法であって、
前記中空部材の一部にNi含有材料を連続的に送給するとともに、レーザビームにより線分状の照射領域の加熱をすることにより、前記Ni含有材料及び前記中空部材を溶融し混合し磁性を弱めた弱磁性領域を形成する工程を含み、
前記照射領域の長辺の長さをaとし、前記照射領域の前記長辺に平行する断面における前記弱磁性領域の幅をwとした場合に、aはwの1倍以上2倍未満であり、
前記照射領域の短辺の長さをbとし、前記Ni含有材料の断面の直径をdとした場合に、b/d≦1.0の関係を満たす、中空複合磁性部材の製造方法。 - 前記照射領域の加熱をする際、前記中空部材を回転する、請求項1記載の中空複合磁性部材の製造方法。
- 前記Ni含有材料は、その断面が中実若しくは中空の円形状、楕円形状若しくは矩形状を有する単芯のソリッドワイヤ、又は断面が中実若しくは中空の円形状、楕円形状若しくは矩形状を有する単芯のソリッドワイヤを複数撚り合わせたストランドワイヤである、請求項1又は2に記載の中空複合磁性部材の製造方法。
- 前記レーザビームは、シリンドリカルレンズより形成する、請求項3記載の中空複合磁性部材の製造方法。
- 前記線分状の前記照射領域は、点状のレーザビームを走査することにより形成する、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の中空複合磁性部材の製造方法。
- 強磁性の中空部材の一部における磁性を弱めた中空複合磁性部材を製造する装置であって、
前記中空部材の一部にNi含有材料を連続的に送給する材料送給ユニットと、
線分状の照射領域を有するレーザビーム形成ユニットと、
前記Ni含有材料及び前記中空部材を溶融し混合して磁性を弱めた弱磁性領域を形成するために前記中空部材を設置する照射対象設置ユニットと、を備え、
前記照射領域の長辺の長さをaとし、前記照射領域の前記長辺に平行する断面における前記弱磁性領域の幅をwとした場合に、aはwの1倍以上2倍未満であり、
前記照射領域の短辺の長さをbとし、前記Ni含有材料の断面の直径をdとした場合に、b/d≦1.0の関係を満たす、中空複合磁性部材の製造装置。 - さらに、前記中空部材を回転する照射対象回転ユニットを備えた、請求項6記載の中空複合磁性部材の製造装置。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の中空複合磁性部材の製造方法により製造された中空複合磁性部材であるパイプを有する、燃料噴射弁。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2015135987A JP6594680B2 (ja) | 2015-07-07 | 2015-07-07 | 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法及び製造装置並びに燃料噴射弁 |
CN201680039544.6A CN107735210B (zh) | 2015-07-07 | 2016-06-09 | 中空复合磁性构件的制造方法及制造装置以及燃料喷射阀 |
PCT/JP2016/067184 WO2017006693A1 (ja) | 2015-07-07 | 2016-06-09 | 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法及び製造装置並びに燃料噴射弁 |
US15/740,680 US10724485B2 (en) | 2015-07-07 | 2016-06-09 | Method and apparatus for manufacturing hollow composite magnetic member, and fuel injection valve |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2015135987A JP6594680B2 (ja) | 2015-07-07 | 2015-07-07 | 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法及び製造装置並びに燃料噴射弁 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2017018960A JP2017018960A (ja) | 2017-01-26 |
JP6594680B2 true JP6594680B2 (ja) | 2019-10-23 |
Family
ID=57685480
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2015135987A Active JP6594680B2 (ja) | 2015-07-07 | 2015-07-07 | 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法及び製造装置並びに燃料噴射弁 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10724485B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6594680B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN107735210B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2017006693A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE112015007125T5 (de) * | 2015-12-24 | 2018-08-02 | Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd. | Magnetventil und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
CN110216369A (zh) * | 2018-03-02 | 2019-09-10 | 武汉华工激光工程有限责任公司 | 激光表面处理设备 |
WO2020179904A1 (ja) | 2019-03-07 | 2020-09-10 | 国立大学法人横浜国立大学 | 造形装置、液滴移動装置、目的物生産方法、造形方法、液滴移動方法、造形プログラムおよび液滴移動プログラム |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS59202197A (ja) * | 1983-04-30 | 1984-11-15 | Sasakura Eng Co Ltd | 肉盛溶接方法 |
JPH0557480A (ja) * | 1991-08-30 | 1993-03-09 | Nippon Steel Weld Prod & Eng Co Ltd | Al基材料表面への肉盛溶接用複合ワイヤ |
JPH06142974A (ja) * | 1992-11-12 | 1994-05-24 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | 溶接棒及びその製造方法 |
JPH08300175A (ja) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-11-19 | Nippon Steel Corp | 鋼薄板用レーザ溶接方法 |
JPH10225770A (ja) * | 1997-02-14 | 1998-08-25 | Sangyo Souzou Kenkyusho | 溶接装置 |
JP4453127B2 (ja) * | 1999-09-20 | 2010-04-21 | アイシン精機株式会社 | 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法 |
CN1159129C (zh) * | 2000-08-29 | 2004-07-28 | 三菱电机株式会社 | 激光加工装置 |
