JP6572130B2 - 内皮機能不全及び炎症の疾患の治療 - Google Patents
内皮機能不全及び炎症の疾患の治療 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2012年12月12日に出願された「Treatment of diseases of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation」と題される米国仮特許出願第61/736,361号の優先権を主張し、その内容全体は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本開示は、内皮機能不全又は炎症の疾患、及びそれと関連する状態を治療又は予防するための方法に関する。
内皮機能不全は、血管拡張低下へと向かう内皮作用のシフト、炎症促進性状態及び血栓形成促進性(prothrombic)の特性により特徴付けられる。結果的に機能不全を伴う内皮の損傷が、アテローム性動脈硬化症における起因事象であり(Ross Nature 362:801-9, 1993)、冠動脈疾患の虚血兆候に重要な役割を果たすことは血管生物学者の全体的な合意である。内皮機能不全はまた、アテローム性動脈硬化症の物理的存在に先行する(Reddy et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 23:833-843, 1994)。それはまた、大半の心血管疾患形態(例えば、高血圧、冠動脈疾患、慢性心不全及び末梢動脈疾患)、糖尿病の合併症(例えば、ネフロパシー)、及び慢性腎不全とも関連する。
本発明への到達時に、本発明者らは、STRO-1発現間葉系前駆細胞(MPC)又はその子孫を、内皮機能不全に罹患した動物に全身(例えば、静脈内)投与することにより、内皮特異的拡張剤(ブラジキニン及びカルバコール)に対する冠動脈の反応は増加するが、平滑筋拡張剤ニトロプルシドナトリウムに対しては増加しないことを示した。例えば、MPC又はその子孫は、内皮特異的拡張剤に対する最大反応を増加させ、これは、MPC又は子孫で処置されていない動物の結果と比較して、内皮機能不全の低下を示す。これらのデータは、STRO-1発現MPC若しくはその子孫、又はそれから分泌される1以上の因子が、内皮機能不全の発症(development)を治療又は予防することを示す。
一般的技術及び選択された定義
本明細書を通じて、特記のない限り、又は文脈がそうでないことを要求する場合を除き、単一の工程、組成物、工程の群又は組成物の群への言及は、1及び複数(すなわち、1以上)のそれらの工程、組成物、工程の群又は組成物の群を包含すると解されるものとする。
内皮機能を評価するための多数の試験が当分野で既知であり、且つ/或いは以下に記載され、内皮機能不全を検出するために有用である。
本明細書で使用する場合、用語「幹細胞」とは、表現型的及び遺伝子型的に同一の娘、並びに少なくとも1つの他の最終細胞型(例えば、最終分化した細胞)を生じさせることができる自己再生性の細胞をいう。用語「幹細胞」は、全能性(totipotential)、多能性(pluripotential)及び多能性(multipotential)の細胞、並びにその分化に由来する前駆(progenitor)細胞及び/又は前駆(precursor)細胞を含む。幹細胞は成体又は胚性幹細胞であってよく、或いは人工多能性幹細胞(iPS)であってよい。
多硫酸化多糖類は、ヘパリン及びペントサンポリサルフェートにより例示されるように、1つ以上の硫酸エステル基が共有結合している2つ以上の糖環又は炭水化物構造を含有する、天然に存在するか又は半合成/合成の任意の多硫酸化多糖類又は生物学的に活性なその断片であってよい。
一例において、幹細胞及び/又はその子孫細胞は、例えば目的のタンパク質を発現及び/又は分泌するために、遺伝子改変される。例えば、細胞は、内皮機能不全の治療に有用なタンパク質、例えば、アンジオポエチンI又は一酸化窒素シンターゼ(例えば、eNOS又はiNOS)などを発現するよう操作される。
内皮機能/機能不全を研究するための様々なモデルが当分野で既知である。例示的なin vitroモデルは以下を含む:
・高グルコース培地中での培養内皮細胞であって、これにより増殖の抑制、接着分子の発現の増加及びアポトーシスの増加がもたらされる;及び
・例えば、Alm et al., BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 2: 8, 2002に記載されるような、腸間膜動脈の器官培養物。
・Eberhardt et al., J Clin Invest 106: 483-491, 2000に記載されるような、マウス高ホモシステイン血症モデル;
