JP6543011B1 - 電子供与体、及び、電子供与体を用いた4,4’−ビピリジンの合成方法 - Google Patents
電子供与体、及び、電子供与体を用いた4,4’−ビピリジンの合成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6543011B1 JP6543011B1 JP2019502820A JP2019502820A JP6543011B1 JP 6543011 B1 JP6543011 B1 JP 6543011B1 JP 2019502820 A JP2019502820 A JP 2019502820A JP 2019502820 A JP2019502820 A JP 2019502820A JP 6543011 B1 JP6543011 B1 JP 6543011B1
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- Prior art keywords
- reaction
- electron donor
- group
- bipyridine
- pyridine
- Prior art date
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- MWVTWFVJZLCBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-bipyridine Chemical compound C1=NC=CC(C=2C=CN=CC=2)=C1 MWVTWFVJZLCBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinon Chemical compound CN1CCN(C)C1=O CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 112
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 56
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 64
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 73
- 239000000386 donor Substances 0.000 description 63
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 33
- -1 bipyridine compound Chemical class 0.000 description 32
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 25
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 24
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 21
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 14
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
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- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- OKDGRDCXVWSXDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloropyridine Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=N1 OKDGRDCXVWSXDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
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- 239000003849 aromatic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 4
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- BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WGECXQBGLLYSFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylpentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C(C)C WGECXQBGLLYSFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetylene Chemical compound C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000005899 aromatization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004659 aryl alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000002102 aryl alkyloxo group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N trans-stilbene Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1/C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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- C07D213/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom containing two or more pyridine rings directly linked together, e.g. bipyridyl
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
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- B01J2231/40—Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions
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Abstract
Description
本発明者らは、これらの知見に基づき本発明を完成するに至った。
本実施形態に係る電子供与体は、ナトリウムを分散溶媒に分散させた分散体と1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン(以下、「DMI」と略する場合がある)との混合物を含む、点にある。
本実施形態に係る電子供与体は、酸化還元反応に利用することができ、例えば、芳香族化合物や芳香族複素環化合物等のカップリング反応に好適に利用することができる。また、芳香環の脱芳香族化、及び、アルケンやアルキンの水素化等の還元反応にも好適に利用することができる。更に、本実施形態に係る電子供与体は、重合反応における重合開始剤としても好適に利用することができる。
カップリング対象化合物としては、特に制限はないが、例えば、置換基を有していてもよい脂肪族炭化水素、脂環式炭化水素、脂環式複素環、芳香族炭化水素、又は、芳香族複素環化合物等を対象とすることができる。特に好ましくは、芳香環構造を有する芳香族化合物や芳香族複素環化合物である。カップリング反応は、好ましくは、炭素−炭素結合の形成によるものであるが、その他の原子による結合の形成、例えば、窒素−窒素結合の形成によるものであってもよい。また、ホモカップリング及びクロスカップリングの別は問わない。
置換基としては、置換基を有してもよい脂肪族炭化水素基、脂環式炭化水素基、脂環式複素環基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基、ハロゲノ基、アルコキシ基、シクロアルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、アラルキルオキシ基、脂環式複素環オキシ基、芳香族複素環オキシ基、アルキルチオ基、シクロアルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、アラルキルチオ基は、脂環式複素環チオ基、芳香族複素環チオ基、アルキルアミノ基、シクロアルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基、アラルキルアミノ基、脂環式複素環アミノ基、芳香族複素環アミノ基、アシル基等が例示されるが、これらに限定するものではない。
また、置換基の位置についても特に制限はない。置換基は、脂肪族炭化水素化合物の置換基として例示したものと、同様のものが挙げられる。
また、置換基の位置についても特に制限はない。置換基は、脂肪族炭化水素化合物の置換基として例示したものと、同様のものが挙げられる。
下記実施例でも示す通り、本実施形態に係る電子供与体を利用することにより、カップリング生成物である4,4'-ビピリジンの収率を7割程度(Na効率で)まで向上させることができる。ここで、本実施形態に電子供与体とピリジンとの反応に際しては、例えば、DMI:ピリジン:SD=1.5〜5:3〜7:1、特には2.5:5:1の比率で反応させることが好ましい。
本実施形態に係る電子供与体は、芳香環の脱芳香族化、及び、アルケンやアルキンの水素化等の還元反応への利用することができる。金属ナトリウム等のアルカリ金属を液体アンモニアに添加すると発生する溶媒和電子の強力な還元力を利用するバーチ還元の代替として利用することができる。還元反応は、本実施形態に係る電子供与体に還元対象化合物接触させることにより進行する。還元反応の反応温度及び反応時間等の反応条件は、特に制限はないが、上記したカップリング反応の反応条件に準じて、出発化合物である還元対象化合物やSDの種類や量等に応じて適宜設定することができる。例えば、DMI:還元対象化合物:SD=2〜8:1:2〜8、特には2〜6:1:2〜6の比率で反応させることが好ましい。
本実施形態に係る電子供与体は、重合開始剤として利用することができ、特には、アニオン重合の開始剤として利用することができる。
具体的には、スチレンやα-メチルスチレン等のスチレン誘導体等のビニル系モノマー、ブタジエン等のジエン系モノマー、アクリル酸エステル等のアクリル系モノマー等が挙げられるが、これらに限定するものではない。また、モノマーは1種類単独であっても、2種類以上を併用してもよい。したがって、重合反応は、ホモ重合であっても、ブロック共重合や交互共重合、ランダム共重合、グラフト共重合等の共重合であってもよい。特に好ましくは、スチレンの重合反応の重合開始剤として利用することができ、ポリスチレンの合成を効率的に行うことができる。
本事前検討例では、図2に要約する検討条件により、基質としてピリジンを用いたカップリング反応により4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を検討した。上記先行技術文献として例示した本発明者らによる特開2017-71591号において、溶媒としてテトラヒドロフラン(以下、「THF」と略する場合がある)とエチレンジアミン(以下、「EDA」と略する場合がある)の混合溶媒を用いてピリジンのカップリング反応によりビピリジンを合成したことが記載されている。そこで、本事前検討例ではTHFとEDAの比率を変化させ、ピリジンのカップリング反応による4,4'-ビピリジンの合成の検討を行った。
ピリジン(0.5mmol)に対して2モル当量のSDとの反応において、反応溶媒としてTHFとEDAの混合溶媒(THF:EDA=1.3:0.7(検討番号1、4)、THF:EDA=1.0:1.0(検討番号2、5)、又は、THF:EDA=0.7:1.3(検討番号3、6))を用いて、所定の反応時間(3時間(検討番号1〜3)、又は、6時間(検討番号4〜6))50℃で反応させた。反応終了後、GC-MSにより生成物の濃度を測定し、4,4'-ビピリジン、未反応で残存したピリジン、及び、分子量80(M.W.80)の中間体の割合(%)を算出した。
本事前検討例では、上記事前検討例に続き、図3に要約する検討条件により、基質として2-クロロピリジンを用いたカップリング反応により4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を検討し、THFとEDAの混合溶媒において両者の比率を変化させ、2-クロロピリジンのカップリング反応による4,4'-ビピリジンの合成の検討を行った。
2-クロロピリジン(0.5mmol)に対して2モル当量のSDとの反応において、反応溶媒としてTHF:EDAの混合溶媒(THF:EDA=1.3:0.7(検討番号1、4)、THF:EDA=1.0:1.0(検討番号2、5)、又は、THF:EDA=0.7:1.3(検討番号3、6))を用いて、所定の反応時間(3時間(検討番号1〜3)、又は、6時間(検討番号4〜6))50℃で反応させた。反応終了後、GC-MSにより生成物の濃度を測定し、4,4'-ビピリジン、未反応で残存した2-クロロピリジン、及び、ピリジンの割合(%)を算出した。
本事前検討例では、上記事前検討例に続き、図4に要約する検討条件により、ピリジンを用いたカップリング反応により4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を検討した。本事前検討例では、アミンの利用可能性について検討を行った。まず、ピリジンにSDを添加し反応を行い4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を行った(検討番号1〜6)。続いて、図5に要約する検討条件により、アミン系溶媒を添加して反応を行い4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を行った(検討番号7〜13)。アミン系溶媒としては、詳細には示さないが1級及び2級アミンではSDがアミンからプロトンを引き抜き、SDが基質に作用することにより生成されたラジカルアニオンがもとの基質に戻るため、SDだけが消費されNa効率が低下することが判明したため、本事前検討例では3級アミンの利用可能性を検討した。3級アミンとしては、N,N,N',N'-テトラメチルエタン-1,2-ジアミン(以下、「TMEDA」と略する場合がある)、又は、トリエチルアミン(以下、「TEA」と略する場合がある)を使用した。
ピリジン(40 mmol(検討番号1、3、5)、又は、80 mmol(検討番号2、4、6))に、SD(8.0 mmol(検討番号1、5)、8.1 mmol(検討番号2)、7.9 mmol(検討番号3、4)、又は、8.4 mmol(検討番号6))を添加して、所定の反応温度(20℃(検討番号1、2)、30℃(検討番号3、4)、50℃(検討番号5、6))で6時間反応させた。反応終了後、GC-MSにより4,4'-ビピリジン及び未反応で残存したピリジンの濃度を測定すると共に、Na効率を算出し生成物を評価した。更に、ピリジン収支を算出し、物質収支の観点からも評価を行った。
ピリジン(16 mmol(検討番号7〜10)、又は、40 mmol(検討番号11〜13))に、SD(7.8 mmol(検討番号7〜9)、8.0 mmol(検討番号10)、2.0 mmol(検討番号11〜13))をアミン(TMEDAを16 mmol(検討番号7、9)、8 mmol(検討番号10)、1 mmol(検討番号11)、2 mmol(検討番号12)、5 mmol(検討番号13)、又は、TEAを16 mmol(検討番号8))の存在下で添加して、所定の反応時間(6時間(検討番号7、8)、又は、24時間(検討番号9〜13))20℃で反応させた。反応終了後、4,4'-ビピリジン及び未反応で残存したピリジンの濃度を測定すると共に、Na効率を算出し生成物を評価した。更に、ピリジン収支を算出し、物質収支の観点からも評価を行った。なお、Na効率、及び、ピリジン収支は上記の通り算出した。
本事前検討例では、上記事前検討例に続き、図6に要約する検討条件により、基質としてピリジンを用いたカップリング反応により4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を検討した。ピリジンに添加するSD量を変化させて反応を行い、4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を行った(検討番号1〜5)。
ピリジン(40 mmol(検討番号1〜3)、80 mmol(検討番号4)、又は、120 mmol(検討番号5))に、SD(8.0 mmol(検討番号1、2)、4.1 mmol(検討番号3、4)、又は、4.2 mmol(検討番号5))を添加して、所定の反応時間(6時間(検討番号1)、24時間(検討番号2)、又は、144時間(検討番号3〜5))20℃で反応させた。反応終了後、4,4'-ビピリジン及び未反応で残存したピリジンの濃度を測定すると共に、Na効率を算出し生成物を評価した。更に、ピリジン収支を算出し、物質収支の観点からも評価を行った。なお、Na効率、及び、ピリジン収支は上記の通り算出した。
本実施例では、図7に要約する合成条件により、DMI及びSDの混合物を含む電子供与体を利用して基質ピリジンのカップリング反応により4,4'-ビピリジンの合成を検討した。
窒素置換したフラスコに3.0 mmolのDMIを加え、続いて1.0 mmolのSDを滴下し、反応液が青緑から濃緑色になったところで、3.3 mmolのピリジン(4.5 M)を加えて撹拌した。
ピリジン添加後に反応液は赤褐色となり、最終的には青紫色に変化した。40℃での反応開始6時間後に、水に反応液を滴下して失活し、そのまま一晩空気酸化させた。その後、トルエンを用いて溶媒抽出し、GC-MSにより4,4'-ビピリジンの濃度を測定し、Na効率を算出し生成物を評価した。なお、Na効率は、上記の通り算出した。その結果、図7に示す通り、39%のNa効率で4,4'-ビピリジンを得た。
2.5 mmolのDMI、1.0 mmolのSD、3.0 mmolのピリジン(4.8 M)を用いた以外は、実験番号1と同様に反応を行い、Na効率を算出した。その結果、37%のNa効率で4,4'-ビピリジンを得た。
2.5 mmolのDMI、1.0 mmolのSD、5.0 mmolのピリジン(6.4 M)を用いた以外は、実験番号1と同様に反応を行い、Na効率を算出した。その結果、74%のNa効率で4,4'-ビピリジンを得た。
2.5 mmolのDMI、1.0 mmolのSD、7.0 mmolのピリジン(7.5 M)を用いた以外は、実験番号1と同様に反応を行い、Na効率を算出した。その結果、53%のNa効率で4,4'-ビピリジンを得た。
2.5 mmolのDMI、1.0 mmolのSD、10.0 mmolのピリジン(8.5 M)を用いた以外は、実験番号1と同様に反応を行い、Na効率を算出した。その結果、66%のNa効率で4,4'-ビピリジンを得た。
本実施例では、図8に要約する合成条件により、DMI及びSDの混合物を含む電子供与体を利用して基質の還元反応を検討した。
窒素置換したフラスコに0.5 mmolの基質としてのアントラセン、3モル当量のtBuOH 、6モル当量のDMI、0.5 mlのTHFを加えた後、室温で撹拌しながら、3モル当量のSDを添加した。SD添加後、直ちに発熱と共に反応液はSD/DMIに特徴的な青色を呈した。かかる呈色は30秒以内に消失し、反応が終了したと判断した。10分後に、メタノール、水を順次添加して、反応を停止した。得られた生成物である4a,9,9a,10-テトラヒドロアントラセンを1H NMRにより測定し、収率を算出した。収率は、反応系に添加した基質から理論的に生成することができる生成物に対する、実際に取得できた生成物の割合(%)として算出した。その結果、91%の収率で生成物を得た。
基質として、1,2-ジフェニルエチレンを用いた以外は、実験番号1と同様に反応を行い生成物として1,2-ジフェニルエタンを得、収率を算出した。その結果、90%の収率で生成物である1,2-ジフェニルエタンを得た。
Claims (3)
- 平均粒子径が10μm未満のナトリウムを分散溶媒に分散させた分散体と1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノンとの混合物を含む、電子供与体。
- 前記分散溶媒が前記1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノンと分離する無極性溶媒であり、かつ、前記分散溶媒の比重が前記1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノンよりも小さなものであり、二層に分離した前記混合物の下層部分からなる請求項1に記載の電子供与体。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の電子供与体とピリジンとを反応させて4,4'-ビピリジンを得る4,4'-ビピリジンの合成方法。
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