JP4120632B2 (ja) * | 2004-01-22 | 2008-07-16 | 株式会社デンソー | 燃料噴射弁 |
US7926418B2 (en) | 2004-10-07 | 2011-04-19 | All-Clad Metalcrafters Llc | Griddle plate having a vacuum bonded cook surface |
JP4935882B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-05 | 2012-05-23 | 株式会社デンソー | 燃料噴射弁 |
JP2011156573A (ja) * | 2010-02-02 | 2011-08-18 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 溶接装置及び溶接方法 |
KR100984727B1 (ko) * | 2010-04-30 | 2010-10-01 | 유병소 | 대상물 가공 방법 및 대상물 가공 장치 |
JP5764367B2 (ja) * | 2010-06-17 | 2015-08-19 | 日東電工株式会社 | 偏光フィルムの製造方法 |
JP4803566B1 (ja) * | 2010-09-24 | 2011-10-26 | パイオニア株式会社 | レーザ加工装置 |
US9472776B2 (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2016-10-18 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Method for manufacturing sealed structure including welded glass frits |
US9272365B2 (en) * | 2012-09-12 | 2016-03-01 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Superalloy laser cladding with surface topology energy transfer compensation |
-
2015
- 2015-07-07 JP JP2015135987A patent/JP6594680B2/ja active Active
-
2016
- 2016-06-09 US US15/740,680 patent/US10724485B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2016-06-09 WO PCT/JP2016/067184 patent/WO2017006693A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2016-06-09 CN CN201680039544.6A patent/CN107735210B/zh active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN107735210B (zh) | 2020-04-07 |
CN107735210A (zh) | 2018-02-23 |
WO2017006693A1 (ja) | 2017-01-12 |
US20180187640A1 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
US10724485B2 (en) | 2020-07-28 |
JP2017018960A (ja) | 2017-01-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6594680B2 (ja) | 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法及び製造装置並びに燃料噴射弁 | |
JP2008277272A (ja) | スパークプラグの製造方法 | |
US20150290736A1 (en) | Welding wire feeding device and method | |
CN107850020B (zh) | 中空复合磁性构件及其制造方法以及燃料喷射阀 | |
WO2013164076A1 (de) | Verfahren zum laserunterstützten plasmaschneiden oder plasmaschweissen und vorrichtung dafür | |
JP3024471B2 (ja) | 電磁アクチュエータおよびその製造方法 | |
US10002698B2 (en) | Valve having a magnetic actuator | |
JP2011245546A (ja) | レーザ溶接方法、パイプ接合体、および、それを用いた燃料噴射弁 | |
Zhao et al. | Droplet transfer and weld geometry in laser welding with filling wire | |
US20180281115A1 (en) | Device for additive manufacturing of a turbomachinery part by direct metal deposition onto a substrate | |
US6441335B1 (en) | Process for beam-welding two members different in hardness | |
US6919528B2 (en) | Welding machine and welding method for energy welding of cylinder members | |
CN104227236B (zh) | 焊接构件、燃料喷射阀及激光焊接方法 | |
JP3803539B2 (ja) | 電磁式燃料噴射弁 | |
CN108779748B (zh) | 流量控制装置 | |
JP6656266B2 (ja) | 電磁弁及びその製造方法 | |
JP2002303222A (ja) | 燃料噴射弁 | |
JP4453127B2 (ja) | 中空複合磁性部材の製造方法 | |
JPH09312208A (ja) | 磁気回路形成用ヨーク及びその製造方法 | |
KR101194512B1 (ko) | 커먼 레일, 커먼 레일 홀더 및 커먼 레일의 제조 방법 | |
JP6655568B2 (ja) | 燃料噴射弁 | |
JPH07102458B2 (ja) | ア−ク,プラズマの制御方法 | |
JPS585570A (ja) | 電磁式燃料噴射弁の製造方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20180122 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20190205 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20190322 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20190903 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20190925 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6594680 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
S533 | Written request for registration of change of name |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313533 |
|
R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |