JP6446175B2 - 溶射被覆した強化ポリマー複合材料 - Google Patents
溶射被覆した強化ポリマー複合材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6446175B2 JP6446175B2 JP2013225975A JP2013225975A JP6446175B2 JP 6446175 B2 JP6446175 B2 JP 6446175B2 JP 2013225975 A JP2013225975 A JP 2013225975A JP 2013225975 A JP2013225975 A JP 2013225975A JP 6446175 B2 JP6446175 B2 JP 6446175B2
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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- C23C14/0036—Reactive sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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- C23C14/0036—Reactive sputtering
- C23C14/0084—Producing gradient compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/0635—Carbides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/35—Sputtering by application of a magnetic field, e.g. magnetron sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
- C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
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- C23C28/324—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal matrix material layer comprising a mixture of at least two metals or metal phases or a metal-matrix material with hard embedded particles, e.g. WC-Me
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/36—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including layers graded in composition or physical properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
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Description
一実施形態では、繊維強化ポリマー複合材料は、基材として使用する。このようなポリマー複合材料としては、有機および/または無機の強化繊維と組み合わせたエンジニアリング樹脂を挙げることができる。強化繊維と組み合わせたエンジニアリング樹脂のクラスの一例は、炭素繊維強化ポリマー(CFRP)であり、これを使用することができる。他の強化ポリマーを使用してもよい。例えば、エンジニアリングプラスチックとしては、例えば、超高分子量ポリエチレン、ナイロン6、ナイロン66、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、アクリロニトリルブタジエンスチレン、ポリカルボナート、ポリアミド、ポリブチレンテレフタラート、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリフェニレンオキシド、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルケトン、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリアミド、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリオキシメチレン、環状オレフィンコポリマー(COC)、およびそれらのブレンドを挙げることができる。他のエンジニアリングポリマー、樹脂、熱硬化性樹脂(thermal set)、プラスチック、およびそれらのブレンドを、本明細書に開示および記載の方法に従って使用することができる。例示的な複合材料としては、カーボンナノチューブ、ガラス繊維、ケブラー繊維(例えば、ポリ−パラフェニレンテレフタルアミド)、セラミック繊維、炭素繊維、またはそれらの組合せと組み合わせた上記のエンジニアリング樹脂が挙げられる。本開示は、高温/高速度の被膜、特に、金属、金属合金、および/またはセラミックなどの無機被膜を用いて被覆したときの、従来の複合材料被覆工程およびその工程から作製される被覆済み複合材料の多数の欠陥に対処するものである。
本開示は、ひとつには、有機ポリマー複合材料の基材表面の少なくとも一部分上に十分な付着性の薄膜(以下、「中間層」とも呼ぶ)を堆積させる方法を提供する。開示する堆積技術および中間層構造設計によって、基材への被膜の付着を向上させ、複合材料にさらなる表面機能を付与し、後続の被覆、例えば、動的および/または高温被覆技術、ならびにその技術から製造される被膜を受けることが可能になる。複合材料の性能および機能性のこれらの向上ならびにこのような高エネルギー/高温噴霧被覆との使用は、中間層材料の厚み(例えば、基材表面から垂直な厚み)による中間層材料の化学的性質(例えば、組成)および/または元素濃度を制御および/または調節することによって実現される。中間層構造は、「下端」層(複合材料基材表面に隣接)を有し、その化学組成は、複合材料表面と適合するように構成されている。中間層を記述するために、中間層は、基材表面における中間層の界面と界面の最外面とにそれぞれ対応する「基材近接層」と「表面近接層」とを有するものと称することができる。中間層は、単独でまたは後続被膜と組み合わせて、複合材料の化学的、電気的、および機械的状態を変質させることができ、それによって、用途範囲をより広くすることが可能になる。本開示の工程は、金属またはプラスチック基材において、ならびに他の薄膜材料および薄膜被覆方法と組み合わせて、使用することができる。一態様では、中間層は、動的/高温被覆中、基材を保護するのに使用することができ、したがって、基材の少なくとも一部分を、複合材料への変化が低減または除去されている状態で、動的または高温被膜で被覆することが可能になる。