・2腎性1クリップモデル及び1腎性1クリップモデルなどのゴールドブラット技術を用いて作製されたラット高血圧モデルであって、これは動脈圧、全末梢血管抵抗(TPR)を増加させること、及びアセチルコリン(Ach)に対する内皮依存性弛緩を低下させることが実証されている(Share et al., Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 4: 1261-1270, 2982; Sventek et al., Hypertensive, 27: 49-55, 1996);
・げっ歯類において一側腎摘出術を行い、その後6週間の間、週に2回、1%NaCl及び0.5%KClとともにオリーブオイル中DOCA塩(40 mg kg-1, s.c.)を投与することにより、血管内皮機能不全が作製される(Shah and Singh, Naun. Schmie. Arch. Pharmacol., 373: 221-229, 2006);
・6週間、L-NAME(eNOS阻害剤)(50 mg kg-1 day-1)でげっ歯類を処置することにより、ラットにおいて、血圧が上昇し、内皮依存性弛緩が低下することが示されている(Kung et al., Hypertensive, 26: 744-751, 1995);
・アンジオテンシン-II(0.7 mg kg-1 day-1)を5日間げっ歯類に注入することにより、収縮期血圧の上昇、スーパーオキシドアニオンの産生が増加すること、Ach誘発性弛緩の障害が引き起こされることが示されている(Rajagopalan et al., J. Clin. Invest., 97: 1916-1923, 1996);
・エチニルエストラジオール(1.5 mg kg-1 day-1)をげっ歯類に慢性投与することにより、血圧が上昇し、結果として内皮依存性弛緩が低下することが示されている(Thakre et al., Ind. J. Pharmacol., 32: 15-20, 2000);
・中程度の高脂肪食投与を10週間与えたげっ歯類は、高血圧により特徴付けられる血管内皮機能不全を発症し、活性酸素種(ROS)及び脂質過酸化反応が上昇することが示されている(Dobrian et al., Hypertensive, 37: 554-560, 2001);
・ストレプトゾトシン(55 mg kg-1, i.p. 1回)をラットに投与すると糖尿病を生じ、結果として血管内皮機能不全が誘導された(Shah and Singh, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 283: 191-199, 2006)。
本開示の一例において、STRO-1+細胞及び/又はその子孫細胞は、組成物の形態で投与される。例えば、かかる組成物は医薬上許容される担体及び/又は賦形剤を含む。
本発明の一例において、STRO-1+細胞由来の及び/又は子孫細胞由来の上清又は可溶性因子は、組成物の形態、例えば適切な担体及び/又は賦形剤を含む組成物の形態で投与される。例えば、担体又は賦形剤は、可溶性因子又は上清の生物学的効果に悪影響を及ぼさない。
STRO-1+細胞由来の上清又は可溶性因子、STRO-1+細胞又はその子孫は、他の有益な薬物又は生物学的分子(増殖因子、栄養因子)とともに投与されてよい。他の薬剤とともに投与される場合、それらは、単一医薬組成物又は別個の医薬組成物で、同時に、又は該他の薬剤と連続して(該他の薬剤の投与の前又は後のいずれか)、一緒に投与されてよい。共投与されてよい生物活性因子には、抗アポトーシス剤(例えば、EPO、EPOミメチボディ、TPO、IGF-I及びIGF-II、HGF、カスパーゼ阻害剤);抗炎症剤(例えば、p38 MAPK阻害剤、TGFベータ阻害剤、スタチン、IL-6及びIL-1阻害剤、ペミロラスト、トラニラスト、レミケード、シロリムス及びNSAID(非ステロイド性抗炎症薬;例えば、テポキサリン、トルメチン、スプロフェン);免疫抑制/免疫調節剤(例えば、カルシニューリン阻害剤、例えば、シクロスポリン、タクロリムスなど;mTOR阻害剤(例えば、シロリムス、エベロリムス);抗増殖剤(例えば、アザチオプリン、ミコフェノール酸モフェチル);コルチコステロイド(例えば、プレドニゾロン、ヒドロコルチゾン);抗体、例えば、モノクローナル抗IL-2Rアルファ受容体抗体(例えば、バシリキシマブ、ダクリズマブ)、ポリクローナル抗T細胞抗体(例えば、抗胸腺細胞グロブリン(ATG);抗リンパ球グロブリン(ALG);モノクローナル抗T細胞抗体OKT3));抗血栓形成剤(例えば、ヘパリン、ヘパリン誘導体、ウロキナーゼ、PPack(デキストロフェニルアラニンプロリンアルギニンクロロメチルケトン)、抗トロンビン化合物、血小板受容体アンタゴニスト、抗トロンビン抗体、抗血小板受容体抗体、アスピリン、ジピリダモール、プロタミン、ヒルジン、プロスタグランジン阻害剤及び血小板阻害剤);及び抗酸化剤(例えば、プロブコール、ビタミンA、アスコルビン酸、トコフェロール、コエンザイムQ-10、グルタチオン、L-システイン、N-アセチルシステイン)及び局所麻酔薬などが挙げられる。
本開示はまた、本明細書に記載するようないずれかの例に従う方法で使用するため、又は当該方法で使用される場合の医療デバイスを提供する。例えば、本開示は、本明細書に記載するようないずれかの例に従うSTRO-1+細胞及び/又はその子孫細胞及び/又はそれからの可溶性因子及び/又は組成物を含む、シリンジ若しくはカテーテル、又は他の適切なデリバリーデバイスを提供する。任意選択で、シリンジ又はカテーテルは、本明細書に記載するようないずれかの例に従う方法で使用するための指示書とともにパッケージされる。
STRO-1+細胞由来の上清又は可溶性因子、STRO-1+細胞又はその子孫は、外科的に移植、注入、デリバリー(例えば、カテーテル又はシリンジを手段として)されてよく、或いは全身投与されてもよい。
骨髄(BM)を、健康な正常成人ボランティア(20〜35歳)から採取する。簡潔には、40 mlのBMを、後腸骨稜から、リチウム-ヘパリン抗凝固剤含有チューブに吸引する。
STRO-1強陽性(bright)細胞を単離するための単一試薬としてSTRO-3 mAbを用いることの可能性を確認するために実験を設計した。
最初の一連の実験において、半定量RT-PCR分析を実施して、蛍光活性化セルソーティングにより単離されたSTRO-1微陽性(dull)又はSTRO-1強陽性(bright)集団により発現される様々な系統関連遺伝子の遺伝子発現プロファイルを検証した(図2A)。第二の一連の実験において、フローサイトメトリー及び平均チャネル蛍光分析を実施して、蛍光活性化セルソーティングにより単離されたSTRO-1微陽性(dull)又はSTRO-1強陽性(bright)集団により発現される様々な系統関連タンパク質の表面タンパク質発現プロファイルを検証した。
ヒト間質細胞株HS5及びHS27Aを10%ウシ胎児血清(FCS)並びにペニシリン(100 U/ml)及びストレプトマイシン(100 μg/mL)を補充したRPMI-1640中で増殖させた。初代間質線維芽細胞を、以前に記載されるように(Pillai et al., Blood 107: 3520-3526, 2006)、骨髄単核細胞(BMMNC)から培養した。FACS Ariaセルソーター(BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA)にてCD146高(hi)及びCD146低(lo)集団へとセルソーティングするため及び分析するために、FITC結合抗CD146抗体(Ebiosciences, San Diego, CA)及び適切なアイソタイプコントロールで細胞を染色した。
方法
ヒツジに対して、0日目に、フロイント完全アジュバント(1 mL)及びウシII型コラーゲン(BColl-II)(5 mg)のエマルションを皮下注射し、それに続いて、14日目に、フロイント不完全アジュバント(1 mL)及びBColl-II(5 mg)の2回目の注射を行うことにより、ヒツジをBColl-IIに感作させた。28日目に、0.5 mLの等張食塩水中100 μgのBColl-IIを左飛節へと関節内注射して、全身性炎症を伴う急性関節炎を促進した。29日目に、ヒツジに生理食塩水(saline)(n=8)、又はPBS中に懸濁した1億5,000万個のMPC(n=8)を静脈内注射した。その後13日間にわたって血液を集め、市販のELISAキットを用いて、Il-10、フィブリノーゲン、アクチビンA及びC反応性タンパク質(CRP)の血漿レベルを測定した。動物はすべて42日目に犠死させた。
使用した改変KHSは、以下の組成(mM)を有する:NaCl 118、KCl 4.57、CaCl2 1.27、KH2PO41.19、MgSO4 1.19、NaHCO325及びグルコース5.55。薬物はすべてSigma-Aldrich company Ltd, Australiaから得た。すべての薬物及びKHS溶液は、実験日に新しく調製し、蒸留水に溶解した。すべての薬物は、その後、KHSで希釈した。
37℃で維持され、95%O2及び5%CO2を通気した5 mlのKHSを含むチャンバー中にプレパレーションを置いた。15分間の平衡期間後、Mulvany and Halpern Circulation Res. 41: 19-26, 1977により開発された方法に従って血管セグメントが正常化され、正常化手順の間に最適な内周を測定した。正常化した内周に従って血管に静止張力を適用し、これは、13.3 kPa(100 mmHg)(補正係数0.9)に相当した。静止張力が確立された後、血管をKHS中、30分間の追加の平衡期間に供し、それに続いて、標準的な脱分極Krebs溶液(DKS;118 mM KCl)に対する収縮反応に供した。
洗浄及び再平衡化(15分間)後、同じ個体由来の2つの血管セグメントをイブプロフェン(10 μM)含有KHSとともにインキュベートして、ブラジキニンのプロスタグランジン媒介性の作用をいずれも排除した。次いで、エンドセリン-1(3×10-8M)を用いて、最大DKS反応の75%までそれらを収縮させた。定常状態収縮が達成されたら、次いで、内皮依存性血管拡張剤ブラジキニン(10-11 M〜10-5 M)又は内皮非依存性血管拡張剤ニトロプルシドナトリウム(10-10 M〜10-4 M)のいずれかの濃度を累積的に増加させて、弛緩反応を得た。各セグメントにおいて、1つのみの濃度反応曲線を実施し、2つの隣接セグメントを各実験で使用した。
洗浄及び再平衡化(15分間)後、同じ個体由来の2つの血管セグメントを、5-HT(3×10-6 M)を用いて、最大DKS反応の75%まで収縮させた。定常状態収縮が達成されたら、次いで、内皮依存性血管拡張剤カルバコール(10-9 M〜10-4 M)又は内皮非依存性血管拡張剤ニトロプルシドナトリウム(10-10 M〜10-4 M)のいずれかの濃度を累積的に増加させて、弛緩反応を得た。各セグメントにおいて、1つのみの濃度反応曲線を実施し、2つの隣接セグメントを各実験で使用した。
張力をコンピューター化収集システムにより連続的に記録し、それぞれ別個のプレパレーションに由来する、表示された回数の別箇の実験(n)の平均±平均の標準誤差(s.e.m.)として結果を表した。データを用いて累積濃度反応曲線(CRC)を構築し、ここからEC50(最大反応の50%を生じるアゴニスト濃度であって、幾何平均及び95%信頼区間として表す)値及び最大反応を計算し、適切な場合、Dunnettのポストホック検定を用いて分散のone-way又はtwo-way分析を用いて、カーブフィッティングソフトウェア(GraphPad Prism 5.0)により統計比較を行った。
結果から、1億5,000万個の同種異系MPCを単回IV投与することにより、投与翌日にIL-10産生レベルの急上昇がもたらされることが示された(図5)。IL-10は炎症性サイトカインであり、好中球の循環レベルを促進させ、その炎症促進状態を制限するのに役立つ。これは、同様に、敗血症などの全身性感染症の治療を高めるのに役立つ。
方法
ヒツジに対して、0日目に、フロイント完全アジュバント(1 mL)及びウシII型コラーゲン(BColl-II)(5 mg)のエマルションを皮下注射し、それに続いて、14日目に、フロイント不完全アジュバント(1 mL)及びBColl-II(5 mg)の2回目の注射を行うことにより、ヒツジをBColl-IIに感作させた。28日目に、0.5 mLの等張食塩水中100 μgのBColl-IIを左飛節へと関節内注射して、全身性炎症を伴う急性関節炎を促進した。29日目に、ヒツジに、PBS中に懸濁した7,500万個のMPC(n=6)、又はPBS中に懸濁した7,500万個のMPCに75ミリグラムのペントサンポリサルフェート(PPS)を加えたもの(n=6)若しくは75ミリグラムのPPSを静脈内注射した。その後13日間にわたって血液を集め、市販のELISAキットを用いて、Il-10、フィブリノーゲン、アクチビンA及びC反応性タンパク質(CRP)の血漿レベルを測定した。動物はすべて42日目に犠死させた。
結果から、7,500万個の同種異系MPCにPPSを加えたものを単回IV投与することにより、PPS単独と比較して、血漿IL-10産生レベルの有意な上昇(ベースラインに対して)がもたらされたことが示される(図11)。IL-10は炎症性サイトカインであり、好中球の循環レベルを促進させ、その炎症促進状態を制限するのに役立つ。これは、同様に、敗血症などの全身性感染症の治療を高めるのに役立つ。
Claims (7)
- STRO-1bright, TNAP+間葉系前駆細胞(MPC)が富化されたヒト細胞集団及び/又はその培養増殖された多能性の子孫を含む、ヒト対象における糖尿病性ネフロパシーの治療又は予防剤であって、前記剤が全身投与に適している、剤。
- 静脈内投与される、請求項1に記載の剤。
- 1キログラムあたり、0.1×106〜5×106個の間のSTRO-1bright, TNAP+MPC及び/又はその培養増殖された多能性の子孫を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
- 約1億〜3億個の細胞の用量を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の剤。
- 前記集団が、自家である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の剤。
- ペントサンポリサルフェート(PPS)又は医薬上許容されるその塩と組み合わせて投与される、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の剤。
- 前記集団が、同種異系である、請求項1〜4及び6のいずれか一項に記載の剤。
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