本明細書に開示の方法では、高温および/または動的な被膜を、上に中間層が堆積している基材に施す。一態様では、高温および/または動的な被膜は、1種または複数の無機材料を含み、中間層を有する基材上に被膜を形成する。無機材料としては、例えば、1種または複数の金属、金属合金、セラミック、および/または耐火性酸化物が挙げられる。高温/動的被覆工程で使用する無機材料は、基材に射出された(またはそこに向けて射出されている)溶融、半溶融、または固体の材料、ならびに無機材料の他の形態、またはその前駆物、例えば、ワイヤ、粉末、液体、金属、金属合金、セラミック、および/もしくは耐火性酸化物を包含する。
中間層バリアを、炭化ケイ素ターゲットおよびRFマグネトロンスパッタリング源を用いて堆積させる。第1層は、5W/cm2のパワー/ターゲット範囲を使用して、酸素分圧が0〜低い状態で、大気(10−3トール真空)中において製造する。この層は、高炭素含有量を有して、CFRPとより適合する。出発濃度は、基材の性質に依存する。例えば、炭素の相対濃度が高い基材では、適合性を増大させるのに、堆積中の酸素分圧が0であることが望ましい。ステップバイステップ法または連続法では、酸素濃度を、堆積中、徐々に、すなわち、0〜10%に増加させる。堆積中に分圧を増加させると、膜中の酸素の相対含有量が増加する。上層は、酸素濃度が10%超存在する状態で堆積させることができる。これにより、ガラス状で、硬質で、かつより引っ掻き耐性のある膜または被膜をもたらすことができる。複合材料を保護するために多層の勾配被膜を堆積させた後、溶射に基づく技術または代替の高温/高速度技術を使用して、表面の電気的、機械的、および/または熱的性質を変質させることができる。
20 第1化学組成
30 第2化学組成
40 第3化学組成
60 RFスパッタリングユニット
75 第1矢印
85 矢印
100 中間層
200 勾配中間層
300 中間層
520 反応ガス
530 反応ガス
540 反応ガス
700 火炎噴霧器
705 ワイヤ
707 粉末供給原料
709 無機原料
710 供給装置
715 キャリアガス、燃料
717 燃料
719 圧縮ガス供給原料
720 火炎
725 無機材料、溶融/半溶融粒子
730 無機被覆物
740 中間層
750 複合材料基材
800 噴霧ユニット
Claims (12)
- 強化有機ポリマーマトリックスを含む基材(10)であって、基材表面を有する基材と、
前記基材表面上にある少なくとも1層の中間層(100)であって、前記基材(10)から垂直に延在する厚み部分、および垂直に延在する前記厚み部分の少なくとも一部分内における少なくとも1種の化学元素の線状の組成勾配を有し、オキシ炭化ケイ素を含む、中間層と、
前記中間層の少なくとも一部分上に堆積した少なくとも1種の溶射またはコールドスプレーされた無機被膜と
を含む複合材料。 - 前記強化有機ポリマーマトリックスが、炭素繊維強化ポリマー、ガラス繊維強化ポリマー、カーボンナノチューブ強化ポリマー、ケブラー(ポリ−パラフェニレンテレフタルアミド)繊維強化ポリマー、またはセラミック繊維強化ポリマーから選択される繊維強化ポリマーである、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記中間層が、ケイ素、酸素、および炭素を含む、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記少なくとも1種の化学元素が、酸素、炭素、窒素、硫黄、またはハロゲンである、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記組成勾配が、前記厚み部分内において前記少なくとも1種の元素の様々な濃度を含む、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記様々な濃度が、前記基材の近傍に炭素豊富な中間層部分を、および前記無機被膜の近傍に酸素豊富な、または窒素豊富な、または窒化物豊富な中間層部分を構成する、請求項5に記載の複合材料。
- 前記無機被膜が、金属、金属合金、セラミック、またはそれらの組合せである、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記金属が、銅(Cu)、銀(Ag)、白金(Pt)、パラジウム(Pd)、金(Au)、アルミニウム(Al)、チタン(Ti)、およびそれらの合金であり、前記金属合金が、合金鉄、WC−Co、WC−Co−Cr、NiAl、CrC−NiCr、二硫化モリブデン(MoS2)、もしくはMCrAlY(但し、Mは、Co、Ni、もしくはCo/Ni)であり、または前記セラミックが、ジルコニア、アルミナ、およびイットリウム安定化ジルコニウム(YSZ)の群から選択される1種もしくは複数の耐火性酸化物である、請求項7に記載の複合材料。
- 被覆したポリマー性複合材料基材を提供する方法であって、
ポリマー性複合材料基材(10)表面上に、オキシ炭化ケイ素を含む中間層(100)の厚み部分の少なくとも一部分内において少なくとも1種の化学元素の線状の濃度勾配を有するある厚みの前記中間層を堆積させることであって、気相堆積技術、スパッタリング技術、もしくはプラズマ堆積技術、またはそれらの組合せによって堆積させることと、
コールドスプレー技術によって前記中間層の少なくとも一部分に、金属、金属合金、セラミック、またはそれらの組合せである無機材料を堆積させることと、
前記中間層および複合材料基材表面上の少なくとも一部分上に前記無機材料の被膜を形成させることと
を含む方法。 - 高温材料および/または動的な無機材料による前記複合材料基材の少なくとも一部分への化学的変化または物理的変化を除去または低減することをさらに含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマー性複合材料が、炭素繊維強化ポリマー、ガラス繊維強化ポリマー、カーボンナノチューブ強化ポリマー、ケブラー(ポリ−パラフェニレンテレフタルアミド)繊維強化ポリマー、またはセラミック繊維強化ポリマーから選択される繊維強化有機ポリマーマトリックスである、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の複合材料を含む物品であって、前記基材が繊維強化有機ポリマー複合材料基材を含み、前記中間層が、本質的にオキシ炭化ケイ素からなり、前記オキシ炭化ケイ素が、前記オキシ炭化ケイ素中間層の厚み部分の少なくとも一部分において炭素と酸素の濃度が反比例関係を有しており、前記無機被膜が、前記複合材料基材に耐摩耗性、耐摩滅性、耐食性、回復性、電気伝導性および/または熱伝導性、ならびに減摩性の1つまたは複数を付与する物品。
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